ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

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LESSON 3: THE COMMUNICATION MODELS

COMMUNICATION – “is the exchange of ideas and thoughts”
LANGUAGE is the common means for communication
A MODEL - shows the pattern or flow of communication.

1.Linear Model
-The FIRST model
-Unidirectional model
-Simple Communication
-

psychological effects

2. Interactive Model
-An improved process -A speaker encodes a message using different channels
3. Transactional Model
-More detailed and involves more elements of Communication

A.

Participation is Continuous and Simultaneous

B. All communication has a past, present and future.
C. All communication play roles

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS ACCORDING TO FAMOUS PEOPLE

1. Aristotle's Model (5BC)

-Oldest model, there's no feedback

2. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver's Model (1948)

3. Wilbur Schramm's Model (1955)

-is considered as the father of MASS COMMUNICATION
4. Eugene White's Model (1960)
-Circle model
-Has no beginning and end
-Introduced the concept of Feedback

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-spoken language
-production of sounds, words, phrases and sentences through speech.
LINGUISTIC - THE STUDY OF HUMAN LANGUAGE

FIVE FEATURES OF LANGUAGE

1. PHONOLOGY - the study of sound.

2. SEMANTICS - the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.
3. MORPHOLOGY - the study of the formation of words. syllables
4. SYNTAX - to form grammatically correct sentences in a language.
5. PRAGMATICS - the study of language use, interpretation.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
-refers to the conscious or subconscious transmission.

CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

1.KINESICS - deals with body movements, facial expressions, and gesture

2. HAPTICS - through touch like shaking a hand. (the use of touch as in HAWAK LANG)
3. PARALANGUAGE - nonverbal cues of the voice such as volume, pitch, intonation, and tone.
4. CHRONEMICS - the role of time in communication
5. APPEARANCE - physical look that conveys a message.
6. ARTIFACTS - objects used as tools to convey message.

LESSON 4: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

SECOND LANGUAGE learners usually find their native tongue as a barrier in learning English.

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
1. Process Barrier - if one element blocks the flow of messages. (verbally/nonverbally)
2. Physical Barrier - distracting sounds and noise.
3. Semantic barriers - misunderstanding or difference in interpretation because of different meaning of words.
4. Psychosocial barriers - superior-subordinate relationship
-Social class. (Status, perceptions)

STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BARRIER:

1. Apply positive talk and perception.
2. Use appropriate language.
3. Be open.
4. Give and accept feedback.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- Communication between two or different cultures around the world.
- Verbal and non-verbal

IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

1. SYMBOLIC EXCHANGE - Symbols and signs can be an option to bridge miscommunication.

2. IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS - can adjust to cultural communication of others.
3. DIFFERENT CULTURAL COMMUNITIES - composed of interacting individuals with shared beliefs and
way of life.
4. NEGOTIATE SHARED MEANINGS - Agree on general objective of intercultural communication
encounter.
5. INTERACTIVE SITUATION - involves the physical setting like seating arrangement and psychological
features.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. CULTURAL IDENTITY - membership and acceptance into a larger cultural group that share a system of
tradition, norms, and values.
2. GENDER ROLE - is not necessarily limited to male and female.
3. AGE IDENTITY - how people think about themselves as they age.
4. SOCIAL CLASS - rank assigned by the society to its members.
5. RELIGIOUS IDENTITY - active or inactive membership of a person to a certain religious organization.
 LESSON 5: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. REGULATION/CONTROL - function to control one's behavior, instructions,
advices.
Example:
Doctor's Prescription
"Take your medicine 3 times a day."

2. SOCIAL INTERACTION - produce social relationships, bonds, expressions,

encouragement, invitation
Example:
Encouragement: "You can do it!"
Marriage Proposal: "Will you marry me?"

3. MOTIVATION - to motivate or encourage people to live better, inspiration,

reward

4. INFORMATION - to convey information, messages

5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - facilitates people's expression of feelings or

emotions, appreciation

ORAL TEXT AND ITS TYPES

ORAL TEXT- Signs of Written Texts

1. PROVERB - a short saying, things like quotes

2. POETRY - animating words in a metric form
3. SONG - lyrics and notes become meaningful when sung.
4. RIDDLE - (bugtong) logic, mind-blowing questions
5. ORAL NARRATIVE - a story delivered by an orator or performer. (Myth,
Legend, Fable, and Fantasy.)

UNIT 2: LESSON 1: TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT

CONTEXT IN SPEECH is the situation that brings people to a conversation or a speaking
event. It involves particular time and place

A. INTRAPERSONAL - communicates within himself/herself.

DIMENSIONS OF 'SELF' (Steinberg, 2007)

1. PHYSICAL SELF - material body with its internal functions & outward appearance
2. EMOTIONAL SELF - affective side of people
3. INTELLECTUAL SELF - cognitive part of human being
4. MORAL SELF - ethical beliefs and values being observed by people

B. INTERPERSONAL - examined by two or more people

EFFECTS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
1. LEARNING - it allows people to gather information about themselves.
2. HELPING - provides people advice, emotional support or assistance.
3. INFLUENCING - persuade another person to provide help.
4. RELATING - experience closeness or distance.
5. PLAYING - experience humor, camaraderie, celebration or pastime.

LESSON 5: FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS

SPEECH STYLE - the distinctive way of communicating
STYLES:
Frozen Style - very formal and doesn't require feedback.
Formal Style - formal, speaking in a large group and avoid using slangs.
Consultative Style - semi-formal communications, most operational, spontaneous sentences and
shorter or not planned.
Casual Style - used between friends, very relax and focused, slang are often used and informal.
Intimate Style - uses private language, endearments, slangs and grammar is unnecessary

SPEECH ACT - performed in a way of utterance with intended action.

LEVELS:
Locutionary act - phonology, syntax and semantics.
Illocutionary act - pragmatic
Perlocutionary act - persuading, inspiring and asking
TYPES:
1. Assertives - it tells how things in the world: description, explanations and clarifications.
2. Directives - forms of orders, commands, request, insisting and begging.
3. Commissives - voluntary actions: vows, threats and oaths
4. Expressives - psychological attitudes: thanking, apologizing and congratulating.
5. Declarations - foundations of human civilizations, transforms the world socially and
politically.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

Nomination - collaborative and productive.
Restriction - limitation
Turn-taking - someone gets to decides who takes the conversation.
Topic control - how formality affects the topic of the conversation.
Topic shifting - the act of moving from one topic to another
Repair - how speakers addresses the problems in speaking, listening and comprehending.
Termination - refers to the expressions that ends a topic