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DS en 1997-1 DK Na-2015
DS en 1997-1 DK Na-2015
National Annex to
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules
_______________________________________________________________________
Foreword
This National Annex (NA) is a revision of DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013 and replaces the latter on
2015-12-15. For a transition period until 2016-02-01, this National Annex as well as the previous
National Annex will be applicable.
This National Annex contains changes as a consequence of the publication of DS/EN 1997-
1/A1:2014, which includes a completely new section 8 on anchors. This has resulted in modifica-
tions to clauses A.3 and A.4, as well as the introduction of a new clause A.6, which was erroneously
stated as a modification to A.5. The previous complementary (non-contradictory) clause A.6 of this
National Annex has been renumbered to A.7 and revised. References in DS/EN 1997-1/A1:2014 to
EN ISO 22477-5 are to be replaced by references to DS 1537:2014 until a final version of EN ISO
22477-5 is available. In connection with the new clause A.6, the clauses regarding the group effect
of tension elements in clause A.4 have been edited in the National Annex.
This revision furthermore includes a clarification of the resistance equations in Annex D of the Na-
tional Annex and a quantification of the criterion for the pile base resistance in clay till in annex L
of the National Annex.
Previous versions, addenda and an overview of all National Annexes can be found at www.euro-
codes.dk.
This NA specifies the conditions for the implementation in Denmark of DS/EN 1997-1 for building
according to the Danish Building Act or the Danish building legislation and for civil engineering
works subject to the Road Rules of the Road Directorate and the Railway Codes published by
Banedanmark. Other parties can put this NA into effect by referring thereto.
The national choices may be in the form of nationally applicable values, an option between methods
given in the Eurocode, or the addition of complementary guidance.
2.4.6.1(4)P Design values of actions Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clauses A.2, A.3 and A.4 of this
set by the National Annex. National Annex.
2.4.6.2(2)P Design values of geotechnical parame- Values of the partial factors are given
ters in clauses A.2, A.3 and A.4 of this
The values of the partial factors may be National Annex.
set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.1(2)P Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clauses A.2, A.3.1 and A.4 of this
set by the National Annex. National Annex.
2.4.7.1(3) Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clause A.6 of this National Annex.
set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.1(4) Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given
in clauses A.2, A.3.1 and A.4 of this
The values of the partial factors may be
National Annex.
set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.1(5) Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given
in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
The values of the partial factors may be
nex.
set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.1(6) Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
set by the National Annex. nex.
2.4.7.2(2)P Verification of static equilibrium Values of the partial factors are given
(EQU) in clause A.2 of this National Annex.
The values of the partial factors may be
set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.3.2(3)P Design effects of actions Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
set by the National Annex. nex.
2.4.7.4(2) Verification procedure and partial fac- Resistance to uplift by friction or an-
tors for uplift chor forces is not to be treated as a
stabilising permanent vertical action
(2) Additional resistance to uplift may
(Gstb;d).
also be treated as a stabilising permanent
vertical action (Gstb;d).
The clause corresponds to the content of
10.2(2)P as changed by corrigendum
DS/EN 1997-1/AC:2010 and should be as
follows:
(2) If allowed by the National Annex, re-
sistance to uplift by friction or anchor
forces may also be treated as a stabilising
permanent vertical action (Gstb;d).
2.4.7.4(3)P Verification procedure and partial fac- Values of the partial factors are given
tors for uplift in clause A.4 of this National Annex.
The values of the partial factors may be
set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.5(2)P Verification of resistance to failure by Values of the partial factors are given
heave due to seepage of water in the in clause A.5 of this National Annex.
ground (HYD)
The values of the partial factors may be
set by the National Annex.
2.4.8(2) Serviceability limit states Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clause A.6 of this National Annex.
set by the National Annex.
2.4.9(1)P Limiting values for movements of foun- Permitted foundation movements are
dations given in Annex H and the National
The permitted foundation movements Appendix to Annex H.
may be set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.2(8)P Ultimate compressive resistance from Values of the partial factors are given
static load tests in clause A.3.2 of this National An-
The values of the correlation factors may nex.
be set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.2(14)P Ultimate compressive resistance from Values of the partial factors are given
static load tests in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
The values of the partial factors may be nex.
set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.3(4)P Ultimate compressive resistance from Values of the partial factors are given
ground test results in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
The values of the partial factors may be nex.
set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.3(5)P Ultimate compressive resistance from Values of the partial factors are given
ground test results in clause A.3.2 of this National An-
The values of the correlation factors may nex.
be set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.3(8) Ultimate compressive resistance from The specifications are not applicable
ground test results in DK.
If this alternative procedure is applied, the
values of the partial factors b and s rec-
ommended in Annex A may need to be
corrected by a model factor larger than
1,0. The value of the model factor may be
set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.4(4)P Ultimate compressive resistance from Values of the partial factors are given
dynamic impact tests in clauses A.3.1 and A.3.2 of this Na-
The values of the partial factors and cor- tional Annex.
relation factors may be set by the Na-
tional Annex.
7.6.3.2(2)P Ultimate tensile resistance from pile Values of the partial factors are given
load tests in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
The values of the partial factors may be nex.
set by the National Annex.
7.6.3.2(5)P Ultimate tensile resistance from pile Values of the partial factors are given
load tests in clause A.3.2 of this National An-
The values of the correlation factors may nex.
be set by the National Annex.
7.6.3.3(3)P Ultimate tensile resistance from ground Values of the partial factors are given
test results in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
The values of the partial factors may be nex.
set by the National Annex.
7.6.3.3(4)P Ultimate tensile resistance from ground Values of the partial factors are given
test results in clause A.3.2 of this National An-
The values of the correlation factors may nex.
be set by the National Annex.
7.6.3.3(4)P Ultimate tensile resistance from ground The model factor applied in DK is
test results taken as 1,0 where design is based on
If this alternative procedure is applied, the the analytical method for determining
values of the partial factor s,t recom- the bearing resistance specified in An-
mended in Annex A may need to be cor- nex L of this National Annex.
rected by a model factor larger than 1,0.
The value of the model factor may be set
by the National Annex.
8.4(6)P Design and construction considerations For UPL, requirements and guidelines
The method of determining the necessary for determining the free length are
free length may be set by the National given in Annex A, clause A.4(10)P
Annex. and the related NOTE of this Na-
tional Annex.
8.4(7)P Design and construction considerations The criteria for checking the group ef-
The criteria for when it is necessary to fect are given in clause A.4, (8)P and
check the group effect may be set by the (9)P, of this National Annex. The re-
National Annex. quirements for group testing are spec-
ified in DS 1537:2014, clause G.3.4.
8.5.1(1)P Limit state design of anchors - General The value of Serv is given in clause
NOTE 1 - The value of Serv may be set by the Na- A.6, Table A.6-1, of this National An-
tional Annex. nex.
8.5.1(1)P Limit state design of anchors - General The values of partial factors and cor-
It is assumed in Section 8 that all partial relation factors for serviceability and
NOTE 3 -
factors and correlation factors for service- accidental limit states verification are
ability limit states are 1 unless symbols given in clause A.7 of this National
are specifically included. The values for Annex.
additional partial factors and correlation
factors for serviceability limit states may
be set by the National Annex.
8.5.1(2)P Limit state design of anchors - General A separate evaluation of the servicea-
The National Annex may state whether a bility limit state of the anchor is not
NOTE 1
separate evaluation of the serviceability required as the acceptance test is re-
limit state of the anchor is required. lated to EULS;d, cf (8.13); the effect of
the prestress force under serviceabil-
ity limit state conditions is therefore
taken into account.
8.5.1(2)P Limit state design of anchors - General The acceptance test is related to
The National Annex may state whether EULS;d , cf (8.13); the effect of the pre-
NOTE 2
the ultimate limit state and the servicea- stress force under serviceability limit
bility limit state are to be verified sepa- state conditions is therefore taken into
rately or by a combined procedure. account.
8.5.2(1)P Geotechnical ultimate limit state re- The test method applied and the num-
sistance ber of tests n are given in clause A.6,
The test method to be used to determine Table A.6-2 NA, of this National An-
the measured resistance and the number nex.
of tests n may be set by the National An-
nex.
8.5.2(2)P Geotechnical ultimate limit state re- The definition of failure and limiting
sistance values of creep rates are given in
The limiting value of the creep rate (αULS) clause A.6, Table A.6-3 NA, of this
or load loss (kl;ULS) may be set by the Na- National Annex.
tional Annex, which may specify the use
of an asymptote to the creep rate versus
load curve instead of a specified value for
αULS. Recommended values for persistent
and transient situations are given in Ta-
ble A.21.
8.5.2(3)P Geotechnical ultimate limit state re- The value of the correlation factor
NOTE 1 sistance ULS is given in clause A.6, Table
The value of the correlation factor ULS A.6-2 NA, of this National Annex.
may be set by the National Annex. Rec-
ommended values for persistent and tran-
sient situations are given in Table A.20.
8.5.2(3)P Geotechnical ultimate limit state re- The minimum number of investiga-
sistance tion and suitability tests to be carried
NOTE 2
The minimum number of investigation out to determine (RULS;m)min are given
and suitability tests n to be carried out to in clause A.6, Table A.6-2 NA, of this
determine (RULS;m)min may be set by the National Annex.
National Annex. Recommended values
for persistent and transient situations are
given in Table A.20.
8.5.2(5)P Geotechnical ultimate limit state re- The value of the partial factor γa;ULS
sistance for persistent and transient situations
The value of the partial factor γa;ULS may are given in clause A.3, Table A.3-2
be set by the National Annex. Recom- NA, for GEO and clause A.4, Table
mended values for persistent and transient A.4-1 NA and Table A.4-2 NA for
situations are given in Table A.19. UPL in this National Annex.
8.5.3(2)P Geotechnical serviceability limit state No value is given for the creep rate
resistance (SLS), the load loss (kl;SLS) or Pc in
The value of the creep rate (SLS), the the National Annex as test method 1
load loss (kl;SLS) or Pc may be set by the is to be used, cf DS 1537:2014.
National Annex. Recommended values
are given in Table A.21.
8.5.3(4)P Geotechnical serviceability limit state a;SLS is not relevant as test method 1
resistance is to be applied.
The value of the partial factor a;SLS may
be set by the National Annex. The recom-
mended values are given in Table A.20.
8.6.2(2)P Testing of anchors - Acceptance tests The value of the partial factor γa;acc;ULS
The value of the partial factors γa;acc;ULS is given in clause A.3.1, Table A.3-2
NOTE 1
and γa;acc;SLS may be set by the National NA, clause A.4, Table A.4-1 NA and
Annex. Recommended values of γa;acc;ULS Table A.4-2 NA, and in clause A.6,
for persistent and transient situations and Table A.6.2 NA. γa;acc;SLS is not rele-
for γa;acc;SLS are given in Table A.20. vant as test method 1 is to be applied.
8.6.2(3)P Testing of anchors - Acceptance tests The limiting values of creep rates at
The limiting values of creep rate/load loss proof load are given in clause A.6,
NOTE 1
at proof load may be set by the National Table A.6-3 NA, of this National An-
Annex. Recommended values for persis- nex. The values are differentiated ac-
tent and transient situations are given in cording to the observation time de-
Table A.21. pending on the type of soil, see DS
1537:2014, clause G.4.
11.5.1(1)P Stability analysis for slopes Values of the partial factors are given
The values of the partial factors may be in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
set by the National Annex. nex.
A.2 Partial factors for equilibrium limit Partial factors and consequence fac-
state (EQU) verification tors are given in clause A.2 of this
National Annex.
A.3.1 Partial factors on actions (F) or the ef- Partial factors and consequence fac-
fects of actions (E) tors are given in clause A.3.1 of this
National Annex.
A.3.2 Partial factors for soil parameters (M) Partial factors are given in clause
A.3.1 of this National Annex.
A.3.3.1 Partial resistance factors for spread Partial resistance factors ( R) for
foundations spread foundations are not used DK,
cf clause A.3.1 of this National An-
nex.
A.3.3.2 Partial resistance factors for pile foun- Partial resistance factors for pile foun-
dations dations are given in clause A.3.1 of
this National Annex.
A.3.3.3 Correlation factors for pile foundations Correlation factors for pile founda-
tions are given in clause A.3.2 of this
National Annex.
A.3.3.5 Partial resistance factors ( R) for re- Partial resistance factors ( R) for re-
taining structures taining structures are not used in DK,
cf clause A.3.1 of this National An-
nex.
A.3.3.6 Partial resistance factors (R) for slopes Partial resistance factors ( R) for
and overall stability slopes and overall stability are not
used in DK, cf clause A.3.1 of this
National Annex.
A.4 Partial factors for uplift limit state Partial factors and consequence fac-
(UPL) verification tors for uplift limit state (UPL) verifi-
cation are given in clause A.4 of this
National Annex.
A.5 Partial factors for hydraulic heave Partial factors for hydraulic heave
limit state (HYD) verification limit state (HYD) verification in DK
are those applied for uplift limit state
(UPL) verification, cf clause A.5 of
this National Annex.
A.6 Partial factors, correlation factors, lim- Partial factors, correlation factors,
iting criteria for ultimate and servicea- limiting criteria for ultimate and ser-
bility limit states as well as investiga- viceability limit states as well as in-
tion and suitability tests for anchors vestigation and suitability tests for an-
chors are given in clause A.6 of this
National Annex.
Annex A - normative
Partial and correlation factors for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit
states
(2)P The partial factors for soil parameters ( M) and resistance ( R) as well as the correlation factors
() for pile foundations and anchorages are stated for design situations, where the safety evaluation
shall be performed using the lower design values. Where the safety evaluation is to be performed
using the upper design values, reciprocal values of the partial factors and correlation factors given
shall be applied.
NOTE – The partial factors apply to soil parameters determined taking account of the considerations specified in
DS/EN 1997-1, clause 3.3.6(1) P.
(2) P For equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification, the partial factors on actions ( F ) and for soil
parameters ( M ) stated in Table A.2-1 NA shall be used.
The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
For the factor for the combination value of a variable action, ψ0, see EN 1990.
Unfavoura-
G;dst 1,1·KFI
Self-weight, ble
in general 1)
Favourable G;stb 0.9
Permanent action
Self-weight Unfavoura-
of soil and ble
G;dst 1,1·KFI
(ground) wa-
ter, geotech-
nical struc-
tures 2)
Favourable G;stb 0.9
Variable action
Unfavoura-
Leading Q,1 1,5·KFI
Buildings
ble
Accompany- Unfavoura-
Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
ing ble
Variable action
Unfavoura-
Leading Q,1 1,4·KFI5)
Bridges 3)
ble
Accompany- Unfavoura-
Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
ing ble
1) For structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
2) Geotechnical actions, which comprise the self-weight of soil and (ground) water interacting with the geotechnical structure: cf clause 1.5.2.1 in
DS/EN 1997-1 and clause A.3.1(2)P, NOTE, in DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2015
3) For variable actions on railway and road dams, quays i.a., the same partial factors are to applied as for bridges
5) For heavy carriages on rails (SW/2): 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2, respectively 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2 , respectively
7) The partial factor is valid for tan φ.
(1)P Partial factors () and consequence factors (KFI) are given in Table A.3-1 NA for spread
foundations, earth pressures and stability, and in Table A.3-2 NA for piles and anchors.
(2)P For structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states verification, design approach 3 shall
be used with:
and the partial factors on actions (F), for soil parameters ( M) and for resistance ( R) according to
Tables A.3-1 NA and A.3-2 NA, as well as a factor (γ0) to the partial factor for strength parameters
and resistances of structural materials, cf DS/EN 1992 – DS/EN 1996 and DS/EN 1999.
The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
For the factor for the combination value of a variable action, ψ0, see EN 1990.
NOTE – Partial factors as stated for “Self-weight, in general” are to be assigned to structural actions referred to ge-
otechnical actions.
(3) The load combinations 1-5 in Tables A.3-1 NA and A.3-2 NA refer to all types of geotechnical
structures where the load constitutes combinations of structural actions, earth pressures and/or water
pressures. The verifications refer to the equations:
(2.6a) with the design value of the effect of actions Ed = E{γF Frep; Xk/γM; ad}
(2.7a) with the design value of the resistance to an action Rd = R{F Frep; Xk/M; ad}
(2.7b) with the design value of the resistance to an action Rd = R{F Frep; Xk; ad}/R.
NOTE 1 In all 5 load combinations the partial factors for the strength parameters and for the bearing capacity of the
structural materials related to DS/EN 1992 – DS/EN 1996 and DS/EN 1999, are to be factorised by 0. For the ground
parameters and ground resistances, 0 is incorporated in the partial factors M and R.
NOTE 2 For structures not being exposed to geotechnical actions, the verification may be carried out solely by combi-
nations 1 and 2.
NOTE 3 For structures solely exposed to geotechnical actions, the verification may exclude load combinations 1 and 2.
NOTE 4 Load combination 5 is to be used for verification of STR for structural materials in geotechnical structures. In
this verification the partial factors for the structural materials as stated in the respective structural Eurocodes are to be
factorised by 0. The partial factors for ground parameters and ground resistances is to be 1,0 in load combination 5.
(4) P The partial factors for spread foundations ensure that the required Danish safety is attained
when the equations for resistance given in Annex D are applied.
(5) P Partial factors for piles and anchors shall be used in combination with the correlation factors
specified in clauses A.3.2 and A.3.3.
(6) P For Geotechnical Category 1, the partial factors given for soil parameters and resistances
given shall be multiplied by a model factor s = 1,25.
(7) P For excavation supports, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures under con-
struction, partial factors shall be used with values taken as ( M)α and ( R)α , where α is a number for
which the following applies: 0 ≤ α ≤ 1. Where failure involves the risk of personal injury or damage
to third party buildings and/or areas with heavy road and rail traffic, or will have considerable social
consequences, partial factors corresponding to α = 1 shall be used.
NOTE - Where failure of retaining structures, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures during construc-
tion do not have serious consequences, partial factors corresponding to α = 0,5 or, circumstances permitting, corre-
sponding to α values closer to α = 0 (partial factor 1,0) may be used.
Load combination 1 2 3 4 5
Q,1
Buildings
Q,1
Bridges 3)
1) For structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
2) Geotechnical actions, which comprise the self-weight of soil and (ground) water interacting with the geotechnical structure: cf clause 1.5.2.1 in
DS/EN 1997-1 and clause A.3.1(2) P, NOTE, in DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2015
3) For variable actions on railway and road dams, quays i.a., the same partial factors are to applied as for bridges
4) For bridges: 1,25∙KFI and 1,25 respectively
5) For heavy carriages on rails (SW/2): 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2, respectively 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2 , respectively
6) The characteristic values to all permanent actions from one single source are to be multiplied by G;sup if the total resulting action effect is
unfavourable and by G;inf if the total resulting action effect is favourable. As an example all actions originating from the self-weight of the
structure may be considered as coming from one source.
7) The partial factor is valid for tan φ.
8) Reference is also made to DS/EN 1990, equations (6.10a) and (6.10b).
9) For the ground parameters and ground resistances, 0 is incorporated in the partial factors M and R.
Load combination 1 2 3 4 5
Q,1
Variable ac-
Q,1
Bridges 3)
A.3.2.1 Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load tests
(1) P When determining the characteristic ultimate resistance, Rc;k, from values of Rc;m, measured in
one or several pile load tests, allowance shall be made for the variability of the ground conditions
and the effect of pile installation. The characteristic ultimate resistance should be determined as:
Rc ;m
Rc ;k
where
= 1,1 for the actual test loaded piles
= 1,25 for other piles where the pile load tests are representative.
A.3.2.2 Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from soil parameters determined
by geotechnical investigations
= 1,5
(2)P The design rules shall be based on recognised documentation. An analytical method for deter-
mining the bearing resistance is given in Annex L of this National Annex.
(3)P The bearing resistance for bored piles shall be determined according to the specifications given
in Annex L of this National Annex.
Rc ;m
Rc ;k
shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations between the results of static load
tests. These design rules shall be such that the average ultimate resistance when applying the char-
acteristic value Rc;k does not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by
(2) For end-bearing piles driven into non-cohesive soil, the characteristic ultimate resistance may be
determined using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula", see Annex L of this National Annex and the
values given.
(2) P For uplift limit state (UPL) verification, the partial factors on actions ( F ), on soil parameters
( M ) and for resistance ( R ) stated in Tables A.4-1 NA and A.4-2 NA shall be used.
The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
For the factor for the combination value of a variable action, ψ0, see EN 1990.
Q,1
Buildings
Q,1
Bridges 3)
1) For structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
2) Geotechnical actions, which comprise the self-weight of soil and (ground) water interacting with the geotechnical structure: cf clause 1.5.2.1 in
DS/EN 1997-1 and clause A.3.1(2)P, NOTE, in DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2015
3) For variable actions on railway and road dams, quays i.a., the same partial factors are to applied as for bridges
5) For heavy carriages on rails (SW/2): 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2, respectively 1,2
7) The partial factor is valid for tan φ.
Unfavoura-
G;dst 1,0·KFI
Self-weight, in gen- ble
eral 1)
Favourable G;stb 1,0
Permanent action
Unfavoura-
Self-weight of soil G;dst 1,05·KFI
and (ground) water, ble
geotechnical struc-
tures 2) Favourable G;stb 1,0
Unfavoura-
Q,1
Variable ac-
Leading 1,5·KFI
Buildings
ble
tion,
Unfavoura-
Accompanying
ble
Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
Unfavoura-
Q,1
Variable ac-
Leading 1,4·KFI5)
Bridges 3)
ble
tion,
Unfavoura-
Accompanying Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
ble
1) For structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
2) Geotechnical actions, which comprise the self-weight of soil and (ground) water interacting with the geotechnical structure: cf clause 1.5.2.1 in
DS/EN 1997-1 and clause A.3.1(2)P, NOTE, in DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2015
3) For variable actions on railway and road dams, quays i.a., the same partial factors are to applied as for bridges
5) For heavy carriages on rails (SW/2): 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2, respectively 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2 , respectively
7) The partial factor is valid for tan φ.
(3) P For pure uplift problems (e.g. for dry docks, basins and basements), the verification is based
on either the values stated in Table A.4-1 NA with partial factor G,stb = 0,9 on the permanent ac-
tions and partial factor G,dst = 1,1· KFI on the buoyancy or the values stated in Table A.4-2 NA with
partial factor G,stb = 1,0 on permanent actions and partial factor = 1,05·KFI on buoyancy, disre-
garding adhesion or friction forces on vertical sectional surfaces. The most adverse, realistic water
level as well as carefully assessed permanent actions are to be considered.
(4) For pure uplift problems reference is made to verifications where the problem is limited and
solely related to uplift and its solution, viz. the problem is unequivocally related to the uplift limit
(5)P The two sets of partial factors in 3(P) may be used at the designers’ discretion for verifying the
UPL limit state provided that the underlying assumptions of the two methods are obeyed. The par-
tial factors in Table A.4-1 NA represent the basic case, where stabilising adhesive and frictional
forces can be included. The partial factors given in Table A.4-2 NA applies solely to structures,
where the water pressures have been fixed to well-defined limits by overflow arrangements, and
where stabilising adhesive and frictional forces on the vertical sectional surfaces are ignored.
NOTE 1 - Overflow arrangements may be a combination of overflow via the top edge of or openings in walls and/or
overflow via goosenecks through the floor structure. Requisite capacity with respect to quantity and distribution
throughout the structure is to be ensured by the arrangement of drains and discharge elements. Overflow of water con-
stitutes a stabilising element, and water is not to be pumped away, until the water pressures have been returned to an
acceptable level.
NOTE 2 Adhesive and frictional forces may be taken into account for the actual anchorages (the tensile elements), even
though the stabilising adhesive and frictional forces along the structure considered are not to be included when using the
partial factors according to Table A.4-2 NA.
(6) For geotechnical structures where the self weight of structural members and water are the pre-
dominant forces, structural solutions (e.g. overflow arrangements) that will provide well-defined
design assumptions associated with a relatively low design safety level should be used rather than
achieving a higher design safety level together with design assumptions which are less safe. For ex-
ample, to secure a structure against erosion and uplift, it will usually not be sufficient solely to ap-
ply a partial factor for the water pressure. It will be necessary to protect the structure by structural
measures.
(7) P If an anchor or equivalent has been incorporated in order to obtain static equilibrium, the an-
chor shall be designed to accommodate the design force needed to obtain static equilibrium.
(8) P To the extent that the verification of uplift is based upon tensile elements, the group effect of
the tensile elements, viz. the weight of soil volume bonded by the tensile elements is assessed by
using the same safety ( ) as applied for the individual tensile element.
(9) P For uneven distribution of tensile elements in - and/or for taking into account the outer friction
on - the global soil volume, it shall be proved that the weight of the stabilising zone of ground can
be distributed to the group of tensile elements with the required internal friction in the body of soil.
(10) P The level in the ground, above which the stabilising ground volume is defined, is the level at
which compatibility between deformations and forces are achieved for the tensile element.
NOTE - In engineering practice, the soil volume is often calculated as a truncated cone, inclined 1:2 (horizontal:verti-
cal). For conventional bond type ground anchors, the truncated cone has its starting level at the centre of the anchorage
zone, as the free length only allows transfer of forces along the tendon bond length. For compression type ground an-
chors the nadir top point may refer to the very anchor toe. For piles, the stabilising soil volume will depend on the dis-
tribution of the shear resistance along the pile shaft.
A.6 Partial factors, correlation factors, limiting criteria for ultimate and ser-
viceability limit states as well as investigation and suitability tests for an-
chors
(1) P For the verification of safety required for ground anchors, cf equations (8.1) and (8.2) in per-
manent and temporary design situations, where the effect of the prestress force is investigated for the
serviceability limit state, an effect of action factor Serv is applied to the maximum found anchor force,
FServ;k :
Table A. 6-1 NA Partial factor for the load effect of the prestress force in persistent and transient design
situations
(2) The effect of the prestress force should be determined on the basis of an interaction analysis using
the stiffness of the ground, the anchors and the structure, respectively.
(3)P For the verification of anchors in ultimate limit states STR, GEO, and UPL in persistent and
transient design situations, the following partial factor shall be applied:
(4) P For the verification of test methods for persistent and transient design situations at the ultimate
limit state and for serviceability limit states the following correlation and partial factors shall be ap-
plied:
(5)P For the verification of investigation, suitability and acceptance tests for persistent and transient
design situations at the ultimate limit state and for serviceability limit states, the anchors shall satisfy
limiting criteria given in Table A.6-3 NA.
Table A.6-3 NA Limiting criteria for investigation, suitability and acceptance tests for persistent and transient
design situations at the ultimate and serviceability limit states
(2) P For piles and anchors, partial factors R = 1,0 and correlation factors = 1,0 are applied. For
the effect of prestress of anchors at the serviceability limit state, however, clause A.6 of this
National Annex applies.
(3) P Design values of actions are determined according to EN 1990 (Table A.1.3).
(4)P The factors for the combination values of variable actions ψ0, ψ1 and ψ2 in EN 1990 shall be
applied taking into account the duration of the action and the ground properties.
(4) Frost-safe depth for foundations may in DK normally be taken as 0,9 m for conventional
buildings and 1,2 m for detached structures. The depth may be reduced by heating or insulation.
(5) For foundations on clay with IP > 15 %, desiccation and water absorption may cause
considerable vertical and horizontal movements which may be met by using a fortified foundation
(extra foundation depth, reinforcement) and by specifying restrictions on vegetation close to the
foundation.
(2) The equations for the design vertical bearing resistance specified in clauses D. 2.2 and D. 2.3
apply to the horizontal ground surface, the same surface load on each side of the foundation, leading
H parallel to the short side of the footing with the soil strength represented by the design values of
cu, c', ' and ', assumed constant for the soil volume governing the limit state.
(3) For non-cohesive soil the characteristic angle of shearing resistance is ’k = ’pl (plane angle of
shearing resistance), where the relationship between ’pl and ’tr appears from clause K.4(1) of this
National Annex. For cohesive soil ’k ’tr.
(4) The equations given for calculation of the bearing resistance apply to loads acting eccentrically
with an eccentricity, e, not exceeding 0,30 B’.
4
N q e tan 'd tan 2 (45 'd / 2)
Nc Nq 1cot 'd
• the inclination of the lead caused by a horizontal load Hd, parallel to the side of width B’:
i iq
2
2
Hd
iq ic 1
Vd A' c'd cot 'd
(2) A geological evaluation is to be made of soil samples or of soil strata on site in order to ensure that
the investigation covers all significant soil strata, including in particular:
highly compressible deposits consisting of gyttja (organic clay/silt), peat, Postglacial clay, topsoil,
uncontrolled fill and remoulded soil;
swelling clays;
deposits susceptible to sliding.
The investigation is normally to be performed down to stiff late-glacial deposits or older strata. If this
is not possible, the investigation is to be carried out to a depth beyond which the strata have no substan-
tial influence on the resistance of the structure to failure, or on its movements and deformations.
(2) Structures with spread foundations, backfill and floors supported directly on the soil should only be
assigned to Geotechnical Category 1 when the foundation bed consists of stiff, Lateglacial deposits or
older deposits, which are not included in the exceptions specified in K.1.
(3) The following are examples of structures or parts of structures which can be assigned to Geotech-
nical Category 1:
light buildings with a maximum design foundation action of 250 kN for spread footings and 100
kN per m for continuous footing, for which no special requirements regarding settlement condi-
tions etc. are made;
0,30 m and 0,40 m thick in situ cast concrete basement walls subject to earth pressure; wall sec-
tions up to 10 m2 and 15 m2, when the walls are supported only by transverse walls and basement
floor, respectively, and 15 m2 and 20 m2, respectively, when the basement wall is also restrained
on top by e.g. a floor. It is assumed that the wall does not contain openings for windows or doors;
gravity walls and retaining walls for excavations, where the difference in the ground levels does
not exceed 2 m;
fills with a maximum depth of 3 m;
pipes and drainage which can be laid in accordance with standard procedures as specified in the
relevant standards;
compacted sand fills below floors not exceeding 0,6 m;
floor slabs and pavements with layout and with dimensions according to common practice with-
out detailed design analyses;
cuttings with inclinations not exceeding 1 vertical to 1,5 horizontal and a maximum difference in
level of 4 m.
(4) The design action of Geotechnical Category 2 is not to exceed 5 000 kN for spread foundations or
1 000 kN per m strip foundation. For structures with such foundations, the design bearing pressure of
the effective area is not to exceed 1 000 kN/m2 in Geotechnical Category 2.
(5) Where a project, e.g. by excavation, pile driving or ground water lowering, involves a risk of dam-
aging neighbouring structures, sewage and supply lines, public traffic areas, or similar, the geotechnical
investigations and calculations with regard to these neighbouring structures should at least correspond
to Geotechnical Category 2, adapted to the nature, size and foundation of these structures.
(6) Where permanent damage to structures or bearing strata can occur without prior warning due to the
absence or failure of ground water lowering or drainage systems, the structure should be assigned to
Geotechnical Category 3.
(7) Foundation on chalk with cavities and on Tertiary high plasticity clay is to be analysed and assigned
to Geotechnical Category 3.
NOTE - When the analytical methods are applied to determine bearing resistances of foundations according to DS/EN
1997-1 DK NA, clause D.2, the plane angle of shearing resistance may be used.
(2) For unloading (excavation and active earth pressure) in fissured clay and clay with slickensides,
c’ = 0 is to be assumed. For loading conditions (resistance or passive pressure), fully developed fail-
ure, particularly for normally consolidated deposits, may cause deformations of a magnitude that
only allows the corresponding strength parameters to be defined by applying deformation dependent
failure criteria.
NOTE - Apart from unloading of fissured clay and clay with slickensides, effective cohesion in the ground may be
taken into account when the effective normal stress on the failure surface is positive.
Rb;cal Rs ;cal
Rc;k for compression piles
Rs ;cal
Rt ;k for tension piles
where
(2) For driven piles with the base in clay till where cu > 150 kN/m2, the following empirical expres-
sion may be used:
Rb;cal = 18 cu Ab
(3) The regeneration factor r will depend on the strength of the clay, and r will decrease with in-
creasing strength. Where a precise determination is not made, the regeneration factor for cohesive
soil may be taken as r = 0,4, when the strengths used in the calculations do not exceed cu = 500
kN/m2. For geostatic calculation of the downdrag, r = 1,0 should be assumed.
(4) For calculation of the pile base resistance, the strength in the layers above as well as below the
pile base level should be taken into account.
(5) For driven piles with the base in non-cohesive soil, the geostatic calculation is so unreliable that
it should not be used for the final determination of the compressive resistance.
(7) Where a pile driving formula is applied to determine the resistance of compression piles, the va-
lidity of the formula is to be based either on recognised documentation or measured in static load
tests on the same pile type, of similar length and cross-section, and in similar conditions.
(8) For piles driven into non-cohesive soil, the characteristic ultimate resistance can be determined
using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula".
(9) In Geotechnical Category 1, the ”Danish Pile Driving Formula” is allowed to be used when the
pile base is driven below the compressible layers.
(10) The characteristic ultimate bearing resistance, Rc,k , of piles driven by drop hammer may be
determined using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula”:
Rdyn;m
Rc;k Rdyn;k
where
hG
Rdyn;m
s 0,5s0
2hGLp
s0
Ab E
= 0 (1 - tan)
efficiency factor
0 efficiency factor for vertical leader
μ friction coefficient between hammer and leader
inclination of the leader
G weight of the drop hammer
h vertical component of the drop height
s is the permanent subsidence of pile per blow
Lp pile length
Ab cross-sectional area of the pile
E modulus of elasticity of the pile.
For piles shorter than 20 times the pile width, the mean value of the actual pile length and 20 times
the pile width should be inserted in the pile driving formula. For wooden piles, the mean diameter is
used for calculating the area Ab. For steel piles, Ab is the cross-sectional area of the steel.
(11) For minor pile foundations, the serviceability limit state analysis may normally be reduced to
an analysis of the influence of downdrag on the settlements, provided there are no highly compress-
ible deposits below the pile bases. The analysis may be performed as a substitute calculation, sub-
ject to the following conditions:
Rb;cal Rs ;cal
Fc;d Fneg
R
Fc;d design axial compression load in the ultimate limit state with the square-root of
partial factors for load combination STR/GEO without contributions from
downdrag
Rb;cal, Rs;cal part of the calculated resistance of the pile due to the strata below the compressi-
ble deposits
R partial factor in accordance with Tables A.3-2, A.4-1 and A.4-2 of this National
Annex.
(12) For geostatic calculation of downdrag, the upper characteristic values of the soil strength
should be applied.