1

AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PECHAY (Brassica rapa L.var.Black

Behi) USING VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF BANANA (Musa acuminata
L.) PEEL EXTRACT

BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION

ZAMBOANGADEL SUR PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE
Poblacion Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur

JEROME DAVE C. ARANAS

WELYN F. CANDAME
CHARITY P. MENDIO
HARJIE M. OCARIZA
MARY CRIS C. RUBINOS

AUGUST 2021
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

BASIC INFORMATION

Project Title 1

Proponent (s) 1

Implementing Agency 1

Lead Agency 1

Collaborating Agency 1

Project Duration 1

Project Location 1

Project Funding 1

Total Approved Budget 1

Total Amount Released 1

Actual Expenses 2

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Preliminaries 2

Title Page 2

Summary Sheet 2

Acknowledgement 4

Table of Contents 6

List of Tables. Figures, etc. 8

Abstract 12

Text 13
 3

Introduction 13

Review of Literature 15

Methodology 18

Results and Discussion 21

Summary and Conclusion 24

Bibliography 25

Appendices 27

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Summary of Yearly Comments of Evaluation and Actions Taken by 43

Researcher.
Problems Encountered and Recommendations 43

Technical 43

Administrative 43

Summary of the Project 44

Audited Financials Report (BAR/QSF-B.01.05a) 45

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A. BASIC INFORMATION

Project Title

Agronomic Performance of (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) Using Varying

Concentration of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) Peel Extract

Proponents

Ms. Redgen A. Nunez

Implementing Agency

Zamboanga Del Sur Provincial Government College

Poblacion Aurora, Zambonga Del Sur

Project Duration

120 hrs

Project Location

Bogayo, Kumalarang, Zamboanga Del Sur

Project Funding

Total Approved Budget

Php 2,000.00

Total Amount Released

Php 1,230.00
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Actual Expenses

Materials Expenses

Seedling Tray (2 pcs, Php 85.00 each) Php 170.00

Cavendish Banana (12 kg, Php 480.00 Php 480.00

each kg)

Siling Labuyo (Php 200.00) Php 200.00

Sprinkler (Php 120.00) Php 120.00

Hand Sprayer (Php 95.00) Php 95.00

Record Book and Pen (Php 105.00) Php 105.00

Gloves (Php 60.00) Php 60.00

Total: Php 1,230.00

B. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Preliminaries

Summary Sheet

Pechay (Brassica rapa L.cv group Black Behi) belongs to the Brassiceae
family and one of the most known vegetables in the Philippines. It is also known
as one of the oldest green vegetables in Asia. It is also an excellent source of
income and a hobby even for limited space adopting the very popular vertical
gardening with the use of recycled containers as potting media (Prado and
Sampaga, 2013).

Adding various fertilizers can increase yield, the number of leaves and
shoots on each plant increased with most fertilizer types considerably and other
plant growth factors as well. Plant nodulation, or the formation of nitrogen-fixing
 6

roots, increased with application of all studied fertilizer types (Moore, 2019).
Banana (Musa acuminata L.) peel extract as fertilizer contains some vital
nutrients for general plant health-calcuim, manganese, sulfur, and magnesium.
Each of these nutrients plays a role in maintaining plant health, whether its
photosynthesis, generating cholorophyll, or regulating the movement of water
among cells. This kind of fertilizer improves the structure of soil and increases its
ability to hold water and nutrients (Basemer, T., 2020).

Pests and Diseases

Some of the common pests and diseases in pechay (Brassica rapa

L.var.Black Behi) that was found out include Bacterial Soft Rot (Erwin caratovora)
and the Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris) that are both caused by bacterium.
The Damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani) causes death of seedlings after
germination causes by fungus. The Downy Mildew (Peronospora parastica) is the
irregular yellow patches on leaves which turn light brown in color cause by
fungus. And the pest includes worms, aphids, snails, bugs, and thrips.

Weed Control

Hand weeding was applied to control insects that are harboring on the weeds.
Weeds can reduce the growth and yield of pechay. It will compete with plants in
obtaining water, soil nutrients and light.
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Acknowledgement

With sincere appreciation and deepest gratitude, we express our heartfelt

thanks to the following individual who in one way or another have contributed
their valuable assistance toward the realization of this research.

To our beloved adviser Ms. Redgen A. Nunez for unceasingly teaching

and giving sincere support to achieve the level of understanding of this study. We
are very grateful for the guidance that you have extended to us as we strive to
fulfill this research. We would like to extend our warmest gratitude to our
panelists headed by Research Director Jehuel Nathan R. Daculio, Ph.D.,
together with the Chairman Mart R. Manalo, Joey Villanosa, Glenn Romanos,
Recorder Ms. Edel M. Camaongay, who are the key person in the realizations of
this study. The researchers truly salute your expertise surmounted. Thank you for
your time, suggestions and encouragement and for allowing us to get the
necessary information we need to make this research possible.

To our parents and guardians, we are very thankful for the endless
patience and understanding, for the unselfish love and incomparable support.

To the Ocariza Family, we would to thank you for the warmest welcome
and for allowing us to conduct our research in their area.

Most of all to our Almighty God, who hears our prayers, who never leave
us as we face different trials and struggles who give us strength and knowledge.
 8

List of Tables, Figures and etc.

The Effect of Banana Growth and Yield of

(Musa acuminata L.) Peel Pechay
Extract on the Growth
(Brassica rapa
and Yield Performance
L.var.Black Behi)
of Pechay (Brassica rapa
Pechay L.var.Black Behi) A: Growth Parameters
(Brassica Experimental set-up: 1. Plant Height
rapa
L.var.Black T1- Control (No 2. Length of leaves
Behi) Application)
3. Number of leaves
T2- 40 ml Banana (Musa
Figure 1. The Schematic Diagram of the Study 4. Color of leaves
acuminata) Peel Extract /
960 milliliter of Water per 5. Average leaf area
application index
Table 1 The T3- 80 ml Banana (Musa
Treatment acuminata) Peel Extract /
920 milliliter of Water per B: Yield Parameters
Lay-out of the application 1. Weight of produced
Study leaves
T4- 130 ml Banana (Musa
acuminata) Peel Extract /
Treatment Replication 1 Replication2.
2 Weight of
Replication 3
880 milliliter of Water per marketable leaves
Replication 4 application
3. Weight of non-
Treatment 1 – T1R1 T1R2 T1R3 T1R4
marketable leaves
Control (No
Application)

Treatment 2 – 40 T2R1 T2R2 T2R3 T2R4

milliliter Banana
(Musa acuminta L.)
Peel Extract/960
milliliter of water per
application

Treatment 3 - 80- T3R1 T3R2 T3R3 T3R4

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milliliter Banana
(Musa acuminta L.)
Peel Extract/920
milliliter of water
application

Treatment 4 - 130- T4R1 T4R2 T4R3 T4R4

milliliter Banana
(Musa acuminta L.)
Peel Extract/880
milliliter of water per
application

Field Layout
 10

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

Fig. 1 Effect Banana Peel Extract Rate on Plant Height

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TREATMENT
TR 1 TR 2 TR 3 TR 4

14%

39%

20%

28%

Fig. 2 Effect Banana Peel Extract Rate on Plant Weight

Column1 Biggest

2.8
Treatment 4
4.5

2.5
Treatment 3
4.5

2.1
Treatment 2
3.5

1.8
Treatment 1
3.3

Fig. 3 Effect Banana Peel Extract Rate on Leaf Area Index (LAI) Biggest

Abstract
 12

Organic fertilizer is a good source of nutrients for the soil. It improves the
soil’s physical, chemical and biological characteristics. This study was conducted
to evaluate the growth and yield performance of pechay using varying
concentration of banana (Brassica rapa L.ver.Black behi) peel extract as organic
fertilizer and determines the effect of organic fertilizer in terms of plant height,
number of leaves per plant, average weight per plant, leaf color, leaf area index
and the yield per replication. And to recommend to the local farmers the use of
banana (Musa Acuminata L.) peel extract as organic fertilizer if the results were
significant.

The researcher used Complete Block Randomized Design (RCBC). There

were four treatment and three replications. The concentration of banana (Musa
acuminata L.) peelings extract per bag per treatments are as follows; Treatment
1 (zero concentration), Treatment 2 (40 millimeter of Banana (Musa acuminata
L.) peel extract/ 960 millimeter of water per application), Treatment 3 (80
millimeter of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) peel extract/920 millimeter of water
per application) Treatment 4 (130 millimeter of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) peel
extract/880 millimeter of water per application). The concentration of Banana
(Musa acuminata L.) peel extract per treatment will be applied in 1 to 7 days with
single dosage every 6:00 in the morning, 11 to 20 days with double dosage every
6:00 in the morning and 6:00 in the evening and 21 days until harvest time with
tripled dosage every 6:00 in the morning, 12:00 in the afternoon and 6:00 in the
evening.

The statistical tool for the analysis of data was One-way ANOVA. Results
shows the treatment 4 has the greatest mean of Leaf Area Index of petchay, the
fastest Growth Rate Mean of the height of petchay, the largest Final Stand Count
Mean, the highest Mean of Weight of Marketable of Plants per replication, and
the Highest Mean of weight of Marketable Plant per replication. The different
treatment applied did affect the growth and yield performance of petchay.
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Text

Introduction

Most farmers traditionally use chemical or inorganic fertilizers in their

farms because of its availability in the market. However, these types of fertilizers
are expensive and develop soil acidity if continuously used. Organic fertilizers are
now a promising method for sustainable farming in which most affordable
compared to synthetic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers are produced from animal
manures, crop residues, organic wastes through earthworm and other farm by-
products. These improve the physical, chemical and microbial status of the soil
(Gonzales, L., Marvin, R., 2015)

Growing vegetables has been a practice for centuries in civilized

countries. Vegetables are very important food commodity. Aside from playing a
major role in meeting our vitamin, mineral and protein requirements, they also
serve as reliable source of income of farmers (Chauburg, 1984 and Torrefiel,
2006). Pechay (Brassica rapa L.cv group Black Behi) belongs to the Brassiceae
family and one of the most known vegetables in the Philippines. It is also known
as one of the oldest green vegetables in Asia. It is also an excellent source of
income and a hobby even for limited space adopting the very popular vertical
gardening with the use of recycled containers as potting media (Prado and
Sampaga, 2013). Therefore, it plays an important role in the Philippine economy
as well as in the nutrition of the Filipino people.

Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa | subspecies) is no longer strangers to

undesirable pests that cause varying degrees of damage. These annoying and
potentially serious pests can leave the gardener no other choice but to treat the
pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) plants with pesticides. Natural pest
control is less expensive than buying and applying pesticides, and it’s safer for
your garden, your family, the natural wildlife and the environment. The use of
organic pesticides to control pests and organic fertilizers will also work (Balucos,
S. and Gamus, E., 2018).
 14

Meanwhile, adding various fertilizers can increase yield, the number of

leaves and shoots on each plant increased with most fertilizer types considerably
and other plant growth factors as well. Plant nodulation, or the formation of
nitrogen-fixing roots, increased with application of all studied fertilizer types
(Moore, 2019). Banana (Musa acuminata L.) peel extract as fertilizer contains
some vital nutrients for general plant health-calcuim, manganese, sulfur, and
magnesium. Each of these nutrients plays a role in maintaining plant health,
whether its photosynthesis, generating cholorophyll, or regulating the movement
of water among cells. This kind of fertilizer improves the structure of soil and
increases its ability to hold water and nutrients (Basemer, T., 2020).

Plant diseases can be a limiting factor in Pechay (Brassica rapa

L.var.Black Behi) production wherever the crop is grown. Moisture in the form of
windblown rain, saturated soils and high humidity plays a major role in the
occurrence of both bacterial and fungal diseases. Some of the common pests
and diseases in pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) include Bacterial Soft
Rot (Erwin caratovora) and the Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris) that are
both caused by bacterium. The Damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani) causes death of
seedlings after germination causes by fungus. The Downy Mildew (Peronospora
parastica) is the irregular yellow patches on leaves which turn light brown in color
cause by fungus (CABI Crop Protection Compendium. 2010).

The study aims to determine the growth performance and yield of pechay
(Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) using varying concentrations of banana (Musa
acuminata L.) peel extract. The result of this study will be beneficial for farmers
residing in urban places. Growing of organically pechay (Brassica rapa
L.var.Black Behi) at home provides a safe nutritious vegetable for the gardeners
involved. Urban food production also means that healthy, fresh produce is readily
available to city dwellers.

Review of literature
 15

This chapter presents the review of related literature that supports the
study Agronomic Performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) Using
Varying Concentrations of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) Peel Extract.

Related Studies

Pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) is an erect, biennial herb,

cultivated annually about 15-30 cm tall in vegetative stage. Ovate leaves are
arranged spirally and spreading. The petioles are enlarged and grow upright
forming a subcylindrical bundle. Seeds are 1 mm in diameter and are reddish to
blackish brown in color (BDPH, 2016).

A study conducted by Grosfield et al. (2015) on the response of Pechay

(Brassica rapa) to different levels of compost fertilizer concluded that the
application of 75% Pure Garden Soil: 25% Pure Compost provided the best
growth and yield performance of Pechay in terms of leaf area and fresh weight.
The result of the study showed that application of organic fertilizer greatly
enhanced growth and yield performance of Pechay.

Banana contains important nutrients, which could be recycled into useful

materials to be reused in different purposes. Extraction of mixed nano bio
stimulant fertilizer from banana peels is the main purpose of this investigation

(Hussein, H., 2019).

A study conducted by H.S. Hussein, H.H. Shaaray, H. Nabila & Hawash

2019 in titled Preparation of nano-fertilizer blend from banana peels show that
nano-fertilizer extracted from banana peels was applied in agriculture of two
crops, tomato and fenugreek. The data revealed that germination percentage
increased with increasing dose of banana peel extract for both crops. For tomato
crop, the germination percentage was increased from 14% (control without nano)
to 97% after 7 days of plantation. Also, the same trend was noticed for fenugreek
crop, the germination percentage was enhanced from 25% (control without nano)
to 93.14%.
 16

The sustainability and feasibility of utilizing banana by-products are the

future prospects and challenges for directing these by-products such as peels,
leaves, pseudo stem, stalk, and inflorescence into various food and non-food
applications, serving as thickening agent, coloring and flavor, alternative source
for macro- and micronutrients, natural cuticles, livestock feed, natural fibers, and
sources of natural bioactive compounds and bio-fertilizers (Padam et al. 2015).)

Banana peels possess many benefits as they are an important source of

soluble and insoluble fiber, fight cholesterol, are antioxidants, protect eyesight,
and have other uses such as meat tenderizer, teeth whitening, polishing agent,
and skin beauty and boost garden (Hussien, N. 2019). Potassium content in
banana peels is about 200 mg of the fruits or 40%. Using banana peels in the
garden provides nutrients that plants need to thrive, and it acts also as a pest
repellent (Haider 2015; Hulbert 2016). It was clear that banana peel extract at
500 mg/l surpassed tryptophan treatments and adding 50 or 75 mg/l resulted in
increasing endogenous indole-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) and phenol and total free
amino acids (Bakry et al. 2016).

A study in title “Chinese Cabbage or Pechay Production”. In the

Philippines, it is popularly known as Pechay or Petsay. It was one of the most
often used vegetable in many Filipino dishes. Petsay is added to Filipino stews
such as nilagang baka (boiled beef) or bulalo (boiled beef shank). People who
choose to eat itraw can enjoy it tossed in a salad mixed with other greens,
(Pinoy-Entrepreneur, 2015). The optimum temperatures for growth and
development of pechay are from 18–20 °C. Pechay thrives in well-drained,
moisture-retentive, loamy soils well supplied with organic matter. It does not grow
well in highly acidic soil. The ideal soil pH ranges from 5.5 to 6.5 and it should not
be allowed to drop below 4.5., (East West, 2017).

Prado and Sampaga's (2017) study on the response of Pechay to organic

fertilizer under DMMMSU-NLUC condition, La Union, Philippines also had similar
results where the application of organic inputs for the growth development has
comparative advantage over that of the farmers' practice of using urea.
 17

Moreover, the organically-fertilized plants being the tallest jibes with a study by
Gonzales et al. (2015) where 25% pure compost provided the best growth and
yield performance of Pechay in terms of leaf area and fresh weight.

Banana (Musa acuminata L.) peel has been used to induce significant
effects on various biological aspects in plants (Bakry et al.2016). Fermented
banana peel foliar fertilizer (musa sapeintum) banana peels were analyzed for
minerals, nutritional and anti-nutritional contents. The result of mineral content
indicates the concentration (mg/g) of potassium, calcium, sodium, iron,
manganese, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, and niobium to be 78.10,
19.20, 24.30, 0.61, 76.20, 0.04, 0.21, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively. The
percentage concentration of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fiber
were 0.90, 1.70, 59.00, and 31.70, respectively. The results indicate that if the
banana peels are properly exploited and processed, they could be a high-quality
and cheap source of nutrients (Anhwagne, D. 2015).

Banana peels are also good for gardens because they contain 42 percent
potassium (abbreviated to its scientific name K), one of the three major
components of fertilizer along with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and shown
on fertilizer labels as NPK. In fact, banana peels have the highest organic
sources of potassium. Potassium aids plants in moving nutrients and water
between cells. Potassium strengthens plants' stems and also fights off disease. It
is especially important to creating flowers, and even makes fruits (and berries!)
taste better. Potassium will even make your plants more resistant to drought.
Without enough potassium, plants grow poorly in general. It even increases the
protein content of your plants.

In short, potassium helps plants grown for their fruiting and flowering,
including rose bushes and fruit trees, rather than plants grown for their foliage,
such as spinach, lettuce and Swiss chard (Barbano, P.,2020).

Methodology
 18

This chapter presents the research design, experimental materials,

experimental design, treatment layout, field lay-out, preparation of banana

peeling extract, soil preparation, and other methods and procedures and the

statistical analysis in treating a data.

There are four (4) treatments. Each treatment contains three (3)

replications and each replication consist of fifteenth (15) polybags of Pechay

(Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) plants, which entails that every treatment

consists of forty-five 45 polybags as replication but the data collection was only

be on the inner nine (9) replications of plant and the distance per replication is 1

meter length and 1 meter width.

One hundred eighty bags (180) were used with a size of 35.5 cm.

Treatment 1 is with no application, treatment 2 is with 40 milliliters of a banana

peel extract with 960 milliliter of water per application, treatment 3 is with 80

milliliters of a banana peel extract with 920 milliliter of water per application,

treatment 4 is with 130 milliliters of a banana peel extract with 880 milliliter of

water per application. The following vegetative growth parameters are measured

accurately and precisely with the use of reliable and consistent instruments.

1. Plant Height

The heights of each of the representative plants per treatment were

measured from the base of the plant to the top of the shoot using a ruler. This

were determined on the seventh (7th) day after planting, fourteenth (14th) day after

and twenty-first (21st) day after planting only.

 19

2. Number of Leaves

The number of leaves of the fourthy five (45) plants every treatment was

gathered.

3. Leaf Area Index (LAI)

The Leaf Area Index were calculated through the formula:

LAI = Length x Width x Number of Leaves x Correction Factor / Ground

Area

4. Average Weight of Plant

The weight of pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) per bag (kg) were

gathered to determine the yield per bag.

5. Leaf Color

The leaf color was determined using color chart found in the appendix C.

6. Yield Per Replication

The weight of pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black Behi) were determine the

yield per replication through the weight of marketable leaves in terms of leaf area

and fresh weight and non -marketable leaves which were associated by insect

damage and stunted plants.

 20

Result and Discussion

Fig. 1 Effect Banana Peel Extract Rate on Plant Height

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

Figure 1 shows the average of petchay in 35 days. It simply shows that treatment
four (4) 130 millimeter of banana peel extract. The highest average of height is
 21

4.5 %. In treatment three (3) 80 millimeter of banana peel extract with the
average of 3.5 %. In treatment two (2) 40 millimeter of banana extract with the
average of 2.5 %. In treatment one (1) zero or (no application), with the average
of 1%.

The result showed a highly significant difference in the height of petchay between
control and experimental groups. However, the results showed that treatment 1
(control) could not show promising results than those treatments with process of
banana peel extract.

Fig. 2 Effect Banana Peel Extract Rate on Plant Weight

TREATMENT
TR 1 TR 2 TR 3 TR 4

14%

39%

20%

28%

Figure 2 shows the average of petchay in 35 days. It simply shows that treatment
four (4) 130 millimeter of banana peel extract. The highest average of weight is
39 %. In treatment three (3) 80 millimeter of banana peel extract with the average
of 27 %. In treatment two (2) 40 millimeter of banana Peel extract with the
 22

average of 20 %. In treatment one (1) zero or (no application), with the average
of 14%.

The result showed a highly significant difference in the height of petchay between
control and experimental groups. However, the results showed that treatment 1
(control) could not show promising results than those treatments with process of
banana peel extract.

Fig. 3 Effect Banana Peel Extract Rate on Leaf Area Index (LAI) Biggest

Column1 Biggest

2.8
Treatment 4
4.5

2.5
Treatment 3
4.5

2.1
Treatment 2
3.5

1.8
Treatment 1
3.3

Figure 3 shows the average of petchay in 35 days. It simply shows that treatment
four (4) 130 millimeter of banana peel extract. The highest average of leaf area
 23

index is 4.5 % and the smallest is 2.8 %. In treatment three (3) 80 millimeter of
banana peel extract with the average of 4.5 % and the smallest is 2.5 %. In
treatment two (2) 40 millimeter of banana peel extract with the average of 3.5 %
and the smallest is 2.1. In treatment one (1) zero or (no application), with the
average of 3.3% and the smallest is 1.8%.

The result showed a highly significant difference in the height of petchay between
control and experimental groups. However, the results showed that treatment 1
(control) could not show promising results than those treatments with process of
banana peel extract.

Summary and Conclusion

This study aimed to determine the feasibility of using varying

concentration of Banana (Musa acuminata) peeling extract to improve the growth
performance and yield of pechay (Brassica rapa) and to recommend to the local
farmers the use of banana peeling extract as organic fertilizer if the result was
significant.

The statistical tool for the analysis of data used was One-way ANOVA.
Results show that Treatment 4 with 130 milliliter of banana peeling extract per
880 milliliters of water per has the greatest mean of Leaf Area Index, greatest
Final Stand Count Mean, the Highest Mean of Weight of Plants per Replication,
and the Highest Mean of Weight of Marketable leaves per Replication, fastest
Growth Rate Mean of the height of Pechay and the Highest Mean of Weight of
Non-Marketable Leaves per Replication. The different treatments applied do not
affect the growth and yield ability of pechay.
 24

This study shows that there were more pests and diseases in pechay not
treated with Banana peeling extract compared to those pechay treated with
Treatments 4.

Bibliography

Ahmad, T., S.T. Shah, F. Ullah, F. Ghafoor and U. Anwar. 2017. Effect of organic
fertilizer on growth and yield of coriander. Int. J. Agri and ENV. Res, 3(1):
116-120. Retrieved on January 2016, from https://bit.ly/3x287Rj

Anhwagne D. 2015, Inorganic Fertilizer (Ground and Foliar Application) and

Organic Fertilizer. Retrieved on March 2015, from https://bit.ly/4sgfsBog

Baking etd. 2016, Growth Performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa) in household

derived compost. Retrieved on December 2016 from https://bit.ly/3vnucs8

Bandira, A. Vol. 6, Issue 6, 2020, pp 38-55. Inorganic Fertilizers (Ground and

Foliar Application) and Organic Fertilizer: Their Effects on the Growth and
Yield of Pechay (Brassica rapa). Retrieved on January 2020, from
https://bit.ly/3drY4NA

Barbano. 2020. Banana peel are good for gardens.

Fernandez, A. 2015. Fermented Banana Peel as Potassium Foliar Fertilizer in

Pummelo. Retrieved on January 2013, from https://bit.ly/3x3qZzw
 25

Gamus E., Balucos, S., 2018. Application of Different Concentrations of

Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Leaf Extract on Growth of Pechay (Brassica
rapa). Pg. 21.

Gonzales, Leif Marvin R., Caralde, Ramonita A., Aban, Maita L.,2015. Response
of Pechay to Different level of compost fertilizer. Retrieved February 2015,
from https://bit.ly/3tFU0iN

H.S. Hussein, H.H. Shaarway, N.H. Hussein & S.I. Hawash 2019. Preparation of
nano-fertilizer blend from banana peels. Retrieved on February 2019, from
https://bit.ly/3x3v3Q5

Lynsey Grosfield, 2018. How to make pure capsaisin. Retrieved on April 2018,
from https://bit.ly/3dq0TyH

Miayo, E., 2011. Chinese-cabbage or pechay production. Retrieved on May

2015, from https://bit.ly/3tt8VN9

Montero, J. 2019. Influence of Light Filtering Materials on the Growth

Performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa). Retrieved on February 2019,
from https://bit.ly/32neDE2

Silva, Ricardo Beves Petersen, 2015. Cabi Crop Protection Comeduim. Brassica
rapa subsp. Chinensis datasheet. Retrieved on June 2020, from
https://bit.ly/3sqkZ0g
 26

APPENDIX A

Republic of the Philippines

Zamboanga Peninsula Region
Province of Zamboanga del sur
Zamboanga del Sur Provincial Government College
Poblacion Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur

May 17, 2021

JEHUEL NATHAN R. DACULIO, Ph.D.

Research Director/Academic Head

Dear Sir:

Greetings of goodwill, love and blessings.

The undersigned is a Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education

(BTVTEd) student under Technology Research 2 subject and a group leader of
the study entitled “Agronomic Performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa) Using
Varying Concentrations of Banana (Musa acuminata) Peel Extract”.
 27

With this, the student-researchers of the above-stated study would like to ask
approval from your good office for the conduct of the said study on May 19, 2021
at Barangay Bogayo, Kumalarang, Zamboanga del Sur.

Your favorable response on this request is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much and more power.

Respectfully yours,

Rubinos, Mary Cris C. et.al., 2021

Noted:
REDGEN A. NUÑEZ
Adviser

Recommending approval: Approved by:

MART R. MANALO, MAEd,MAN JEHUEL NATHAN R. DACULIO, Ph.D.

Chairman Research Director/Academic Head
APPENDIX B

CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES

Date Time Activities

May 19, 2021 7:00am – 11:00am Cleaning the Area

Preparation of Soil Media for

May 20, 2021 7:00am -11:00am
Seedlings establishments

May 21-June 10, 2021 7:00am – 10:00am Pre-germination of Seeds

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May 21-June 10, 2021 7:00am – 4:00pm Caring of Seedlings

Soil Preparation (clay loam

June 11, 2021 7:00am – 11:00am
soil)

7:00am – 11:00am Transplanting

June 12, 2021

3:00pm – 4:30pm Continuation of Transplanting

Preparation of Banana Peel

June 13, 2021 7:00am – 11:00am
Extract

June 14, 2021 7:00am – 8:00am Preparation of Siling Labuyo

June 14, 2021 8:00am – 9:00am Application of Siling Labuyo

6:00am, 12:00pm, and First Application of Banana

June 15-21, 2021 6:00pm (1-10 days, Peel Extract, Measuring and

once in a day) Counting of Leaves.

6:00am, 12:00pm, and Second Application of Banana

June 22-28 2021 6:00pm (11-20 days, Peel Extract, Measuring and

twice a day) Counting of Leaves.

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Last Application of Banana

6:00am, 12:00pm, and
June 29-July 5, 2021 Peel Extract, Measuring, and
6:00pm (thrice a day)
Counting of Leaves

July 6, 2021 7:00am – 11:00am Harvesting

APPENDIX C

Growth Responses

Introduction:

In plants, there are observed responses called tropism. Tropism comes

from the Greek word tropos, meaning ‘turn’. The turning of plant is the response
towards changes taking place in the environment.

Objective:

To determine the growth and yield of pechay (Brassica rapa L.var.Black

Behi) using varying concentration of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) peel extract.

Materials:
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Pechay Seeds Harrow

Banana Cavendish Shovel

Polybags (180) Top Soil

Nursery Seedbed/Seedling Tray Clay Loam Soil

Pail, Hand Spray Bolo

Sprinkler Siling Labuyo

Measuring Cup Weight Scale

Ruler Ballpen

Plow Record Book

Gloves

Procedures:

A. 1. Pre-germinate the seeds in seedling tray.

2. After sowing the seeds of pechay (Brassica rapa) it will germinate for
twenty (20) days.

3. Prepare for transplanting.

B. 1. Fill each polybag with clay loam soil. And set aside for planting.

2. Arrange the polybags classified as treatments into rows and replication

into columns. First row of polybags classified as T1 will be the control
group. Second row of the polybags classified as T2. Third row, the
polybag classified as T3. And the last row of the polybags classified as T4.
Each treatment will contain three replications with fifteen (15) polybag and
nine (9) plants will only be collected which has a total of fourthy-five (45)
each treatment.
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3. Transplant the pechay seedlings to the polybags then plants will be

watered in a small amount of water with a sprinkler.

4. By the next day, start applying the banana peel extract every day at
6:00 am, 12:00 pm and 6: 00 pm once in a day for 1-7 days, twice a day
for 7-14 days, and thrice a day until harvest time.

5. After 30 days, measure the vegetative growth of pechay plants and

record the data.

Observations:

Table 1. Vegetative Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa) in T1

Replication

Parameters R1 R2 R3

1. Plant Height 162.272 163.889 165.444

2. Average of leaf area index. 220.122 220.547 220.999

3. Color of leaves.

4. Number of leaves. 53 55 54

5. Length of leaves. 35.571 35.861 35.023

6. Weight of produced leaves. 250 270 230

7. Weight of Marketable leaves. 187.5 202.5 172.5

8. Weight of Non-Marketable leaves. 62.5 67.5 57.5

Table 2. Vegetative Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa) in T2

Replication

Parameters R1 R2 R3
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1. Plant Height 170 172.234 172.802

2. Average of leaf area index. 221.3 221.64 222.3

3. Color of leaves.

4. Number of leaves. 55 53 55

5. Length of leaves. 37.345 36.234 36.678

6. Weight of produced leaves. 450 455 460

7. Weight of Marketable leaves. 337.5 303.4 345

8. Weight of Non-Marketable leaves. 125.5 151.6 115.6

Table 3. Vegetative Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa) in T3

Replication

Parameters R1 R2 R3

1. Plant Height 174.345 174.23 175.792

1

2. Average of leaf area index. 222.888 223.43 223.741

2

3. Color of leaves.

4. Number of leaves. 58 57 56

5. Length of leaves. 37.837 36.890 37.234

6. Weight of produced leaves. 500 530 570

7. Weight of Marketable leaves. 375 397.5 427.5

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8. Weight of Non-Marketable leaves. 125 132.5 142.5

Table 4. Vegetative Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa) in T4

Replication

Parameters R1 R2 R3

1. Plant Height 175.980 176.234 176.780

2. Average of leaf area index. 223.854 224.532 224.853

3. Color of leaves.

4. Number of leaves. 58 59 60

5. Length of leaves. 37.890 38.123 37.897

6. Weight of produced leaves. 580 650 750

7. Weight of Marketable leaves. 435 487.5 562.5

8. Weight of Non-Marketable leaves. 145 162.5 187.5

Plant Height
Replication
Treatment Total Mean
R1 R2 R3

- Control 162.272 163.889 165.444 491.605

– 40mL/liter 170 172.234 172.802 515.036

– 80mL/liter 174.345 174.231 175.792 524.368

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– 130mL/liter 175.980 176.234 176.780 528.994

Total 682.597 686.588 690.818

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.1 Plant Height

Average of Leaf Area Index

Treatment Replication
Total Mean
R1 R2 R3

- Control 220.122 220.547 220.999 661.668

– 40mL/liter 221.376 221.646 222.312 665.334

– 80mL/liter 222.888 223.432 223.741 670.061

– 130mL/liter 223.854 224.532 224.853 683.239

Total 888.164 890.157 891.905

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.2 Average of Leaf Area Index

GM =

Analysis of Variance

Computed Tabular F
SV df SS MS
F - Value 5% 1%

Treatment

Block
 35

Error

Total

Table 6.3 Analysis of Variance

Result:
ns – non significant
C.V. =

Color of Leaves
Replication
Treatment Total Mean
R1 R2 R3

- Control

– 40mL/liter

– 80mL/liter

– 130mL/liter

Total

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.4 Color of Leaves

GM =
Number of Leaves
Replication Total Mean
Treatment
R1 R2 R3

- Control 53 55 54 162

– 40mL/liter 55 53 55 163
 36

– 80mL/liter 58 57 56 171

– 130mL/liter 58 59 60 177

Total 224 224 225

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.5 Number of Leaves

GM =

Length of Leaves
Replication
Treatment Total Mean
R1 R2 R3

- Control 35.571 35.861 35.023 106.455

– 40mL/liter 37.345 36.234 36.678 110.257

– 80mL/liter 37.867 36.890 37.234 111.991

– 130mL/liter 37.890 38.123 37.897 113.910

Total 148.673 110.874 146.832

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.6 Length of Leaves

GM =
Weight of Produced Leaves(grams)
Replication Total Mean
Treatment
R1 R2 R3

- Control 250 270 230 750

 37

– 40mL/liter 450 455 460 1,365

– 80mL/liter 500 530 570 1,600

– 130mL/liter 580 650 750 1,980

Total 1,780 1,905 2,010

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.7 Weight of Produced Leaves

GM =

Weight of Marketable Leaves

Replication Total Mean
Treatment
R1 R2 R3

- Control 187.5 202.5 172.5 562.5

– 40mL/liter 337.5 303.4 345 985.9

– 80mL/liter 375 397.5 427.5 1,200

– 130mL/liter 435 487.5 562.5 1,485

Total 1,335 1,390.9 1,507.5

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.8 Weight of Marketable Leaves

GM =
Weight of Non-Marketable Leaves
Replication Total Mean
Treatment
R1 R2 R3
 38

- Control 62.5 67.5 57.5 187.5

– 40mL/liter 125.5 151.6 115.6 392.7

– 80mL/liter 125 132.5 142.5 400

– 130mL/liter 145 162.5 187.5 495

Total 458 514.1 503.1

Grand Total

Grand Mean

Table 6.9 Weight of Non – Marketable Leaves

GM =

APPENDIX D

Color of Leaves
 39

APPENDIX E

Materials

Soil Preparation

Preparation of Banana (Musa acuminata) Peeling Extract

 40

Preparation and Planting of Seeds

Application of Different Concentration of Banana Peeling Extract

 41

Insect and Diseases Control

Data Gathering
 42

C. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Summary of Yearly comments of Evaluation and actions Taken by

Researcher

 Crops are the most significant thing in the agricultural industry since they
are used for food and enhance the living environment. As a result, taking
good care of our plants is critical for our economic well-being.
 This is an advantage to researchers that they’re able to know the factors
about pechay. And improved findings regarding inputs and production
method.
 Pesticides enable to us provide advance knowledge and background on
the effect of pesticides and it helps to gain better understanding on how to
prevent pest damage to crops and boost food output.
 As a student studying the topic of agriculture, it is not easy to undergo this
study, since we must be very responsible in every plant, checking for
changes every day and inspecting the plant foe insects’ attacks.
 Cooperation, participation and patience are required; it is one of the
group’s hidden weapons for success.
 43

 Must have sufficient knowledge of the farm field.

 In cultivating the plants, we must know the proper process to have a good
outcome.
 Researchers must all be resourceful at all times.

Problems encountered and Recommendations

 A change of weather is one of the problems we encountered during all the

duration of planting.
 Be observant in the changes of the plants.
 Make sure that the plant has the sufficient nutrients it needs to grow.
 We had experienced difficulties in finding our materials needed in our
research. In germinating the seeds, we germinate it in how many times
because lots of seeds are died. During transplanting we find it difficult
because the seedlings are sensitive and it was easily died due to the
weather conditions. Some of our plants are died floods. We recommend
that dealing problems like this we should find immediately a solution to
solve these problems.
 We had experience that some of our group mates are absent during our
meet ups and group works due to personal matters and problems and in
our situation right now due this pandemic some of us are experiencing
finances. The best thing to do is to understand the situation of each
member and help each other.

Summary of the Project

This project funded under the researchers, tools and techniques available
to better manage major transit capital project. This summary highlights the major
findings and solutions emanating from this research. These results present
various estimation, project management and cost containment approaches that
have been applied successfully to projects examine within the researchers. The
results of the research indicate which techniques have contributed to more
 44

successful project management in the recent past. This strategies tools and
techniques from the basis to the conclusions for this research

Audited Financial Report (BAR/QSF-B. O1.05a)

Materials Expenses

Seedling Tray (2 pcs, Php 85.00 each) Php 170.00

Cavendish Banana (12 kg, Php 480.00 Php 480.00

each kg)

Siling Labuyo (Php 200.00) Php 200.00

Sprinkler (Php 120.00) Php 120.00

Hand Sprayer (Php 95.00) Php 95.00

Record Book and Pen (Php 105.00) Php 105.00

Gloves (Php 60.00) Php 60.00

Total: Php 1,230.00

45