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Issues and Challenges in The Southwest Issues and Challenges in The Southwest
Issues and Challenges in The Southwest Issues and Challenges in The Southwest
Mike Hightower
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico
May 2008
Energy and Water are
… Interdependent
Water for Energy and Energy for Water
[USGS, 2004]
Water Consumption by Sector
U.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day
Domestic
7.1% Commercial
Livestock
1.2%
3.3%
Thermoelectric
3.3%
Industrial Mining
Irrigation 3.3% 1.2%
80.6%
[USGS, 1998]
(Shannon 2007)
Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages
Over The Next Decade Under Average
Conditions
under Average Water Conditions
WA
MT ME
AK ND
MN MI
OR VTNH
ID
SD WI NY
MI MA
WY CTRI
IA PA NJ
NE
NV OH
UT IL IN MDDE
MD DE
CA CO WV
KS MO VA
KY
HI NC
TN
OK
HI
AZ NM AR SC shortage
HI MS AL GA
Statewide
HI
Regional
TX
LA
HI Local
AK
FL
None
No response or uncertain
10
Today The Future
9
8
7
Kwh/m^3
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Conventional
1 2
Brackish
3
Treatment NF RO RO
(Modified from Water Reuse 2007, EPA 2004, Mickley 2003) (Einfeld 2007)
• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year
• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments
• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive
Water Challenges are Nationwide
30%
10% 15%
10%
30% 5%
50% 20%
15%
40%
% Projected
30% 20%
Population
Growth
35% (2000-2020)
Source: Campbell
(2000)
• Natural Gas
– 150, 100 MW natural gas combined
cycle (15,000 MW)
• Renewables
– 125, 200 MW wind or solar farms
(25,000 MW)
• Nuclear
– 5, 1000 MW nuclear reactors
(5,000 MW)
• Hydroelectric
– None (~40,000-60,000 MW available)
Water Use and Consumption for
Electric Power Generation
Water Use Intensity (gal/MWhe)
Cooling
Plant-type Steam Condensing Other Uses
Process
Withdrawal Consumption Consumption
Open-loop 20,000–50,000 ~200-300
Fossil/ biomass steam turbine ~30
Closed-loop 300–600 300–480
and cooling 5
4
• Carbon emission
3
requirements will
2
increase water
1
consumption by an
0
additional 1-2 Bgal/day
1995 2005 2015 2025 2035
Year
Regional Growth in
Thermoelectric Power Generation
Projected Thermoelectric Increases
(Capacity in 2025 vs 1995)
• Most growth in
regions that are
already water
stressed
• Most new plants
expected to use
evaporative
cooling because
of EPA 316 A &B
requirements
Source: NETL, 2004
Water Demand/Impact of Transportation Fuels
Emerging Water Demands for
Alternative Fuels Development
• Irrigation of 3
40
36-Billion Gallons of Biofuel by 2022
35
Technology-neutral Advanced Biofuel:
maximum = ?
30
billion gallons per year
25
10
Corn Ethanol:
maximum 15 bgy
5
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Biomass and Water Use
Impacts Will be Regional
Oil Shale development will be regional and
impact water availability and quality