Peto acs eser reso fia’ Siksha ‘0’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be Penns ((eecette note torts} E emtars ITER Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be PI rece Tem Erfr) Introduction - Microgrid is a discrete energy system consisting of distributed energy resources (including demand management, storage and generation ) and loads capable of operating in parallel with or independently from the main power grid, ~ A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid- connected or islanded-mode.Cea Polced) Basic Protection Requirement ection ; ~ Selectivity - Sensitivity ~ Reliability Selection of protective equipment directly depends on the sensitivity of load which in a broader way means how quickly and adversely change in load effects to the system. ‘The reliability comes from the protection or quick response towards detection and mitigation of the fault in the electrical system.Need Of Microgrid Protection r u 0 es (10-50 times the full load current) are available from the utility. grid On the contrary, for - To commun He for alternate means are needed to eope up with these issues, ~ Protection system design for microgrid pose significant challenges due to bi-directional flow from DGs as well as lower fault current levels due to the inverter connected DG sources in islanded microgridTypes of Microgrid AC Microgrid DC Hybrid Microgrid Mi MicrogridChallenges In Microgrids ok KkChallenges in AC Microgrid > Short-circuit current (SCC) level ¥ > False tripping > Blindness of protection > Prohibition of automatic reclosing > Unsynchronized reclosing > Reach of an impedance relay > Bi-directional power flow > Sympathetic Tripping » ‘Single phase power insertionShort-circuit current (SCC) level + In AC microgrid, the short-circuit faults are approximately 10 ti ore Iya ox the current and due to the ult current. However, in He Gg pie Th’ hae. an eine iy Pcie td normally lesser than the threshold value, ‘+ In the islanded mode of operation, the fault cu he threshold value, as DERs only contribute to it. Whereas, in the grid- connected mode of operation, both grid and DERs contribute towards £ + Asa result, the fault level in the grid-connected mode of operation is larger than the isolated mode of operation as well as the fault current direction is different in both modes of operation.False tripping of feeders Spurious separations or false trips may occur for example due to failure of PCC device to discriminate whether the fault is on the utility side or within the Miero-grid. This may result: reused cost due to more op. ns of PCC device thus d m i 0 Moreover, false trips can result in Miero-grid exposure to pri ads (which are usually disconnected due to islanding) and loss of fe as well as a period of over frequency operation for exporting Micro-grids.fr) Blinding of protection ~The feeder impedance determines the pickup current to regulate the operating zone of the over-current relay. This current is set greater than the feeder rated current and below the protection zone short-cireuits current limit. ~ This issue with the presence of DGs in a microgrid to the variation of, overcurrent relay operating zone with respect to feeder impedance change is known as the blindness of protection.‘The recloser operation, particularly in a radial distribution system to clear the transient fault, the downstream part of the recloser is disconnected. However, the DG is still there to provide the fault current. This leads to a recloser defect and it may convert transient fault into a permanent fault, This is known as the prohibifr) Unsynchronized reclosing A closer is inserted between the two energized systems during DG connection to a network as depicted in Figure. The serious damage may occur to the DGs as well as accompanied sensitive equipment due to the connection without considering synchronism e.g. unsynchronized reclosing.‘The bi-directional power flow in feeders of a microgrid is one of the major chall incase of D d i i ‘There is a possibility of power flows in the reverse direction as In a distribution system with a fixed generation limit, whe el, there is a change in the direction of power flow.ew) Sympathetic Tripping Sympathetic tripping occurs when the protective device activates in the external protective zone during the occurrence of faults assisted by the DGs. Two relays are operating in the system one after another as illustrated in Figure. The first ‘one due to the improper operation of the protection algorithm and the second one is in order to protect the network from the disturbances.Challenges in DC Microgrid > Grounding > Fault current direction > Non Zero Crossing > High Sensitivity of inverters to fault currents > Non-Suitability of AC circuit breaker » Change in short circuit level » Difficult to co-ordinate between overcurrent relaysHybrid Microgrid ArchitectureDifferent Protection Schemes * kKMOH981019 ovitgaia Yoatene PtIve Protection StrategyThe ability of the power system to adjust itself ndition of the system refers to the adaptability of the protection scheme. O By adaptively changing the related settings according to operating condition, the predefined protection schemes performance can be improved.Differential Protection Q Differential protection scheme follows the fundamentals of KCL to operate at the time when the diff O The major plus point of this approach is its performance is independent of the effect of short-circuit level, DGs integration, di/dt parameter variation and resistance variation during faultfr) Distance Protection | O The fundamental principle of distance protection method used in AC microgrid is based on the distance measurement through calculating the short-circuit impedance between the fault and protective devices. U This distance protection scheme is mostly preferred in transmission lines due to high selectivity characteristicsSignal processing based protection ‘The following are the signal processing based. protection schemes: - Wavelet Transform based protection scheme ~ $-transform based protection scheme ~ Fast Fourier Transform based protection scheme — Hilbert Huang Transform based protection schemeIntelligent technique based protection = AI is widely applied in designing different protection schemes and control for power systems due to its error reduction capability, adaptive learning, and faster decision- making process. - Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is the most prominent intelligence technique in Al for fault classification and detection in the power system.Overcurrent based Protection | | Ohl Orenstein ‘The overcurrent protection scheme is used to protect the distribution lines of electric grids integrated with DER. The relays used in such schemes could be directional (operating for in-front events) and nondirectional (will operate for all) depending upon the mode of distribution. ‘The nondirectional relays are mostly used for radial distribution systems.Devices For Protection In DC Microgrid In AC Microgrid a Fault current —_Energy storage om tat | fe JlMiscellaneous Schemes For Protection of AC Microgridiscellaneous Schemes For Protection of DC Microgrid Protectionfr) References 1) ding W, He, ZY, € Bo, Z Q. (2010, October), The overview of research on microg protection Bercloprecnt. tn Tatctigent’ System Design and Engineering Application (ISDEA), 2018 Taternetional Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. 692-697). IEEE. 2 Memon, A. A., & Kauhaniemi, K. (2015). A critical review of AC Microgrid protection issues and available solutions. Blectric Power Systems Research, 129, 23-31. SG? ees 1, mei, WR: C2017). Acted lames aid vpntonchen lever ionic Renaud tnd Sustenable Energy Reveus, 67, 988-997 4 Ustun, TS, Khan, RH, Hadbob A, & Kalam, A. (20, November) An aaptive microgid protection scheme based on a wide-area smart grid communications network. In Communications (LATINCOM), 2013 IEEE Latin-America Conference on (pp. 1-5). IEEE. 5 Sortomme, E, Venkata, 8. 8, & Mitra, J. (2010). Microgrid protection using communication-assisted digital relays. EBE Transactions on Power Delivery, 25(4), 2789-2706. 6. Kar, S, Samantaray, 8. R, & Zadeh, M.D, (2017). Data-mining model based intelligent differentia! microgrid protection scheme. JEEE Systems Journal, 11(2), 1161-1169. 7. Gomes, M., Coelho, P., & Moreira, C. (2019), Microgrid Protection Schemes. In Microgrids Design and Inplementation(pp. $1%-336). Springer, Cham, 8. Hosseini, . A., Abyaneh, H. A. Sadeghi, S, H. H., Razavi, F, 8 Nasi, A, (2016), An overview of microgrid protection methods and the factors involved. Renewable and Sustainable Brera Reviews, 64, 174-186.fr) Question 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ) What is microgrid protection? What are the basic requirement of Protection? Explain briefly about the challenges in Microgrid. What are the different protection schemes for microgrid? Describe about the devices used for microgrid protection. What are the different types of microgrid?