World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Fashion and Textile Engineering
Vol:10, No:10, 2016
Development of Corn (Zea mays L.) Stalk Geotextile
Net for Soil Erosion Mitigation
Cristina S. Decano, Vitaliana U. Malamug, Melissa E. Agulto, Helen F. Gavino
 During this situation, hydroseeding combined with
Abstract—This study aimed to introduce new natural fiber to be
used in the production of geotextile net for mitigation of soil erosion.
Fiber extraction from the stalks was the main challenge faced during
the processing of stalks to ropes. Thus, an investigation on the
extraction procedures of corn (Zea mays L.) stalk under biological
and chemical retting was undertaken. Results indicated significant
differences among percent fiber yield as affected by the retting
methods used with values of 15.07%, 12.97%, 11.60%, and 9.01%,
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for dew, water, chemical (1 day after harvest and15 days after
harvest), respectively, with the corresponding average extracting
duration of 70, 82, 89, and 94 minutes. Physical characterization of
the developed corn stalk geotextile net resulted to average mass per
unit area of 806.25 g/m2 and 241% water absorbing capacity. The
effect of corn stalk geotextile net in mitigating soil erosion was
evaluated in a laboratory experiment for 30o and 60o inclinations with
three treatments: bare soil (A1), corn stalk geotextile net (A2) and
combined cornstalk geotextile net and vegetation cover (A3). Results
revealed that treatment A2 and A3 significantly decreased sediment
yield and an increase in terms of soil loss reduction efficiency. The
cost of corn stalk geotextile net is Php 62.41 per square meter.
Keywords—Corn stalk, natural geotextile, retting, soil erosion.
I. INTRODUCTION
S OIL erosion is widely recognized as a major
environmental problem which threatens the most
important and non-renewable reserve of human, the farmland.
This problem is mainly initiated by the erosive forces like
farm tillage, wind and water resulting to removal of top soil.
Eroding of soil is dominantly triggered by intense rainfall and
high velocity runoff to cultivated and steep areas. This
condition causes great destruction not only to soil
characteristics but also to its properties and fertility affecting
numerous numbers of individuals.
In the Philippines, about 45% of the country’s arable land
suffers from moderate to severe soil erosion [1]. Reference [2]
cited that an estimate of 623 MT of soil is lost annually from
28 million hectares of cultivated land in the country. Without
immediate and appropriate protection, there will be severe soil
loss that may lead to difficulty in establishing vegetation and
possibly increase in sediment input to nearby rivers [3].
Hydroseeding, on the other hand, is a technique used to
establish vegetation cover that can provide long-term
protection against soil erosion. However, growth of vegetation
is difficult during early stage since seeds or seedlings might be
washed away by the erosive forces of rainfall and runoff [4].
C. S. Decano, V. U. Malamug, M. E. Agulto and H. F. Gavino are with
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of
Engineering, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines (e-
mail: datz.tina@yahoo.com).
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(10) 2016
bioengineering techniques is the best option to protect the
plants from harsh environment.
Geotextile has gained popularity in mitigating various types
of soil erosion in different parts of the world. Like vegetation,
it can reduce direct impact of raindrops; reduce runoff
generation and soil detachment. But, despite these
advancements, geotextile from naturally occurring fiber
products has not received any significant consideration as
researches were mostly focused on the production and
utilization of synthetic geotextiles like polyolefin and
polyester. Natural geotextile is also known to have a short life
span, degrades easily [5], and has properties that limit its full
utilization.
In an age of growing environmental awareness,
biodegradation of natural geotextile as a result of
microorganism’s activity is of great advantage. This advantage
leads to exploitation of different natural fiber resources which
can be used as geotextile for a specific soil erosion problem.
Expected degradation of these geotextiles eliminates the
doubling effect when combined with the vegetation. Natural
geotextile’s advantages are biodegradability, ability to protect
soil from splash erosion, capacity to absorb water, and aid for
reduction to water loss through evaporation [5]. These are the
indications that natural geotextiles have an edge over synthetic
geotextile for slope stability application. In this premise,
investigation of other potential natural fiber resources such as
fiber from corn stalks can be done to reduce agro-wastes left
on the field which can significantly reduce soil erosion when
properly converted to geotextile net.
A. Statement of the Problem
Corn ranks second next to rice as the most important grain
crop in the country. The volume of production of corn in the
country for the year of 2014 has an output level of 7.75
million MT which is 5.1% above the 2013 output and is
expected to rise up to 2.56 million hectares in 2015.
The province of Pangasinan has a total land area of 536,818
hectares, which represents almost 50% of the total area of the
entire Region 1 and constitutes to about 1.8% of the total land
area of the country. Report from [6] showed that Pangasinan
has a total corn production of 289,607 MT for the cropping
year 2012-2013 with an average yield of 5.63 tons/ha within
the harvest area of 51,430 ha.
Since there is a massive production of this crop, there is
also a high biomass production. The common practice of
farmers is to leave the residues in the field and some are burnt
which causes pollution. Corn residues are also left by the
farmers on the ground immediately after harvesting to act as
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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Fashion and Textile Engineering
Vol:10, No:10, 2016

mu
mulch materiall in conserviing soil moiisture for thee next chem mical retting (15
( days afterr stalk harvest)), T3 – dew reetting
crropping seasonn. The probleem, however, is that corn stalks, andd T4– water retting. Manual stripping wass done to sepaarate
wiithout any prior physical alteration, m may damage small fibeers.
m
machineries duuring land preeparation. Alsso dried corn stalks Production of single spline rope from corrn stalk was m
P made
whhen used as mulch can bee easily blow wn by wind and a be posssible by usingg rope makingg machine. Coornstalk geoteextile
waashed away thhrough runofff. Lastly, hugee quantities oof corn net weaving prrocess follow ws the traditiional open-w weave
staalks left in thee field to decoompose may leead to emergeence of patttern. This wass done by inteerlacing the siingle-splined fiber
diseases among crops. ropees at right anngle with eacch other mannually. Mesh size
openning used 25 mm x 25 mm m (1 in. x 1 in..). The end paart of
B. Objectives
eachh interlockingg rope was tieed with a broown yarn to avoid
a
The general oobjective of thhe study was too develop cornn stalk diseengagement off each rope.
mitigation. Speecifically, the study
geeotextile net ffor erosion m
aimmed to: B
B. Vegetation C
Cover Preparaation
1. Determine the physical properties of the developedd corn T
The experimeent employedd hydroseedding to estabblish
stalk geotexxtile net; vegetation coverr. Hydroseeding mixture ingredients w were
2. Evaluate thhe effect of deeveloped corn stalk geotexttile net careefully weigheed and thenn were mixeed together iin a
and vegettation cover in sedimennt yield, seddiment container.
International Science Index, Fashion and Textile Engineering Vol:10, No:10, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005527

concentration and soil losss reduction efficiency; andd, T

The slurry wass manually appplied at the ttop of soil surrface
3. Determine the cost of thhe developed ccorn stalk geootextile (Figg. 1).
net.
C. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focused
f on thhe productionn of geotextiile net
deerived from coorn stalk. Experiments on fi fiber extractionn were
doone which invvolved biologiical retting (ddew and wateer) and
chhemical rettingg.
The effect off using corn staalk geotextile net as groundd cover
waas evaluated under the folllowing conditions: two diffferent (a) ingredients (b) mixxing (c) applicationn
sooil slopes (30o and 60o), 600-minute rainnfall durationss (data Fig. 1 Hyddroseeding
takken at 10-minnute interval) aand rainfall inttensity of 75 mm/hr.
m
Saandy loam typpe of soil wass used. The vvariety of cornn used D
Due to uneveen applicatioon of the m mixture, follow w-up
throughout the experiment was NK 88660. The testiing of applications to cover weak spots were done as neeeded.
phhysical properrties of deveeloped corn sstalk geotextiile net Veggetation was allowed to establish forr 21 days beefore
included only m mass per unitt area and waater absorptionn. The subjjecting to finaal simulation.
hyydroseeding mixture
m was limmited only at single mixingg ratio T
The installatiion of cornn stalk geottextile net after
whherein Centroosema Pubesccens and Whiite Millet weere the hyddroseeding appplication was done by anchhoring the topp and
seeeds used. Thee evaluation oof the perform mance and efficciency botttom edge of thhe net by smaall wire pegs to avoid slipppage.
off the man-operrated twining machine was not included in the Afteer the geotextiile net has beeen installed, teest boxes weree put
stuudy. outsside the Hydraaulic Laboratoory, enabling the newly plaanted
grasss to get enouugh light and natural
n rainfalll necessary foor its
D. Time and P Place of the Sttudy
growwth.
The study waas conducted from Januaryy to July, 20155. The
deevelopment off corn stalk geeotextile net annd the evaluattion of C
C. Experimentaal Set-Up
itss physical pproperties were carried oout at Sta. M Maria, A laboratory test
t was condducted to evalluate the phyysical
Paangasinan. charracteristics annd impact off corn stalk geotextile neet in
The fabricatiion of test booxes and fram mes was done at the mitiigating soil erosion. Rainnfall simulatoor apparatus was
Deepartment off Public Ways W and H Highways (DPWH) ownned and operaated at Hydraaulic Laboratoory of the Prooject
Hyydraulic Labooratory, Pasigg, City. Evaluuation of cornn stalk Mannagement O Office (PMO O)-Flood Conntrol and S Sabo
geeotextile net inn mitigating sooil erosion at different soil slopes Enggineering Cennter (FCSEC) of the Depaartment of Puublic
annd rainfall durrations was allso done at thee DPWH Hyddraulic Works and Highw ways (DPWH H), Pasig Cityy, Philippines. The
Laaboratory, Sta. Rosa, Pasig C City. rainnfall simulatorr was set to give a rainfaall intensity oof 75
mmm/hr.
II. MATERIALLS AND METHO
ODS The effect of corn stalk geotextile net was evaluateed in
T
term ment concentraation and soil loss
ms of sedimennt yield, sedim
A. Developmeent of Corn Staalk Geotextilee Net
reduuction efficienncy. Various soil erosionn covers as listed
In determininng the retting method
m to be uused, an experriment beloow were usedd as treatmentss: A1 - bare soil
s (control); A2 -
waas first conduucted. Treatments for this specific experriment 25 mmm x 25 mm (1 in. x 1 in.)) mesh size coorn stalk geoteextile
weere: T1 – chemmical retting ((one day afterr stalk harvestt), T2 -

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Fashion and Textile Engineering
Vol:10, No:10, 2016

neet and A3 - 255 mm x 25 m mm (1 in. x 1 in.) mesh size corn 22. Sediment Yiield
staalk geotextile net combinedd with hydroseeeding TThis determinees the mass off the sedimentt over its plot area
The laboratorry experimentt was arrangeed in a Randoomized withh respect to time. This is the mass oof the oven-ddried
Coomplete Blockk Design (RCBD), with thrree replicationns. The sediiment collecteed over the area of the ssoil test box and
exxperiment was analyzed seeparately for the two anggles of duraation of simullation. It was estimated by using (2) citeed in
inclinations of test boxes (30o and 60o). Comparison aamong [8].
treeatment means was done byy using Duncaan’s Multiple Range
Teest (DMRT), aat a 5% level oof significancee. Preparation of the Sm
SY== (2)
exxperimental units
u under tthe bare soill, with corn stalk tAb
geeotextile net and combined corn stalk geotextile neet and
veegetation is shhown in Fig. 2. Rainfall simuulation lasted for 60 wheere SY is sedim ment yield (g//m2.hr), Sm is m
mass of oven-ddried
m
minutes where datad were takeen at 10-minutte interval. sediiment collecteed (g), Ab is arrea of soil testt box (m2) andd t is
duraation of rain siimulation (hr))
3. Soil Loss Reeduction Efficciency
T
This determinees how well a certain geoteextile controlss soil
erossion. Computaation was in acccordance to ((3), as given inn [9],
International Science Index, Fashion and Textile Engineering Vol:10, No:10, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005527

[10]]:

SYb ‐SYg
SLRE== (3)
SYb

(a) baree (b) w

with net (c) with vegetaation wheere SLRE is soil loss reducttion efficiencyy (%), SYb is bare
sediiment yield (gg m2-hr) and SYg is geotexxtile net sedimment
Figg. 2 Preparationn of experimental units yielld (g m2-hr).
1. Collection of Runoff Waater and Sedim ment E
E. Cost of Deveeloping Geotex
extile Net
During the rainfall sim mulation expeeriment, a rreadily T
The cost of deevelopment off corn stalk geeotextile net iss the
avvailable plasticc container waas put just bellow the test bbox for summ of the cost acquired from m the gatheriing of corn stalks
ruunoff water annd sediments collection. The T collected runoff fromm the field to the developm
ment of corn sttalk geotextilee net.
waater with seddiments was weighed andd allowed to stand Theese are the costs of haarvesting of standing stoover,
ovvernight to let the visible sediments to settle down at the trannsporting, loadding and unloading, rettinng, fiber strippping
boottom part off the containner. With the aid of silk cloth, andd rope producttion includingg the cost of weaving the corn
seediments werre separated by filtrationn method. Filtered stalkk geotextile neet.
seediments weree air dried ffor five dayss to determinne the The total cost of developmeent of corn sttalk geotextilee net
T
seediment conceentration, sediiment yield aand amount oof soil willl be computedd by using (4):
errosion.
D. Evaluationn of Corn Stalkk Geotextile Net
N GNC= Tc + SS +R
RC +Sc +RDc +W
Wc (4)

1. Physical Characterizatio
C on wheere GNC is coost of corn sttalk geotextilee net (Php), T TC is
The physical properties weere limited to:: mass/unit areea and costt of harvestingg, transportingg, loading andd unloading (P Php),
waater absorptioon (WA). Techhnical specificcation of cornn stalk Ss iss cost of stalkk separation (P
Php), Rc is cosst of retting (P
Php),
geeotextile net included num mber of twines crosswise and Sc is cost of fiiber strippingg (Php), RDc is cost of rope
lenngthwise, singgle and doublee spline rope ddiameters. prodduction (Php)) and Wc iss cost of weeaving corn stalk
Mass/unit area is an impoortant propertty that can ddirectly geotextile net (Phhp).
m
measure fabric ccost. It was deetermined by w weighing sampples in The main facttor that contriibuted to the initial cost off the
T
ann accurate digiital weighing sscale. developed cornsttalk geotextilee net is the duuration of maanual
Water absorpption was com mputed throughh (2) as cited in [7]. fibeer extraction wwhich may be reduced and ccompensated w when
Neet weight reefers to the weight of ggeotextile afteer the development proccesses are fullyy mechanizedd.
prrotruding fiberrs in the rope have been rem moved and the final
weeight refers too the weight off the net after soaking.
s IIII. RESULTS A
AND DISCUSSIO
ONS

WA
Af ‐WAi
A
A. Fiber Extracction
WA= (1) F
From the diffeerent retting m
methods used iin the experim ment,
W
WAf
was determinedd dew retting (T3) had the hhighest mean fiber
it w
whhere WA is wwater absorptioon (%), WAi iss net weight (g) and yielld of 45 g fromm 300 g of drried corn stalkks or about 15%% of
W
WAf is final weiight (g) its ddry weight andd average extraction duratioon of 70 minuttes.

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Fashion and Textile Engineering
Vol:10, No:10, 2016

B. Description of Corn Stallk Geotextile N

Net
Fig. 3 shows the developedd corn stalk geeotextile net aand the
phhysical speciffications of thhe corn stalkk geotextile nnet are
prresented in Tabble I.
1558.95 g/m2-hrr were obtaiined, respectiively for raiinfall
duraation of 10, 200, 30, 40, 50, aand 60 minutees.
TThe amount off sediment yieeld obtained fr from the plots may
be aaccounted to the
t ability of the surface coover to reducee the
imppact of falling water, thus, reducing
r the ammount of splaashed
soil sediments. TThe result agreees with the sstudy cited in [13]
whiich stated thatt geotextile nnets were goood at reducingg top
soil detachment.

TAB BLE II
SEEDIMENT YIELD MEANS AT 30O SLO OPE
S
SURFACE COVE ER
RAINFALL
DURATION Bare Geeotextile Combbined geotextile
soil net net and
a vegetation
10 100.00a 622.500ab 0.00b
Fig. 3 Corn stalk geotextile net
n a ab
20 134.37 6
65.62 0.00b
a ab
30 170.83 6
62.50 0.00b
The average mass per uniit area is 8066.25 g/m2. Maass per
International Science Index, Fashion and Textile Engineering Vol:10, No:10, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10005527

40 215.62a 664.06b 0.00b

unnit area of cornn stalk geotexxtile net falls uunder heavy w
weight- 50 217.50 a
772.50 b
0.00b
typpe natural geeotextile as cclassified in [11]. This sppecific 60 232.29 a
669.79 b
0.00b
phhysical properrty implies thhat corn stalk geotextile neet is a Inn a row under eacch rainfall duratioon, means follow
wed by a commonn letter
suuitable materiaal for soil erosiion mitigationn. are nnot significantly different
d at 5% levvel by DMRT.

TAABLE I TABBLE III

PHYSICAL SPECIFICATION O OF CORNSTALK GEOTEXTILE NET SEEDIMENT YIELD MEANS AT 60O SLO OPE
P
PHYSICAL PROP PERTY AMMOUNT S
SURFACE COVE ER
RAINFALL
Mass per unit areea, g/m2
M 806.25 DURATION Withh geotextile Com mbined geotextilee
Bare soil
Water Absorptioon, % 241 net neet and vegetation
10 1212.50a 487.500ab 0.00a
Siingle spline rope diameter 5.22 a ab
20 1418.75 3390.62 0.00b
Doouble spline rope diameter 110.89 a ab
30 1437.50 3368.75 0.00b
No. of twine-crosswise 28
40 1431.25a 3364.06ab 0.00b
N
No. of twine-lenggthwise 14
50 1467.50a 3
348.75 b
0.00b
a b
60 1448.95 3
307.29 0.00b
The test sammples for waterr absorption were
w taken froom the
Inn a row under eacch rainfall duratioon, means follow
wed by a commonn letter
saame specimenn used in dettermining masss per unit aarea of are nnot significantly different
d at 5% levvel by DMRT.
coornstalk geotexxtile net. The change in weiight before and after
sooaking was oobtained using a weighingg scale havinng an E
Experimental uunits with com mbined corn stalk
s geotextilee net
acccuracy of +11 g. Results showed that the average water andd vegetation coover have 1000% reduction eefficiency for both
abbsorption of ggeotextile samp
mple is 241% oof its initial w
weight. 30o and 60o slopee (Tables IV aand V). Resullt revealed thaat the
W
Water absorbinng ability of geotextile greeatly influencces the typee of surface cover had ssignificant efffect on soil loss
ammount of runofff generated. reduuction efficienncy. These vvalues can be attributed too the
Natural geottextile has beeen demonstrrated as a suuitable abillity of the surrface covers tto reduce the kinetic energgy of
m
material for usee in various errosion control experiment beecause wing water thhereby reducinng its abilityy to transport soil
flow
off its water abbsorbing capaacity by reduccing the voluume of partticles.
ruunoff. Reference [12] showeed that naturall fiber geotexttile for
errosion control has a lower runoff velociity which is due d to TABLE IV
SOIL LOSS REEDUCTION EFFICIEENCY (%) MEANSS AT 30O SLOPE
high water abssorbency. Also, its naturaal water absoorbing
S
SURFACE COVE ER
caapacity helps conserve soil moisture andd anchor soil firmly RAINFALL L
With Combinedd Geotextile
(ddrapability). DURATION N
geotextile nnet net and vvegetation
10 29.36b 100a
C. Impact off Corn Stalk Geotextile Ne Net on Soil E Erosion
20 38.04b 100a
M
Mitigation b
30 54.45 100a
Sediment yieeld seemed to increase withh the decrease in the 40 58.62 b
100a
ammount of surfface cover at any given peeriod of the rainfall
r 50 62.07 b
100a
simmulation. Forr example, att 30o inclinattion (Table III), the 60 66.98b 100a
seediment yield rrecorded for 60-minute
6 rainnfall simulation with Inn a row under eacch rainfall duratioon, means followwed by a commonn letter
100-minutes inteerval were 1100.00, 134.37, 170.83, 2215.62, are nnot significantly different
d at 5% levvel by DMRT.
2117.50 and 232.29 g/m2-hr.
While sedimeent yield at 600o slope (Tablle III), the seddiment
yield of 1212..50, 1418.75,, 1437.50, 1431, 1465.500, and

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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Vol:10, No:10, 2016

TABLE V The corn stalk geotextile nets that were developed were
SOIL LOSS REDUCTION EFFICIENCY (%) MEANS AT 60O SLOPE
effective in mitigating soil erosion at 30o and 60o slope
SURFACE COVER
RAINFALL inclination under a laboratory condition. Soil loss reduction
DURATION With Combined Geotextile
geotextile net net and vegetation efficiency ranged from 29 - 66.99% for 30o slope and 72.67 -
10 57.68b 100a 78.19% for 60o slope.
20 72.67 b
100a The cost of developing corn stalk geotextile net was placed
30 71.79b 100a at Php 62.41 per m2. A higher initial cost of the developed
40 73.34b 100a corn stalk geotextile net than the commercially available
b
50 75.34 100a geotextile nets was attributed to the cost of fiber.
b
60 78.18 100a
In a row under each rainfall duration, means followed by a common letter V. RECOMMENDATIONS
are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
Results revealed that the developed corn stalk geotextile net
D. Corn Stalk Geotextile Net Cost has the potential to be used for soil erosion control. Sediment
From the assumptions and calculations, an estimate of yield and soil loss efficiency were significantly reduced when
6,246.8 kg of stovers was produced per hectare of corn compared with plots without soil covering. Other
plantation. The amount of corn stalk per hectare reached up to recommendations derived from the results of the experiments
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3,173.5 kg and 1,808.61 kg for wet and dry basis, respectively.
From one (1) hectare of standing corn stover, 271.83 kg of
stalk fiber could be obtained and converted into corn stalk
geotextile net. Similarly, in order to produce 1 m x 1 m size
corn stalk geotextile net with mesh opening of 2.54 cm x 2.54
cm, a total of 78 m double-spline ropes are needed with an
equivalent weight of 806.26 g of stalk fiber.
Cost estimation for producing corn stalk geotextile net was
determined by taking into account the following various cost:
1. cost of harvesting of standing stovers, transporting,
loading and unloading;
2. cost of stalk separation;
3. cost of retting;
4. cost of fiber stripping;
5. cost of rope production; and,
6. cost of weaving the corn stalk geotextile net.
The estimated cost of developing geotextile net made from
corn stalk fiber was placed at Php 62.41. When compared with
commercially available geotextile net for erosion mitigation
such as coco coir geotextile net, the cost of corn stalk net is
higher by 4–52% depending on the diameter of the ropes used.
The additional processes involved in developing corn stalk
geotextile net such as stalk separation and retting, accounted
for the relatively higher cost of the processed geotextile net.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based from the results, the following conclusions were
derived:
Alteration of the physical structure of corn stalks should be
done first before it can be converted into geotextile product for
soil erosion mitigation. The processes in corn stalk geotextile
net production involve retting, fiber extracting, rope making
and net weaving.
Corn stalk geotextile net may be characterized in terms of
such physical properties as mass per unit area and water
absorbing capacity. Mass per unit area of the net (806.25
g/m2) was affected by the mass of single and double spline
ropes used in the production. Water absorbing capacity is
about 241% of its initial weight.
include:
 Developing and designing of decorticating and rope-
making machines specifically for corn stalks to decrease
the labor requirement, cost of producing geotextile net
and fiber extraction duration.
 Validating the results of the laboratory experiment
through field testing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wish to thank DOST-ERDT scholarship
program for the financial assistance given to the author in
pursuing higher degree program. Acknowledgment is also
given to UPMO- Flood Control Personels for the invaluable
information and time they accorded during the utilization of
the rainfall simulator.
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