MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

“TURBO CHARGING POINT FOR BIKES”

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATION SESSION (2021-2023)

Submitted by,

HARIOM SHUKLA
(roll no- )
(2021-2023)

Under the guidance of

Assistant Professor MR. JAGMOHAN BHATIA

DAYANAND ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES,

KANPUR

AFFILIATED TO

A P J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

1
 PREFACE
A professional course in (Master of Business Administration) is incomplete unless the theoretical
knowledge acquired in the classroom is backed up by practical exposure, as theories alone do not
give perfection to any discipline. The gap between theory and practice is bridged by gaining
knowledge of the issues & challenge of the industry, which has been an integral part of the
syllabus.

This present Project report is an image of what I have done and observed during my research in
TURBO CHARGING POINT FOR BIKES .

This report is the result of the work done during the research period. I have tried my level best to
be as systematic as possible and to avoid any sort of biases.

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Through this acknowledgement, I would like to offer my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who
assisted me in this endeavor, which has been a valuable learning experience for me.

This space wouldn’t be enough to extend my warm gratitude towards my project guide
Mr.Jagmohan Bhatia, Assistant Professor, for his efforts in coordinating with my work and
guiding in right direction.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to our HOD Dr. Sadhvi Mehrotra for assisting me in completing
this project.

It would be an injustice to continue without appreciating the valuable assistance I received from
my department's capable faculty members, cherished students, and friends, without whom I
would have only been halfway there.

I also use this place to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents and everyone else who has
supported me throughout this process.

HARIOM SHUKLA

3
 DECLARATION
I undersigned, hereby declare that the project titled “Turbo Charging Point for Cars” submitted
in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration at Dayanand
Academy of Management Studies, Kanpur is a bonafide record of work done by me under the
guidance of Mr. Jagmohan Bhatia, Assistant Professor.

This report has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar
title of any University. Whatever information is furnished in this project report is true to the best
of my knowledge.

Hariom Shukla

MBA first year

Date-

Roll no-

4
 COLLEGE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report titled “Turbo Charging Point For Cars” being submitted by Mr.
Hariom Shukla with roll no- ,in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the Degree of Master of Business Administration, is a bonafide record of the project work
done by him/her, under the guidance & supervision of able faculty members of the department.

We wish him/her all the best and a successful and bright future.

Signature-

Dr. Sadhvi Mehrotra

(Head academics)

5
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SERIAL CONTENT PAGE NO.

NO.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE 8-18

INDUSTRY

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 19-35

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 36-48

4 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 49-63

5 CONCLUSION AND 64-67

RECOMMENDATIONS

6 ANNEXURES 68-69

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
India is already one of the top ten automotive markets in the world, and with a growing middle
class with purchasing power and sustained economic growth, the country's rapid increase in
automobile sales is likely to continue. Apart from the deregulation of petrol prices, there has
been a lot of talk about fuel pricing in the last few years. Furthermore, the fear of Middle Eastern
supply interruption has heightened the discussion over energy security and shifted the attention
to alternative drive train technology.

In India, like in many other comparable countries, the potential for alternative technologies in
automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV) is dependent on improved battery technologies,
driving ranges, government incentives, and regulations, reduced prices, and better charging
infrastructure.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-based manufacturers appear to be very interested in adopting

electric technology, not just as a supplement to the ICE, but as a stand-alone offering.
Specialized electric vehicle manufacturers have sprung up all over the world.

While many of the elements that drive the EV market are academically understood, we
conducted a consumer survey to investigate consumer views and expectations of alternative
technologies in autos such as electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid EVs.

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 CHAPTER- 1: INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE INDUSTRY

CURRENT STATUS OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA

On a global scale, the automobile sector is one of the most important. Because of its huge
revenues and rising client demands, it is critical to the global economy's growth. Because the
automobile industry contributes to the country's economic development, it is often regarded as a
major economic sector. Multiple organizations specializing in car production, as well as those
involved in the marketing and sale of automobile products such as automobiles, buses, vans,
trucks, motorbikes, mopeds, and motorized bicycles, make up the automobile industry. The
global automobile business is made up of numerous large car manufacturers' groups that
collaborate with global suppliers.

The automobile industry is made up of a diverse group of businesses and organisations that are
involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of automobiles. It is
one of the world's most profitable industries. Automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling
stations are not included in the automotive sector since they are not involved in the maintenance
of automobiles once they are delivered to the end customer.

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 India's automobile sector is currently ranked fifth in the world, but it is on the verge of
overtaking Japan for fourth place. It is one of the mainstays of the Indian economy,
accounting for 49 percent of manufacturing GDP and 7.5 percent of overall GDP. A total
of 3.2 crore people are employed in the sector's value chain, either directly or indirectly.

 Due to a growing middle class and a young population, the two-wheeler category
dominates the market in terms of volume. Furthermore, the increased interest of
businesses in investigating rural markets boosted the sector's expansion.

 There are four sub-sectors in the auto industry: passenger cars, two-wheelers, tractors,
and commercial vehicles (PC, 2W, TT and CV). The domestic market is dominated by
2W and PC. Passenger car sales are dominated by small and mid-sized cars. 2W and PCs
together had a combined sale of over 2.01 crore vehicles in FY21.

 India is a major auto exporter, with significant export growth prospects in the foreseeable
future. In addition, various initiatives by the Indian government and major vehicle
manufacturers are projected to propel India to the forefront of the global two-wheeler and
four-wheeler markets. The domestic Indian car market is dominated by two-wheelers and
passenger automobiles. Small and mid-sized cars account for the majority of passenger
car sales.

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The Indian automobile sector is experiencing one of its greatest crises, with sales at their lowest
levels in 20 years. Both the new-vehicle and used-vehicle industries have seen a decrease in
volume. Despite a weak market in the fiscal year 2020-21, global automotive exports increased
56.55 percent in March 2021. In recent months, the industry has shown signs of minor
resuscitation, with a favorable trend in domestic sales.

The second epidemic, on the other hand, has hit the sector severely. With consistent expansion in
both home and foreign markets, the industry has a lot to look forward to. The challenges that
come with alternative mobility opportunities are still a major source of worry. There is a need for
strong regional integration at operational level with developments and linkages at global value
chain scale influenced by changes in trade and investment policies. There is no expedient
solution for the industry to come out of the current situation. However, the pandemic will be a
learning lesson in self-survival. Despite a forcible pause, the industry will emerge stronger.

TRANSFORMATION INTO AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Various public sector firms, ministries, and railways have come together to create infrastructure
and manufacturing components for EVs under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme,
Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP), Improvement in Logistics
Infrastructure, and Digital Initiatives to install electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)
infrastructure for EVs.

In India, environmental pollution has nearly reached critical levels. India is ranked in the top five
countries in the Climate Risk Index 2020, indicating that it is vulnerable to climate change. As a
result, it appears that there are no other options than to adopt e-mobility. To address
environmental concerns, the Indian government has chosen to promote the use of electric
vehicles (EVs) to minimize pollution.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

The government adopted the voluntary vehicle scrappage policy in the Union Budget 2021-22,
which is expected to promote demand for new automobiles by removing old, unfit vehicles
currently on Indian roads. Set up 100 vehicle battery charge outlets across the state by February
2021 to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles. INR. Production linked incentive (PLI)
scheme under the Department of Heavy Industries plan to set up R&D centres under NATRiP at
a total cost of USD 388.5 million to enable the industry to be on par with global standards has set
aside 57,042 crore (USD 7.81 billion) for the automobiles and auto components sector.
Incubation centre for EV-related start-ups to be established.

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However, according to a Castrol analysis, new car owners will not purchase electric vehicles
until 2030 due to a variety of circumstances. One of the most important things is proper
infrastructure. Regardless of the drawbacks of utilizing and promoting electric vehicles on Indian
roads, the total number of electric vehicles on Indian roads will reach about 100 million in 2030,
up from less than half a million in 2020.

ABOUT ELECTRIC VEHICLES

The environmental effect of petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, combined with peak

oil, has sparked fresh interest in an electric transportation infrastructure over the previous few
decades. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that the electricity they use
can come from a variety of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources
including tidal, solar, and wind power, or any combination of those.

For propulsion, an electric vehicle (EV), also known as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or
more electric motors or traction motors. There are three main types of electric vehicles: those
powered directly from an external power source, those powered by stored electricity originally
from an external power source, and those powered by an on-board electrical generator, such as
an internal combustion engine (hybrid electric vehicle) or a hydrogen fuel cell.

Electric automobiles, electric trains, electric trucks, electric planes, electric boats, electric
motorbikes and scooters, and electric spaceships are all examples of electric vehicles. Electric
tanks have been proposed, diesel submarines operating on battery power are electric submarines
for the duration of the battery run, and some of the lighter UAVs are powered by electricity.

Electric vehicles originally appeared in the mid-nineteenth century, when electricity was one of
the most popular ways for motor vehicle propulsion, offering a level of comfort and ease of
operation that gasoline cars could not match. Although the internal combustion engine (ICE) is
the most popular form of propulsion for automobiles, electric power is still widely used in other
vehicle types, such as trains and small vehicles of various types.

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 WHAT ARE ELECTRIC BIKE ?

Electric bikes are one of the most modern vehicles that run on electricity rather than traditional
fuels like gasoline, petrol . The batteries in electric bikes can be recharged and reused. Electric
vehicles are powered at least in part by electricity. Electric bikes and super bikes, unlike
traditional vehicles that use a gasoline or petrol engine, employ an electric motor fueled by
electricity from batteries or a fuel cell.

Electric bikes and trucks are typically cleaner than even the most efficient conventional
vehicles in terms of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The degree of cleanliness varies
depending on the type of vehicle and the source of electricity. When battery electric EVs are
fueled by the cleanest electrical grids, EV emissions are comparable to a bikes that gets more
than 100 miles per gallon. Charging and operating an EV can be nearly emission-free when
powered entirely by renewable energy sources such as solar or wind.

There are three types of Electric Vehicles available in India as of now they are-

 Entirely battery-operated electric bikes.

 Solar-powered electric bikes.
 Hybrid electric bikes.

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 THE HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

In India, the electric vehicle sector is thriving. The federal and state governments have
introduced policies and incentives to encourage the use of electric vehicles in the country, as well
as various rules and standards. While transitioning from internal combustion engines to electric
motors will help the country greatly, there are problems such as a lack of charging infrastructure,
a high initial cost, and a lack of electricity provided from renewable sources. Nonetheless, e-
commerce firms, automobile manufacturers, app-based transportation network companies, and
mobility solution providers have entered the market and are gradually increasing electric vehicle
capacity and visibility.

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In India, the electric car market is expected to explode by 2020. Many electric vehicles of all
sizes and pricing were introduced by automakers during the Auto Expo 2020 in February. Tata
Nexon EV, Morris Garages ZS EV, and Mahindra eVerito were among the first commercially
available electric vehicles. M&M also unveiled the Mahindra eKUV100 at the Auto Expo 2020,
with a starting price of Rs. 8.25 lakhs, making it India's most inexpensive electric vehicle. The
industry's migration to electric vehicles has created uncertainties in the business. The
government's goal of achieving 100 percent electrification in the auto industry has paved the way
for new goods in India.

The domestic Indian car market is dominated by two-wheelers and passenger automobiles. Small
and mid-sized cars account for the majority of passenger car sales. In FY20, two-wheelers and
passenger cars accounted for 80.8 percent and 12.9 percent of the market share, respectively,
with over 20.1 million vehicles sold. In September 2021, total passenger vehicle production
(excluding BMW, Mercedes, Tata Motors, and Volvo Auto), three-wheelers, and two-wheelers
was 2,125,304 units.

The Centre for Energy Finance (CEEW) identified a US$ 206 billion opportunity for Electric
Vehicles in India by 2030, according to a report. This will demand an expenditure of US$ 180
billion in vehicle manufacturing and infrastructure.

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Between January and July 2021, Electric Vehicles component makers, electric commercial
vehicles and last-mile delivery companies invested a total of Rs. 25,045 crore on electric
vehicles.

Several technology and automotive companies have expressed interest and/or made investments
into the India EV space. Auto companies such as Hyundai, MG Motors, Mercedes, and Tata
Motors, have launched EVs in the market. A recent study conducted by Castrol found out, most
of Indian consumers would consider buying an electric vehicle by the year 2022. The study also
highlighted for an average Indian consumer, price point of Rs. 23 lakh , a charge time of 35
minutes and a range of 401 kilometers from a single charge will be the 'tipping points' to get
mainstream EV adoption.

A report by India Energy Storage Alliance estimated that EV market in India is likely to increase
at a CAGR of 36% until 2026. In addition, projection for EV battery market is forecast to expand
at a CAGR of 30% during the same period.
The Indian government has planned ~US$ 3.5 billion in incentives over a five-year period until
2026 under a revamped scheme to encourage production and export of clean technology
vehicles.

The Government aims to develop India as a global manufacturing and research and development
(R&D) hub. It has set up National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project
(NATRiP) centres as well as National Automotive Board to act as facilitator between the
Government and the industry. Under (NATRiP), five testing and research centres have been
established in the country since 2015.

NATRiP’s proposal for “Grant-In-Aid for test facility infrastructure for Electric Vehicle (EV)
performance Certification from NATRIP Implementation Society” under FAME (Faster
Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles in India) scheme was approved
by Project Implementation and Sanctioning Committee (PISC) on January 03, 2019. In Union
Budget 2021-22, the government introduced the voluntary vehicle scrappage policy, which is
likely to boost demand for new vehicles after removing old unfit vehicles currently plying on the
Indian roads.

The Indian Government has also set up an ambitious target of having only EVs being sold in the
country. As of June 2021, Rs. 871 crore has been spent under the FAME-II scheme, 87,659
electric vehicles have been supported through incentives and 6,265 electric buses have been
sanctioned to various state/city transportation undertakings. The Ministry of Heavy Industries,
Government of India, has shortlisted 11 cities in the country for introduction of EVs in their
public transport system under the FAME scheme.

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 EV sales in India, excluding e-rickshaws, increased by 20% to 1.56 lakh units in FY20,
driven mostly by two-wheelers. India's EV finance sector is expected to reach Rs. 3.7
lakh crore (US$ 50 billion) in 2030, according to NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain
Institute (RMI).

After obtaining the necessary permits from the Supreme Court of India, Mr.NitinGadkari,
the Union Minister for Road, Transport and Highways, said in September 2021 that the
government intends to make it mandatory for automobile manufacturers to create flex-
fuel engines.

NEED FOR ELECTRIC BIKES

1. LOWER POWER REQUIREMENTS

Power demand has not kept pace with power producing capacity, resulting in the sector's
non-viability. The increased use of electric vehicles may help to maintain grid stability in
the future. The electricity sector will benefit from a new source of power demand in the
shape of electric vehicles, which might lead to consistent demand and a "paying customer
segment."

2. RISK OF FUEL SECURITY

The majority of India's mobility fuel demands are now met by large-scale crude imports.
By adopting a shared, electrified, and connected solution, India can save 64 percent of
passenger mobility-related energy demand by 2030. This could lead to a reduction in
diesel and gasoline use for that year.

3. NO FUEL, NO EXHAUST

This is the main reason why so many people are drawn to electric vehicles. If you want to
reduce your personal environmental impact through transportation, an EV is the way to
go. Because the electric engine in an EV runs on a closed circuit, it does not produce any
of the gases that contribute to global warming. There is no need for gasoline or diesel.

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 MECHANICAL

ELECTRIC MOTOR

The power of an electric motor in a vehicle, like that of other vehicles, is measured in
kilowatts (kW). Although most electric motors offer full torque over a wide RPM range,
the performance is not similar, and far exceeds the performance of a 134 horsepower
(100 kW) fuel-powered motor with a narrow torque curve.

Direct current (DC) electricity is typically routed through a DC/AC inverter, which
converts it to alternating current (AC) electricity, which is then linked to a three-phase
AC motor. DC motors are commonly utilised in electric trains.

Electric motors have a relatively simple mechanical design. Electric motors have a high
energy conversion efficiency and can be accurately controlled over a wide range of
speeds and power output. They can also be used in conjunction with regenerative braking
systems, which are capable of converting movement energy into stored power. This can
be utilised to reduce braking system wear (and, as a result, brake pad dust) as well as the
total energy required for a journey. Regenerative braking is very useful for stop-and-go
city driving.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Some human diseases have been linked to electromagnetic radiation from high-
performance electrical motors, however such claims are typically unproven until
extremely high exposures are involved. Although electric motors can be insulated within
a metallic Faraday cage, this affects efficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, and it is
not shown that all electromagnetic radiation can be retained.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The 'tank-to-wheels' efficiency of electric cars is around a factor of three higher than that
of internal combustion engine vehicles. Unlike internal combustion engines, which
consume gasoline when idling, energy is not consumed while the vehicle is motionless.
However, when looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of electric vehicles, their total
emissions, while still lower, are closer to that of an efficient gasoline or diesel in most
nations that rely on fossil fuels for power generation.

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 TYPES OF BATTERIES

Previously, EV propulsion was often accomplished using banks of standard lead-acid

automobile batteries. Then came the prototypes with 75 watt-hour/kilogram lithium ion
polymer batteries. The latest Li-poly batteries can deliver up to 130 watt-hours per
kilogram and can withstand thousands of charging cycles.

EFFICIENCY

Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced have been
quantified in different ways. Plug-in all-electric and hybrid vehicles also have
different consumption characteristics.

RANGE

Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries
compared to the fuel of internal combustion engine vehicles. Electric vehicles also often
have long recharge times compared to the relatively fast process of refueling a tank. This
is further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. "Range anxiety"
is a label for consumer concern about Electric Cars range.

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 CHAPTER- 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

I. ABSTRACT

Air pollution has become a major worry for India in recent years. According to a recent
global report, numerous Indian towns are among the most polluted. The industrial and
transportation sectors are two major contributors to air pollution. The industrial sector is
responsible for 51% of air pollution, while the transportation sector is responsible for
27%. Every year, 2 million Indians die prematurely as a result of air pollution. Electric
Vehicles (EVs) and Electronic Cars can help reduce GHG emissions and hence help to
reduce air pollution.

Electric vehicles provide a number of advantages, including less pollution and lower oil
import costs. Despite the fact that there are numerous challenges to the establishment of
Electric Vehicles in India. This document presents a quick assessment of the literature on
electric cars and lists the benefits and drawbacks of marketing them in India.

II. INTRODUCTION

People in most of the world's metropolitan cities are finding it difficult to breathe due to
air pollution, which is one of the greatest threats in the global context. In a country with
the world's second largest population of nearly 130 million (equivalent to 17.7% of the
world's population), people are finding it difficult to breathe. Since a decade, India has
been dealing with major air pollution problems, which are worsening at an alarming rate.
Bad fuel quality, old vehicles, inadequate maintenance, heavy traffic, poor road
conditions, and antiquated automotive technology and traffic management systems are
the main causes of this exponential growth in pollution levels.

Hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, lead, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and particulate
matter are the most common pollutants emitted by automobiles. India's massive
automotive industry, the world's fourth largest, is to blame for a substantial share of
vehicular pollution. In India, the population of electric vehicles is growing at a 37.5
percent annual rate and the government is paying more attention to electric vehicles and
charging facilities. As an example, charging station placement has been recommended to
optimize charging stations and give the greatest power as required.

Electrification is having an impact on the automotive sector all around the world. Electric
cars, including battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and plug-in hybrids, are
expected to account for up to 50% of new vehicle sales worldwide by 2030, and India
will be profoundly impacted across the whole automotive value chain, including
manufacturers.

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III. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL BIKES

HOW DOES ELECTRIC BIKE ENGINE WORKS?

The Electric bike are powered by electricity. The electric motor is powered by a battery
pack. As a result, the e-motor uses the energy from the rechargeable battery to rotate the
transmission system, which then rotates the wheels. A potentiometer is also connected to
the car's accelerator pedal, which tells the controller how much power to supply to the
electric motor.

HOW DOES CHARGING WORKS?

Charging an electric car is simple, cost-effective, and convenient, especially when you're
connected in at home and can charge your car while you sleep. The length of time it takes
to charge is determined by the charging equipment used, as well as the size of the car's
battery and its charging capacity.

Although most electric car owners charge at home, workplace and public chargers are
becoming more common in cities around the country. Use the EV Charging Station Map
to locate charging stations in your area.

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1. LEVEL 1 CHARGING

The slowest approach, Level 1, is adequate for drivers who charge overnight and go 30-
40 miles per day. All Electric Cars are equipped with a wire that can be hooked into a
conventional wall outlet without the need for additional equipment. Level 1 can be used
at home, at work, or anywhere else where you have enough time to charge. Level 1
charging is best for plug-in hybrids with smaller batteries, although it may be sufficient
for certain battery-electric car drivers, depending on their daily range needs and the
amount of time they spend parked and charging. Per hour of charging time, Level 1
charging adds roughly 3.5-6.5 miles of driving range.

2. LEVEL 2 CHARGING

Level 2 charging is much faster, but it necessitates the installation of a charging station,
sometimes referred to as electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). A dedicated 240-volt
or 208-volt electrical circuit, similar to that required for a clothes dryer or electric range,
is required for charging station installation. Many public and workplace charging
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 stations, as well as many houses, use Level 2. Because it uses the same connector as
Level 1 charging, any electric vehicle can connect to any Level 2 charger. Level 2
charging adds 14-35 miles of range per hour of charging time, depending on the battery
type, charger arrangement, and circuit capacity.

3. DIRECT CURRENT FAST CHARGING

The fastest available fill-up is DC rapid charging. DC rapid charging requires a 480-volt
connection, making it unsuitable for household use, and not every electric car model
supports it. DC fast charging stations can be located in shopping malls and along major
highways, allowing electric car owners to charge quicker and travel longer distances.
CHAdeMO and Combined Charging System (Combo or CCS) or Tesla connector
systems are available on DC fast chargers. CHAdeMO is an electric vehicle DC charging
standard.It allows the automobile and the charger to communicate in real time.

It is designed by the CHAdeMO Association, which is also in charge of certification,

assuring that the car and the charger are compatible. The CHAdeMO and Combo
connectors are found on the majority of DC fast chargers. In this overview, we'll look at
the many types of electric cars and how they differ. DC rapid charging can contribute up
to 10 miles of range every minute of charging time, depending on the battery type,
charger arrangement, and circuit capacity.

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 TYPES OF ELECTRIC BIKES

1. Plug-in electric - This means that the bike is entirely powered by electricity and receives
all of its power when it is plugged in to charge. This type does not use gasoline or diesel
to operate, and hence does not emit any pollutants like ordinary automobiles.

2. Plug-in hybrid -These automobiles mostly run on electricity, but they also feature a
classic petrol engine that can run on petrol if the battery runs out. These bike create
pollutants when they run on petrol , but not when they run on electricity. Plug-in hybrids
may recharge their batteries by plugging them into an electrical outlet.

3. Hybrid-electric - These vehicles run mostly on gasoline or petrol, but they also feature
an electric battery that is recharged by regenerative braking. At the touch of a button, you
may switch between running your petrol engine and employing 'EV' mode. These
vehicles are unable to connect to an electrical source and must rely on gasoline or petrol
for power.

IV. ADVANTAGES OF USING ELECTRIC BIKES

1. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY-

23
 The most significant advantage of electric vehicles is their environmental credentials.
Electric automobiles are completely environmentally beneficial because their engines are
powered by electricity. Electric cars do not emit any pollution because they do not emit
smoke. Electric vehicles do not have an exhaust system, thus they produce no pollutants.
And, because gas-powered vehicles contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions,
switching to an EV can help to keep the earth healthy.

2. ELECTRIC BIKES ARE ENERGY EFFICIENT-

The amount of energy from a fuel source that is transformed into actual energy for
driving a vehicle's wheels is referred to as energy efficiency. AEV batteries convert 59 to
62 percent of energy into vehicle movement, whereas gas-powered vehicles convert only
17 to 21 percent. This means that charging an AEV's battery contributes more to actual
vehicle power than filling up at a gas station.

3. ELECTRIC BIKES REDUCE EMISSIONS-

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 Emission reduction, including reduced usage of fuel, is another pro for all-electric
vehicles. Because they rely on a rechargeable battery, driving an electric car does not
create any tailpipe emissions which are a major

source of pollution in India. In addition, the rechargeable battery means much less money
spent on fuel, which means all energy can be sourced domestically (and often through
renewable resources such as solar panel systems).

4. ELECTRICITY IS CHEAPER THAN PETROL-

Per kilometer cost to EVs is cheaper compared to ICE vehicles. The fact cannot be denied
that many EVs run at one-third of the cost, given that electricity is significantly less
expensive than gasoline. And since consumer charge there EVs in garage most of the
time, installing solar panels at home can save even more money.

5. HIGH PERFORMANCE AND LOW MAINTENANCE-

All-electric vehicles are also high performance vehicles whose motors are not only quiet
and smooth but require less maintenance than internal combustion engines. The driving
experience can also be fun because AEV motors react quickly, making them responsive
with good torque. AEVs are overall newer than their gas powered counterparts and are
often more digitally connected with charging stations providing the option to control
charging from an app.

V. CHALLENGES AHEAD

Presently, there are many more challenges to establish the Electrical BIKES future. The
major role to run the Electric bikes in India is power generation. Without electricity, we
cannot imagine Electric bikes future. Therefore, responsibility of distribution network
increases to supply the proper electric power without failure. This can be possible by
proper monitoring of the network. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) [6-10] measures the
voltage and current in real time and protects the network from any failure.

1. HIGH COST-

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 Cost of buying EV is quite high when compared to that of an ICE vehicle i.e., the average
cost of electric bikes in India is around 2.5 Lakh (INR), which is much higher than the
average INR 1 Lakh for economical bikes run on traditional fuel. These are mainly due to
the lithium import for battery making and since batteries make up to about 50% cost of
the vehicle therefore EVs are costlier. Lithium is a rare metal which has its high reserves
in countries like Chile, Australia, and Argentina.

2. LACK OF CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE-

The main hindrance behind commercial viability of EVs in India is inadequate charging
infrastructure. India only has presently only 1028 Public Electric Vehicle charging
stations, whereas China has over 2.2 million charging stations. Other reason creating
anxiety is charging time. Battery charger efficiency according to the present available
technologies all over the world varies in percentage from low 70s to high 90s.

3. ELECTRIC BIKES CAN TRAVEL LESS DISTANCE-

Electric bikes on an average have a shorter range than gas-powered cars. Most models
ranging between 60 and 120 miles per charge and some luxury models reaching ranges of
300 miles per charge. For comparison, gas powered vehicles will average around 300
miles on a full tank of gas, and more fuel efficient vehicles getting much higher driving
ranges. This may be an issue when looking at Electrical bikes if you frequently take long
trips. Availability of charging stations can make Electrical bikes less suitable for
activities like road trips.

4. ELECTRICAL BIKES TAKE LONGER TO REFUEL-

Fueling an all-electric bike can also be an issue. Fully recharging the battery pack with a
Level 1 or Level 2 charger can take up to 8 hours, and even fast charging stations take 30
minutes to charge to 80 percent capacity. Electric bike drivers have to plan more
carefully, because running out of power can’t be solved by a quick stop at the gas pump.

5. ECs ARE MORE EXPENSIVE & BATTERY PACKS NEED TO BE REPLACED-

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 The battery packs within an electric car are expensive and may need to be replaced more
than once over the lifetime of the bikes. All-electric vehicles are also more expensive
than gas-powered bikes, and the upfront cost of all-electric vehicle can also be
prohibitive. However, the fuel cost savings, tax credits, and state incentives can help to
offset this cost overall if they are available.

6. CONSUMER PERCEPTION-

The consumer perception about electric vehicles in India is still weak compared to ICE
vehicles. The range anxiety, lack of charging infrastructure, a wide gap between EV and
ICE vehicle prices, lack of assurance about satisfactory resale value play key roles in that.
Despite the Indian consumers are becoming more open about adopting e-mobility than
before the negative perception about EVs is still there.

VI. OPPORTUNITIES

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 Because of the government's ambitious objectives and activities, the electric bikes market
is expected to grow. To achieve major electrification by 2030, the government has taken
a variety of efforts to subsidise and promote the adoption of electric vehicles and public
charging infrastructure. In the future years, India hopes to cut its excessive oil imports
and lower pollution levels across the country. In order to meet this goal, electric vehicles
will be crucial.

Following are the list of business opportunities in the Indian EV Sector 

 Public EV charging Stations

 Battery recycling Business
 Battery swapping Technology
 Solar electric vehicle charging
 Home charging stations
 EV Equipment Manufacturing
 EV Franchise and Dealership

1. PUBLIC EV CHARGING STATIONS

There is a need for conveniently accessible charging points for the charging infrastructure
to support the Indian electric vehicle market. Recently, a technical committee met in
Hyderabad Post-electric to discuss existing building codes and government regulations to
set up charging infrastructure in Telangana.
Because of reliability on such high factors maintenance and repair become priority issues.
As per reports, there are one million public charging points in the world and only 0.1%
are in India and this could be a great Business Opportunity to work in EVs Sector.

2. BATTERY RECYCLING BUSINESS

Well, batteries are engines in EVs. They emit less carbon dioxide but batteries are harder
to recycle. Which is composed of cobalt, lithium, and nickel, and mining these raw
materials raises ethical and environmental concerns. Lithium-ion batteries are difficult to
recycle. The “Global Battery Alliance” estimates that the battery could cut the carbon
industries required by 30% and several aspects have been created by this.

3. BATTERY SWAPPING TECHNOLOGY

28
 It will eliminate wait time for charging, make better use of land, and will give increased
available run time and in India, the population increases the travel needs both within
between two cities so, this could be a better option. Battery Swapping technologies have
good future scope over EV charging stations, is it less time consuming and for this it
could be a great business opportunity.

4. SOLAR ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING

Solar-based electric vehicles are just around the corner. Solar charging stations for EVS.
The combination of charging stations and electric vehicle charging is the key to
drastically reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.

5. HOME CHARGING STATIONS

As per the survey, 60% of Indians do not have their personal vehicle to keep vehicles at
home. Electric bikes drivers choose home charging points to benefit from the faster-
charging speed and some safety features as well. So home charging stations are quite
useful.

6. EV EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING

Nowadays, after the U.S. and China conflict and this pandemic, many giant companies
have started moving to India to manufacture their respective products. Union Minister
NitinGadkari said that in the next six months, lithium-ion batteries will be manufactured
in India and it will become the world’s largest EV manufacturer.

7. EV FRANCHISE & DEALERSHIP

There are many EVS manufacturing companies in the country like Hero Electric, atlas
Motors, Ather Energy, , bajaj industrys evergreen industry, etc. ola bikes has also arrived;
the demand will get higher & higher since it is automotive so the investments and
policies and all that would be bigger but it will take some time to perfectly settle in India.

The electric vehicle industry has not done that much good due to the devastating hit of
the covid outbreak. But it will take a huge jump in upcoming years. The EVs will be
game-changing in terms of environment, air, noise pollution-free, post-electric, and much
more.

VII. ELECTRICAL BIKES POLICY FRAMEWORK IN INDIA

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 Union government policies and schemes like FAME I and FAME 2, the PLI Scheme, and

the Scrappage Policy encourage the use of Electrical Bikes and incentivize

manufacturers.

 About 50% of Indian States have state policies for promoting the use of EVs.

 Concessions to users include a financial subsidy on purchase, exemption from road tax,

registration charges, and low interest rates on loans.

 Initiatives for bulk purchasing of EVs for the public sector, personal and public transport

entities, and last mile delivery operators.

 Infrastructure development for battery & vehicle manufacturing, charging infrastructure,

and scrapping centers.

1. FAME & FAME II under NEMMP

As a follow-up to the Automotive Mission Plan (AMP) 2006–2016, the "National

Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020" was issued in 2012. However, due to a
combination of circumstances, including technology, materials availability, local
understanding, and market acceptance, the project did not take off as expected. The first
phase of FAME was executed under this plan in April 2015 and was extended until
March 31, 2019. FAME II went into effect on April 1, 2019 for a three-year period.
FAME is essentially a demand-side incentive programme (60 percent of total

30
 expenditures), with a focus on technological development, infrastructure development,
and demand stimulation through subsidies and pilot projects.

This policy covers electric and hybrid vehicles, including mild hybrid, strong hybrid,
plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles.

FAME began with a budget of INR 8950 million ($127 million) and offered a one-third
reduction on the difference in price between an electric car and a comparable gasoline
vehicle in cities with populations of more than 1 million people. The subsidies ranged
from INR 1800 ($25) for a scooter to INR 6,60,000 ($9,400) for a bus (with a maximum
of 100 buses per city), and included INR 150 million ($2.1 million) each city for charging
infrastructure. The GST on the purchase of a BEV was also reduced from 28% to 12%,
with the goal of EVs accounting for 30% of all vehicles by 2025.

FAME II has a budget of INR 100,000 million ($1.4 billion), with about 86 percent going
to demand incentives and 10% going to charging infrastructure construction. Subsidies
for 7000 electric buses, 55,000 four-wheeled passenger vehicles (including powerful
hybrids), 500,000 three-wheeled vehicles, and 1,000,000 two-wheeled vehicles are
planned for this phase.

This strategy also supports roughly 2,700 charging stations across the country, with the
goal of having at least one charging station in every 3 km x 3 km grid in the largest cities,
other cities with over a million people, smart cities, and cities in hilly states. In addition,
every 25 kilometres on highways, charging stations will be installed.

2. STATE GOVERNMENT EV PROMOTION POLICIES

EV policies that support the national electric mobility plans have been finalised or are in
the process of being finalised in 14 of India's 28 states. EV policies have been adopted by
the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, New

31
Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. States with draught
policies include Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab.

Almost every state's electric vehicle policy prioritises two- and three-wheelers, public
transportation, and job growth. In terms of aims, supply side incentives (manufacturing),
and demand side incentives, the policies differ (consumer and charging infrastructure
investments).

The policies include targeting the number of EVs (Kerala aims to have one million EVs
on the road by 2022, and 6,000 e-buses by 2025); road tax and registration charge
exemptions (Andhra Pradesh will provide full reimbursement of road tax and
registration fees on EVs until 2024); viability gap funding in public transport vehicle
procurement and operation, toll-charge exemption, and free permits for fleet drivers and
free parking (Kerala); reduced GST and interest-free loans for OEMs
(Karnataka); developing charging stations (Andhra Pradesh plans on establishing
100,000 charging stations by 2024); free charging or waiver of electricity duty
(Gujarat); promoting charging of EVs using solar and other forms of renewable energy
(Madhya Pradesh); enabling fuel stations to set up EV charging facilities
(Maharashtra); promoting EV charging facilities in office and housing complexes and
additional incentives against scrappage certificate of old vehicles (Delhi); single window
clearance for setting up EV manufacturing facilities and development of battery disposal
facilities (Uttar Pradesh).

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 3. VEHICLE SCRAPPAGE POLICY

In February 2021, the Union Budget unveiled the Vehicle Scrappage Policy. It aims to
reduce India's oil imports by increasing the deployment of new fuel-efficient vehicles; to
reduce environmental and noise pollution by removing old, unsafe, and unreliable
vehicles; and to increase the availability of low-cost recycled inputs for OEMs such as
plastic, steel, aluminium, steel, rubber, and electronics.

The auto sector has the capacity to enhance its income from INR 4,500,000 million ($64
billion) to INR 10,000,000 million ($142 billion) simply by implementing this legislation.

Several countries such as the US, Canada, Germany and China have introduced vehicle
scrappage policies to boost their automotive industries and keep vehicular pollution in
check. The US has implemented the Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS), also known
as Cash for Clunkers programme - it offers credit incentives on scrapping older
vehicles and replacing them with new and more fuel-efficient vehicles.

Provisions are broadly arranged into these three groups:

1. Registration and fitness tests:

 The mandatory fitness testing for heavy commercial vehicles to start from April 2023 and

for other vehicles from June 2024

 Increased fees for fitness certificate and test for commercial vehicles older than 15 years and

non-applying/issuance of fitness certificate will lead to de-registration

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 Increased re-registration fees for private vehicles older than 15 years and de-registration

after 20 years if found unfit or registration not renewed

 A vehicle failing the fitness test or failing to get a renewal of its registration certificate to be

declared as ‘End of Life Vehicle’.

2. Financial incentives:

1. Scrap value for the old vehicle given by the scrapping center up to 4–6% of the ex-

showroom price of a new vehicle.

2. OEMs to give 5% discount on the purchase of a new vehicle against the scrapping

certificate.

3. State governments to offer road tax rebate of up to 25% for personal vehicles and up to 15%

for commercial vehicles.

4. No registration fee for new vehicles if scrapping certificate for old vehicle is available.

3. Scrapping centers:

 Encourage public and private participation (PPP) in opening Registered Vehicle Scrapping

Facility (RVSF)

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 Encourage setting up of Automated Fitness Centers on a PPP model by the state

government, private sector, automobile companies, etc.

CHAPTER- 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study's main goal was to meet consumers' demands and needs while also providing useful
information on electric/hybrid vehicles and the necessity for charging stations.

PRIMARY INFORMATION

The first-hand information was gathered from a variety of sources. The sampling units chosen
are primary data sources.

Size of the sample

A total of 60 people were chosen for this investigation.

Technique of sampling

A basic random sampling procedure was employed to choose the required responders.

Interview method

Respondents were given relevant options to choose from on a questionnaire that was produced.
The questionnaire was made using Google Docs and was in the form of an Electronic Survey
Form. It was simple to send the form to a large number of people via email. Aside from that, the
Questionnaire was simple to share on social media sites.

Observation

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Respondents found it simple to complete the questionnaire and submit it online, resulting in time
savings and a higher response rate.

SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data
These are second hand readymade data collected by some other agency but not by the
researcher. Source could be internal or external records. Secondary data gives the detailed
Information about the company. The main detail about when the company was started, where
the company was started, first etc. the secondary data gives all information which is unavailable
in primary data.

Sources of secondary data

Journals, Internet, Newspaper and Reports were used

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

The article "PERFORMANCE OF THE ELECTRIC BIKES MARKET IN INDIA IN THE

LAST YEAR" was published in the journal "THE TIMES OF INDIA" on December 30, 2021.
Electric bus manufacturers such as Ashok Leyland and JBM Auto have gained a lot of traction as
India draws closer to its goal of reducing carbon emissions.

NEW DELHI: With the Centre's announcement that the automobile sector will be electrified, a
study by equity research firm Equity Master reveals that the top electric vehicle stocks in the
commercial space have increased by more than 100 percent, as electric cars and vehicles
gradually replace internal combustion engine (ICE) cars and vehicles.

As per the Equitymaster study, EV stocks in the commercial vehicles space include OLA BIKES
OlectraGreentech, JBM Auto, and M&M.

Companies manufacturing electric cars including HERO MOTORS , HONDA MOTORS ,

BAJAJ MOTORS have gained a lot of traction as India moves towards its plan to reduce carbon
emissions. State governments have been inviting tenders to buy electric buses for public

36
transport facilities, which ensures a strong order push for companies like HERO MOTORS ,
HONDA MOTORS , BAJAJ MOTORS.

While OLA BIKES has shot up 162% in the last one year, OlectraGreentech is the one that
stands out with a massive 582.9% gain. ICRA rating agency has reaffirmed the enhanced ratings
of OlectraGreentech'sRs 265 crore long term/ short term – non-fund based instrument with a
positive outlook.

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 DATA INTERPRETATION

The survey was taken with the help of 60 respondents to check about the popularity of Electric
Bikes among Indians and to determine the demand of Electric Bikes in India.

Q.-Do you have any vehicle? If yes, total no. of vehicles?

38
Interpretation:-49% have owned 4 wheelers and majority have one Vehicle.

Q.-Would you be interested in owning/converting your vehicle into Electric/Hybrid

Vehicle?

Interpretation:-More of the two-wheeler owners were interested in buying/converting their

vehicles into Electric/Hybrid vehicles

Q.-Have you heard about Electric/Hybrid Bike?

39
Interpretation:-Around 51% Customer are aware about the Electric bikes& in which majority is
with Mens.

Q-What is preventing you from purchasing an Electric Bikes?

Interpretation:- majority are in favor of non-availability of charging points and their prices also.

Q.-Where would you prefer to charge your Electric Bikes if you were to buy one in the
future?

40
Interpretation:- near around 38% are prefer to charge their vehicles at public charging points.

Q.-What should be the expected maximum speed of an Electric Bikes ?

Interpretation:-Around 24% says that 81to 120 kms vehicle will go with their maximum speed.

Q. How much premium would you pay for additional development or manufacturing cost
of infrastructure?

41
Interpretation:- around 7% says that they will pay 2000 to 5000 on their additional cost.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

 Males have opted for the survey in greater numbers than females.

 A substantial number of people consider their employment to be their career.

 A greater number of two-wheeler owners expressed interest in purchasing or upgrading

their cars to electric or hybrid vehicles.

 It was discovered that

 The current high cost of electric vehicles – The insufficient range on a single charge –
The lack of information about the technology before making a purchase were the main
source of concern and were keeping consumers from purchasing an electric vehicle.

 The majority of consumers want to learn more about electric vehicles from newspaper
advertisements and live demonstration vehicles. Almost all of the people would prefer to
charge their vehicles at home and from public charging stations. Which is a cause of
concern as development of such infrastructure is still in nascent stage.
 The batteries in an electric vehicle must be replaced every 4-5 years (minimum), at a cost
of roughly $20,000 to $50,000 depending on the battery's condition.

42
 Why People who are considering purchasing an electric vehicle are unconcerned about
the vehicle's speed. People are unconcerned about government subsidies when it comes to
purchasing an electric vehicle.

 It has been discovered that the majority of individuals are willing to pay a one-time
premium as an additional infrastructure development or manufacturing expense. People
should anticipate to pay a premium of 2000 to 5000INR depending on the type of vehicle
they own. For example, two-wheeler owners should expect to pay a premium of 2000 to
5000INR.

CONCLUSION

 The responses for the questionnaire proved to be crucial for the conclusion of our
research as the results were positive and where matching with what was predicted by us.

 The perception of people towards EVs is still unsatisfactory as a major section of our
society is still unaware of various Alternative Technologies used in Automobiles.

 The current Electric Bikes don‘t meet the consumer‘s expectations to a larger extent.
Marketing of such products will really play an important role as a stepping foot towards
GREEN ERENVIRONMET.

 Various companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part of their
corporate social responsibilities.

 The Government Initiatives taken for the promotion of EVs is still in developing stage
and is up to papers, though various agencies have been formed and various plans have
been brought by them but still its implementation is not yet done.

 The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with current vehicles on road,
so a change in consumer‘s behavior is important. They should gradually become more
conscious about the use of cleaner technologies.

43
 Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric/Hybrid vehicles but still
there are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer‘s expectations such as
REVOLVOKIT .Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is GREEN.

PRESENT STATUS OF ELECTRIC BIKES CHARGING STATIONS

1. NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION

 National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) ventured into EV-Charging business and
has installed first charging stations at its offices in Delhi and Noida

 At present, they are looking for a country-wide licensing. If that happens than they will
be able to set up the charging stations very quickly

44
 The main objective in setting up EV charging points is to be part of promoting clean
energy transportation

 In NTPC, the charging station installed as of now is specific to Mahindra vehicles.

 NTPC has applied for National Distribution License to roll out this at a national level

2. BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED

 MOU has been signed between BHEL and ISRO for making Electric Vehicles battery.
ISRO is providing R&D technology to BHEL for making efficient and low cost lithium -
ion battery

 For batteries, BHEL is in conversation with ISRO. A foreign agency is also involved
with the company for technology tie-up

 BHEL has started manufacturing electric motors for Ashok Leyland and Tata Motors for
their electric vehicles

 BHEL has formed an internal committee to understand the market and demand for
batteries

 According to BHEL there should be a generic standard for batteries in India

 Presently, Mahindra Reva is using Chinese battery for its EVs

45
3. OLA BIKES POWERS

 Tata Power is a private power distribution company that plans to invest in EV charging
infrastructure.

 Tata Power recently has installed its first electric vehicle charging facility at Vikhroli in
Mumbai. It has set up 2 more stations in North & Central Mumbai.

 Tata Power plans to roll out nearly 50 EV charging stations in Mumbai and New Delhi .

 The chargers can also monitor the car battery charging status and units consumed while
charging a BIKES

4. OLA

 Launched 200+ Electric Bikes that are charged by the company as of now in Nagpur
pilot project

46
  Has 50+ charging stations at 4 strategic locations in Nagpur

 Ola electric vehicles are from Mahindra Electric (E20 model)

 The payment system is provided to third party vendor and can be paid via electronic or
cash mode

 These cabs run around 200Kms per day

 Limitations and Hurdles

 Setting up charging stations in Tier I city is operationally not feasible

 Drivers come back to charging station to charge, covering 7-8 trips

 Navigation and other apps are draining the battery, and in some instances, they have
covered only 75-80 km over an anticipated mileage of 100km.

 Charging Stations

 DC fast charging that takes around 75 min to charge The ACME group has supplied the
charging station

 Company has invested INR 50 Cr in the entire EV project

 The Ola cars are charged by the company under a subsidiry

 Future Plans

 Planning to launch the same in 2 Tier-I and 3 Tier-III cities in coming years

 Looking at Hyderabad, Lucknow and Kochi in the pilot phase

 Looking to tie up with OEM’s like TATA and Bajaj in future

 Ola is in talks with Government for PPP for pilot projects on EV segment

SUMMARY OF ADDITIONS IN CHARGING STATIONS

Name of the city Number of electric stations

47
 Chandigarh 35

Delhi 55

Jaipur 38

Bengaluru 45

Ranchi 20

Lucknow 1

Goa 17

Hyderabad 45

Agra 6

Shimla 2

Total 264

CHAPTER- 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

The automobile industry is important and plays an important part in the country's economic and
industrial development. Electric vehicles are an example of growth and innovation because they
contribute to the improvement of various transportation infrastructure amenities while also being
environmentally friendly. Because of its forward and backward connections with many industrial
divisions, it has a substantial constructive multiplier effect and is extremely important for
national growth.

India's vehicle sector is critical to the country's economic growth. Demographic reasons such as
rising purchasing power, new environmentally friendly car releases, booming exports, and easy
access to finance have all contributed to increased automobile sales volumes. Advances in road,

48
electricity, and testing certification facilities, as well as qualified staff availability and
government legislation that makes things easier, are all helping to make things easier.

The Indian automobile sector has been a popular investment location for major automakers from
around the world. India is currently the world's second largest manufacturer of two-wheelers and
fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer. It is Asia's fourth largest passenger car market and
largest motorcycle manufacturer, thus the market for electric vehicles is vast.

The Indian automobile market is encouraging alternative fuels with advanced technologies
including battery powered electric, hybrid vehicles, etcto boost the Indian automobile sector, the
Indian government has encouraged new initiatives, incentives and policies. Modernization and
Phased manufacturing programme, Auto policy 2002,National Automotive Testing and
Research & Development Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) Project, Automotive Mission
Plan are a few.

INDIA'S ELECTRIC BIKES AND VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS

1. OLA BIKES

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OLA BIKES zero-emission mass transportation solution includes hybrid and electric Starbuses,
which are manufactured in Pune. Tata Motors offers a diverse range of electric cars, including
the Tata Tigor electric car, the Ultra Electric bus, and the Starbus Hybrid Electric Buses, all of
which contribute to India's electric vehicle industry.

5. HERO ELECTRIC

HERO Electric Mobility Limited is based in Bangalore, sells electric vehicles in the segments of
passenger and cargo as well as into the manufacturing of compact electric vehicles.

6. OLA ELECTRIC

50
 Ola has launched multimodal electric vehicle project in Nagpur under the Mission
Electric and also running electric public transport vehicles in India. The homegrown
company is also plans for launching 10,000 e rickshaws in India as well as invest in
setting up charging stations of electric vehicles in major Indian cities.

7. KONA ELECTRIC

Kona Electric vehicle by Hyundai is India’s first fully electric SUV priced at 25.3 lakh
(ex-showroom, India). The SUV is loaded with Android smartphone connectivity,
Google navigation system and USB entertainment features along with wireless phone
charging.

Electric cars are becoming more popular in India with energy stored in rechargeable
batteries as well as plug in electric variety of charging stations. Nissan Leaf and Tesla are

51
 the top two bestselling electric car in the world, Here is the list of upcoming electric cars
in MG eZS

PESTEL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC CARS INDUSTRY IN INDIA

1. POLITICAL FACTORS

 Political factors have a significant impact on the automobile industry's development

and growth. Because of their environmental friendliness, hybrid automobiles demand
extra financial support from local governments.

 The government is constantly lowering tax rates.

 FDI in the automobile sector is automatically approved.

 The government aspires to reduce carbon emissions in the same way that every other
country does.

2. ECONOMIC FACTORS

 The increased prices for BIKES are associated with the inflation rate and economic
crisis. Besides, the industry is dependent on oil prices.

 The following factors play an important role in the industry’s shifting in supply
demands and price elasticity: local government taxes, prices for materials and

52
 resources, population growth, buying capacity, types of economic activities,
commercial usage of vehicles, fuel economy dependence, and other factors.

 Stable Economic Policies and easy availability of finance.

 Acceptability for new technology is growing at increasing rate in India.

 Buying capacities of individuals are increasing.

3. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS

 Socio-cultural factors that influence the development and growth of the automobile
industry include population growth rate, education level, lifestyles, safety issues, cultural
differences, and the effects of consumer buying habits, their attitudes toward “green” or
ecological automobile products.

 The automobile industry growth is dependent on the preferences of customers, most of

whom need to purchase BIKES for families. They consider the space available in the
bikes, safety and price.

 Rapid urbanization and Income level.

 Purchasing an electric automobile might be viewed as a status symbol or a symbol of

environmental stewardship.

4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

 Technological innovations play a crucial role in the development of the automobile

industry. Due to the use of new technologies it is possible to enhance standards of
driving. Besides, currently, the automobile industry is experiencing the problem of fuel
consumption. The innovation of new cars, which are characterized as environment
friendly vehicles, is aimed at reduction of fuel consumption.

 Lakhs of engineers pass out every year which can add strength to the segment.

 Besides, technological innovations are aimed at meeting the requirements of customer

safety. New seat belts, air bags and other devices help to avoid injuries sustained in

53
 collisions. Anti-Brake Systems help to increase the stopping distance even on slippery
pavement.

 The production of high performance vehicles by car manufactures is increasing due to the
benefits provided to customers: higher engine output, more innovative braking and
suspension systems and other technical characteristics that guarantee high quality of
products.

 India is emerging as a hub for Auto manufacturing and research.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

 There are some environment factors that affect industry development and growth,
including fuel economy and air pollution caused by CO2 emissions. Environmental
concerns make car manufactures use innovative technologies. The production of
environment friendly vehicles, such as hybrid cars and electric vehicles, allows changing
customer demands and preferences in the future. The advantages of these vehicles over
gasoline cars include low emission and high energy efficiency.

 Indian Automotive regulations are closely aligned to world standards on emission and
safety.

 Electric Cars helps to reduce carbon emission into air.

6. LEGAL FACTORS

 Weighted tax deduction upto 150% In house research and development.

 Relatively High import duties

 Car manufacturers are not legally bound to provide basic safety equipment such as
airbags, anti-lock braking system as standard which is present in other nations.

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 SWOT ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC BIKES INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats are the four fundamental parts of a
SWOT analysis. bikes Electric can leverage strengths to create niche positioning in the
market, strive to reduce and eliminate weaknesses so that it can better compete with
competitors, look for opportunities provided by industry structure, regulations, and other
external developments, and finally make provisions and develop strategies to mitigate
threats that could undermine bikes Electric's business model.

1. STRENGTHS

 Strengths are the bikes Electric capabilities and resources that it can leverage to build a
sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. Strengths come from positive
aspects of five key resources & capabilities - financial resources, human resources,
activities & processes, past experiences and successes, and physical resources such as
land, building .

55
 Robust Domestic Market that Bikes Electric Operates in - The domestic market in which
Cars Electric is operating is both a source of strength and roadblock to the growth and
innovation of the company.

 First Mover Advantage – Bikes Electric has first mover advantage in number of
segments. It has experimented in various areas Economics. The Global Business
solutions & strategies has helped Bikes Electric in coming up with unique solution to tap
the un-catered markets.

 Diverse Product Portfolio of Bikes Electric – The products and brand portfolio of Bikes
Electric is enabling it to target various segments in the domestic market at the same time.
This has enabled Bikes Electric to build diverse revenue source and profit mix.

2. WEAKNESS

 Weaknesses are the areas, capabilities or skills in which Bikes Electric lacks. It limits the
ability of the firm to build a sustainable competitive advantage. Weaknesses come from
lack or absence of five key resources & capabilities - physical resources such as land,
building, financial resources, past experiences and successes, activities & processes, and
human resources.

 Implementation of Technology in Processes – Even though Bikes Electric has integrated

technology in the backend processes it has still not able to harness the power of
technology in the front end processes.

 Lack of Work force diversity – I believe that Bikes Electric is not diverse enough given
that most of its growth so far is in its domestic market. According to
VeenaKeshavPailwar , this can reduce the potential of success of Bikes Electric in the
international market.

 Project Management is too focused on internal delivery rather than considering all the
interests of external stakeholders. This approach can lead to poor public relation and
customer backlash.

 Customer Dissatisfaction – Even though the demand for products have not gone down
but there is a simmering sense of dissatisfaction among the customers of Bikes Electric .
It is reflected on the reviews on various on-line platforms. Bikes Electric should focus on
areas where it can improve the customer purchase and post purchase experience.

 Inventory Management – Based on the details provided in the Should Maruti Suzuki
Invest in Electric Bikes? case study, we can conclude that Bikes Electric is not efficiently
managing the inventory and cash cycle. According to VeenaKeshavPailwar , there is
huge scope of improvement in inventory management.

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3. OPPORTUNITIES

 Opportunities are macro environment factors and developments that bikes Electric can
leverage either to consolidate existing market position or use them for further expansion.
Opportunities can emerge from various factors such as - changes in consumer
preferences, increase in consumer disposable income, political developments & policy
changes, economic growth, and technological innovations.

 Increase in Consumer Disposable Income – Electric Bikes Electric can use the increasing
disposable income to build a new business model where customers start paying
progressively for using its products. Electric Bikes can use this trend to expand in
adjacent areas Economics.

 Developments in Artificial Intelligence – Electric Bikes Electric can use developments in

artificial intelligence to better predict consumer demand, cater to niche segments, and
make better recommendation engines.

 Growing Market Size and Evolving Preferences of Consumers – Over the last decade and
half the market size has grown at brisk pace. The influx of new customers has also led to
evolution of consumer preferences and tastes. This presents Cars Electric two big
challenges – how to maintain loyal customers and how to cater to the new customers.
Cars Electric has tried to diversify first using different brands and then by adding various
features based on customer preferences.

 Lucrative Opportunities in International Markets – Globalization has led to opportunities

in the international market. Bikes Electric is in prime position to tap on those
opportunities and grow the market share. According to VeenaKeshavPailwar , growth in
international market can also help bikes Electric to diversify the risk as it will be less
dependent on the domestic market for revenue.

 Changing Technology Landscape – Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence boom is

transforming the technology landscape that bikesElectric operates in. bikes Electric can
use these developments in improving efficiencies, lowering costs, and transforming
processes.

 Increasing Standardization – BikesElectric can leverage this trend to reduce the number
of offerings in the market and focus the marketing efforts on only the most successful
products.

4. THREATS

 Threats are macro environment factors and developments that can derail business model
of Bikes Electric. Threats can emerge from various factors such as - economic growth,

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 political developments & policy changes, technological innovations, increase in
consumer disposable income, and changes in consumer preferences.

 International Geo-Political Factors – Since the Trump election, geo-political factors have
taken a turn for growing protectionism. Developments such as Brexit, Russian sanctions,
foreign exchange crisis & inflation in Venezuela, lower oil prices etc are impacting
international business environment. Bikes Electric should closely focus on these events
and make them integral to strategy making.

 Threats of New Entrants because of Reducing Costs and Increasing Efficiencies – As

Cars Electric can leverage low cost of reaching customers using social media and e-
commerce, so can the competitors – both local and international competitors.

 Government Regulations and Bureaucracy – Bikes Electric should keep a close eye on
the fast changing government regulations under the growing pressure from protest groups
and non government organization especially regarding to environmental and labor safety
aspects.

 Increasing costs component for working in developed market because of environmental

regulations – Bikes Electric has to deal with these costs as governments are trying to levy
higher environmental taxes to promote cleaner options. For Cars Electric it may result
into higher logistics costs and higher packaging costs.

 Growing Protectionism - Bikes Electric should hedge the risk against growing
protectionism ranging from – storing data into international market to diversifying risk by
operating into countries at different economic cycle.

 Culture of sticky prices in the industry –Bikes Electric operates in an industry where
there is a culture of sticky prices this can lead to inability on part of the organization to
increase prices that its premium prices deserve.

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 PORTER’S 5 FORCE MODEL TO ANALYSE ELECTRIC BIKES
INDUSTRY IN INDIA

I'm analysing the forces affecting the Electric Vehicle Industry in India right now (2020) using
Porter's Five Forces framework. This paradigm is commonly used to assess an industry's
attractiveness based on a thorough understanding of five competitive forces: threat of new
entrants, supplier bargaining power, buyer bargaining power, rivalry between competitors, and
threat of substitution. We investigate the possibility of a new electric vehicle manufacturer
(either an existing OEM expanding into EV or a new EV OEM) entering India's existing
automotive market.

BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS – High

There is limited localisation in EV manufacturing. About 60–70 per cent of the value addition in
an EV is currently imported, including batteries and power electronics. In the current scenario,
foreign suppliers have more bargaining power given the limited domestic availability of several
high-value components. The manufacturing value chain is likely to face the same challenges due
to the large share of power electronics in such systems. Battery suppliers (including cell
manufacturers and battery pack assemblers), domestic power electronics and motor
manufacturers as key parts of the value chain that are missing in the current EV ecosystem in
india.

BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS – Medium

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The Indian ICEV ( Internal combustion engine vehicles ) bikes market has a wide range of
variants and models. while there are few major OEMs manufacturing electric cars currently in
India. The ICEV cars have lower upfront costs, country wide coverage of Service network & fuel
refilling stations. So long as the barriers to EV adoption, such as in-adequate charging
infrastructure and upfront costs remain high, customers in all EV segments will have medium
bargaining power.

THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS – Medium

 EVs present a threat to the current ICEVs in the Indian auto industry. A key barrier to entry in
the automotive industry is the significant capital required to enter the market. This barrier,
however, is currently being tackled by vehicle manufacturers with investments made already &
planned in the next few years. Moreover, EV manufacturing is less complex than manufacturing
an ICEV, making it easier for new players to enter the market.

THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES – Low

EVs and ICEVs primarily fulfil mobility needs, and alternatives to transport by cars are the
primary substitutes that we consider. In India, this includes public transport (within cities) like
Buses,Metros,  buses, trains & Flights (for longer distances).Substitutes to automotive transport
are not a significant factor that could dampen the sales of EVs or ICEVs as trends indicate a
increase in private vehicle ownership & in near future the Total cost of Ownership of EV will
decrease significantly.

RIVALRY BETWEEN COMPETITORS – High

Already 4 nos of ICEV manufacturer control close to 80 % market of ICEV vehicles and are
aggressively investing in EV segment, their financial strength & market reach Pan india ( easier
to leverage existing production facilities, sales point, service point ) they will have fierce
competition amongst themselves & with any new EV entrants.

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 OBSERVATIONS

Electric Caes newcomers are going to face a slew of challenges, from from a shaky supply chain
to a lack of consumer demand. OEMs will be able to produce more cost-competitive goods if the
supply chain is supported locally. New OEMs should concentrate on R&D and building new
business models that provide better value and lower costs. To satisfy charging infrastructure,
skill development, and financing demands, both established and new OEMs must work together
to grow the EV ecosystem.

Furthermore, policymakers can hasten EV adoption by promoting EV financing and supporting

the development of the EV manufacturing supply chain in India, both of which will make EV
acquisition less expensive. Measures to disincentivize ICEVs, such as more stringent fuel
efficiency standards, can also help ( BS emission standards), zero emission zones, feebates and a
zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate, the government can play a part in making EVs more
attractive than ICEVs.

The EV strategy should consist of a mix of supply-push (local battery manufacturing and
assembly, charging infrastructure, renewable electricity generation) and demand-pull (incentives,
low taxes) initiatives to increase the use of electric vehicles in India. Following the approval of
the FAME II project expenditure, several OEMs have announced ambitious plans for the next
two to three years. India stands to benefit a lot by transitioning its ICE vehicles to EVs as soon as
possible. Its oil import expense would be cut in half. ICE automobiles are a major source of
pollution in cities, and replacing them with electric vehicles will significantly improve air
quality.

Thus, it is evident that clear government policies are paramount to realising the EV vision and
can act as a driver to building an EV ecosystem in India a policy regime that encourages
innovations access to latest technologies and a concerted effort by the Indian industry to achieve
global competition through acquiring the necessary scale and using cutting edge technology
developed locally.

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 EV BATTERY SWAPPING POLICY

Union Budget 2022 has proposed a new policy to promote battery swapping technology in India
in an effort to boost the EV industry. With a sharp rise in electric two-wheeler manufacturers
over the past few years, and the increase in EV adoption in the segment, the Centre's new policy
aims to further consolidate India's EV infrastructure in near future.

Finance Minister NirmalaSitharaman, while presenting the Budget 2022, said that the battery
swapping policy will be brought out in view of space constraints for setting up charging stations
and interoperability standards will be formulated.

Introducing the battery swapping policy and recognising battery or energy as a service will help
develop EV infrastructure and increase the use of EVs in public transportation. It would motivate
businesses engaged in delivery and car aggregation businesses to incorporate EVs into their
fleet." Gill also said it will create new avenues for companies to venture into the business of
battery swapping.

PB Balaji, Group CFO at ola electric :

The introduction of the battery swapping policy to improve the country's EV infrastructure is a
positive and progressive step that could potentially address the range anxiety issue, which is one
of the impediments to a mass-market transition from internal combustion engine-based vehicles
to electric vehicles. This policy will be critical in enabling a well-established EV infrastructure
across the country while instilling customer confidence in riding EVs on Indian roads. More
importantly, this will boost EV adoption in the last-mile delivery space, where time constraints
make instant battery swapping more viable than charging the existing battery."

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India's proposed 'battery swapping' policy is interesting but is unlikely to work beyond limited
situations without a heavy-handed government mandate and subsidy as major car companies do
not share the technology around batteries, an expert from the automotive industry has said.

In a major step to promote EV adoption in India, Finance Minister NirmalaSitharaman, while

unveiling Rs 39.45 lakh crorebudget for FY 21-22, announced that the Indian government would
bring the battery swapping policy to boost use of electric vehicles in the country in view of space
constraints for setting up charging stations.

She stated that the private sector will be encouraged to set up sustainable business models for
battery or energy service and this will improve efficiency in the Electric Vehicle Ecosystem.

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CHAPTER- 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

 Adequate capacity expansion in the distribution grid, mostly from renewables, to

handle additional demand caused by high EV penetration.

 EV charging stations should ideally be designed with rooftop solar generation to

reduce reliance on fossil fuels throughout the supply chain, resulting in a shift to
clean energy.

 Encourage EV manufacturers to develop vehicles with replaceable batteries, so

that an EV owner can simply walk into a charging station, exchange his battery
with a fully charged battery, and go on his way. The charging station may charge
the batteries at a lower electricity rate during off-peak hours or directly from
rooftop solar power.

 Using a dynamic pricing model and smart grid tools for charging stations to
encourage charging during non-peak hours, hence assisting Peak Load
Management.

 Adoption of electric vehicle (EV) norms The Automotive Research Association of

India is working on charging connector specifications. Sockets for charging are
rated as follows: Are domestic 16A outlets adequate for EV charging in the
home? Is it necessary to use industry-standard sockets?

 Based on the available capacity of the distribution grid in that area, the utility will
approve the installation of EV charging points at households.

 Identifying EV charging sites in the existing distribution network without

changing the network's voltage profile

 Suitable pricing mechanism to be developed, in case Utility needs to augment the

distribution grid to support EV charging.

 Intelligent Charging Stations equipped with Fast chargers, timers and capable of
switching to normal charging mode based on real time grid conditions/parameters.

 Battery disposal /recycling norms as per ( Batteries (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2001 ) published by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
need to be strictly enforced so as to prevent adverse environmental impacts of
battery.

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 Investment in R&D for future battery technologies resulting in batteries with
much higher specific energy, environment friendly and lower costs. As batteries
constitutes 50% cost of EV’s.

 Other initiatives that may help scale up EV in cities include local plans for electric
vehicles, subsidies, dedicated parking and related incentives, use of information
technology (IT) to locate charging stations, collaboration with private companies,
as well as public car share and lease.

 Besides the end-users or customers, three key stakeholders could play an integral
role in India’s transition towards EVs.

  The Government: By defining the regulations on emissions and fuel efficiency,

clarifying aspirations, strategic intent and direction, exploring incentives and
subsidies, it can support EV adoption and focus on developing a supportive
ecosystem.

 Companies that provide power, gasoline, and charging infrastructure: They can
enable easy and rapid charging and drive EV adoption by laying a foundation of
support, innovating on business models (e.g., leasing of batteries, swapping
infrastructure, deploying fast chargers), making the economics of (fast) charging
infrastructure work, and providing stable power supply and grid stability.

 The automotive sector: The industry can drive the EV disruption in India by
changing the product and component mix, bringing EV components and vehicles
to life, establishing the proper talent pool and skill set, enhancing the performance
of batteries and electric vehicles, and scaling up.

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 CONCLUSION

 The advancements made in the electric car industry in recent years are not only welcome,
but also critical in light of rising global greenhouse gas emissions. The benefits of electric
vehicles considerably outweigh the expenses, as shown in the economic, social, and
environmental analyses parts of this website.

 The most significant barrier to widespread adoption of electric vehicles is cost, as

gasoline and the vehicles that run on it are easily available, handy, and inexpensive. As
shown in our timeline, we expect technical developments and policy changes to make the
shift from traditional fuel-powered vehicles easier over the next decade.

 Furthermore, the realisation and success of this business are strongly reliant on the
global public, and we expect that through mass marketing and environmental education
programmes, people would feel incentivized and empowered to drive an electric vehicle.
Each person can make a difference, so go electric and contribute to the cause!

 Internal-combustion automobiles are unquestionably more environmentally friendly than

hybrid autos. Batteries are being designed to last for a long time. Battery recycling will
become economically feasible as hybrid bikes become more common. Other energy
sources, like as fuel cells and renewable fuels, are being researched, making the future of
hybrid automobiles look brighter.

 From the first electric automobile in 1837 to the present, we've witnessed huge
developments, primarily in terms of technology, but also in terms of people's attitudes on
bikes' environmental impacts and alternate mobility solutions. Although the electric
vehicle market in India is now a profitable target for enterprises and start-ups, various
challenges must be overcome before EVs can be widely adopted. Manufacturing electric
automobiles in the United States, for example, is a high-cost hurdle.
 Similarly, battery manufacturing is essentially a costly venture. The Indian Government
must concentrate its energies on promoting technological disruption to resolve these
challenges. The government would also need to provide enhanced tax incentives and
subsidies to potential car owners and suppliers in order to quicker adoption of EVs.

 In the future, e-mobility in India will not be a luxury, but rather a necessity for survival,
because pollution levels are frightening, and the only solution is to employ green energy
sources and transmission. When it comes down to it, EVs are unavoidable, therefore it is
best to plan and organise for how the changes will occur rather than trying to avoid them.

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 ANNEXURES

1. BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com

 www.automobileadda.com

 www.hybridbikes.com

 www.olaelectric.com

 www.reva.com

 Newspaper- Business Standard

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2. QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT

Name: ……………………………………………………………………
Telephone No: - …………………………………
Address: …………………………………………………………………

a. Do you have any vehicle?

 Yes No

If yes total no. of vehicles

b. Would you be interested in owning/converting your vehicle into Electric/Hybrid Vehicle?

 Yes  No Can’t say

c. Have you heard about Electric/Hybrid ?

 Yes  No

d. What is preventing you from purchasing an Electric bikes?

 Nothing, I plan to buy an electric vehicle soon

 The present cost of electric vehicles is too high

 The vehicles available at the moment don't have enough range on a single charge to
meet my needs

 I need more information about the technology before I would make a purchase

 It would be difficult to set up charging in my building/home.

e. Where would you prefer to charge your Electric bikes if you were to buy one in the
future?

 At home At work  Using public charging facilities

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f. What should be the expected maximum speed of an Electric C? (In approx.)

 Up to 80kmph  150kmph Other (please specify)

g. How much premium would you pay for additional development or manufacturing cost
of infrastructure? (In INR approx.)

 25000  50000  75000  100000  Other (please specify)_

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