MW nity Brief introduction to the origin of ao, of Hong Kong (the three unequa ie Kong’s the background) and the process of Hong return to China ance the sense ofc ‘© To lear about the origin of the ‘© Toexpress arguments clear: od ° oe belonging to our Esra question of Hong Kong and Took at the oprions and vewPOF> Chinese nation understand the process of Hong srothers in an objective, equtable Kong's return to China ‘and empathetic manner based on facts and evidence EEE Terms» the question of Hong Kong, unequal treaties, the -Teaty of Nanking, the Convention of Peking, the Convention forthe two systems", the Constitution, special administrative region, Extension of Hong Kong Territory, “one country, Sino-British Joint Declaration, the Basic Law LL pre-class Intreductien Use the following concept map ro understand the key points of this learning focus i Origin of the question Oi Hong Kong, The Hong Kong, eefenIWCETY nes Concept of “one country, two systems” The Treaty of Nanking Signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration The Convention of Peking Y Enactment of the Basic Law The Convention for the ss Extension of Hong Kong Establishment of the HKSAR Territory sof be uestn of Hang Kong (etree une ar xX press of Hong Kong eur ND) Lesson (arm-up Do you know the history of Hong Kong? Consider the following sources and learn about the origin of the question of Hong Kong. Possession Steet is nearby Possession Point where Briain landed at Hong Kong. On 25 January 1841, the British Navy landed at Possession Pont and held a flag-raising ceremony the following day. eaB Hong Kong has been part of the territory Opium War in 1840. On 19 December 1984, on the Question of Hong Kong, affirming that t exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 J aspiration of the Chinese people for the recovery of Hong Kong, Upholding national unity and territorial integrity, maintaining the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong, and taking account of its history and realities, the People’s Republic of China has decided that upon China's resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be established in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, and that under the principle of “one country, two systems", the socialist system and policies will not be practised in Hong Kong, The basic policies ofthe People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong have been elaborated by the Chinese Government in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. of China since ancient times; it was occupied by Britain after the the Chinese and British Governments signed the Joint Declaration he Government of the People’s Republic of China will resume the july 1997, thus fulfilling the long-cherished common (Source: The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ofthe People’s Republic of China.) 1. How does the street name in Source A reflect Hong Kong's relationship with China and Britain? g Kong is @ historical issue? 3. Share with your classmates an incident related to the process of Hong Kong's return to China.~ Hora Kon under “One out, Tw Syste 2 CA The Hong Kong region in early times Hong Kong has been part of the territory of China since ancient times. Composed of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories, Hong Kong is located in the southeast of our country, with Guangdong Province in the north, the Pead River estuary and Macao in the west, and the South China Sea in the south. According to archaeological discoveries and field investigations, Hong Kong has a long history and has had a close relationship with the Mainland since ancient times. Therefore, Hong Kong has always been a part of China souee/ Hong Kons's seoaraphica oton 1. Local administrative region the jurisdiction of four counties, hed in the Hong Kong region. Hong Hong Kong was successively under and administrative institutions have been establis! Kong is adjacent to Guangzhou, the hub port of the ancient Maritime Silk Road, and is an important point of coastal defence. Therefore, the imperial court also set up an agency in charge of the maritime and land security in the Hong Kong r¢8!00. Below are the stitutions in the Hong Kong region in the past dynasties: administrative and military i ‘Added garrisons Guuptietuen! Setup customs) (Setup theTuen Setup the Kin E Mun Magisracy?, FuMapistac? | andbultfons ‘Mun garrison! offices “Under Panyu County rom | Under Bao'an County _Qin-Han Dynasty to€ from early Eastern Jn " zg i “Faster jin Dynasty rate “Dynasty to mid-Tang, -331) Dynasty (31-757) 2, Cultural system “Archaeological discoveries have proved thatthe cultural relics in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Dela in the Middle Neolithic period are roughly the same, such as the pottery from the cuture of geometric stamped pottery in the Pear River Delta found in Sha Chau, Tuen Mun, and the burials and cultural relics found at the Tung Wan Tsai North site in Ma Wan, reflecting the close connection between the two regions as early as from the Middle Neolithic period. In modern times, Hong Kong residents mainly communicate in Cantonese and Source 2 Re ne ; oe ea a eel (ace Chinese culture inching fl elif, values, ood and erterinmert. {Toon Mun garson PIR. 2.Tuen Man Magstacy SPINA]. &. Kwan Fu Magsracy BBWAA]Bet inroducon oe : gf he azestion ot HongKong the tee unemal < teats nde background) and ihe process Horg Kong eur Cra Ne 1 Origin of the question of Hong Kong 1. The question of Hong Kong KooweggéPusfe The question of Hong Kong is a historical issue. In the 19th Preamble of the Basic Law century, Britain used military aggression to force the Qing Government to sign The Preamble of the Basic Law three unequal treaties, the Treaty of Nanking, the Convention of Peking states thet “HongiKong hes been and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, and part ofthe territory of China since successively occupied Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories aa rieringe! "whieh includes of China's territory, thus creating the question of Hong Kong 1. Hong a hes been pert of FE eon ero eis should decide by itself on when and how it would recover the Hong Kong 2. Even though Hong Kong was occupied by Britain after the Opium Wars, it was still part of China's territory. region occupied by Britain and resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong in order to safeguard national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. 2. Background of the three unequal treaties In the late 15th century, with the opening of a new route, the route from Europe to Asia was opened. In the mid-18th century, the power of some Western countries was strengthened after the Industrial Revolution and they started colonial expansion. The Qing Dynasty adopted a seclusion policy. Its national power was weakening and gradually lagging behind the West. Adjacent to the major foreign trade port Guangzhou, Hong Kong is located on the coast of South China with a deep sheltered port. It has a special important position in terms of geographical location, transportation and coastal defence. Many colonialists had been coveting this place for a long time. Portugal, the Netherlands and Japan had successively invaded Hong Kong, but it was Britain who occupied Hong Kong in the end. According to different documents, Britain already had some knowledge about Hong Kong fore its occupation 1687 The earliest record of British ships entering the coast of Guangdong | re opport v. 09 British v . broke into Whampoa and prepared to occupy it by force. The Canton Customs sent a foreign sorciiant to pass the order to stop them. O16 A British mmission headed by Amherst had stayed in Hong Kong when it came to China and investigated Hong Kong Island and its surrounding waters in detail. i\ered the waters of southern China. It had once berthed near Hong Kong, taking the le of British Subjects in China William Napier formally proposed to seize y of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Palmerston that Britain should send itrance of the Pearl River estuary”. 334 Chief Superintendent of the Trad Hong Kong. He wrote to Secretar troops to “occupy Hong Kong at the eastern en> Hong Kong under “One Country, Two Systems” 3. Signing of the three unequal treaties : : i ind Signing of the Treaty of Nanking and its backgrou ee a trade wil * In the 19th century, in order to reverse its disadvantaged postion oh sain the outflow Britain smuggled large quantities of opium into China. This not on'y endangering . cocial values, of silver bullion, but it also harmed people's health and oe ‘has sent imperial Hig? the national economy and people's livelihood. The Qing Gover esnoyed ovet 20,000 boxes Commissioner Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to ban opium. In 1839, Lin d After that, truction of opium at Humen’ a tendent of British Trade h Government [0 send yerchants, of opium in Humen, which is known as “the Sino-British relations rapidly deteriorated. In 1840, the Chief Superin used the destruction of opium at Humen as an excuse to ask the Brits! me troops to protect Britain's business interests in China. At the request of Brits! Britain sent troops to launch the First Opium War (1840 - 1842) against China. In 1841, the British Army captured many important cities along the southeast oe On 25 January, British Royal Navy Captain Belcher led his soldiers to land at Possession Point on Hong Kong Island. On 26 January, Commodore Bremer led the British marines t0 land on Hong Kong Island, They held an occupation ceremony’and hoisted the British flag, announcing the occupation of Hong Kong Island. In August 1842, the British troops approached Nanking, forcing the Qing Government to sign the first unequal treaty in modem China, the Treaty of Nanking, on 29 August. Hong Kong Island was officially ceded to Britain, nee pone Source The provision « we . . 7 ‘eding Hong Kong Island | ED signing of the Convention of Peking and its background geting Mong Kong Ilend ‘The Treaty of Nanking did not solve the problem of the opium trade, Britain also wanted to expand its interests in China, In 1856, under the pretext of the Arrow Incident, Britain, joined by France, sent troops to China, triggering the Second Opium War (1856-1860), also called the Anglo-French Expedition. In March 1860, Britain forcibly landed at Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, and negotiated with the Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi, demanding China lease the Kowioon Peninsula to Britain, In October, the Anglo-French troops captured the capital Peking and burned Yuanmingyuan, On 24 October, the Qing Government was forced to sign the Convention of Peking and ceded the Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street (including Stonecutters Island) to Britain, BUC ———___ With a view to the maintenance of Hee of Hong Kong, His Imperial Maje. tinp, o oe cu mi ea cr Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Irelang, int Successors, to have and to hh ’ Rio aula ‘old as a depender eae ae ss ae epataions, that portion on the soak of ( i © of Kwang-Tung, of whi hae ‘ 1, Of which a lease Member athe kin it Fats, Esai, Companies cree se mmission at Canton, on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's Government It, by two Kwang. ' Lau Tsung-kwang, Governor-General of the Source # The Brit ai SG TB op an te Qing toms fh “te dsivten ot ook at amen APtre! eeraducton tae ong of he queston of HOME mapas re Me ITS nd te process of Hang Kod Bp Signing of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Britain had always wanted to expand the border of Hong Kong tn 1864, Britain privately extended its jurisdiction to Sham Shui Po and Jerritory and its background allocated it to ats Army, while the Hong Kong Government and the Savy ruled the Kowloon Peninsula. In 1894, then Hong Kong Governor Robinson wrote to the British Government twice, suggesting taking advantage of the Sino-Japanese War (1894 ~ 1895) to expand the scope of occupation. As the Qing Government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War. the tributary order centred on China in Southeast Asia collapsed and China's international status sharply deteriorated. The great powers started scramble for concessions in China by forcibly leasing harbours and dividing spheres of inluence in China, Britain also took the chance to | Humaganeer nee "=n errreer expand its teitory in Hong Kong Sac ene Brann te conan Elaraon ot rarg Kong etary 9 years 1297) In 1898, Britain forced the Qing Government to sign the Convention source SA picture showing the British occupation of for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. Since 1 July 1989, Britain had Hons Kore forcibly leased the area south of the Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street, as well as the surrounding 235 islands (the New Territories at present), including Dapeng Bay and Shenzhen Bay, for 99 years. Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory (extract) Source 6 The Chinese and British officials negotiating Whereas it has for many years past been recognized that an the border extension of Hong Kong territory is necessary for the proper defence ‘and protection of the Colony. It has now been agreed between the Governments of Great Britain and China that the limits of British territory shall be enlarged under lease to the extent indicated generally on the annexed map. The exact boundaries shall be hereafter fixed when proper surveys have been made by officials appointed by the ‘two Governments. The term of this lease shall be ninety-nine years. Time sequence of signing the three unequal treaties PCatL Ly The great powers CTT DT POTiE) Pea) The Second Opium War rT ard a cs 1898 China signed the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. Britain forcibly leased the New Territories, Dapeng Bay and Shenzhen Bay. China was defeated and signed | China was defeated and signed the Treaty of Nanking, ceding | the Convention of Peking, ceding Hong Kong island. the Kowloon Peninsula. 1842 1860 |> Hong Kong under“One County, Two Systems" x J 4. Basic attitude of the People’s Republic of China to the unequal treati “ krowledG® a = ate treaties involving the question of Hong Kong Se ated nea Ca Oe powers! 7 jinese Governments had asked Britain to abolish the treaties but were rejected, so Hong Kong had never been recovered es of the Beiyang Government Attitud nalist Government to and the Natio the question of Hong Kong The Beiyang Government hag requested the great POWsTS to “bandon their spheres of influence in China and return the leased lands including the New Territories during the Paris Peace Conference, but its proposal was turned down The Nationalist Government had also requested the abolition of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory when it signed the Sino-British New Equal Treaty with Britain but was rejected After the People’s Republic of China was. established, the Chinese Government held that Hong Kong is part of China’s territory, and it did not recognize the three unequal treaties imposed on China by Britain. China had always had sovereignty over Hong Kong and the British occupation did not affect the legal status of Hong Kong being part of China's territory. China was unable to exercise its sovereignty over Hong Kong only because of the British occupation ‘Therefore, the Chinese Government put forward several justifications, and demanded for Britain's return of Hong Kong, ESD Nature of the three unequal treaties In general, an “unequal treaty” has the follow! characteristics indicate that the three treaties are unequal 1 teristics. These reaties in terms of the way of ing four charac signing them and their content. Character Convention for the eracey So | Treaty ot Nanking, Convention of Peking Extension of Hong Kong Territory an unequal treaty janjin, and The great powers divided ‘and their spheres of influence in China and carved up China. In the process of treaty negotiation, one or more parties pressure and force the Nanking other party to sign the treaty by force or threat of force There is no equal bargaining _ Imperial High Prince Gong surrendered under Britain took the opportunity sition between contracting Commissioner Qiying was _|themilitary and diplomatic _| torequest the expansion of "Captured Guangzhou, Conquered Bohai, ‘Xiamen, Ningbo, Shanghai, then the capital Peking, | burned Yuanmingyuan po: | states forced'to sign the Treaty of pressure of Britain and France. Hong Kong territory when | Nanking with Britain on the | the great powers carved uy : British warship Cornwallis. China ° The contents of the Agreement tariff power, Britain took the opportunity Britain forcibly leased the land treaty reflect an unequal consular jurisdiction, toadd terms and merged the | without ie ee relationship of rights and | conditional mostfavoured | Township of Kowloon in the Hetero reese ‘sala je treaty did not mention rent. aus and ceding of| province of Kwangtungint the | Hong Kong Island [territory of British Hong Kong The treaty clearly violates | The contents/cl it" lauses about “ceding” or “leasing” = nate 4 | ing’ in the three treaties indi gene bo Lee or Kong region occupied by Britain through war was originally part ‘a Ce in party | contents of the treaties seriously violated the sovereignty and tet of a ou tritorial integrity of China.the three unequal Bet intro ong ( ono oga at he usin of Hong Kage ee me treaties andthe background) andthe process of Hong Kong’ EB Provisions of international law Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties In 1969, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties was passed by the United Nations (UN) and was open for signature by countries. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is an international convention related to international treaties and is the most frequently cited source of law in interpreting international law in modern times. It affirms that disputes concerning treaties should be settled : : by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice eee eee pesprbralyeehar and international law. It defines a coerced treaty as invalid, {tom 100 counties. (Source: United Nations.) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties eee Britain forcedthe representatives of the Qing Government of China to sign the three unequal treaties, which violated the principles of international law and should have had no legal effect. The expression of a State's consent to be bound by s y a treaty Which has been procured by the coercion of its representative through acts or threats directed against him shall be without any legal effect. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties CE ERO Nau u ea ac Britain pressured China with threats, and the use of force, which violated the principles of international law and should have been void, A treaty is void if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations. b, Definition of Aggression In 1974, the twenty-ninth session of the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on the Definition of Aggression, which defined “acts of aggression” for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace. According to the resolution, any tertitorial acquisition or special advantage resulting from aggression is recognized as unlawful: De ue stu Article 1 ‘Aggression is the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations, as set Britain invaded China's territory by ‘armed force. It used armed force against China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and occupied Hong Kong. These were acts of aggression. out in this Definition. Article 3 (extract) Any of the fol as an act of a: (2) The inves + oitok by the armed forces of a State of the territory of military occupation, however temporary, resulting anothe: 21 y from suici) iva. oF attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the teritor, o onorher State(the British aggression violated the principles of international law, 80 ity eecupation of the Hong Kong region n recognized ag should 1 beet = cB Recognition by the international community of Hong Kong's legal status The Chinese Government had repeatedly emphasized that China did not recognize the three unequal treaties and the British occupation of Hong Kong did not change’the legal Status) of Hong Kong as an inalienable part of China's territory: Therefore, China requested Britain to return Hong Kong to China to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and reiterated that the above position was fully justified) On 8 March 1972, the Permanent Representative of the Chinese Mission to the UN sent a letter to the Chairman of the UN Special (2, A 1. No coy nsideratic Oo Of Whatever nature, whether politcal, economic, military o is ave me comenwise. may Serve as a justification for aggression. Gives rise goes" 8 @ crime against international peace, Aggression 3. Now to international esponsibility. | for rosa Acquisition or special advantage resulting from aggression shall be recognized as lawful. ' 2. Committee on Decolonization. Hong Kong does not fall under the category of “colonial territories” The questions of Hong Kong and Macao belong to the category of questions resulting from series of unequal treaties left over by history, treaties which the imperialists imposed | on China. Hong Kong and Macao are part of Chinese territory occupied by the British and The settlement of the questions of Hong Kong and Macao is entirely Portuguese autho within China's sovereign right and does not at ll fall under the ordinary category of “colonial territories", Consequently, they should not be included in the list of colonial teritories covered — by the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. Resi ne eeatinx How is the above content related to the future of Hong Kong? a ee (Source: Zhu Yuhe, Mincy fusing yu zhongguo gongchandang (National Rejuvenation and the Communist Party of China) (Tsinghua University Press, 2004)) The UN Special Committee on Decolonization adopted a resolution on 15 June 1972, suggesting the UN General Assembly delete Hong Kong and Macao from the list of colonial territories. On 2 November, the UN General Assembly adopted the relevant repot of the Special Committee by 99 votes to 5. The UN removed Hong Kong from the list of colonial territories, which further confirmed China's position and request on its sovereignty over Hong Kong, supported by international : y ation: aw. Hong Kong did not have colonial Status, and thus there was no so-cal determination, lled national self-three unequal! Se Brie introducton othe rg ofthe question o Hong Kong (Me iN, i. reset he background) and he process o Hong Kong’ to China 4 pi Conga of te queston of Hong Kong Analysis stats required interpreting Sources > Impact® Interpreting Sources bustifying) Relevant terms sovereignty the question of Hong Kong what is the ori; of the question of Hong Kong? Consider the following sources and answer the questions. HK wns windey the 2 Known and Onivn Wark the viget ESTE ws ste suing of ae, Rove aint Towards the end of Ming, Nantou and the Hong Kong region were upgraded from being part of Dongguan to become an independent county named Xinan. Nantou, with its walled barracks, was chosen as the seat of the new county. This administrative organization remained unchanged throughout the Qing. Naval patrols in Hong Kong waters were deployed from Dapeng, while the Tuen Mun area was protected by junks despatched from Nantou (Source: Adapted from * story ofthe Port of Hong Kong and Marine Department” onthe website af the Maine Department) (ie suave shawk tat wasler te Convention fo the belension of B Hong Kong Territory, tat Neva Tevritovig was wails tnt )arisdvtiovs S.. gamei6 Bvitain , wut Chinese ottiials ould still le Stetioned in the Nes leviTovids It is at the same time agreed that within the city of Kowloon the Chinese officials now stationed there shall continue to exercise jurisdiction except so far as may be inconsistent with the military requirements for the defence of Hong Kong. Within the remainder of the newly-leased territory Great Britain shall have sole jurisdiction. Chinese officials and people shall be allowed as heretofore to use the road from Kowloon to Hsinan. itis further agreed that the existing landing-place near Kowloon City shall be reserved for the convenience of Chinese men-of-war, merchant and passenger vessels, which may come and go and lie there at their pleasure; and for the convenience of movement of the officials and people within the city. When hereafter China constructs a railway to the boundary of the Kowloon territory under British control, arrangements shall be discussed. It is further understood that there will be no expropriation or expulsion of the inhabitants of the district included within the extension, and that if land is required for public offices, fortifications, or the like official purposes, it shall be bought at a fair price. f cases of extradition of criminals occur, they shall be dealt with in accordance with the existing Treaties between Great Britain and China and the Hong Kong Regulations. The area leased to Great Britain, as shown on the annexed map, includes the waters of Mirs Bay and Deep Bay, but it is agreed that Chinese vessels of war, whether neutral or otherwise, shall retain the right to use those waters, (Source: The Convention forthe Extension of Hong Kong Territory.) Tut souvle shows that o Colvwy Completely Loses TCs Spieretoyrteayy, CAVA, UWe, sovereignty LNA “OtuA tie od SUM exists eum wiwinally alad. Legally Before Hong Kong's return to the motherland, Britain is practising typical colonial rule in Hong Kong, but it does not mean that Hong Kong is a colony. A colony completely loses its sovereignty, while anvoccupied land! only temporarily loses its sovereignty. A colony mainly emphasizes the form of governance. Internally, it has lost or basically los? its legislative, executive and judicial powers. Externally, it has completely lost its diplomatic power. f ».ping of international | sovereignty of a colony completely belongs to the sovereign state; wh eignty of a still exists Nanaia that is, it belongs to its Pe ther sorarily stolen by the occupiét. Hong Kong is part of China's territory, so the concept of a colony rises «1! te Hong Kong, , Bvitaln (Source: Wit 1o/crenes Jao Tiechuan, “Hong Kong was not a colony in the legal sense before its return”, People’s Daily, 17 March 1997.)| Question - ONS Ce s it js stu' jents’ know y chilitie key pore One of the key assessments of multiple-choice questions a taste a 4 their abil f understanding of the ‘content and related concepts CVF there are hwo tyPes cof multiple- | of induction, analysis, logic ad multi-perspectve thinking | choice questions: | 1. GageSeea) (Only one of the options is correct.) 1s are correct.) 2. (Git) (One oF more opto” the key words related to the SU) ledge of the | © Important knowledge: Find out clues to the answer- ee i tant kno’ t terms: Connect the term learned and impo an te phe sch the knowledBe- | nate option by © utilizing relev nnect the Uiifect Then analyse whether the options ™ : @ Elimination: First eliminate the obviously wFOn8 options. Then elim! option to narrow the scope. | ject in the question a terms of the three options @ Important knowledge: The ‘options Q@utilizing relevant terms: The key y | below are related to the three unequal sre the eat of NETKING ‘Convention for Extension oftiong | | Kong Territory and the People’s Republic of CIN? respective || | ing Focus of TopIC |: treaties in the Learns Dae J 's about the three pnequal treaties are correct? | ded to Britain | | {Examipl@) which of the following statement yf signing the (Trea ‘of Nankin: the Kowloon Peninsula was Ce ntion about the rent. (1) After 0 ara i zension of Hong Kong Terri did not me" unequal treaties: || (2) The Convention for Ex (a) The(People’s Republic of Ching)does not recognize the three A. (1)and (2) only a. (1)and (3) only C. @iand @)only Elimination: Treaty of Nanking, © choi | D. (1), (2) and (3) po can be eliminated. D || | 5 A B Cc song Kong Island was ceded after signing the 2 OO @O ices with the incorrect opt (a) Which of the following statements about the question of Hong Kong are correct? (1 mark) (Conbined Respose) (1) By the end of the Ming Dynasty, Nantou and the Hon an independent county: V (2) Britain launched the First Opium War again (3) The Chinese Government held that the Britis status of Hong Kong being part of China's territory. B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2)and (3) .g Kong region were upgraded to become st China on the grounds of the Arrow Incident. ish occupation of Hong Kong did not affect the legal A. (thand (2) only C. (2) and (3) only - : A (b) When was the treaty in Source B signed? (1 mark) Gage SEA) A. 184: 2 B. 1860 a D oe D. 1984 Oc c O@°0 @=Bret introduction to the oigin ofthe question of Hong Kong (the three unequal ary | ‘eats andthe background) andthe process of Hong Kong's return to China S i {c) Based on Source A, state ang ®xplain two reasons for Hong Kong being part of China. (4 marks) Tse eee een =) es GEE rierreting Sources | Iereting Sources GS © Select appropriate infor express your arguments © Use the source t Points of view, “UPPOT the arguments or facts, and consider and comment on different — Combine the informat Kong ie pan information and deduce from different perspectives that Hong art of China, pes If students o shown in th mation and arguments within the limited scope of source, and and opinions in a systematic manner, nly copy the source content without summarizing the arguments ‘ ie Source, or only make simple or partly inaccurate explanation, they can only get “1-2 marks" or lower at maxinvurn, =D, China had © First, ® China had the Tight to garrison troops in the Hong Kong tegion.© Based © Transitional word wae on Source A, naval patrols in Hong Kong waters were deployed from Dapeng, while © ae rad to troops in the the Tuen Mun area was protected by junks despatched from Nantou, © This reece O Gateaesron Hong seg that China sent soldiers and set up walled barrack for defence in the Hong Kong knowledge to help region Fegion, and had the right to garrison troops there, ® This shows that. with the explanation @ Elaborate on the enn ie Ve © Concluding sentence oo China had © Second, ® China had jurisdiction over the Hong Kong region. ® Source A shows — @ Transitional word. jurisdiction — hat © Topic sentence to over the el identify the reason Hong Kong @ Gite the source / own, region knowledge to help ‘with the explanation © Elaborate on the OThis reflects that Calevord team © Conduding sentence Oo (@) State and © one impact of Source B on China's sovereignty. (2 marks) ‘W(ipact) (@) “The ques Kong's sovereignty did not belong to the category of colonial UN Iterreting Sources (using) territory \e sources provided Support this view? Explain your answer. (6 marks)> HongKong under ‘One Country, Tao Systems” Process of Hong Kong’s return to China lic of 1. Basic position and policy of the People’s Rept China on the question of Hong Kong Chinese People’s Political Je various t Consultative Conference wgreements In 1949. the Common Program of the jes and a eaties and a declared that the Chinese Government would review th between the previous Chinese Government and foreign governments SEL ula Pe anes Chapter Vil Foreign policy Ce ; ic of Chit mine the treatios and ‘tof the People’s Republic of China shal xa ogni Article 55 The Central People’s Government ° be agreements concluded between the Kuomintang and foreign governments abrogate, revise, or re-negotiate them according tO their respective content Regarding the three unequal treaties signed between the Qing Government and oe China also did not recognize these treaties. It stated that the Chinese Government Wo" i” resolve the question of Hong Kong through negotiations with the British Governme when the conditions were ripe. We do not ask for immediate retvn at present. ican be solved via negotiations in the future. Center of the CPC Central Committee.) (Sources: With reference to the websites of enews and he Far “5 History and Literature Research 2, Concept of “one country, two systems” after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, to resolve the questions of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao ll over by history, the Chinese Government needed to introduce policies that could maintain the prosperity avoid social shocks due to the unification of different country. One country, two systems ‘According to Deng Xiaoping, “one country, two systems’, that is, one China and two types of systems, means there is only but one China and under this premise the Mainland adheres to the socialist system while Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan can maintain the capitalist system over a long time to come. of the three regions and systems and lifestyles, o a to achieve peacel reunification ofthe EBD Proposal of “one country, two systems” On 29 March 1979, state leader Deng Xiaoping met with Hong Kong Governor MacLehose and clearly stated that “Hong Kong can maintain the capitalist system after it is returned to China in 1997 In 1982, Deng proposed the concept of “one country, two systems”, which would be used to solve the question of Hong Kong first.€ tthe question ot Hong Kong (he tre neaual Bet introduction to the org ofthe qu a N ‘ treaties andthe background) andthe process of Hor PB “One country, two systems” as the basic national policy In 1982, the “one country, two systems” concept was incorporated into the Constitution, pee ‘ding the direct constitutional basis for establishing special administrative regions in certain regions of the country with systems and policies different than those implemented in the Mainland. In 1984, the Report on the Work of the Government passed at the second Session of the 6th National People’s Congress stated for the first time the “one country. two systems” principle, which became the basic national policy. Artide 31 of the Constitution The state pay ees special administrative regions when necessary. The administrative regions is the syne int aa special administrative regions shall, in light of specific way to implement thi circumstances, be prescribed by laws enacted by the National People’s Congress. country, two systems" principle. ‘The Constitution provides @ legal basis for the enactment of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (the Basic Law) and a ‘constitutional basis for the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (the HKSAR). The Basic Law mentions the practice of “one country, two systems”: EER AULT Tg ely ‘The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years. Under "one country, two systems”, Hong Kong and the Mainland practise “different systems. 3. Signing and adoption of the Sino-British Joint Declaration On 24 September 1982, Deng Xiaoping and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had 4 tlk on the question of Hong Kong, Deng explained the three major issues of “the transfer pe of government of Hong Kong in 1997", “Hong Kong's administration after 1997", and Gee arte D “arrangements for the transitional period before 1997”. ‘This meeting signalled the beginning _dbisoussion of oficial negotiations between China and Britain on solving the question of Hong Kong a8 well ® ynoartauia vt as set the base and bottom line for future official negotiations. prosperity After 22 rounds of negotiations, on 19 December 1984, the Chinese and British @avold distur once duving the Governments held an offical signing ceremony for the Joint Declaration of the Government of -tyqupaitional the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Norther Ireland and the Government of the People's Pvc Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (the Sino British Joint Declaration) at the Great Hall of the People. On 10 April 1985, the Third Session of the 6th National People's Congress approved the Sino-British Joint Declaration. jay 199% ption of the Sino-British Joint Declgration marked the The signing and adoj Kong. During the 13-year'transition period, transitional period before the return of Hong the Chinese Governine Jowed the “one country, two systems” principle and proceeded in an orderly mann vepartions for recovering the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong The timeline) “< ne\: page shows the positions and work of China and Britain from the Sino- Brtsh negori.ios 10 the transitional period before the handover.ro Hong Kong under “One Country, "a0 system a Process of the smooth re 24 September 1982 Meeting between the leaders of China and Britain Margaret Thatcher visited China and had a talk with Deng Xiaoping about the question of Hong Kong. Deng suggested that an agreement be reached that the two sides would begin consultations on the question of Hong Kong through diplomatic channels. The prerequisite was that China would recover Hong Kong in 1997. ——.J turn of Hong Kong Key ome 15- 18 April 1984 & jon duration oe The two sides agreed on the negotiation jurat a and that aod Kong would remain under British and Brean ss from the time being tO rule for the 13 year 1997. Britain promises Hong Kong's stability and pros period and reduce the interference <2 handover. ‘d to continue to maintain perity during this sed by the 71-12 April 1984 In the 12th round of negotiations, under Deng's direction, China suggested setting up a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group to handle | | (— 5-18September 1984 The two sides held the last | matters relating to Hong Kong in the run-up to the resumption of the exercise of sovereignty by round of negotiations and reached agreement on all China. l October 1982 After Thatcher's visit to China, China and Britain continued to exchange views on the issues of negotiation basis and procedures, but as of March 1983, no consensus had been reached. Positions of China and Brit Britain Margaret Thatcher insisted that the three unequal “treaties were still valid and amendments, if any, should | be based on these three treaties. She pointed out that the confidence in Hong Kong and its prosperity depen on British management and proposed “returning sovereignty in exchange for the right to govern’, that “is, separating Hong Kong's sovereignty and jurisdiction. | Hong Kong's sovereignty shall be returned to China while Britain shall retain its jurisdiction to avoid | catastrophic consequences. Se Sino-British negotiations 12 July 1983 The Sino-British negotiations began. Britain still insisted ‘on continuing to administer Hong Kong after 1997. No progress was made. issues. 4 I Ll, 19 - 20 October 1983 In the Sth round of negotiations, Britain no longer insisted on “returning sovereignty in exchange for the right to govern’, marking a breakthrough in the negotiations. ‘on the question of Hong Kong (24 September 1982) China Deng Xiaoping reiterated that the question of sovereignty was not open to discussion, China would recover Hong Kong in 1997, not only the New Territories but also Hong Kong Island and Kowloon. At the same time, he announced the systems and policies implemented in Hong Kong after 1997 so as to maintain its prosperity. He also pointed out that both governments should properly discuss how to avoid disturbances in Hong Kong during the transitional period, Otherwise the Chinese Government would then be compelled to reconsider the timing and manner of the recovery.6 ey he a Biel introduction tothe origin of the questPT ys return to China Fa andthe background) and the process of Hora Kong's ration The Sino-British Joint Decla i at to (rms ‘The Government of the People’s Republic of China declares th: ‘i ine recover the Hong Kong area is the common sere. ee sf (rerrece people, and that it has decided to resume INN, sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from ° i Ete sre store Hong Kong to the People's Republic Of ENTS Oe sei a day. The Chinese Government declares its 12 basic Po regarding Hong Kong in the annex ofthe declaration: 19 December 1984 signing the Sino-British Joint Declaration ne Chinese and British Government signed the sino-British Joint Declaration regarding the question of Hong Kong at the Great Hall of the People. The Chinese representative was Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang while the British representative was British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. July 1993 12 June 1985 iminary Wot The Chinese and British Governments sent the Sino-British Joint Declaration to the United Nations for registration, I ‘The Standing Committee of the NPC established the Preliminary Working Commission of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (the Preliminary Working Commission). q Signing and adoption of the Handling Hong Kong affairs during the Sino-British Joint Declaration transitional period ie i 10 April 1985 January 1996 ‘The NPC approved the Promulgation of the Basic Law and Establishment of the Joint Declaration the establishment of the HKSAR Preparatory Committee The Third Session of the 6th National People’s Congress (NPC) approved the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed by the Chinese and British Governments. The Third Session of the 7th NPC promulgated the Basic Law and approved the establishment of the HKSAR and its regional flag and emblem. Later, the Chinese Government began the preparations for the establishment of the HKSAR. The Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the National People's Congress (the Preparatory Committee) was established. The Preliminary Working Commission and Preparatory Committee completed a huge amount of work for the smooth transition and handover of Hong Kong. 27 May 1985 h Joint Declaration took effect The Sino The Chinese nd British Governments exchanged the The Preparatory Committee had seven sub-groups instrament: > tetification on the Sino-British Joint dealing with the Selection Committee; the first Chief Declars ing, The Sino-British Joint Declaration Executive; the Provisional Legislative Council; legal matters; economic affairs; celebration activities; and was cor re.! and formally took effect. the first HKSAR Legislative Council.> Hang Kang under “One County, uo Systems” € / 4. Enactment of the Basic Law EAD dratting process of the Basic Law Drafted and enacted based on the Constitution, the Basic Law institutionalizes And legalizes the “one country, two systems” principle, providing a legal basis for “one country, two systems” Deng Xiaoping once said that the success of “one country, (wo jrstems should be guaranteed by the Basic Law, and this hw would serve as a model for Mincies cand Tetons, The Banc Lye % thensfeen very important. It is something new, without Precedent in world history”. Below is the detailed dating process of the Basic Law: o 3s ofcialy The first drat ofthe Basic Law The National People’s Cong, established and started to draft the Basic Law. It was announced and a 5-month passed the Basic Law of the Hor GeeeerWeiMindland Hong Kong rmmbere il | soneutedon poi triad Kong Special Administrative Regist of the People's Republic of China, 18 December 1985, armed {he Basic Law Consultative Commitee. The second daft ofthe Basie Law Tad eueblished to collect opinions | wes announced and the consultation and suggestions on the Basic Law period ended in October 1989. The from various sectors in Hong Kong, ts two consultations recetved nearly ‘members were all Hong Kong persons. £80,000 submissions and suggestions. ED Significance of the enactment of the Basic Law The Basic Law is a constitutional document of the HKSAR’ In the form of law, "explains the basic policies of China regarding Hong Kong, and provides for the implementation of “one country, two systems", “Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong’ and a high degree of autonomy. Deng thought that the Basic La is “a law that is of historic and international significance, By historic he means itis significant not only for the past and the present but also for the future: By intemational and far-reaching he means i is sanfcant not only forthe Third World but for all mankind. This document isa creative masterpiece’ Main content of the Basic Law * Prescribing the systems to be practised in the HKSAR, in order to ensure the implementation of the “one country, two systems” principle, * Clarifying the constitutional relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR and stipulating the legal status of the HKSAR: * Prescribing the constitutional power‘of the Canitral Authorities to administer the HKSAR; * Carfying that the HKSAR is a local administrative region of the People’s Republic of China that enj i joys a high degree of autonomy and comes directly under the Cer g nment; ereens * Protecting the basic rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents and Confirming their 6bligations, »