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Biotechnology and Its Applications Notes
Biotechnology and Its Applications Notes
BIOTECHNOLOGY
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Three critical research areas of
biotechnology are:
Providing the best catalyst in the form of
1. improved organism usually a microbe or pure
enzyme.
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN
AGRICULTURE
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1.
Agro-chemical based
agriculture
3. Options for 2.
increasing
Genetically engineered food Organic agriculture
crop-based agriculture production
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GREEN REVOLUTION
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GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD
● Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation
are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
● GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has:
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List any four ways by which GMO’s have been useful
for enhanced crop output. (3 marks, 2019)
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List any four ways by which GMO’s have been useful for enhanced
crop output. (3 marks, 2019)
(i) genetically modified crops are more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought,
salt, heat
(ii) These genetic modifications have helped to reduce post harvest losses implying
less damage to crop yield.
(iii) Genetic modification has reduced reliance on chemical pesticides by creating
pest resistant crops. eg. Tobacco, leading to greater crop yield.
(iv) Creation of insect resistant crops such as Bt cotton and Bt corn has enhanced
crop yield.
(v) Increased efficiency of mineral usage by GM plants prevents early exhaustion of
fertility of soil resulting in increased yield
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Bt COTTON
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Mechanisms of Action
Bt toxin exists in inactive form (Protoxin)
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Bt COTTON
● The choice of genes depends upon the crop and the targeted pest, as
● There are a number of them, for example, the proteins encoded by the
genes:
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What are Cry genes? In which organism are they present ?
( 1 mark, 2017)
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What are Cry genes? In which organism are they present ? ( 1 mark, 2017)
Cry genes codes for a toxin which is poisonous to some insects thus
giving resistant to the plants. They are present in bacterium Bacillus
thuriengiensis.
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When Bacillus thuringiensis enters a certain insect’s body, the
insect gets killed, but itself remains unaffected. Explain how it is
possible. (3 marks, 2020)
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When Bacillus thuringiensis enters a certain insect’s body, the
insect gets killed, but itself remains unaffected. Explain how it is
possible. (3 marks, 2020)
Bt is a microbe that lives in the soil. It produces proteins that are poisonous to young
insects (larvae). Bt comes in a variety of forms. Each one is aimed at a different type
of insect. Beetles, mosquitoes, black flies, caterpillars, and moths are among the
insects targeted.
1) Routine testing is required with Bt pesticides to ensure that unwanted toxins and
microbes are not present. Since 1961, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has approved Bt for use in pesticides.
2) When Bacillus thuringiensis enters a certain insect’s body, the insect gets killed,
but itself remains unaffected because it contains some acids that produce protein
from substances that are toxic to insects.
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PEST RESISTANT PLANTS
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STEPS IN RNAi
(i) dsRNA is used to silence target RNA.
(ii) Source of dsRNA can be retroviruses or transposons.
(iii) Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode specific genes were introduced into the
host plant.
(iv) The introduction of DNA was such that it produced both sense and antisense
RNA in the host cells.
(v) These two RNA’s being complementary to each other formed a double stranded
(dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus, silenced the specific mRNA of the
nematode.
(vi) The consequence was that the parasite could not survive in a transgenic host
expressing specific interfering RNA.
(vii) The transgenic plant therefore got itself protected from the parasite.
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How has the use of Agrobacterium as vectors helped in
controlling Meloidegyne incognitia infestation in tobacco
plants ? Explain in correct sequence. ( 3 marks, 2018)
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How has the use of Agrobacterium as vectors helped in controlling Meloidegyne
incognitia infestation in tobacco plants ? Explain in correct sequence. ( 3 marks, 2018)
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN
MEDICINE
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GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSULIN
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GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSULIN
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Mention the chemical change that pro-insulin undergoes, to
be able to act as mature insulin. ( 1 mark, 2018)
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Mention the chemical change that pro-insulin undergoes, to be
able to act as mature insulin. ( 1 mark, 2018)
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Explain the various steps involved in the production of
artificial insulin? ( 3 marks , 2017)
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Explain the various steps involved in the production of artificial insulin? ( 3
marks , 2017)
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GENE THERAPY
● Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect
that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.
● Here genes are inserted into a person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease.
● The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl with
adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
● The disorder is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine
deaminase.
● In some children ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow
transplantation; in others it can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy.
● In others it can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional
ADA is given to the patient by injection.
● But the problem with both of these approaches that they are not completely
curative.
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GENE THERAPY
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN
MEDICINE
Polymerase Chain
Reaction
ELISA
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
● The clone having the mutated gene will hence not appear on the photographic
film.Because the probe will not have complementarity with the mutated gene.
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ELISA
● Principle: Antigen-antibody
interaction.
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TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Study of disease
Biological products
Vaccine safety
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Bioethical issues
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What is biopiracy ? ( 1 mark, 2016)
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What is biopiracy ? ( 1 mark, 2016)
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Please find the DPP V-Quiz
link in the description box
NEET Crash Course-Lite
Recordings will be
available till your NEET
examination
9th May,2022
ARAPRO
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