 Research is composed of two words, 

re and search.
  Re  is a prefix which means again, a new or over again and 
 search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe or to study
thoroughly.
 Together they form a noun describing a field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or
principles.
 Research is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering information.
 academic research - more disciplined in its methodology and more scientific in its procedure.
Academic research can be quantitative in its approach. It means that information is obtained and
presented in numerical form and analyzed through the use of statistics.
By definition, quantitative research is an objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena through the use of computational techniques. Simply, quantitative research is concerned
with numbers and its relationship with events.   

 LESSON # 3 (Inquiry Versus Research)

Inquiry and research are both seeking for information to have extensive knowledge.
Inquiry is the process of searching for knowledge and information about a problem through asking
questions. 
research is a systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.

Situation Inquiry Research

1.   A person wants to know the occupant of one    
condominium.

2.   A student wants to determine the medicinal

effects of lagundi leaves.

3.   Richard wants to know the technique to make

his electric fan function instantly.

4.   Teacher Jane wants to discover the impact of

social networking on his students’ learning
abilities.

5.   Aling Gloria wants to identify the reason

behind the decrease in her sales for the day.

6.   A businessman wants to find out which

between these two marketing strategies: free tasting
and attractive packaging, could increase daily sales.

7.   The Department of Health wants to discover the

 data on the level of satisfaction of patients on
services rendered by the employees in a hospital
and the patients' profile when treated statistically.

8.   The police officer wants to investigate the

culprit or person who is responsible for a theft
crime.

9.   The World Health Organization (WHO) wants

to explore the efficacy of various COVID 19
vaccines available in the market.

10.   The Social Weather Stations (SWS) wants to

survey on leading presidentiables for National
Election 2022.         

 LESSON # 4 (Characteristics of Quantitative Research)

1.      Objective. It seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere
intuitions and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
2.      Clearly Defined Research Questions. The research questions are well-defined for which
objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are gathered.
3.      Structured Research Instrument. Data are normally gathered using structured research tools
such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic
status, number of children, among others.
4.      Numerical Data. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented
using tables, charts, graphs, and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends,
relationships, or differences among variables.
5.      Large Sample Sizes. To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution
curve is preferred. This requires a large sample size depending on how the characteristics of the
population vary. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample size to avoid
researcher’s bias in interpreting the results.
6.      Replication. Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify or confirm the correctness of
the results in another setting.
7.      Future Outcomes. By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, if-
then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results.

 LESSON # 5 (Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research)

Strengths of Quantitative Research

1. It is objective.
2. The use of statistical techniques allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital
characteristics of data.
 3. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.
4. It is replicable.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

5. Quantitative research requires a large number of respondents.

6. It is costly.
7. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further
information unlike the qualitative research.
8. Many information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments specifically on
sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others.
9. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.

 LESSON # 6 (Kinds of Quantitative Research)

      1. Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and
components of the population or a phenomenon. This attempts to find general attributes of the presently
existing situation and determine the frequency with which it occurs. This is used if, for example, you
want to know how many hours senior highschool students spend in social media, the number of
malnourished students who failed in the achievement test, and how healthy is the food served during
recess in the public schools.
      2. Correlational Research. This is the systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or
association between and among variables. This is also concerned with the extent of relationships that
exists between or among variables. For example, if pre-board examination results can be used to predict
performance in the Certified Public Accountants (CPA), then the higher the pre-board grade, the higher
most likely be the score in the CPA. Correlational research is employed if you like to know, for
example, if the following factors are related to each other: sex and mathematical ability, marriage and
cancer recovery, occupation and life span.
      3. Evaluation Research. This kind of research aims to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of
practices, policies or programs. For example, assessing the implementation of nursing care in a hospital
and determining the impact of a new treatment procedure for patients.
      4. Survey Research.  This is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and
studying samples chosen from a population. This may be done in various ways like face-to-face, phone,
mail and online.
      5. Causal – Comparative Research. This is also known as ex post facto (after the fact) research.
This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occurred in
the past and now compared to some dependent variables. For example, a researcher is interested in how
weight influences stress-coping level of adults.
      6. Experimental Research. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-and-effect
relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. For example, a teacher would like to know
if a new teaching strategy is effective or not so he/she teaches one section using the new strategy and
teaches another comparable section without the new strategy, then an achievement test was given to the
two sections.
 LET'S WATCH A VIDEOURL

I want you to watch this short video which presents the different kinds of quantitative research.
Play Video

 VIDEO RECORDED on KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHURL

https://drive.google.com/u/0/uc?id=12b1zJ5cXOCfb_5RIlhGTK5bkhvR4Eu4V&export=download

 LESSON # 7 (Importance of Quantitative Research)

In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), medical practitioners, for
example, conduct researches to obtain significant information about disease trends and risk factors,
results of various health interventions, patterns of care, and health care costs and use. The different
approaches to research provide complementary insights. Researches help in determining the
effectiveness and even side effect of drugs and therapies.It is also necessary in evaluating experiences in
clinical practice in order to develop mechanisms for best practices and to ensure high-quality patient
care. Researches in this field ultimately aim for man's longevity.
As for the engineers, architects, and other builders, research helps in providing designs which are
creatively beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern
technology to adapt to the ever changing society. New materials and procedures may be developed so as
to further strengthen the structural materials that can withstand various calamities and disasters.
In the areas of Accounting, Business and Management (ABM), researches can help design a new
product or service, figuring out what is needed and ensure that the development of a product is highly
targeted towards demand. Businessman can also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient
distribution of their products and decide where they need to increase their product distribution.
Conducting researches can also help a business determine whether now is the proper time to open
another branch or whether it needs to apply for a new loan. It may also help a small business decide if a
procedure or strategy should be changed to meet the requirements of the customer base. Research is
important for any organization to remain competitive in the market. The primary function of research in
ABM is to correctly determine its customers and their preferences, establish the enterprise in the most
feasible location, deliver quality goods and services, analyze that the competitors are doing and find
ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and varied needs of the clients.
In terms of Home Economics (HE), majority of the researches have been primarily concerned in
improving the quality of living for families all over the world; some are related to consumer economics
and behaviour; and others are related to traditional areas of foods and nutrition, clothing and textile, etc.
Finally, in the field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the changes in society and
the development of personal processing capabilities afforded by ICT have extensive implications for
education, holding great promise to transform the schooling process and improve student learning
outcomes. When used generatively, as tools for thinking with and through, computers may affect how
we think, how we learn, and how we understand and evaluate computer-enhanced cognitive processes.
When used as tools for communication, computers significantly alter the way we establish relationships
at both an individual and community level.
In general, research can help us understand and assess the things and occurrences around us. It provides
us with rationale and justifications for our decisions and actions. It gives us the opportunity to discover
 various means of identifying problems, to find new ways of dealing with life’s challenges, and to come
up with innovative materials and mechanisms that can improve the quality of our lives.

 LESSON # 8 (Variables)

Variables are changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things like age, gender, intelligence
quotient, family size, family income, achievements, educational attainment, and so on that are involved
in your research study. Derived from the root word vary which means to undergo changes or to differ
from.
In research, especially in quantitative research, one important thing you have to focus on at the start of
your study is to determine the variables involved in your study.
 Classifications of Variables
1.     Numeric Variables. These are variables with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity
and answer the questions “how many” or “how much”.
       a)    Continuous Variables. These variables can assume any value between a certain set of real
numbers. The value depends on the scale used. These variables are also called interval variables. Some
examples are time, age, temperature, height, and weight.
       b)    Discrete Variables. These variables can only assume any whole value within the limits of the
given variables. Some examples are the number of registered cars, number of business locations,
number of children in the family, population of students, and total number of faculty members.
2.      Categorical Variables. These are variables with values that describe a quality or characteristic of
a data unit like “what type” or “which category”.
       a)    Ordinal Variables. These variables can take a value which can be logically ordered or ranked.
Some examples are academic grades such as A, B, C; clothing sizes such as S, M, L, XL; and measures
of attitudes like strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree.
       b)    Nominal Variables. These are variables whose values cannot be organized in a logical
sequence. Some examples are business types, eye colors, kinds of religion, various languages, and types
of learners.
       c)     Dichotomous Variables. These variables represent only two categories. Some examples are
gender ( male and female ), answer ( yes and no ), and veracity ( true and false ).
       d)    Polychotomous Variables. These are variables that have many categories. Some examples are
educational attainment ( elementary, high school, college, graduate, and postgraduate ), level of
performance ( excellent, very good, good, satisfactory, or poor ).
 3.     Experimental Variables
       a)    Independent Variables. These variables are those that cause changes in the subject. These are
also known as cause variables.
       b)    Dependent Variables.  These variables are those that manifest the effects caused by the
independent variables. Hence, in a causal relationship, the cause comes from the independent variables;
the effects, on the dependent variables.
Examples:

 Title of Research: An Experiment on the Methods of Teaching and Language Achievement

Among Elementary Pupils

       Independent Variable: Methods of Teaching

        Dependent Variable: Language Achievement

 Title of Research: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of Fertilizer: Their Effects on the
Amount of Harvest

       Independent Variable: Use of Gardening Tools and Types of Fertilizer

       Dependent Variable: Amount of Harvest