Week 7: The Goals of Tourism Development distribution, equity, equality, pro-poor

planning;
TOURISM PLATFORMS gender sensitivity;
Jafari's Tourism Platforms responsiveness to diversity"
1. Advocacy platform (Todes 2011)
2. Cautionary platform • tourism planners with conscious roles as
3. Adaptancy platform "agents of social change" (Lew 2007)
4. Knowledge-based platform • Examples: accessible tourism, aboriginal
5. Social justice platform (cited by Todes tourism, pro-poor tourism, community tourism
2011) (Getz 1986)

Advocacy Platform At any rate, several approaches to tourism have

• sees tourism as good evolved over the years.
• celebrates tourism's positive impacts They include:
• sees "tourism as an instrument for achieving • accessible tourism (for persons with a
national development" disability),
• fosters mass tourism • pro-poor tourism (to alleviate poverty),
• Theories: • farm tourism,
- Modernization theory • aboriginal tourism,
- Trickle-down theory • culinary tourism, and many others.
• Governments advocated sustainable
Mass tourism - has negative impacts but can development principles in the United Nations
be minimized or avoided with "alternative document Our Common Future (UNWCED,
tourism" (Jafari 1999) 1987).
• Two Sets of Alternative Tourism: Sustainable tourism supports the Millennium
1. Oriented to the environment Development Goals (MDGs, 2000-2015) and
2. Oriented to society currently the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs, 2016-2030).
Cautionary Platform
• views tourism as bad Millennium Development Goals
• decries the negative impacts of mass tourism 1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:
• creates dependency and economic leakages 2. achieve universal primary education;
based on critics 3. promote gender equality and empower
• Theories: women;
- Dependency theory 4. reduce child mortality;
- Irritation index 5. improve maternal health;
• sees tourism as neither innately bad nor good 6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
• supports critical analysis of tourism diseases;
• Holistic perspective - impacts, forms, 7. ensure environmental sustainability; and
underlying structures and functions of tourism 8. develop a global partnership for the
development.
Social Justice Platform
• embraces "participatory processes involving Sustainable Goals
open dialogue; inclusivity, resource

The 17 SDGs
1. Ending extreme poverty by providing
access to economic resources, basic resources,
ownership, and control over land and other
forms of property, inheritance, natural
resources, appropriate new technology, and
financial services.
2. Ending hunger by ensuring that all people
have access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient
food all year round, doubling agricultural
productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, and securing equal access to land,
and other productive resources and inputs,
knowledge, financial services, markets, and
nonfarm employment among others.
3. Promoting good health and wellness by
reducing death rates from babies and children
and diseases, promoting mental health,
preventing and. treating substance abuse,
halving deaths and injuries from road
accidents, and providing universal access to
sexual and reproductive healthcare services
and universal health coverage.
4. Providing quality primary and secondary
education, early childhood development, care,
pre-primary education, technical, vocational,
and tertiary education, including university;
ensuring equal access to education and training
for vulnerable groups.
5. Promoting gender equality by ending
discrimination and violence against women
and girls, eliminating child, and forced
marriages and female genital mutilation,
recognizing and valuing unpaid care and
domestic work ensuring women's full and
effective participation and equal leadership
opportunities, and so on.
6. Providing clean water and adequate and
equitable sanitation and hygiene for all by
reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous chemicals
and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater, ending open defecation,
and so on.
7. Ensuring access to affordable, reliable,
clean, and modern energy services by
increasing the share of renewable energy,
doubling improvement in energy efficiency,
facilitating access to clean energy research and
technology, and so on.
8. Providing decent work and making
economic growth inclusive. Sustaining per
capita economic growth, achieving higher
productivity through diversification,
technological upgrading and innovation,
promoting development-oriented policies,
encouraging the formalization and growth of
MSMEs through access to financial services,
and improving resource efficiency in
consumption and production will help achieve
this goal.
9. Developing resilient infrastructure,
promoting inclusive industrialization, and
increasing the proportion of scientific research
and development workers per one million
people, spending on research and development
(R&D), and so on.
10. Reducing inequality by increasing the
share of income of the bottom40% of the
population, empowerment, and inclusion of all,
ensuring equal opportunity, reducing
inequalities of outcome, and eliminating
discriminatory laws, policies, and practices.
11. Providing access to sustainable cities and
communities by ensuring access for all to
adequate, safe, and affordable housing and
basic services, green spaces, and transport
systems safeguarding heritage, improving
climate and disaster resilience, and reducing
negative environmental impacts.
12. Promoting responsible consumption and
production through efficient use of natural
resources, halving per capita global food waste
at the retail and consumer levels and reducing
food losses along production and supply
chains, and sound management of chemicals
and wastes throughout their life cycle and
significantly decreasing their release to air,
water and soil to minimize adverse impacts on
human health and the environment, through
prevention, reduction, recycling, reuse, and so
on.
13. Strengthening climate resilience and
adaptive capacity by integrating climate
change measures into national policies,
strategies, and planning. Moreover, improving
education, raising awareness, building human
and institutional capacity on climate change
management, and implementing the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change
can help achieve this goal.
14. Preventing and reducing marine pollution
of all kinds by managing and protecting
marine and coastal ecosystems, minimizing
and addressing ocean acidification, effectively
regulating ending illegal and destructive
fishing practices to restore fish stocks in the
shortest time feasible, conserving and least
10% of coastal and marine areas, and so on.
15. Ensuring the conservation, restoration,
and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland
freshwater ecosystems and their services.
Halting deforestation, restoring degraded
forests and substantially increasing
afforestation and reforestation globally,
combatting desertification, and restoring
degraded land and soil will help accomplish
this goal.
16. Reducing all forms of violence, human
trafficking, financial crimes, and illicit arms
flows, combatting organized crime, reducing
corruption and bribery in all forms, developing
effective, accountable, and transparent
institutions. Furthermore, ensuring responsive,
inclusive, participatory, and representative
decision-making, providing legal identity for
all including birth registration, and protecting
fundamental freedoms are components of this
goal
17. Strengthening domestic resource
mobilization, to improve domestic capacitv for
tax and other revenue collection, implementing
the developed countries' official development
assistance commitments, and for ODA
providers to set a target of 0.20% of ODA/GNI
to least developed countries, mobilize
additional financial resources for developing
countries, and to help developing countries
attain long-term debt sustainability through
coordinated debt financing, debt relief, and
debt restructuring
The SDGs emphasize the principle of
inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable
groups. These are groups of people who are
victims of human rights violations and
discrimination (Icelandic Human Rights
Center, n.d.). These groups are at greater risk
of suffering from natural disasters, wars,
recessions, and pandemics. Vulnerable groups
include:
1. Women
2. Children
3. Elderly persons
4. Informal settlers(squatters)
5. Informal workers (jeepney drivers,
sidewalk vendors)
6. Persons with disability
The SDGs emphasize the principle of
inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable
groups. These are groups of people who are
victims of human rights violations and
discrimination (Icelandic Human Rights
Center, n.d.). These groups are at greater risk
of suffering from natural disasters, wars,
recessions, and pandemics. agritourism.
Vulnerable groups include:
To ensure healthy implementing
7. LGBTQIA+
lives and promote appropriate health
8. Indigenous peoples
well-being for all and
9. Persons who have AIDS and other
(SDG 03) safety plans,
diseases
especially in times
10. Migrants
of
11. Refugees
pandemics like
12. Internally displaced persons
COVID-19, and
13. Stateless persons
preventing
14. Religious minorities
accidents or health
problems among
The Goals of TPD in the Philippines
tourists and
• Section 2, RA 9593 - "the State regards
employees.
tourism as an "indispensable element of the
To ensure inclusive implementing
national economy, making it an industry of
and equitable quality appropriate health
national interest and importance."; Tourism
education and and
[will be developed] to spur
promote lifelong safety plans,
"socioeconomic growth and cultural
learning (SDG 04) especially in times
affirmation to generate investment, foreign
of
exchange and employment, and...to mold an
pandemics like
enhanced sense of national pride for all
COVID-19, and
Filipinos."
preventing
• 2016-2022 NTDP - amplified the goal to
accidents or health
"develop a globally competitive,
problems among
environmentally sustainable and socially
tourists and
responsible tourism industry that promotes
employees.
inclusive growth. The country will achieve this
goal through employment generation and
To promote gender employing a large
equitable distribution of income, thereby
equality (SDG 05) number of female
contributing to building a foundation for a
employees and
high-trust society.
entrepreneurs.
Strategies to Attain SDG's in Tourism To ensure implementing
sustainable water efficient water
SDG GOALS Tourism Response
and resource
sanitation management,
To end hunger, stimulating management (SDG preventing water
achieve food security agricultural 06) pollution through
and improve productivity technology, and
nutrition & promote through the providing access to
sustainable production, use, water for tourism
agriculture (SDG 02) and sale of local and residents.
products and To be a vehicle to developing energy
additional income promote access to efficiency
from affordable, clean, measures and
and modern increasing creating alliances
energy. (SDG 07) renewable to combat climate
energy use in their change.
operations while To help safeguard Implementing
decreasing fossil the oceans, coastal integrated
fuel consumption. or insular areas management of
To help build invest in facilities, (SDG 14) coastal zones to
resilient infrastructures, and conserve and
infrastructure, information and preserve marine
promote inclusive communication ecosystems,
and sustainable technologies that prevent and reduce
industrialization, allow universal marine pollution,
and foster access and use, and sustainably use
innovation especially PWDs marine resources.
(SDG 09) and To helps protect, Educating tourists
other restore, and about the
disadvantaged promote environment to
groups. sustainable use of help local
To help reduce contribute to urban terrestrial communities
inequality within renewal and rural ecosystems, manage their visits
and development by sustainably and
among countries reducing regional manage obtain the most
(SDG 10) imbalances and forests, combat significant possible
local development. desertification, and benefit to their
To help make cities promoting green halt the reverse ecosystems,
and human and resilient land degradation biodiversity, and
settlements infrastructure,trans and wildlife
inclusive, safe, portation,green halt biodiversity
resilient, areas, and safe loss (SDG 15)
and sustainable public spaces. To promote To promote
(SDG 11) peaceful and peaceful and
To help ensure Efficiently using inclusive inclusive
sustainable natural resources, societies (SDG 16) societies (SDG 16)
consumption and managing food and
production (SDG waste sustainably,
12) and carefully
selecting products
and
suppliers.
To help fight reducing energy
climate change consumption,
(SDG 13) promoting
renewable energy,
and
Chapter 5: Tourism Product Development
(WEEK 8) Tourism Product Development
• "a process whereby the assets of a particular
THE TOURISM PRODUCT destination are molded to meet the needs of
• Medlik and Middleton 1973: "a bundle of national and international customers"
activities, services, and benefits that (UNWTO and ETC 2011)
constitutes the entire tourism experience; • encompasses all elements with which the
bundle consists of five components: visitor to a destination comes into contact
destination attractions, destination facilities, • comprises only those attractions, activities,
accessibility, images, and price" and facilities that are specifically provided for
• Jefferson and Lickorish 1988: "a collection the visitor
of physical and service features, together with
symbolic associations, which is expected to
fulfill the wants and needs of the buyer"
(1988:59); "a satisfying activity at a desired
destination"
PREREQUISITES TO TOURISM
Lewis and Chambers 1989: "goods, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
environment, and services" 1. Accessibility
Elements of Smith's Tourism Product 2. Resources/existing products
Model 3. Demand
1. Services 4. Policy and government
2. Physical plant 5. Tourism in relation to destination's overall
3. Hospitality economy
4. Freedom of choice 6. Acceptability to stakeholders
5. Involvement 7. Adherence to nationally accepted
standards (accreditation)
Tourism Product Components (DOT 2013) Accreditation - "a certification issued to a
Tangibles tourism enterprise that officially recognizes it
• Natural environment as having complied with the minimum
• Hotels standards for the operation of tourism facilities
• Restaurants and services" (DOT)
• Resorts
• Food DOT's Star Rating System for Hotels
• Support facilities • Five-star: 85-100% achievement (851 to 1,000
• Infrastructure points) - reflects luxury and sophistication;
Intangibles world class facilities; meticulous service
• Image exceeds guest expectations
• Hospitality • Four-star: 70-85% achievement (701 to 850
• Courtesy points) - upscale in all areas; refined and
• Friendliness stylish; responsive service often with extensive
• Helpfulness array of facilities
• Ambiance • Three-star: 55-70% achievement (551 to 700
• Security points) - very good level of accommodation;
more spacious public areas; higher quality
facilities; greater range of services
• Two-star: 40-55% achievement (401 to 550
points) - appeals to tourists seeking more than
basic accommodation; offers expanded
facilities and higher level of comfort
• One-star: 25-40% achievement (251 to 400
points) - appeals to budget-minded travelers; is
limited range of facilities and services
DOT's Star Rating System for Hotels: Seven
Dimensions
1. Arrival and departure
2. Public areas
3. Bedroom
4. Bathroom
5. Food and beverage
6. Amenities and services
7. Business practices
Criteria for Each Dimension Arrival and
Departure
1. Building - Appearance (clean fit,
visibility, signage)
2. Building - Design and Construction
Quality (strong materials, architectural design)
3. Building - Condition (wear and tear)
4. Entrance / Exit & Parking (meets
National Building Code, valet parking
availability)
5. Security (professional security personnel,
CCTV)
6. Reception - Service Hours (Mandatory
16 hours for one- to two-stars, 24 hours for
three- to five-stars)
7. Reception - Size
8. Reception - Seating Area
9. Check-in Process (waiting time must not
be longer than 8 minutes per guest, maximum
score for four minutes or less)
10. Luggage Services (provision for left
luggage)
11. Porter Services
12. Reception Staff - Appearance (grooming
and uniform)
13. Reception - Service Quality (politeness,
attentiveness, and responsiveness)
14. Reception Services - Check-out (should
not be longer than ten minutes, four minutes is
excellent, in-room check-out availability is
outstanding)
15. Other Arrival / Departure Aspects (range
of payment options: presentation of account in
an envelope)
Public Areas
1. Decoration - Design and Quality
2. Decoration - Condition and Maintenance
3. Furniture - Quality
4. Furniture - Condition
5. Public Washroom - Quality (fixtures,
wash basin, toilet bowls, space)
6. Public Washroom - Condition and
Cleanliness
7. Room Climate (maintain a temperature
between 20-25 degrees year round, except in
areas where elevation is 2,000 ft. above sea
level)
8. Temperature Control - Quality
(thermostat control)
9. Temperature Control - Condition and
Maintenance
10. Lighting - Quality (illumination in public
areas, reading lights, picture lighting)
11. Lighting - Condition (light fittings)
12. Lighting - Environmental Protection (use
of natural lighting, use of low-energy bulbs)
13. Cleanliness (absence of litter, dead insects,
dusts, maintenance of toilets, etc.)
Bedroom
1. Room Size (includes bathroom; minimum
of 16 sqm., 30 sqm. for five stars)
2. Suites Availability (minimum 2% of all
rooms for four stars; 5 percent for five stars)
3. Rooms for Persons with Disabilities
(PWD) (One PWD room for every 50 up to 150
rooms, and 1 for every 100 rooms thereof, for
less than 50 rooms at least one PWD room)
4. Space and Comfort
5. Sound Proofing
6. Noise Levels (outside noise not more than
70 decibels is very good; 60 decibels is
excellent; 50 decibels is outstanding)
7. Bed Mattress - Quality (should not be
thinner than four inches for one star)
8. Bed Mattress - Condition
9. Bedding and Linen Quality (linen or silk
material; 250 thread count is very good; 300 is
outstanding)
10. Bedding and Linen Condition
11. Pillow Quality/Condition - (having a
pillow menu is outstanding)
12. Lighting - Quality
13. Lighting - Condition
14. Lighting - Environmental Protection
(energy saving bulbs for 50% to 75% of all
bulbs)
15. Curtains - Quality (thick quality curtains
with total blackout are excellent; with
additional motorized feature is outstanding)
16. Curtains - Condition
17. Floor Coverings - Quality (contemporary
tiles, wood tiles, or wool carpets)
18. Floor Coverings - Condition (absence of
stains, discoloration)
19. Temperature Control - Quality
20. Temperature Control - Condition and
Maintenance (Noise levels; remote control)
21. Furniture - Quality (chairs, bedside tables,
type of wood used)
22. Furniture - Condition
23. Accessories and Amenities available (key
card availability; mirrors; coat hangers;
luggage rack, drawers, closets, and wardrobe:
newspaper delivery; drinking water; A
tea/coffee facilities; telephone with direct dial;
Clock/Radio/Wake up service; in-room
compendium of tourist activities; TV;
refrigerator; minibar; Internet; laundry service)
24. Cleanliness
Bathroom
1. Minimum Requirements (Baths and/or
showers with functioning hot and cold water.
Hot water reaches 38 degrees in 20 seconds;
toilet in working order)
2. Shower/Bath Quality
3. Shower/Bath Condition/Maintenance
4. Basin Quality
5. Basin - Condition/Maintenance
6. Toilet - Quality
7. Toilet - Condition/Maintenance
8. Decoration - Quality
9. Decoration - Condition/Maintenance
10. Towels - Quality and Cleanliness (range
oftowels including bathmat, face towel, bath
towel and hand towel; towels of thick cotton,
excellent range and 90-10096 cotton for
excellent; plush range, as new condition, 100%
cotton is outstanding)
11. Space and Comfort
12. Overall Cleanliness
13. Toiletries
14. Amenities (bidet, hairdryer; magnifying
mirror; weighing scales; bath robe/gown:
slippers; shoe mitt/horns)
15. Environmental Protection (dual flush
toilet system; flow regulators on shower/taps;
bulk dispensers or biodegradable packaging
used for soaps, shampoos; towel and linen
re-use policy)
Food and Beverage
1. Availability of Restaurants (breakfast, full
service restaurants, specialty restaurants)
2. Options available (fast-food, choice of
dishes, ala-carte menu)
3. Service Quality (waiting time of more
than 30 minutes is unacceptable for even onls
star; professionalism, friendliness:
attentiveness)
4. Restaurant - Decoration and Furniture -
Quality
5. Restaurant - Decoration and Furniture -
Condition
6. Restaurant - Crockery, Cutlery, Glassware
- Quality
7. Restaurant - Crockery, Cutlery, Glassware
- Cleanliness 6. Communicate benefits to target markets.
8. Restaurant - Space and Comfort 7. Develop a destination marketing
9. Kitchen - Quality of Appliances organization (DMO).
10. Kitchen - Cleanliness TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Amenities PRINCIPLES
1. Guest Services (12-hour room service is [UNWTO-ETC (2011) Handbook on
mandatory for one- to three-stars; 18-24 hours Tourism Product Development]
is minimum for four- and five-stars) 1. Relevance
2. Wellness Services (fitness center, 2. Sustainability
swimming pool, massage service, hilot service, 3. Circuits and routes
sports equipment for hire, jacuzzi, sauna) 4. Market knowledge
3. General Services (gift and souvenir shop; 5. Product knowledge
tour desk; hairdressers/salons; business center 6. Product-market match
with PC, printer, photocopier, Internet 7. Hubs and spokes
connection, etc.) 8. Variety
4. First Aid facility with trained staff 9. Tourist involvement
5. Conference/Function Venue (conference 10. Central role of government
rooms/facilities for less than 20 people to more 11. Importance of local government units
than 250 people; electronics, etc.) (LGUs)
Business Practices 12. Dedicated TPD function)
1. Business Processes (emergency, safety 13. Stakeholder participation
procedures, maintenance, waste management, 14. Long-term planning
green purchasing standards, guest complaint 15. Zoning
handling system) 16. Investment promotion
2. Barrier-free Facilities for Persons with 17. Capacity-building
Disabilities (PWD) 18. Compatibility with destination branding
19- Holistic approach
COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1. Development strategy
2. Development zones
3. Scale and form of development
4. Policy and intervention initiatives
5. Economic analysis (funding)
6. Marketing plan
TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 7.Action Plan
PROCESS
Steps in TPD PRODUCT-MARKET MATCHING
1. Identify tourism assets. PROCESS
2. Match assets with potential markets. An example of product-market matching is
3. Make the product more inviting, such as by given on the following chart. Based on the
providing infrastructure. assessment of the product's potential to the
4. Develop activities around the tourism assets. respective source markets the following are
5. Develop tour packages. considered good matches (100% to 75%
potential) in the NTDP
look the ppt for table*
Steps in Product-Market Matching Process
1. Produce an inventory of tourism
resources.
2. Conduct market research.
3. Match the market segments with the
resource.
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR
DIFFERENT DESTINATIONS
Newly Emerging Destinations
• Provide primary services for tourists.
• Encourage visitation through easier visa
policies.
• Provide good access and acceptable standards
of accommodation.
• Choose a resource which can become the
flagship attraction.
• Conduct market research and feasibility.
• Encourage community-based tourism
projects.
• Government to provide tourism financing
and incentives for FDI
• Provide training and assistance to small and
medium enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups.
Mature Destinations
• Upgrading current products
• Adding new products
• Promotion
Destinations with Fragile Environments
• Tap local people as tour guides.
• Develop community-based tourism projects
(CBTs).
• Involve biodiversity specialist so carrying
capacity is not exceeded.
• Focus on nature-based tourism products.
• Use tourism to create awareness among the
local community about the value of their
environment.
Countries with Image ProblemOverseas
• Provide tourism frontline training and
education.
• Make tourist attractions unique and of high
quality.
• Be more affordable; offer good value for
money.
• Use expats and country's overseas population
to promote the place.
Destinations with a Dominant Product
• Develop tourism resources other than the
primary resource in several locations of the
country.
• Cater to a broader range of markets.
• Improve environmental quality.
Destinations without a Major Tourism
Development Opportunity
• Create a man-made flagship attraction (e.g.,
Singapore's Forest in the Cloud, shown at the
right).
• Develop tourism products based on the
destination's industrial heritage and
agriculture.
Destinations Specializing in Sports and
Activities
• Ensure safety.
• Provide basic infrastructure and services for
the public.
• Provide facilities and amenities for the
outdoor tourism activities.
Destinations That Are Rich in History
• Focus on interpretation.
• Develop museums.
• Schedule events and festivals around the
history of the place.
PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY
CONSIDERATIONS
1. Quality of tourism resources relative to
product requirements
2. Suitability of facilities and
accommodations for the market segments that Cultural Experiences
would be attracted • Agritourism
3. Anticipated investment required to enter • Anthropology
the market • Archeology
4. Expected return on investment and likely • Art
per-visitor yield • Architecture
5. Compatibility with existing markets you • Cooking
serve • Gourmet gastronomy D
6. Your own relevant knowledge-base about • History tours
the new product area • Holistic health
• Mine tours
Tour Packaging • Mystery tours
• Tour package - a combination of "a number • Pottery
elements in a region into a themed experience Retreats
accommodation, transportation, food, • 'Yoga
attractions, and education/interpretation" (EGS
2002) Examples of Enhancing the Tourism
• Create tour packages by combining tangible Experience
and intangible products that will satisfy 1. Maximize tourists' stay by making it more
different market segments. convenient for them--provide facilities and
• Match the tour package to a specific market equipment.
segment by altering the elements of the 2. Offer interpretation which should achieve
package. a balance between information and humor.
• Consumers prefer to buy tour packages 3. Tour guides should strive to provide the
because they equate the package with benefits "hi-touch" approach to customer service.
as they have been "pre-assembled to bundle 4. Provide pre-trip advice which should
the best of experiences." They think tour cover the following:
packages offer the best value and provide • List of activities to be undertaken
convenience. (EGS 2002) • Level of skill required to undertake the
Examples of Product Diversification activity
Opportunities • Highlights of the areas to be visited
• Types of equipment and infrastructure that
Nature Appreciation will be used
• Astronomy • Code of ethics for the area to be visited
• Birdwatching Examples of Facilities and Equipment
• Environmental education Rentals
• Jungle survival • Hiking and foot trails
• Photography • Camping equipment
• Research trips • Trail signs
• Videography • Ziplines
• Wilderness skills • Boardwalks
• Wilderness medicine • Safety gears
• Wildlife viewing • Shower rooms
• Canopy walkways
• Decompression chamber
• Bird hide
• Banca
• Binoculars
• Telescopes
• Bikes
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
PRACTICES
• Design activities that are suitable for the
place's natural assets.
• Take advantage of the terrain and other
natural features, such as zipline or hanging
bridge on a hilly area.
• Take advantage of man-made features (e.g.,
lunch by the dam at Villa Escudero).
• Turn disasters into a tourist product:
voluntourism or dark tourism.
• Create products from events (e.g., package
for New Year's Eve countdown).
• If the place has no distinctive natural assets,
develop man-made attractions.
• Hi-touch strategy. Personalize service
quality and lo develop service styles (e.g.,
bamboo for plates and serving dishes).
• Hi-tech strategy. Use technology to create
exclusivity and an aura of sophistication (e.g.,
Resorts may use solar panels for energy
supply).
• Invent a new product class (e.g., Paluto
Restaurants in Boracay).
• Find use for a negative attribute. An example
is the Boryeong Mud Festival in
Korea. (See photo.)
• Use the "eco-brand" in places which are
infrastructure-deficient. Make the guests stay
in the eco-lodge.
• Advocacy. Appeal to the tourists' sense of
justice, compassion, and ethics. Sell only
organic produce, fair trade coffee.
• Localize. Go native (e.g., Use native
mosquito net in rooms). (See photo.)
• Celebrate local products (e.g., Puerto
Princesa:
crocodile meat).
• Complement; do not compete (e.g.,
Vigan-Laoag tour package).
• Incorporate other activities into the main
activity (e.g., mangrove native paddleboat tour
which incorporates tree-planting and
woodworm sampling).
• Find a niche; differentiate (e.g., Vegan
restaurant).
• Provide certificates with accompanying
photographs to create a sense of reaching a
milestone (e.g., Being baptized at the Jordan
River Certificate).
• Discover the story behind the attraction and
use it for interpretation (e.g., Ghost stories at
Manila Film Center).
• Use unlikely places and materials (e.g.,
Abandoned mine tunnels turned wine cellars).
CHAPTER 6 FORMS OF TOURISM (week
9)
Family Tourism
⼀ tourism that caters to a family traveling
together.
Family destinations must have provisions for:
• family-friendly parking facilities;
• child-friendly, supervised play areas in
airport terminals and bottle warmers;
• designated check-in desk for families
traveling with young children;
• pre-boarding of aircraft for families with
babies and young children; and
• baby stroller drop-off and collection from
aircraft available at all airports
Gap Tourism
• travel during a gap year
Gap year - a nominal period during which a
person delays further education or employment
in order to travel (Millington 2005 in Lyons et
al. 2011)
• includes gap tourists who are mostly
backpackers
What Gap Tourists Need • spas;
• Good system of budget accommodation • designer bags;
facilities • fashion items; and
• Peaceful condition • accessories.
• People who are welcoming of visitors Adventure Travel
• Good mass transportation system - one that involves a certain amount of risk
Extreme tourism - a subset of adventure
Types of Gap Tourists tourism that involves travel to dangerous place.
• Pre-university gappers - high school
graduates before entering the university Examples:
• Post-university gappers - college graduates • BASE jumping
before they apply for employment • Cave diving
• Career gappers - those taking a leave • Free diving
before a career or job change • Hang gliding
• Pre-retirement gappers - 55-70-year-olds • Kitesurfing
• Paragliding
Honeymoon • Rock climbing
What honeymooners want: • Skydiving
: Privacy • Surfing
: Luxurious dining • Whitewater kayaking
: Exclusive accommodation • Wingsuit flying
: Stunning views • Xpogo (extreme pogo)
• Romantic settings
• Massage service Dark Tourism
Honeymoon= a holiday taken - involves visits to areas with a history of
By newly.-wed couples horrific crimes, slavery, genocide, torture,
disasters, and accidents
Senior Travel
- travel by people who are 60 years and older Doom Tourism
(age in Philippine context) • a.k.a. "Last Chance Tourism"
Why seniors are an important market group: • involves traveling to places that are
• Lots of free time on their hands environmentally threatened (e.g., the melting
• Relatively affluent glaciers of Patagonia)
• Free from most family and financial
obligations Medical and Wellness Tourism
• Good market for slow tourism, pilgrimage, • Medical tourism - "involves people traveling
cruise, wellness, health and medical tourism to a different place to receive treatment for a
Special Requirements disease, an ailment, or a condition, or to
•. Senior-friendly food, amenities, and services undergo a cosmetic procedure, and who are
• Wheelchairs seeking lower cost of care, higher quality:of
• Priority boarding and seating care, better access to care or different care than
Solo Female Travel what they could receive at home"
Solo female travelers are a good market for: • Wellness tourism - «tourism [that] involves
• all-female hotels; people who travel to a different place to
proactively pursue activities that maintain or a destination
enhance their personal health and well-being, • Assets may be tangible or intangible and
and who are seeking unique, authentic or may take the form of buildings, paintings,
location-based experiences/therapies not music, songs, dances, food, religion, languages,
available at home" traditions, and events.
Global Spa Summit (2011)
Forms of Cultural Tourism
The medical and wellness industry is made - Educational tourism
up of: - Art tourism
• Hospitals and clinics - Music tourism
, Dental clinics - Festival tourism
• Cosmetic surgery clinics - Film tourism
• Medical spas - Gastronomic or culinary tourism
• Integrative health centers - Wine tourism
• Day spas - Literary tourism
• Hotel spas - Creative tourism
• Gyms/fitness centers
• Beauty clinics Religious Tourism
• Wellness cruises - involves traveling to visit a place, building, or
• Resort spas shrine deemed sacred or holy (McKelvie 2005)
• Yoga, spiritual and lifestyle retreats
• Thermal baths Types of Religious Sites
• Ayurvedic clinics • Single ecclesiastic feature
• Traditional and complementary medicine • Burial sites
• Detached temples/shrines
Some Types of Treatment • Whole towns
1. Comprehensive medical evaluation and • Shrine/temple complexes
examination (executive check-ups) • Earth energy sites
2. Diagnostic and laboratory technologies • Sacred mountains
3. Aesthetic, dermatologic, plastic and • Sacred islands
reconstructive surgery • Pilgrimage foci
4. Multi-disciplinary weight management care • Secular pilgrimage
5. Dental/oral and maxillofacial surgery
6. Eye care and sight restoration Festival Tourism
7. Cancer care and treatment Types of Festivals
8. Cardiovascular treatment • Cultural
9. Obstetrics-gynecology • Indigenous
10. Rehabilitation medicine • Film
11. Physical therapy • Flower
12. Occupational therapy • Religious
13. Speech therapy • Local produce

Cultural Tourism Some Famous Philippine Festivals

- tourism that is based on the cultural assets of • Ati-Atihan Festival: Kalibo, Aklan (in honor
of Santo Nino)
• Dinagyang Festival: Iloilo City (in honor of
Santo Niño)
• Moriones Festival: Marinduque (Holy
Week)
• Pintados-Kasadyaan: Leyte
• Sinulog Festival: Cebu (in honor of Santo
Niño de Cebu)
• MassKara Festival: Bacolod City
• Kaamulan Festival: Malaybalay City
• Panagbenga Festival: Baguio City
• Cinemalaya (Independent) Film Festival
Heritage Tourism
- travel to places with historic value, ethnic
culture, and pristine nature
UNESCO World Heritage List in the
Philippines
1. Tubbataha Reef National
Marine Park
2. Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras
3. Historic Town of Vigan
4. Puerto Princesa Underground River
5. Baroque Churches of the Philippines
Baroque Churches of the Philippines
1. Santo Tomas de Villanueva, Miagao,
Iloilo
2. San Agustin, Paoay, llocos Norte
3. Nuestra Señora dela Asuncion, Santa Maria,
llocos Sur
4. San Agustin, Intramuros, Manila
Cruise
- a unique kind of travel because the mode of
transport and accommodation is fused into one
(the ship)
Nature-based Tourism
- a form of tourism that relies on experiences
directly related to natural attractions
Examples of Nature-based Activities
• Fishing
• Kayaking
• Diving
• Camping
• Mountain climbing
• Caving
• Safari
• Watching animals in their natural habitat
(e.g., whale-watching)
Wildlife Tourism
• travel to destinations for the sake of
appreciating wild animals in their natural
habitats
• a form of nature-based tourism
• Example: African safari
• Two Types of Safari:
1. Observing animals in their environment and
taking pictures (See photo.)
2. Killing animals for sport (hunting)
Ecotourism
- "a form of sustainable tourism within a
natural and cultural heritage area where
community participation, protection, and
management of natural resources, culture, and
indigenous knowledge, and practices,
environmental education, and ethics, as well as
economic benefits are fostered and pursued for
the enrichment of host communities and
satisfaction of visitors"
(National Ecotourism Strategy)
Principles of Ecotourism
(The International Ecotourism Society 1990)
• Minimize impact.
• Build environmental and cultural awareness
and respect.
• Provide positive experiences for both
visitors and
hosts.
• Provide direct financial benefits for
conservation.
• Provide financial benefits and empowerment
for local people.
• Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, Gateway Tourism
environmental, and social climate. • tourism that happens in a border town or city
• usually of short duration
Ecotourism Experience at Tua Koin
Eco-Village in Atauro CHAPTER 7 TOURISM IMPACT
Island, East Timor MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
• Traditional huts
• Home-style buffet meals THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF
• Eco-toilets TOURISM
• Roofless bathrooms
• Solar panels Economic
• Low-impact recreational amenities and • Dependence on external labor and
services management expertise
• Residents losing control of tourism to outside
Rural Tourism investors
• involves all tourist activities which take part • Residents losing jobs to outside workers
in the countryside • Leakage
• based on agriculture as the main economic • Increased prices
activity • Overdependence
• equated with simple lifestyle, fresh air, • Decline of traditional economic activities
organic foods, laidback lifestyle, and
hospitable neighbors Social
• Loss of privacy
Urban Tourism • Irritation due to crowding
• based on the totality of attractions in the • Loss of access to beach and other natural
cities resources
• Primary Tourist Attractors in Cities • Increased crime
- Parks • Possible drug problem
- Shopping opportunities • Prostitution
- Dining experiences • Decreased social cohesion as migrants come
- Night life in
• Decline of community values
Poorism/Slum/Ghetto Tourism • Conflict due to unmet expectations
• Poorism - tourism that uses poverty itself as • Diseases, like SARS and bird flu
the main attraction
• Slum tourism and ghetto tourism are two Environmental
versions of poorism. • Contribution to climate change
• Exposure to poorism may sometimes give • Visual pollution
rise to voluntourism. • Water pollution
• Noise pollution
Sport Tourism • Damage to coral reefs
- travel to destinations for the purpose of • Light pollution
watching or participating in sports events • Beach erosion
• Garbage and littering
• Overconsumption of certain animal species Examples of Policies
• Soil contamination from pesticides • Proof of financial capacity
• Inadvertent introduction of alien species of • Local laws and ordinances on construction
animals and development
• Groundwater contamination from chemicals • Protected area system
leached by golf courses • Taxation
• Loss of animal species due to demand for • Environmental fees
animal parts • Food purchase policy
• Vandalized facilities, buildings, and
monuments Examples of Technology
• Cruelty to animals • LED lighting
• Water shortage • Motion-sensing flush and lighting
• Disruption of wildlife breeding cycles and Alternative energy (e.g., solar)
behaviors • Key cards
• Electricity shortage • Low volume flush toilets
• Destruction of mangroves • Compost toilets (See photo.)
• Air pollution • Soap dispensers
• Destruction of caves • Inverter type air-conditioning
• Rainwater cisterns
TOURISM IMPACT MITIGATION • Mooring buoys
MEASURES • Aerators
Mitigation - "the implementation of measures • CFC-free minibars
designed to reduce the undesirable effects of a • Teleconferencing facilities
proposed action on the environment"
(Sharma 2011) Green Design Principles

Three General Types of Mitigation Pre-design and Site Planning Stage

Measures 1. Conduct Environmental Impact Statements.
1. Prevention and Control - done by 2. Preserve vegetation and topsoil.
changing the means or techniques, changing 3. Re-use buildings.
the site, or specifying operating practices 4. Allow passive design.
2. Compensation - done by offsetting adverse 5. Maintain solar access.
impacts in one area with improvements 6. Facilitate pedestrianization.
elsewhere 7. Use local community facilities.
3. Remediation/Correction - done by Concept Design Stage
repairing or restoring the environment after 1. Maximize views.
damage is done 2. Design appropriate solar access.
3. Maximize natural lighting and ventilation
MITIGATION MEASURES for specific climate and location.
1. Policy instruments 4. Consider integrated sustainable systems
2. Technical (energy, water, and waste systems).
3. Design 5. Building design must support ecological
4. Capacity-building lifestyles, such as recycling.
5. Behavioral modification
Guidelines for Selecting Materials
1. Choose renewable resources.
2. Minimize the use of new materials.
3. Select materials with lower embodied
energy.
4. Select materials with low toxicity and
off-gassing.
Planning for Energy Use
1. Reduce power consumption through passive,
solar design.
2. Select energy efficient appliances, lights,
and sensor system.
3. Encourage the use of alternative energy.
Planning for Water Use and Others
1. Conserve water.
2. Use plants that do not need too much water.
3. Build on already disturbed land.
4. Design to facilitate recycling of waste.
Construction Management
1. Specify on-site environmental control.
2. Specify on-site waste minimization.
Building Operation and Management
1. Incorporate delivery of Building Operations
Manual as part of standard service.
2. Work with clients to formulate maintenance
strategy.
Tourism Development Standards
1. Avoid environmental hazards.
• Avoid steep hillsides, active fault lines, and
flood-prone areas.
2. Maintain scenic views.
• Orient windows to scenery.
3. Site coverage density
Maximum site coverage for resorts: 25%
General maximum densities (double guest
rooms per hectare):
• LOW: 25
• Medium: 62
• High: 125
4. Building heights
• The building height limit will depend on the
site and the kind of atmosphere the builders
wish to create.
• If a natural look is desired, buildings should
not be "higher than the trees."
5. Building setbacks
• 12 meters or less and up to 500 meters from
the mean high water line
• Cottages spaced 10 meters apart
6. Landscaping
• Landscape design should be a component of
the development plan.
• Trees have to be carefully root balled and
replanted elsewhere on the site.
• Use endemic plants.
• Artificial lakes may be used to moderate
temperature.
Benefits:
• creates attractive setting
• screens unwanted views
• provides relief from the sun's heat
• acts as wind breaker
• provides focal points
7. Vehicle parking
• Vehicle parking should be integrated into the
landscaping plan to minimize visual impact.
• Parking areas may be broken down into
smaller units by changes of level and
vegetation for shade and visual amelioration.
• Car parking spaces should be 2.4 meters ×
4.8 meters with a minimum area of 30 square
meters per space for open car parking.
• Adequate parking spaces for buses should be
provided.
• Parking should be located off street and to
the side of or behind the building.
8. Utility lines
- must be placed underground
9. Architectural design
• incorporates traditional styles
• prefers local materials
• shuns coral blocks
• chooses rooflines based on topography and
climate
10. Roads
• should be at least 6 meters wide for two-way
traffic circulation roads
• should have a minimum radius of 6 meters
for turning circles
Resort Development Guidelines (Inskeep &
Kallenbergen 1992)
1. Infrastructure must maintain
environmental quality and offer quality
tourism experience.
2. Specific land use, development, and
design standards must maintain the resort's
character and quality.
3. There must be a variety of attractions and
services, as well as services for the
surrounding communities.
4. High quality of tourism products and
services must be maintained through
development and operational standards.
5. Resort plan must allow adjustments to
changing market trends but modifications
should maintain the resort's basic concept.
6. Development must consider provisions
for wmployee training and housing and
community services.
7. Resort should be developed within its
regional context as regional infrastructure and
other improvements are often required as part
of the resort development project.
8. Adequate access to the resort is essential
to attract the desired tourist markets.
Development Guidelines for Beach Resort
Beach - "the sloping area of unconsolidated
material typically sand, that extends landward
from the mean high water mark to the area
where there is a marked change in the material
or natural physiographic form or when there is
no such marked change in the material or
natural physiographic form, the beach shall be
deemed to extend to a distance of twenty
meters landward from the mean high water
mark or such lesser area as may be determined
by the authorities and shall include the primary
sand dune"
(Cambers 1998)
Need for Beach Setbacks (Cambers 1998)
• serve as buffer zones to prevent accretion or
erosion
• damage control
• improve vistas
• provide access
• offer privacy
Building Height Guidelines for Beach
Resorts in Boracay (Municipal Ordinance
No. 2000-131 of Malay, Aklan)
• 25 m. from the beach marker (waterline): No
Build Zone or NBZ
• 5 m. from NBZ - 15 m. away therefrom: 6 m.
tall (a single-storey building only)
• 15.1 m. from NBZ - 25 m. away therefrom:
8.5 m. tall (two-storey building only)
• 25.1 m. from NBZ - 50 m. therefrom: 10.5 m.
tall
• 50.1 m. from NBZ - 150 m. therefrom: 12 m.
tall
• 150 m. away from NBZ: 14 m. tall
Green Infrastructure Guidelines
Green infrastructure - "the use of ecosystems,
green spaces and water in strategic land use
planning to deliver environmental and quality
of life benefits. It includes parks, open spaces,
playing fields, woodlands, wetlands, road
verges, allotments, and private gardens."
(The European Commission)
Elements of Green Infrastructure • Living walls (walls with vegetation)
• Gardens or grounds
At the strategic level: • Rainwater harvesting systems
• Civic scale spaces • Driveways (permeable)
• Public parks and gardens
• Green networks Benefits of Green Infrastructure
• Country and regional parks 1. Place-making
• Natural/semi-natural green spaces - gives places a strong identity
• Forests and woodlands 2. Economic value
• Grasslands - boosts property values; helps attract
• Designed landscapes businesses and outside investors
• Formal gardens 3. Climate change mitigation
• City farms • helps reduce CO? emissions by encouraging
• Blue networks walking and cycling
• Rivers, lochs, and wetlands • provides carbon storage and sequestration
invegetation, shelter, and protection from
At the neighborhood level: extreme weather
• Amenity green space • reduces flood risk; stores surface water in
• Informal recreation spaces times of peak flow; cleans and cools the air,
• Play spaces water, and soil, reducing the heat island effect
• Allotments, community growing spaces of urban areas
• Playing fields • saves energy by insulating buildings through
• Sports areas green roofs and providing shade through large
• Urban parks trees
• Burial grounds, cemeteries 4. Environmental health
• Swales (a low tract of land that is usually ° reduces pollution through the use of SUDS
moist or marshy) and buffer strips
• Urban woodlands • prevents fragmentation of habitats
• Ponds • allows diverse habitats to thrive
• Water courses 5. Community and social benefits
• creates green spaces for socializing,
At the street level: interaction, and events
• Boundary features, such as hedges • gives children more opportunities and places
• Street trees to play
• Verges (Borders) 6. Health and well-being
• Swales porous paving • encourages exercise and physical activity by
• Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems providing spaces for walking, cycling, and
(SUDS) sports
• Trees can be used for traffic calming, add • improves mental well-being
visual interest, improve micro-climate, and
provide valuable wildlife habitats. Behavioral Modifications
10 Rs of Sustainable Tourist Behavior
At the building level: 1. Recognize that behavior creates substantial
• Green roofs consequences.
2. Refuse to buy products that use materials
from endangered species.
3. Reduce consumption of local resources to
what you actually need.
4. Replace experiences with those that have
fewer or no impacts on the environment.
5. Re-use products.
6. Recycle products for a different purpose.
7. Re-engineer behavior by active personal
intervention, such as by suggesting to tour
guides that you just want to view wildlife from
a safe distance so that you will not disturb the
animals.
8. Retrain in order to develop physically and
learn new personal skills to cope better in new
situations.
9. Reward yourself by taking advantage of
incentives to promote sustainable activities.
10. Re-educate people to adopt long-term
sustainable personal behavior.
Visitor Management Techniques
• Control visitor numbers to reduce use.
• Set boundaries.
• Manage the timing of use.
• Manage visitor behavior.
• Manage visitor expectations.
• Increase the resistance of the resource.
• Harden sites to reduce erosion.
• Maintain and rehabilitate resource.
• Prohibit vehicles and certain types of
equipment.
• Require visitors to bring certain equipment.
• Provide different media for interpretation.
• Limit entry of groups from accredited tour
operators only.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND TOURISM
• Climate - "the average daily weather for an
extended period of time at a certain location"
(NOAA)
• Weather - "reflects the short-term
conditions of the atmosphere in terms of
temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind
velocity, wind direction, air pressure, and
cloud cover" (The United States National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
• Climate change - "changes in long-term
averages of daily weather" (NASA); brought
about by natural variability or human activity
(RA 9729)
Climate as an important resource for
tourism:
• It affects seasonality of travel flows, the
types of tourist activities in a destination, the
quality of tourist experiences, and cost of
business operations, among others.
• It shapes the culture of places in terms of
what people wear, eat, and do.
• It plays a large role in creating the identities
and images of destinations.
"Tourism is partially responsible for climate
change as it contributes about 5% of carbon
dioxide emissions into the atmosphere."
(UNWTO-UNEP-WMO 2008 in Gössling
2010)
Climate Change: Facts
• Climate change is already happening.
(Carraro & Sgobbi 2008)
• The Philippines ranks 6th in climate change
vulnerability index. (PCCC 2011)
• Average temperature increased by o.76 ° C
between 1850 and 1899, and between 2001 and
2005. This is attributed to human activities.
• Unless GHG emissions is reduced,
temperature will increase by 1.8°C - 4.0°C by
the end of the 21st century. (UNEP 2008)
Some World Heritage Sites Vulnerable to
Climate Change (Climate Change and
Tourism Advanced Summary 2007)
• Venice, Italy (sea level rise)
• Great Barrier Reef, Australia (coral
bleaching and mortality)
• Glacier Waterton International Peace Park,
USA and Canada (glacier retreat)
• Chan Chan Archaeological Zone, Peru
(flooding and eroding)
Climate Change: Impact on Tourism
• Infrastructure damage
• Damage to property
• Business interruptions
• Higher operating expenses
• Reduced landscape aesthetic
• Altered agricultural production
• Increasing incidence of vector-borne
diseases
• Beach, coastal erosion
• Water shortage
• Biodiversity loss
• Coral bleaching
• Bush fires
• Glacier retreat, reduced snow cover
• Extensive species losses (up to 30% of
species at increasing risk of extinction)
• Extreme storms
• Increased risk of skin cancer
• Change in timing of blooming of
tourism-important plants
IMPACT MITIGATION AND
ADAPTATION
• Mitigation
- "an anthropogenic (human) intervention to
reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
greenhouse gases" (IPCC 2001)
• Adaptation
- "adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli
or their effects, which moderate harm or
exploit beneficial opportunities" (IPCC 2001)
- "anticipating the adverse effects of climate
change and taking appropriate action to
prevent or minimize the damage they can
cause, or taking advantage of opportunities
that may arise" (EC
2014)
- "process by which strategies aiming to
moderate, cope with, and take advantage of the
consequences of climate events are enhanced,
developed, and implemented" (UNDP 2004 in
UNEP 2008)
IMPACT ADAPTATION MEASURES
Coral Bleaching
• To prevent this, cooler water from deeper
areas may be sprayed onto the surface.
• Awnings may be used on buoys to shade
corals.
Ski Resorts and Winter Destinations
• Rebranding ski resorts to "four-season
resorts"
• Offering non-winter activities, such as golf,
boating, and white-water rafting, etc.
• Advertising campaigns to target
honeymooners and families
• Upgrading of air-conditioning to counter
summer heat, discounting room rates, and
offering new hurricane interruption policies
• Ski slopes to be relocated to higher altitudes
and glaciers and have resorted to artificial
snow-making
Changed Timing of Blooming of Tourism
Important Plants
• Using sprays and injecting plant hormones
and piling snow on the base of trees to delay
the onset of blossoms
° Planting tulip bulbs in shady locations
• Using heavily mulched flower beds
• Building snow fences to increase snow cover
on flower beds
• Planting bulbs with different rates of
maturation
IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES
Transport Sector: Airline Industry
• Maintaining a younger fleet of aircraft .
• Achieving average load factor of at least 80%
• Removing excess amounts of water and
catering to reduce weight
• More efficient flight paths
• Maximizing seat density build-ups reduce efficiency)

Tour Operator Destinations

• Replacing distant destinations with closer • Officially highlighting and working toward
ones that offer similar attraction value the goal of tourism sustainability
• Supportinglow-carbon holiday options • Restructuring source markets to attract
Developing new low-carbon products (e.g., low-carbon tourists
train-based holidays) • Providing low-carbon public transport
• Offering high standard carbon offsets for • Communicating pro-environmental action
journeys by air Striving for carbon neutrality
.• Carbon neutrality - a state when the
Rental Car Companies amount of greenhouse gases being emitted into
• Using smaller, lighter, and slower gas/diesel the atmosphere is totally offset or sequestered
or hybrid cars by carbon sinks, such as forests or trees
• Puerto Princesa City - the only
Accommodation Sector carbon-neutral city in the Philippines
• Setting temperatures in guestrooms at 20°-25
°C
• Employing passive cooling
• Using thermostats and sensors
• Using energy efficient lighting
• Using key cards for hotel rooms
• Adopting a "no disposable packaging
policy"
• Using worms to recycle food wastes
• Using reusable cloth laundry bags
• Using potted plants instead of cut flowers
• Using anti-cockroach herbal treatment in
paste form, which does not require cleaning up
as no chemicals are used

Restaurants
• Procuring locally produced food
• Favoring organic food products
• Increasing the proportion of vegetables in
meals
• Cooling down hot food before storing it in
refrigerators/freezers
• Not overfilling refrigerators
• Ensuring doors are fit and properly closed
with seals in good condition
• Ensuring refrigerator compressor belts
maintain proper tension
• Defrosting freezers frequently (frost