AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION SYSTEM INSIDE THE BUILDING

The centralised air conditioning system is employed to ensure the building's thermal
comfort, according to the case study at the Jaya Shopping Centre. This sophisticated air-
conditioning system is made up of two major cycles, which are refrigeration cycle and air
cycle. There are also have two systems such as chilled water and condenser water system
(refrigerant cycle and air cycle) and air-cooled split package system (fire control room, Main
Distribution Frame room and Refuse Chamber room). Refrigeration cycle is a process of
removing heat from one place to another. The principles of refrigeration are liquids absorb
heat when change from liquid from gas and gases give off heat when changed from gas to
liquid. For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used
repeatedly.

In a closed circuit, all air conditioners use the identical compression, condensation,
expansion, and evaporation cycle. The same refrigerant is utilised to transfer heat, cool it,
then expel it to another location. The refrigerant cycle is distinct from the chilled water and
condenser water systems of a building's air conditioning system. The chillers and pumps are
situated on the roof. The chilled water pumps circulated chilled water to every Air Handling
Units (AHU) and Fan Coil Units (FCU). Meanwhile, condenser water pumps circulated the
condenser water from chillers to cooling towers to reject the heat released from chiller. The
cooling tower fan drew air from atmosphere into the cooling tower. The air is drawn cross
flow to the hot condenser water and absorbed the heat from it. This process called
evaporation.
 The hot air is discharged to the atmosphere via the cooling tower fan after absorbing
heat from the hot condenser water. Once the hot water has been cooled by the air, it is poured
into a cold-water basin before being recirculated back to the chillers, generating a condenser
water circulation. Next is air cycle. Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the
room that needs to be conditioned. Treated air means that the air supply to the room is
typically filtered through air cleaners to remove dust and pollen particles. Distribution of air
can be either through ductworks or chilled water pipes. The AHUs, and FCUs are involves in
the air cycle of the air-conditioning system. The AHUs are located at various AHU rooms
that located from lower ground to 5th floor. Conditioned air from AHU is supplied to the
space via an insulated of sheet metal reticulated supply ductwork system. The duck is
constructed of rectangular metal sheet ductwork. The supply air after flowing through the
ductwork is distributed and discharged to the space by several air diffusers such as jet
diffuser for centre court and round air diffuser for else. The return air will be mixed with
fresh air before entering the cooling coil. The fresh air is drawn into AHU room through a
fresh air grille that connected the AHU room to external building. Fresh air grille will be
completed with the volume control damper which can be adjusted manually by a driving shaft
to control the fresh air volume entered the AHU room.

A supply ventilation system is one in which freshwater air is mechanically brought in

and naturally extracted through the building's aperture. It causes an overpressure situation.
Due to the reduced pressure at the surface, air is then sucked out. Exhaust ventilation may be
a system where mechanically exhaust the air to the surface. This creates under pressured in
the building. The struggling creates over the ventilation openings, so air is suck in naturally.
In a balanced ventilation system, both the supply air and the exhaust air are done
mechanically. The atmospheric pressure of the space is in neutral state. As the pressure
created by the availability air is then depressurized by the exhaustion of air.

Smoke Spill System. When a fire breaks out in a structure, ventilation is required to
prevent smoke from accumulating and preventing people from fleeing. The building is
ventilated via combined ventilation, in which air is drawn in and smoke is expelled. The
location of smoke spill exhaust located at the roof top area of Jaya Seksyen 14 mall. There're
7nos. of smoke spill (6 duties; 1 standby) for atrium smoke exhaust located at roof. Those
fans require fire signal to work as any floor above ground (ground floor to Level5) is on fire.
There is total 1 nos. of exhaust fans and 12nos of fresh air structure fans.
 FIRE SYSTEM INSIDE THE BUILDING

According to the case study at the Jaya Shopping Centre, they have met all of the
requirements set forth in the UBBL Law (Part VII – Fire Requirements) for passive and
active fire protection systems. There are active types of system that has been used in Jaya
Shopping Centre that give advantages to the users during a fire emergency which are fire
alarm system, sprinkler system, hose reel system, wet riser system, carbon dioxide fire
suppression system and fire extinguisher.

The primary fire alarm system includes smoke detectors, alarm bells, and break glass,
as well as a fire control room, voice communication fire switch, and manual pull switch. It is
located at the control room and to sense fires and aware building residents and emergency
personnel from a centrally monitored and controlled location. Sprinkler system also has their
components which is sprinkler, butterfly valve, pumps, and water tank. It is moreover
controlling the fire or to conquer the fire. The command mode Sprinklers are designed to
manage the heat release percentage of a fire and to pre-wet the surrounding combustibles to
prevent fire blowout. Next, the components of the hose reel system are hose reel drum and
hose reel drum pumps. It is to deliver the water and a nozzle attached at the end of the hose
permits the operator to control the route and flow of water to the fire.

The components of a wet riser system include the wet riser, wet riser pump sets, and
wet riser pumps. It's a water supply system that can send water to multiple floors or portions
of a structure. For the components of carbon dioxide fire suppression system is carbon
dioxide cylinders. When it is functional to a fire, carbon dioxide will deliver heavy blanket of
gas that will decreases the oxygen level to point where burning cannot occur. Components of
fire extinguisher is ABC powder fire extinguisher and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
moveable apparatus that need to put out a small fire by leading towards an element that cools
the burning materials, removes the flame of oxygen, or affects with chemical reactions
occurring in flame.

The passive fire protection system at Jaya Shopping Centre includes a fire escape
path, a fire stairway, a fire rated entrance, fire rescue access, a command-and-control centre,
a smoke and heat ventilation system, a smoke curtain, and a fire barrier gate. The function of
fire evacuation route is employees or visitors know exactly there they need to go when the
leaving the building after fire spreads while fire staircase is to approach a secure and suitable
passage to exit during spread of fire. The design needs to remove any possible trip risks and
securing for safe passage.

The purpose of a fire rated door is to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between
split sections of the structure, while fire rescue access is at the surrounding building for use
by fire trucks and requires an easy and secure entry for the fire rescue team. Smoke and heat
ventilation system is also important. Smoke detector is located at stair core and when smoke
appear in the stair core, smoke detector will give a warning sign to control panel and the
ventilator will turn on. Function of the smoke curtain is used to monitor the spread of fire and
avoid it from spreading to other areas of the building. The last one is fire barrier gate which is
contains an alarm and rolled in canvas. It is a fire-resistant material that when activated
would stop the exit-door and avoid spreading of fire.
 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM INSIDE THE BUILDING

Mechanical transportation is a system that can be found within, surrounding, and in

general association with modern buildings and projects. Its primary role is to efficiently carry
goods and people vertically or horizontally. The type of mechanical transportation system
that can be found in the Menara Kejuruteraan are elevators.

According to the case study at the Jaya Shopping Centre, ‘for all non-residential
buildings over four storeys above or below the main excess level, at least one lift shall be
installed' under UBBL SECTION 124 – lift. It is also essential for building less than four
storeys if access for elderly or disabled is required. There are few factors affecting the
installation of the elevators such as the position of the elevators, speeds, and types of
elevators.

Elevators are often placed in areas that allow easy access for all building users, with a
maximum walking distance of 45 metres to the lift lobby. When there are numerous elevators
installed, an elevator grouping is frequently required to save waiting time and installation
costs. the number of elevators is normally determined by the population of the occupancy, the
number of floors and height, the initial cost and the maintenance cost.
 The first type of elevators is the electric elevators. There are two forms of traction:
traction with machine room and traction without machine room. The traction concept is a
method of imparting lifting force to an elevator's hoist ropes by friction between the machine
drive sheave grooves and the hoist ropes. The ropes are simply connected from the car to the
counterweight and wrapped over the machine drive sheave in groove.

A machine is located at the top of the lift shaft in traction with machine room
elevators to reduce rope length and increase efficiency. Traction elevator is further divided
into two main types, geared traction elevators which have a gearbox that is attached to the
motor that drives the wheel to move the ropes, and gearless traction elevator which have the
wheel attached directly to the motor.

In contrast, elevators without a dedicated machine room do not have a distinct

machine room above the elevator shaft. When maintenance or repairs are needed, the
machine is in the override space and is reached from the top of the elevator cab. The control
boxes are in a control room that adjacent shaft on the highest landing and within around 150
feet of the machine. The second types of elevators is the hydraulic elevator, that are
supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as the electric
motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve
releases the fluid from the piston.
 REFFERENCES

1) Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems, Part of Indoor Air Quality

Design Tools for Schools. (2020, October 26). Retrieved December 25, 2020,
https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-systems-part-
indoor-air-quality-design-tools

2) Heating ventilation and air conditioning HVAC. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2020,
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/
Heating_ventilation_and_air_conditioning_HVAC

3) JoyeeLee0.131. (n.d.). Building Service Project 2 Case Study Report. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/JoyeeLee0131/building-service-project-2-case-study-report

4) Air Conditioning System. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2020,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/air-conditioning-system

5) Heating ventilation and air conditioning HVAC. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2020,
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/
Heating_ventilation_and_air_conditioning_HVAC