Chapter 1 – Knowing Oneself (1/17/22)

Greek: GNOTHI SEAUTON

Latin: NOSCE TE IPSUM

They both mean : “KNOW YOURSELF”

Knowing Oneself
➤ One of the key areas in self-development is the process of knowing oneself.

➤ Through life experiences and chance events that are reflected on, one is able to discover more about
oneself.

➤ The learning process is never ending for as long as a person lives.

➤ In order to understand other aspects of one’s life, one must first get to know who one truly is.

Knowing Oneself

Oneself is one’s personality. In Western mainstream psychology, the self is generally defined as one’s
personality or ego.

The word personality came from a Greek word ‘ persona ’ which means mask.

Knowing Oneself

It is also good to note that some of the adjectives that were written speaks about different aspects of a
person.

For example, understanding refers to the inner dynamics of one’s mind. On the other hand, attractive
and funny refer to how one affects other people. Words such as motivated and competitive point to a
desire to reach specific goals.

Determining Personality Traits

Gordon Allport, was a psychologist who espoused the uniqueness of each individual.

Raymond Cattell conducted researches on personality traits and proposed that personality is made up
of 16 basic dimensions.

Cattell defined traits as reaction tendencies that are somewhat permanent parts of personality.
Determining Personality Traits

In general, Cattell grouped traits into Surface traits and Source traits.

(a) Surface traits are those that are readily observed by others.

(b) Source traits are underlying traits that form the core of personality.

Determining Personality Traits

Recently, two research psychologists – Robert McCrae and Paul Costa (1992) narrowed down the basic
16 personality traits that Cattell proposed into five (5) categories which they called the Big Five.

The Big Five became a universal and widely agreed upon dimension of personality called the Five-Factor
Trait Theory.

Determining Personality Traits

The five dimensions or tendencies are:

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Acronym- are abbreviations na binabasa as a word, like NASA

Initialism- binabanggit per or as letter, like DOST

Determining Personality Traits

Dimension High Scores Low Scores

Openness imaginative, creative, original, down-to-earth,

prefers variety, curious, liberal uncreative, conventional,

uncurious, conservative

Conscientiousness hard-working, well- organized, negligent, lazy,

punctual, ambitious, disorganized, late,

persevering aimless, quitting

Extraversion affectionate, joiner, talkative, reserved, loner, quiet,

fun loving, active, passionate sober, passive, unfeeling

Agreeableness soft-hearted, trusting, ruthless, suspicious,

generous, acquiescent, stingy, antagonistic,

lenient, good-natured critical, irritable

Neuroticism anxious, temperamental, calm, even-tempered,

self-pitying, self-conscious, self-satisfied, comfortable,

emotional unemotional
Determining Personality Traits

• Openness to experience refers to the active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own
sake.

-the types of persons actively looks for new experiences or who grabs opportunities all the time as long
as those will be beneficial to u professionally

-those who got high scores in openness to experience, sila yung more imaginative and adventurous

-those who got low score here, who rather be in there comfortable zone

• Conscientiousness refers to the degree of organization, persistence, control, and motivation in goal-
directed behavior.

-when u have a goal, whether it is short- or long-term goal, degree of organization, persistence, control,
and motivation that u give to yourself to achieve that goal, all of those will play part on whether or not
you’ll achieve your goal

• Extraversion is the quantity and intensity of energy directed outwards into the social world.

-Extroverted individual tend to spend so much amount towards socializing with other people

-in comparison with introverted people, spends less energy in socializing and they would rather be by
their selves.

• Agreeableness locates people in a continuum where interactions range from being compassionate to
being tough-minded.

- u tend to agree with people, u extend arms, u are more understanding

-talk minded individuals naman, sila yung madalas nagdidisagree with a lot of people, they will really
fight or stand with the things they think are right

• Neuroticism is known to be a common quality of worriers. It is the extent to which people tend to be
vulnerable to stress-related disorders

Personality Types
A personality type can be understood as a unique collection of several traits that tend to go together.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

MBTI measures the person’s:

1. Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)

- whether the person is energized by being surrounded by people or by being in solitude.

2. Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)

- whether the individual prefers to use their senses or ideas in interpreting information.

3. Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)

- whether the person tends to think or feel when making decisions.

4. Judgement (J) or Perception (P)

- whether the person deals with situations by planning or spontaneity.

E - (Extroverts)

Extroverts are energized by people, enjoy a variety of tasks, a quick pace, and are good at multitasking.

I – (Introverts)

Introverts often like working alone or in small groups, prefer a more deliberate pace, and like to focus on
one task at a time.

S – (Sensors)

Sensors are realistic people who like to focus on the facts and details. They apply common sense and
past experience to find practical solutions to problems.

N – (Intuitive)

Intuitive prefer to focus on possibilities and the big picture, easily see patterns, value innovation, and
seek creative solutions to problems.

T – (Thinkers)

Thinkers tend to make their decisions using logical analysis, objectively weigh pros and cons, and value
honesty, consistency, and fairness.

F – (Feelers)

Feelers tend to be sensitive and cooperative, and decide based on their own personal values and how
others will be affected by their actions,

J – (Judgers)

Judgers tend to be organized and prepared, like to make and stick to plans, and are comfortable
following most rules.

P – (Perceivers)

Perceivers prefer to keep their options open, like to be able to act spontaneously, and like to be flexible
with making plans.
Origins of Personality: Nature versus Nurture

If people gave different personalities and if these determine how people think and behave, where does
it come from?

Do people inherit their personality from their parents?

Do people learn it from their environment?

Origins of Personality: Nature versus Nurture

The debate on whether personality is influenced by nature (i.e., inherited characteristics) or nurture
(i.e., environment) goes on.

Current researchers into personality, however, have come up with the hypothesis that personality
arises from nature through nurture.

This view states that one may have the genes for singing well but unless this talent is nurtured it may
not be evidenced in the individual

Knowing more of One’s Strengths and Weaknesses

Power lies in knowing your strengths and weaknesses.

It’s important to know yourself more closely and examine how your way of thinking, feeling, and
behaving lead to both the positive outcomes and the less desirable negative results.

Practicing helpful behaviors and halting undesirable ones are easier said than done

Importance of Keeping a Personal Journal

Knowing yourself is facilitated by taking time to pause and reflect about how you are or have been after
some significant personal experiences.

By writing down your thoughts and feelings, you are able to gain more insights into yourself.
The Johari Window (1/19/22)
Oneself may be described through physical appearance, preferences, desires, dislikes, or how one
behaves.

The Johari Window is also known as the disclosure/feedback model of self-awareness

Probably the most basic way to know oneself is through inquiry.

The method of inquiry considers two main players:

(1) oneself and (2) other people.

The Johari Window

Open Self (Known to Self - Known to Others)

-When u know something about your personality and that is known by others as well

Blind Self (Not Known to Self – Known to Others)

- is di mo alam about yourself pero alam ng ibang tao

Hidden Self (Known to Self- Not Known to Others)

- alam mo pero hindi alam ng ibang tao, it can be by choice or unintentionally

Unknown Self (Not Known to Self – Not Known to Others)

- hindi mo alam about urself and same din with other people pero ginagawa na natin kaso unconscious
lang tau about dito

To discover or improve this types of ourselves is thru self-awareness, u can sit, internalize and try to
communicate to ur mind, body, soul, feelings, and emotions.

Reference:

Maria Lourdes Llanera-Ramos, P. D. (2017). Personal Development. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
CHAPTER 2: DEVELOPING THE WHOLE PERSON (1/

WHAT HAPPENS DURING A CHILD'S GROWTH INTO A TEENAGER?

✓ Physical changes

✓ Gender manifestations

✓ Sexual characteristics

✓ Expansion of social network

✓ Surge of ideas

✓ Curiosity
 The Genderbread Person

Gender Identity

Identity Woman Genderqueer Man

Gender identity is how you, in your heart, think about yourself. It's this chemistry
that composes you (e.g., hormonal levels) and how you interpret what that means
Orientation

Gender Expression

Expression Feminine Androgynous Masculine

Sex Gender expression is how you demonstrate your gender (based on traditional gender
roles) through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact.

Biological Sex

Female Intersex Male

Biological sex refers to the objectively measurable organs, hormones, and chromosomes.
Female= vagina, ovaries, XX chromosomes; Male=penis, testes, XY chromosomes;
Intersex= a combination of the two

Sexual Orientation

Heterosexual Bisexual Homosexual

Sexual orientation is who you are physically, spiritually, and emotionally attracted to
base on their sex/gender in relation to your own

Gender Identity

-that’s how you identify yourself in your head.

Genderqueer

-those who chooses not to identify themselves, they don’t identify as man or woman but as a
genderqueer

Androgynous

-between feminine and Masculine

Intersex

-combination of two. You have xx chromosomes and yy chromosomes

Example, guy na pinanganak, na he have male organs but naggrogrow yung breast niya kasi nagcombine
x and y chromosomes niya.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological Needs

Air, food, water, shelter, clothing, sleep

-pangangailangan ng body natin

Safety and Security Needs

Health, employment, property, family, stability

-wants natin, need natin to be stable like financially stable na tau, natreat na family, nakabili na ng
property ganun

Love and Belongingness Needs

Friendship, family, intimacy, connections

-our social circles, our interrelationships with other people, our belongingness to the community or
society

Self-Esteem Needs

Confidence, achievements, respect of other, connections, need for individuality

-when we achieve something, when we are confident about something, when we respect or got respect
by other people

Self- Actualisation

Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity, Acceptance Experience purpose, Meaning and inner potential

-ito yung need natin for acceptance, need natin for creativity or looking for our purpose, trying to give
meaning for existence and trying to identify our given potentials
FIVE AREAS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Physiological Development

2 . Emotional Development

3. Social Development

4. Cognitive Development

5. Spiritual Development

1. Physiological Development

- concerns the physical changes in the body as well as the and senses changes in skill related to
movement.

- How much sleep do you normally have?

- What nutritious foods do you eat?

- How much is your daily water intake?

- What body aches or pains do you usually experience?

- When did you last have a medical check-up?

- How aware are your of your family's medical history?

2. Emotional Development

- this has something to do with the feelings you experience.

- when was the last time you sat down and seriously asked yourself

"How do I really feel?"

"How is my emotional well-being?"

McLaren (2010) , a social science researcher, distinguished emotions from feelings.

a. Emotion - a physiological experience that gives you information about the world.

-internal reaction to external situations

b. Feeling - the conscious awareness of the emotion itself.

Example, if may accident na nawitness mo, then yung emotion mo is being afraid or scared then yung
feeling mo is kinakabahan
All humans have emotions

But not all are aware of their own

Emotions are responses that generates biochemical reactions in one's bodies, changing the physical
state.

-fast heart beat

-deep breaths

-dilated pupil

-increased blood pressure

University of Glasgrow's Institute of Science and Technology found out, through a research study, that
people have four (4) basic emotions :

-HAPPY

-SAD

-AFRAID or SURPRISED

-ANGRY or DISGUISTED

3. Social Development

- this is about the inborn capacity to relate to others, to connect, and to feel belongingness.

- Early attachments could also affect one's elf-concept and predisposition toward other people all the
way into adolescence and adulthood.

If u do not come from a healthy family, make sure that a healthy family comes from you

Since the social self is enriched by building and cultivating relationships, being comfortable in relating
with other people is essential in promoting further growth in the growing person.
4. Cognitive Development

- this refers to one’s intellectual abilities as shown in thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, and values.

- the growth of your mental abilities affects how you make decisions, remember details, and solve
problems.

-to ensure ur intellectual growth, try attending school

Hogg & Vaughn (2005) defined attitude as “a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and
behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols."

Attitudes have three (3) components:

1. Affective – feelings and emotions

2. Behavioral – the way the attitude has influenced behavior.

3. Cognitive – belief and knowledge about the object.

Example, may ahas in front of us

We feel scared, disgusted, and etc.

Your affective attitude is you’re scared

Behavioral is yung tumatakbo ka kasi Nakita mo yung ahas

Cognitive – we believe that snake is an animal, it cralws and its dangerous, deadly and poisonous

Behavior is the external manifestation of attitudes.

5. Spiritual Development

- this is defined as discovering oneself beyond the ego known as the soul, spirit, or the “inner essence”
that is often disregard or taken for granted.

This permits people to connect with a Higher Power, that is called by many names like God, the Buddha,
Allah, or The Life Force in Star Wars.

Reference :

Maria Lourdes Llanera-Ramos, P. D. (2017) . Personal Development. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Lesson 3: Developmental Stages in Middle and Late Adolescence

(1) Stages of Development

(2) Toward Becoming Responsible

Identity Crisis

Erik Erikson is a famous behavioral psychologist or psychosocial expect. He coined this and it means that
Identity crisis is a turning point in one’s life that either strengthen or weaken one’s personality

Erik Erikson’s

Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

AGE CONFLICT IMPORTANT EVENTS OUTCOME

Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Hope

Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) Toilet Training

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Will

Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Purpose

School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority School Confidence

Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion Social Relationships Fidelity

Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships Love

Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and Parenthood Care

Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life Wisdom

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

Toward Becoming Responsible Adolescents

Corpuz, et al. (2010) and Santos (2016) identified numerous developmental tasks and skills that should
help Filipino teens become responsible adolescents, maturing towards meaningful and productive lives
in young adulthood.

1. Developing occupational skills

-skills na targeted to health develop responsibility in preparation for future employment

-like if want to be a teacher, talking loudly, speaking clear and directly, paprepare ng lessons, paggather
ng thoughts at pagreresearch

2. Developing self-reliance

- to identify one’s own skills and knowledge, capabilities and resources to engage in meaningful activities
without relaying too much

-being aware knowledge, capabilities

-the more you are aware of what you can do and capable of is the more

-kapag alam mo na kaya mo namang kumain magisa sa restaurant, then do it

3. Learning to manage finances

-being able to differ wants and needs. There is differences between wants and needs and learning self-
control when handling finances

4. Understanding social responsibility

-This is the ability to see beyond one’s self and taking the greater community into consideration and
seeing your role in the community as an agent of change.

5. Acquiring a mature work orientation

-having pride in what you do and raising standards in your quality of work

-you have to be more confident about what you could do

6. Accepting personal responsibility

-knowing the consequence of one’s actions and being responsible for your own decisions without
putting blame on others

7. Instilling a positive attitude towards work

-seeing work as a way towards self-improvement and as an expression of love for others and resolves?

-this is a great opportunity to learn

8. Being courageous in standing up and being different from friends

-do not lose one’s / your own identity to your group of friends. Learn to say no to peer pressure
especially when you know it’s bad for a person, or when it goes against your behavior or your values.

9. Developing self-esteem

-is learning to understand, accept an appreciate yourself as a unique person without comparing yourself
with others

-admire someone else beauty without questioning your own

10. Being true to oneself and avoiding the tendency to please others

-one does not need to comform to others, be true to yourself and assert your individuality and
uniqueness

-be true to yourself

11. Learning how media and advertising are trying to influence one’s thinking and feelings

-Understand that news are reported for a reason and advertising companies uses one’s fear and desires
for one product.

12. Becoming aware, critical, and being involved with social issues

13. Embracing a healthy lifestyle

-Be aware of your own health. Not just physical but mental, emotional, spiritual, holistic. Embrace a
healthy lifestyle

14. Developing one’s spirituality

-Find what’s give meaning t one’s life and expeience. Whatever higher power you believe in

Reference: Maria Lourdes Llanera-Ramos, P. D. (2017). Personal Development. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.