Ch-3: Steady State Heat Conduction

1
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

Considerable Temperature Difference between the inner and the outer surfaces of the wall (significant temperature gradient
in the x-direction)
Assuming heat transfer is the only in 1-dimension (1D):
Steady state conduction

Temperature Distribution For constant thermal conductivity (Fourier-Biot equation)

𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝑞ሶ 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑘

2
+ 2+ 2 + = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑞𝑥
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + =0
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑇
𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑞ሶ = 0 Steady State =0
𝜕𝑡

𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑘 =0 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

Temperature Distribution —contd--

𝑇 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇1 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿, 𝑇 = 𝑇2
𝑞𝑥
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐶2 = 𝑇1 𝐶1 = 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑇1
𝐿 𝐿
Temperature distribution across a wall is linear and is independent of thermal
conductivity
Heat Conduction Rate through the plane wall using Fourier’s Eq.

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑑𝑇 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = 𝐶1 = 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝐿
Once the rate of heat conduction is available, temperature T(x) at any location x can be determined by replacing T2 in above Eq.
by T, and L by x
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

𝑑𝑇 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝐿
Heat Conduction rate through a plane wall can be rearranged as
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑥 = (𝑊)
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
Where Rwall is the conduction resistance

𝐿
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (℃Τ𝑊)
𝑘𝐴
Thermal Resistance of a medium depends on the geometry and the thermal properties of the
medium
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow
𝐿
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (℃Τ𝑊)
𝑘𝐴
𝑉1 − 𝑉2
Above Eq. is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I, expressed as: 𝐼 =
𝑅𝑒
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑥 =
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Thermal resistance ←→ Electrical resistance

Rate of heat transfer ←→ Electric current

Temperature difference ←→ Voltage difference

 Convection Resistance

Thermal resistance can also be applied to convection processes

Newton’s Law of Cooling for convection heat transfer rate

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ (𝑊)

Rearranged as:
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = (𝑊)
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

Rconv is the convection resistance

1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = (℃Τ𝑊)
ℎ𝐴𝑠
 Radiation Resistance

Rate of Radiation Heat Transfer between a surface and the surrounding

𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜖𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

4 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 ≡ 𝜖𝜎 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

2
𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾

𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 =
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
1
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = (℃Τ𝑊)
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠
 Radiation and Convection Resistance
A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves convection and radiation
simultaneously
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
Convection and Radiation Resistances are
parallel to each other
𝑞

When Tsurr ≈ T∞, radiation effect can

𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑
properly be accounted for by replacing
h in the convection resistance relation
by
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑
ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑊 Τ𝑚 2 . 𝐾

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ (𝑊) 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

 Heat Conduction Through a Composite Wall
Quantity of heat transmitted per unit time through each slab/layer is
same T1
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 T2
𝑞𝑥 = = =
𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐶
T3
𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
Assuming a perfect contact between the layers and no
temperature drop occurs across the interface between T4
the materials A B C
𝑞𝑥 𝐿𝐴 kA kB kC
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 1 2 3 4
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 LA LB LC
𝑞𝑥 𝐿𝐵
𝑇2 − 𝑇3 =
𝑘𝐵 𝐴
𝑞𝑥 𝐿𝐶
𝑇3 − 𝑇4 =
𝑘𝐶 𝐴
 Heat Conduction Through a Composite Wall
𝑞𝑥 𝐿𝐴 𝑞𝑥 𝐿𝐵 𝑞𝑥 𝐿𝐶
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 =
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 T1
T2
𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐶
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 = 𝑞𝑥 + + T3
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 𝑞𝑥
𝑞𝑥
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 T4
𝑞𝑥 = A B C
𝐿𝐴 𝐿 𝐿
+ 𝐵 + 𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 kA kB kC
1 2 3 4
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 LA LB LC
=
𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝐴 + 𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝐵 + 𝑅𝑡ℎ−𝐶 𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
For composite wall consists of n layers
𝑇1 − 𝑇(𝑛+1)
𝑞𝑥 =
𝑛 𝐿
σ1
𝑘𝐴
 Heat Conduction Through a Composite Wall
Parallel Arrangement
Total heat transfer rate is the sum of the heat transfers through each layer
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 Insulation
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = +
𝑅1 𝑅2 A1 1
k1
1 1
= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 +
𝑅1 𝑅2 T1
T2
A2 k2 2
1
= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
1 1 1 𝑅1 𝑅2 L
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = + =
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑞𝑥
𝑞1
𝑞𝑥
𝑞2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑥 =
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2
 Heat Conduction Through a Composite Wall
Parallel Arrangement

Total rate of heat transfer through the composite system Insulation

𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ A1 1 k1
𝑞𝑥 = 3
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
T1 A3 h, T∞
A2 2 k2
k3
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅12 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

𝑅1 𝑅2 L1=L2 L3
= + 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑞1
𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 1
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑞2
𝑘1 𝐴1 𝑘2 𝐴2 𝑘3 𝐴3 ℎ𝐴3
 The Overall Heat-transfer Coefficient
While dealing with the problems of fluid to fluid heat transfer across a metal
boundary, it is usual to adopt an overall heat transfer coefficient U Thf Cold
fluid
film
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 T1
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 hcf
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 q q

𝑞 = ℎℎ𝑓 𝐴 𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 hhf T2

𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑞 = ℎ𝑐𝑓 𝐴 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓
𝐿 Hot
𝑞 𝑞 fluid
𝑞𝐿 Tcf
𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇1 =
ℎℎ𝑓 𝐴 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 =
ℎ𝑐𝑓 𝐴
film
1
k 2
𝑘𝐴 L
1 𝐿 1 𝐴 𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓
𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 =𝑞 + + 𝑞=
ℎℎ𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑐𝑓 𝐴 1 𝐿 1
+ +
ℎℎ𝑓 𝑘 ℎ𝑐𝑓
𝑞 = 𝑈A 𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 1
wher𝑒 𝑈 = 1 1 𝐿 1
1 𝐿 1 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = + + ℃ΤW
+ + 𝑈𝐴 ℎℎ𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ𝑐𝑓 𝐴
ℎℎ𝑓 𝑘 ℎ𝑐𝑓
 EXAMPLE: Heat Loss through a Single-Pane Window
Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 8 mm and a thermal conductivity of k 0.78 W/m ·
°C. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of the outdoors is 10°C. Take the heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 10 W/m2 · °C and h2 40 W/m2 · °C, which includes the
effects of radiation.

1 1 𝐿 0.008
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.1 = = = 0.08333 ℃Τ𝑊 𝑅𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = =
ℎ1 𝐴 10 × 1.2 𝑘𝐴 0.78 × 1.2
= 0.00855 ℃Τ𝑊
1 1
𝑅0 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.2 = = = 0.02083 ℃Τ𝑊 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.1 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.2
ℎ2 𝐴 40 × 1.2
= 0.08333 + 0.00855 + 0.02083
= 0.1127 ℃Τ𝑊
𝑇∞1 − 𝑇∞2 20 − −10
𝑞= = = 266𝑊
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.1127

𝑇∞1 − 𝑇𝑖 20 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑞= = = 266 𝑊 𝑇𝑖 = 20 − 266 × 0.08333 = −2.2℃
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,1 0.08333
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction in a wall with heat generation

Consider plane wall with steady state 1D uniform heat generation per unit volume, 𝒒.ሶ

Heat generation equation will be The general solution is

2
𝑑 𝑇 𝑞ሶ 𝑞ሶ 2 T1
+ =0 𝑇 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘 2𝑘 T2
The constants are evaluated by the application of boundary conditions.

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑞ሶ 2 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐿 +
2𝐿 2𝑘 2

The temperature distribution is given as: The Dirichlet boundary conditions:

𝑇 −𝐿 = 𝑇1 𝑇 𝐿 = 𝑇2
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑥 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝑇 𝑥 = 1− 2 + +
2𝑘 𝐿 2 𝐿 2
 ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑥 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
Steady State Heat Conduction 𝑇 𝑥 =
2𝑘
1− 2 +
𝐿 2 𝐿
+
2

Heat conduction in a wall with heat generation

In case of symmetrical temperature distribution, T1= T2= Ts, Equation becomes
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2
𝑇 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 𝑇𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
The maximum temperature exists at midplane, x = 0: ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿
𝑇 0 ≡ 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑇𝑠
2𝑘
𝑑𝑇
=0
At the plane of symmetry, the temperature gradient is zero, 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

No heat transfer across this plane, and it may be represented by the adiabatic surface
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2
𝑇 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 𝑇𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
Also applies to plane walls that are perfectly insulated on one side (x =0) and maintained at a
fixed temperature Ts on the other side (x =L).
The temperature equation in terms of T0 can be written as:

𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑥 2
Normally, it is the temperature of an adjoining fluid, T∞, and not Ts,
= which is known. It then becomes necessary to relate Ts to T∞
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 𝐿
 Steady State Heat Conduction ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2
𝑇 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 𝑇𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
Heat conduction in a wall with heat generation

𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑥 2
= Normally, it is the temperature of an adjoining fluid, T∞, and not Ts,
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐿 which is known. It then becomes necessary to relate Ts to T∞

This relation may be developed by applying a surface energy balance at x=L

𝑑𝑇
−𝑘 ቟ = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

𝑑𝑇
−𝑘 ቟ = 𝑞𝐿
ሶ
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

𝑞𝐿ሶ
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇∞ +
ℎ
 EXAMPLE
A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B. The wall of material A has uniform heat generation = 1.5x106
W/m3, kA =75 W/mK, and thickness LA = 50 mm. The wall material B has no generation with kB= 150 W/mK and
thickness LB = 20 mm. The inner surface of material A is well insulated, while the outer surface of material B is cooled
by a water stream with T ∞= 30°C and h= 1000 W/m2 K.
1. Sketch the temperature distribution that exists in the composite under steady state conditions.
2. Determine the temperature T0 of the insulated surface and the temperature T2 of the cooled surface.
Assumptions:
• Steady State conditions
• 1D conduction in x-direction

b) Adiabatic zero slope at insulated boundary

a) Parabolic in Material A “energy generation in plane wall”
c) Linear in material B
d) Slope change = kB/kA= 2 at the interface 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
e) Large gradients near the surface 𝑞𝐴 = −𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑞𝐵 = −𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
 A B
qB qconv = ℎ𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴𝐴
q entering =0 q leaving (qB)= 0 + energy
(Adiabatic) generated per unit time
Control volume “A” Control volume “B”
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝑞𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝐵 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 𝐴 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 𝐴 = −𝑘𝐵 𝐴
𝑞𝐵 = −𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝐿𝐵
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 = ℎ(𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝐿𝐵
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 1.5 × 106
× 0.05 𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 = −𝑘𝐵
𝐿𝐵
𝑇2 = + 𝑇∞ = + 30 = 105℃
ℎ 1000
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝐴 𝐿𝐵 1.5 × 106 × 0.05 × 0.02
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 + = 105 + = 115℃
𝑘𝐵 150
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2 ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿
𝑇 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 𝑇𝑠 𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑇1
2𝑘 𝐿 2𝑘

1.5 × 106 × 0.05 × 0.05

𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑜 = + 115
2 × 75
= 25 + 115 = 140℃
Cylinders (Heat Transfer)
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Hollow Cylinder
Consider a long hollow cylindrical where Heat flows
Consider:
radially
• Two surfaces of the cylindrical layer are outwards • an element at radius ‘r’
maintained at constant temperatures T1 and • thickness ‘dr’
T2,
• No heat generation,
• ‘dT’ be the temperature
r2
• Constant thermal conductivity, drop over the element
• One-dimensional heat conduction.
dr r1 No heat flow
in axial
Heat flows radially direction
outwards
r

T1 dT

T2
dr
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Hollow Cylinder
Area through which heat is transmitted A = 2πrL Heat flows
radially
Path length = dr (over which temp fall is dT)
outwards
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑟
𝑞 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞 = −𝑘 2𝜋𝐿 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 r2
𝑟2 𝑇2
𝑑𝑟 dr r1 No heat flow
𝑞න = −𝑘2𝜋𝐿 න 𝑑𝑇 in axial
𝑟 direction
𝑟1 𝑇1
r
𝑟2 𝑇2
𝑞 ln 𝑟 𝑟1 = −𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇 𝑇1 T1 dT

𝑟2
𝑞 ln = −𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 T2
𝑟1 dr
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Hollow Cylinder

𝑟2 Heat flows
𝑞 ln = −𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 radially
𝑟1 outwards

𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 r2
𝑞= =
ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 dr r1 No heat flow
in axial
direction
ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 r
𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙 =
2𝜋𝑘𝐿
T1 dT
ln 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠Τ𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
=
2𝜋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)
T2
dr
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Temperature distribution in a Hollow Cylinder

𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇 − 𝑇2
𝑞= =
ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
= = 𝑇= × ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟 + 𝑇2
ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1

(ln 𝑟2 − ln 𝑟) −(ln 𝑟2 − ln 𝑟)
𝑇= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 𝑇= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 + 𝑇2
(ln 𝑟2 − ln 𝑟1 ) −(ln 𝑟2 − ln 𝑟1 )

(ln 𝑟 − ln 𝑟2 ) 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑇= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 𝑇= × ln 𝑟Τ𝑟2 + 𝑇2
(ln 𝑟1 − ln 𝑟2 ) ln 𝑟1 Τ𝑟2
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Composite Cylinder Cold Fluid (air)
Tcf
𝑞
𝑞 = ℎℎ𝑓 . 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿. (𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇1 = q
ℎℎ𝑓 . 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿
B
hcf
A
𝑞
𝑘𝐴 . 2𝜋𝐿 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 =
= 𝑘𝐴 . 2𝜋𝐿
ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 )
ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) hhf
Thf T1 T2 T3 Tcf
𝑘𝐵 . 2𝜋𝐿 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 𝑞 Hot Fluid
= 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 =
𝑘𝐵 . 2𝜋𝐿
ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 )
ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 )

𝑞
= ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 2𝜋𝑟3 𝐿. (𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 =
ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 2𝜋𝑟3 𝐿 r1
r2
r3
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Composite Cylinder
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 =
ℎℎ𝑓 . 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿 𝑘𝐴 . 2𝜋𝐿 𝑘𝐵 . 2𝜋𝐿 𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 = ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 2𝜋𝑟3 𝐿
ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 )
𝑞 1 1 1 1 2𝜋𝐿 (𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 )
𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 = + + + 𝑞=
2𝜋𝐿 ℎℎ𝑓 . 𝑟1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟3 1 1 1 1
+ + +
ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 ) ℎℎ𝑓 . 𝑟1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟3
ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 )
2𝜋𝐿 (𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 )
𝑞=
1 ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 ) 1
+ + +
ℎℎ𝑓 . 𝑟1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟3

(𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,ℎ𝑓 + 𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙,𝐴 + 𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙,𝐵 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑐𝑓

𝑞=
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1 ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) ln(𝑟3 Τ𝑟2 ) 1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + + +
ℎℎ𝑓 . 2𝜋𝐿𝑟1 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐵 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 2𝜋𝐿𝑟3
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Cylinder with Energy Generation

Heat diffusion Equation: Cylindrical Co-ordinates

Consider a long cylinder with steady state 1D uniform heat generation per unit volume, with constant thermal conductivity

1𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ 𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ 𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ 2
𝑟 + =0 𝑟 =− 𝑟 𝑑 𝑟 = − 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑟 = − 𝑟 + 𝐶1
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘 𝑑𝑟 𝑘 𝑑𝑟 2𝑘

𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ 𝐶1 𝑞ሶ 𝐶1 𝑞ሶ 2
=− 𝑟+ 𝑑𝑇 = − 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑇(𝑟) = − 𝑟 + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 𝑟 2𝑘 𝑟 4𝑘
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Cylinder with Energy Generation
𝑞ሶ 2 𝑑𝑇
𝑇(𝑟) = − 𝑟 + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: ቤ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑟𝑜 = 𝑇𝑠
4𝑘 𝑑𝑟 𝑟=0

𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ 𝐶1
=− 𝑟+ Placing f𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶1 = 0
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 𝑟
𝑞ሶ 2
Placing 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶2 = 𝑟 + 𝑇𝑠
4𝑘 𝑜
ሶ 𝑜2
𝑞𝑟 𝑟2
𝑇(𝑟) = 1 − 2 + 𝑇𝑠
4𝑘 𝑟𝑜

ሶ 𝑜2
𝑞𝑟 ሶ 𝑜2
𝑞𝑟
𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑟 = 0; 𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 =
4𝑘 4𝑘 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒:
𝑞ሶ 𝜋𝑟𝑜2 𝐿 = ℎ 2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝐿 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑟2 𝑇 𝑟 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑟2
𝑇 𝑟 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 1− 2 = 1− 2
𝑟𝑜 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑟
ሶ 𝑜
𝑇𝑠 = + 𝑇∞
2ℎ
Spheres (Heat Transfer)
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a hollow sphere
Area through which the heat is transmitted, A = 4πr2
𝑟2 𝑇2
2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑟 q (Heat flows Hollow Sphere
𝑞 = −𝑘. 4𝜋𝑟 . 𝑞 න 2 = −4𝜋𝑘 න 𝑑𝑇 radially
𝑑𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟 𝑇1 outwards, T1>T2
Element
𝑟2 r2
𝑟 −2+1 1 1
𝑞 = −4𝜋𝑘 𝑇
𝑇2 −𝑞 − = −4𝜋𝑘 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 r
−2 + 1 𝑇1 𝑟2 𝑟1 dr
𝑟1
r1
𝑞 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 T1 T2
= 4𝜋𝑘 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑟1 𝑟2
4𝜋𝑘𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞=
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞=
𝑟2 − 𝑟1
4𝜋𝑘𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 (𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)
𝑅𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = =
4𝜋𝑘𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝜋 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Temperature distribution in a hollow sphere

1 1 1 1
−𝑞 − = −4𝜋𝑘 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑞 − = 4𝜋𝑘 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟 − 𝑟1
𝑞 = 4𝜋𝑘 = 4𝜋𝑘 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 × × = 𝑇1 − 𝑇
1 1 1 1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟 − 𝑟1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 𝑟1 − 𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟

𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟 − 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟 − 𝑟1 𝑟
𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 × × 𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 × Dividing by 𝑟2
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) 2

𝑟 − 𝑟1
𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 × 𝑟 𝑟
Dividing by 𝑟
𝑟2 (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
1 − (𝑟1 Τ𝑟)
𝑇 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ×
1 − 𝑟1 Τ𝑟2
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Composite Sphere

𝑞 𝑞 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑞 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 𝑞
𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 =
ℎℎ𝑓 . 4𝜋𝑟1 2 4𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 4𝜋𝑟3 2

𝑞 1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 1
𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 = 2
+ + +
4𝜋 ℎℎ𝑓 . 𝑟1 𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟3 2

4𝜋 𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓
𝑞=
1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 1
+ + +
ℎℎ𝑓 . 𝑟1 2 𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟3 2

(𝑇ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,ℎ𝑓 + 𝑅𝑠𝑝ℎ,𝐴 + 𝑅𝑠𝑝ℎ,𝐵 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑐𝑓

𝑞=
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + + +
ℎℎ𝑓 . 4𝜋𝑟1 2 4𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 ℎ𝑐𝑓 . 4𝜋𝑟3 2
 EXAMPLE Heat Transfer to a Spherical Container
A 3-m internal diameter spherical tank made of 2-cm-thick stainless steel (k 15 W/m · °C) is used to store iced water at T1 0°C.
The tank is located in a room whose temperature is T∞2 22°C. The walls of the room are also at 22°C. The outer surface of the
tank is black and heat transfer between the outer surface of the tank and the surroundings is by natural convection and
radiation. The convection heat transfer coefficients at the inner and the outer surfaces of the tank are h1 80 W/m2 · °C and h2 10
W/m2 · °C, respectively. Determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank (b) the amount of ice at 0°C that melts during a 24-h period.
Note: It takes 333.7 kJ of energy to melt 1kg ice at 0°C
𝐴1 = 4𝜋𝑟12 = 𝜋𝐷12 = 𝜋32 = 28.3𝑚2 𝐴2 = 4𝜋𝑟22 = 𝜋𝐷22 = 𝜋3.042 = 29.0𝑚2

ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 ≡ 𝜖𝜎 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 𝑇𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

2 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾

T2 is not known therefore we start with an assumption for T2 and later on validate the accuracy of
our assumption.
T2 must be between 0°C and 22°C and it should be close to 0°C, since heat transfer coefficient within
the tank is considerably higher. Therefor assuming the T2 value as 5 °C
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1 5.67 × 10−8 278 + 295 2782 + 2952 = 5.34 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾

1 1 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 1.52 − 1.50
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑖 = = = 0.000442 ℃Τ𝑊 𝑅𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = =
ℎ1 𝐴1 80 × 28.3 4𝜋𝑘𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝜋1 × 15 × 1.52 × 1.50
= 0.000047 ℃Τ𝑊
1 1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜 = = = 0.00345 ℃Τ𝑊 1 1
ℎ2 𝐴2 10 × 29 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = = 0.00646 ℃Τ𝑊
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴2 5.34 × 29
 EXAMPLE Heat Transfer to a Spherical Container

Parallel resistances can be replaced by equivalent resistance as follows:

1 1 1 1 1
= + = + = 444.7 𝑊 Τ℃
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑜 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 0.00345 0.00646

𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑖 + 𝑅𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 + 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑣

= 0.000442 + 0.000047 + 0.00225 = 0.00274 ℃Τ𝑊
𝑇∞2 − 𝑇∞1 22 − 0
𝑞= = = 8029𝑊
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.00274

𝑇∞2 − 𝑇2
𝑞= = 22 − 8029 × 0.00225 = 4℃
Verification of our assumption 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑣
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 𝑞∆𝑡 = 8029 × 24 × 3600𝑠 = 673700 𝑘𝐽

673,300
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = = 2079𝑘𝑔
333.7
Critical Radius for
Insulation
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Critical Radius of Insulation
Adding more insulation to a wall always decreases heat transfer

Adding insulation to a cylindrical pipe or a spherical shell, however, is a different matter- WHY???

Adding insulation increases Conduction Resistance of the insulation layer but decreases the Convection
Resistance of the surface because of the increase in the outer surface area for convection
k
Heat Transfer from the pipe may increase or decrease, depending on which
r1 Rins Rconv
effect dominates
T1 T∞
A cylindrical pipe of outer radius r1 whose outer surface temperature T1 h
is maintained constant Insulation r2
o Pipe is covered with an insulator (k and r2)
o Convection heat transfer at T∞ and h
𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇1 − 𝑇∞
Rate of heat transfer from insulated pipe to the surrounding air: 𝑞 = =
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) + 1
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 ℎ(2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿)
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Critical Radius of Insulation
𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇1 − 𝑇∞
Rate of heat transfer from insulated pipe to the surrounding air: 𝑞 = =
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) 1
+
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 ℎ(2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿)
Variation of the heat transfer rate with the outer radius of the insulation r2 is shown

it is evident that as r2 increases, the factor ln(r2/r1)/k increases but the factor 1/hr2
decreases
q
value of r2 at which q reaches a maximum is determined by:

𝑑 ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 qmax

= + =0 . + − 2 =0
𝑑𝑟2 𝑘 ℎ(𝑟2 ) 𝑘 𝑟2 ℎ 𝑟2 qbare

1 1 1 1 𝑘
. = 𝑟2 = 𝑟𝑐 =
𝑘 𝑟2 ℎ 𝑟22 ℎ 0 r1 rcr=k/h r2
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Critical Radius of Insulation
𝑘
𝑟𝑐𝑟,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (𝑚) represents condition for minimum resistance and consequently maximum heat flow rate
ℎ

Insulation radius at which resistance to heat flow is minimum is called the ‘Critical Radius’
Critical Radius rc is dependent on the thermal quantities k and h and is independent of r1 (i.e., cylinder radius)

Critical Radius rcr will be largest when k is large and h is small

Lowest value of h encountered in practice is about 5 W/m2·°C for the case of natural convection of gases, and k
of common insulating materials is about 0.05 W/m2·°C

Critical Radius would be much less in forced convection, often less than 1 mm, because of much larger h
values associated with forced convection
 EXAMPLE Heat Loss from an Insulated Electric Wire
A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-mm thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is k
0.15 W/m · °C. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V
along the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at T 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h 12 W/m2 · °C,
determine the temperature at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine whether
doubling the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this interface temperature.
1 1
𝑞 = 𝑉𝐼 = 8 × 10 = 80𝑊 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = = = 0.76 ℃Τ𝑊
ℎ𝐴2 12 × 0.110
q
ln(𝑟2 Τ𝑟1 ) ln(3.5Τ1.5)
𝑅𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = = = 0.18 ℃Τ𝑊 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.76 + 0.18 = 0.94 ℃Τ𝑊
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 2𝜋(5)(0.15)

𝑇1 − 𝑇∞
𝑞= 𝑇1 = 𝑞𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑇∞ = 80 0.94 + 30 = 105℃
q 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑘 0.15
𝑟𝑐𝑟 = = = 12.5𝑚𝑚 ≫ 5.5𝑚𝑚 (2 × 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)
ℎ 12
𝑟𝑐𝑟 = 12.5 𝑚𝑚 represents condition for minimum resistance, which means increasing the plastic
cover thickness will decrease the thermal resistance until the 𝑟𝑐𝑟 goes beyond 12.5mm

𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇∞ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝑞= 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑇1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
EXTENDED SURFACES
(FINS)
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Heat Transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to the surrounding medium at T∞ is given by Newton’s Law of
cooling:
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ (𝑊)
When temperatures Ts and T∞ are fixed by design considerations, there are two ways to increase the rate of heat
transfer:
• to increase the convection heat transfer coefficient h or
• to increase the surface area As
Increasing h may require installation of a pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one, which may
or may not be practical or adequate

Alternative is to increase the surface area As by attaching to the

surface extended surfaces called Fins made of highly
Conductive Materials such as Aluminum
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Fin applications
• Cooling engine heads on motorcycles
• Cooling of electric power transformer
• To promote heat exchange between air
and working fluid in air conditioner

Fin configurations
• Straight fin
• Annular fin
• Pin fin
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

A General Conduction Analysis of Fin

Assumptions

• 1-dimensional conduction in the longitudinal (x-) direction

• Steady operation with no heat generation in the fin

• Constant thermal conductivity k of the material

• Temperature changes in the transverse direction

within the fin are small compared with the
temperature difference between the fin and the
environment
• Radiation from the surface is negligible and that the
convection heat transfer coefficient h is uniform
over the surface
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑞𝑥 Ac: Cross-sectional Area, which

= 𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 may vary with x
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑞𝑥 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝑑𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 −𝑘 (𝐴 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
0 = −𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + ℎ𝑑𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐴𝑐 − 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑠

𝑑2𝑇 𝑑𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑇 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠 𝑑2 𝑇 1 𝑑𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑇 1 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠

𝐴𝑐 2 +
𝑑𝑥
−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑠
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ = 0
2
+ − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
Fin is attached to a base surface of temperature T(0) = Tb and extends into a fluid of
temperature T∞
𝑑2 𝑇 1 𝑑𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑇 1 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
2
+ − 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴𝑐 Τ𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑2𝑇 1 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
2
− 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃x 𝑑𝐴𝑠
=𝑃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑇 ℎ𝑃
2
− 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝐴𝑐
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
To simplify the form of this equation, we transform the dependent variable by defining an excess temperature as:

𝜃 𝑥 ≡ 𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇∞ since T∞ is a constant, dθ/dx = dT/dx

𝑑2𝑇 ℎ𝑃 𝑑2𝜃 2𝜃 = 0
ℎ𝑃
− 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ = 0 − 𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚2 ≡
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘𝐴𝑐
Eq. is a linear, homogeneous, second-order differential equation with constant coefficients

General solution is of the form: 𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

Appropriate Boundary Conditions are required to evaluate

constants C1 and C2
One Boundary condition at fin base: 𝜃 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞
52
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
Appropriate Boundary Conditions are required to evaluate
constants C1 and C2
One Boundary condition at fin base: 𝜃 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞

Second Boundary condition, specified at the fin tip (x = L),

may correspond to one of four different physical situations

At the tip of fin, boundary condition can be of four type.

❖ Convection heat transfer.

❖ Adiabatic.
❖ Prescribed temperature.
❖ Infinite fin length.
 Steady State Heat Conduction 𝜃 0 = 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞

Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

1- First type of boundary condition considers convection at the fin tip

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
ℎ𝐴𝑐 𝑇 𝐿 − 𝑇∞ = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቤ ℎ𝜃(𝐿) = −𝑘 ቤ
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
Substituting the fin base
𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ①
and fin tip boundary conditions

ℎ 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 𝑘𝑚 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 ② Temperature distribution

Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging in the θ(x) equation:

𝜃(𝑥) cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 + ℎΤ𝑚𝑘 sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

=
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿 + ℎΤ𝑚𝑘 sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
1- First type of boundary condition considers convection at the fin tip
The fin heat transfer rate can be determined using Fourier's law:

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝜃
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑞𝑏 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቤ = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቤ
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

Hence the expression for fin heat transfer rate from temperature
Distribution is as follows:

sinh 𝑚𝐿 + ℎΤ𝑚𝑘 cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + ℎΤ𝑚𝑘 sinh 𝑚𝐿
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

2- Adiabatic boundary condition

𝑑𝜃
The adiabatic boundary condition assumes negligible heat loss from fin tip: ቤ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
Substituting the fin base
𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ① Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging
in the θ(x) equation
and fin tip boundary conditions

𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 0 ② 𝜃(𝑥) cosh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

=
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

The fin heat transfer rate from temperature distribution:

𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

3- Prescribed temperature boundary condition

The constant temperature boundary condition is concerned with prescribed temperature at the fin tip.
The boundary condition at fin tip 𝜃 𝐿 = 𝜃𝐿

Substituting the fin base Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging in the θ(x)
equation (temperature distribution)
𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ①
and fin tip boundary conditions 𝜃(𝑥) 𝜃𝐿 Τ𝜃𝑏 sinh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 𝜃𝐿 ② =
𝜃𝑏 si𝑛ℎ 𝑚𝐿

The fin heat transfer rate from temperature distribution:

cosh 𝑚𝐿 − 𝜃𝐿 Τ𝜃𝑏
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
sinh 𝑚𝐿 𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

4- Infinite fin length boundary

The Infinite fin length boundary condition is concerned with very long fin (L= ∞).
The boundary condition at Fin tip: q ∞ = 0

Substituting the fin base Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging in the θ(x)
equation (temperature distribution)
𝜃𝑏 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ①
and fin tip boundary conditions 𝜃(𝑥)
𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚∞ − 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚∞ =0 ② = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝜃𝑏

The fin heat transfer rate from temperature distribution:

𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Summarized Table
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Fin Performance Parameters: Fin Effectiveness
Fin effectiveness (ɛf): The ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer rate that
would exist without the fin 𝑇
𝑞𝑓
𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓 𝑏
𝜀𝑓 = = 𝐴𝑏
ℎ𝐴𝑏 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ℎ𝐴𝑏 𝜃𝑏
Where Ab is the cross-sectional area of the base.

Fin resistance can be defined as 𝑞 𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛

𝑇𝑏
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 4:
𝐴𝑏
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 𝜃𝑏
1 𝑅𝑡,𝑓 =
𝑅𝑡,𝑓 = 𝑞𝑓
ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐
1
Thermal resistance due to convection at the exposed base 𝑅𝑡,𝑏 =
ℎ𝐴𝑏
𝑅𝑡,𝑏
Fin effectiveness can be written as 𝜀𝑓 =
𝑅𝑡,𝑓
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Fin Performance Parameters: Fin Efficiency
Fin Efficiency:
The ratio of fin heat transfer rate to the maximum heat transfer rate that would exist if entire fin is at base temperature.

𝑞𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛

𝜼𝑓𝑖𝑛 =
𝑞𝑓𝑖𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Qfin,max represents idealized situation i.e., fin is made up of material with

infinite thermal conductivity

𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓
𝜼𝑓 = = =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝐴𝑓 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ℎ𝐴𝑓 𝜃𝑏

Af is the surface area of the fin

A very long rod of 5-mm diameter and uniform thermal conductivity k 25 W/m K is subjected to a heat treatment process.
The center, 30-mm-long portion of the rod within the induction heating coil experiences uniform volumetric heat generation
of 7.5x106 W/m3.
The unheated portions of the rod, which protrude from the heating coil on either side, experience convection with the ambient
air at T 20C and h 10 W/m2K. 2 2
Assume that there is no convection from the surface of the rod within the coil.
𝑞𝐿
ሶ 𝑥
𝑇 𝑥 = 1− +𝑇 𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿2
Calculate the steady-state temperature To of the rod at the midpoint of the heated portion in the coil.
Calculate the temperature of the rod Tb at the edge of the heated portion.

ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿
𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑇𝑏
2𝑘
𝑇𝑜
𝑇𝑏 𝑇∞ 𝑞ሶ 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿
𝑞ሶ 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑏 = + 𝑇∞
𝑞ሶ Fin of infinite length ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐
15mm
x
(7.5 × 106 )(𝜋 × 0.00252 × 0.015)
𝑞𝑓 = 𝑞𝑥 (𝐿) Case 4 for Fins (Infinite length) 𝑇𝑏 = + 20 = 272℃
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ (10 × 𝜋 × 0.005 × 25 × 𝜋 × 0.00252 )

𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 ሶ 2

𝑞𝐿 7.5 × 106 × 0.0152
𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑇𝑏 = + 272 = 306℃
𝑞𝑥 𝐿 = 𝑞ሶ 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿 2𝑘 2 × 25
Turbine blades mounted to a rotating disc in a gas turbine engine are exposed to a gas stream that is at T=1200°C and maintains a
convection coefficient of h=250 W/m2 K over the blade. The blades, which are fabricated from Inconel, k=20 W/m K, have a
length of L=50 mm. The blade profile has a uniform cross-sectional area of Ac=6x10-4 m2 and a perimeter of P =110 mm. A
proposed blade-cooling scheme, which involves routing air through the supporting disc, is able to maintain the base of each blade
at a temperature of Tb=300°C.
(a) If the maximum allowable blade temperature is 1050°C and the blade tip may be assumed to be adiabatic, is the proposed
cooling scheme satisfactory?
(b) For the proposed cooling scheme, what is the rate at which heat is transferred from each blade to the coolant?
Case 2- Adiabatic boundary condition

𝜃(𝑥) cosh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

= 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

ℎ𝑃 250 × 0.11
𝑚= = = 47.87 𝑚−1
𝑘𝐴𝑐 20 × 0.0006
𝜃𝑏
𝜃(𝐿) =
cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ 300 − 1200
𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇∞ = 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇∞ + = 1200 + = 1037℃ < maximum allowable blade
cosh 𝑚𝐿 cosh 𝑚𝐿 cosh(47.87 × 0.05) temperature of 1050°C
Turbine blades mounted to a rotating disc in a gas turbine engine are exposed to a gas stream that is at T=1200°C and maintains a
convection coefficient of h=250 W/m2 K over the blade. The blades, which are fabricated from Inconel, k=20 W/m K, have a
length of L=50 mm. The blade profile has a uniform cross-sectional area of Ac=6x10-4 m2 and a perimeter of P =110 mm. A
proposed blade-cooling scheme, which involves routing air through the supporting disc, is able to maintain the base of each blade
at a temperature of Tb=300°C.
(a) If the maximum allowable blade temperature is 1050°C and the blade tip may be assumed to be adiabatic, is the proposed
cooling scheme satisfactory?
(b) For the proposed cooling scheme, what is the rate at which heat is transferred from each blade to the coolant?
Case 2- Adiabatic boundary condition

𝜃(𝑥) cosh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)

= 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

ℎ𝑃 250 × 0.11
𝑚= = = 47.87 𝑚−1
𝑘𝐴𝑐 20 × 0.0006

𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿 = (250 × 0.11 × 20 × 6 × 10−4 ) 300 − 1200 tanh 47.87 × 0.05 = − 508𝑊

𝑞𝑏 = 𝑞𝑓 = 508𝑊
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(Incropera, 6th edition)
Derive correlation of Critical thickness of insulation for sphere
Problem: 3.56

Problems: 3.7, 3.11, 3.15, 3.22, 3.24

(Heat transfer rate from a wall/composite wall)

Problems: 3.39, 3.41, 3.44, 3.52, 3.60, 3.64

(Heat transfer rate from a cylinder/composite cylinder)

Problems: 3.76, 3.79, 3.87, 3.92

(Heat transfer rate from a cylinder/composite cylinder with heat generation)

Problems: 3.93, 3.94, 3.97