Nerve and muscle questions

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QOUTE OF THE DAY;

“If you cannot do great things, do small things in a great

way.”

1. Resting membrane potential for;

a) A skeletal muscle is -90mv
b) A ventricular cardiac cell is -90mv.
c) Neuron is -70mv.
d) All cells have a resting membrane potential.
e) Cardiac pacemaker is -55mv.

2. True or false
a) The sodium equilibrium potential of a neuron is -65
b) Graded potentials are conducted decrementally.
c) The potassium equilibrium potential is +90Mv.
d) The membrane potential of a cell can be calculated using the Nerst equation.
e) The resting membrane potential of a neuron is -90mV.

3. Concerning graded potential

a) Has a refractory period.
b) Can be summed.
c) Has no threshold.
d) Duration is constant for a given cell type under constant conditions.
e) Can be depolarising or hyperpolarising.

4. Excitable cells
a) Exhibit high resistance to current flow.
b) Allow for changes in ionic concentrations across the membrane.
c) Are primarily for short distance cellular communication.
d) Can have resting potentials that can reach -100mV.
e) Include smooth muscle cells in the gastro-intestinal system.

5. Concerning the relative refractory period in an axon

a) The membrane is depolarised.
b) The membrane is more permeable to sodium than in the resting state.
c) The excitability of the axon is decreased.
d) The sodium pump is inactivated.
e) The membrane is more permeable to potassium than in the resting state.
6. Regarding the action potential
a) Its nerve axon depolarisation threshold is -60mv
b) Is an all or non-even.
c) Is triggered by hyperpolarisation.
d) Has a latent, contraction and relaxation period.
e) In a nerve cell the platue phase is due to calcium influx.

7. True or false
a) Conduction of action potential is high in myelinated axons
b) Graded potentials are as a result of hyperpolarisation of a nerve cell.
c) The intensity of action potentials decreases with distance.
d) Fast excitatory potentials can be produced by an increase Na+ or Ca2+ conductance.
e) All cells have resting membrane potentials.

8. Concerning synapses
a) Electrical synapses are found between skeletal muscle and motor neurons.
b) Only one type of neurotransmitter is found at chemical synapses- acetylcholine.
c) In all synapses the postsynaptic membrane is always that of an effector.
d) They are a type of intercellular connections.
e) The synaptic cleft ion concentration is similar to that found inside a muscle fibre.

9. Regarding the neuromuscular junction

a) It is found between a smooth muscle and a motor neurone.
b) The neurotransmitter is always acetylcholine.
c) The junction is 20-40nm in diameter.
d) Transmission in the postsynaptic membrane can be inhibited by botulinum toxin.
e) The post synaptic receptors are the muscarinic type.

10. At the neuromuscular junction.

a) Ca2+ influx preceded depolarisation of the presynaptic membrane.
b) Exocytosis that leads to release of neurotransmitter is a passive process.
c) D-tubocurare is a competitive antagonist.
d) Muscarinic receptors are found on the postsynaptic membrane.
e) The neurotransmitter directly opens voltage gated channels in the postsynaptic
membrane.

11. The end plate potential

a) Is a depolarisation always?
b) Is a type of a graded potential.
c) Is due to the opening of receptor operated ion channels.
d) Is mainly due to the movement of potassium ions.
e) Will always trigger an action potential in a health muscle.
12. Synaptic modulation.
a) Axo-axonic regulation is another form of modulation
b) Can be achieved via increasing intracellular Calcium on the presynaptic membrane.
c) Reduction in the amount of neurotransmitter release can result in up regulation of
receptors on the post synaptic membrane.
d) Presynaptic neurotransmitter reuptake modulation can regulate the amount on the
neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
e) Post synaptic potentials can be summated.

13. Skeletal muscle:

a) Contraction is depended on the influx of extracellular calcium.
b) The length-tension relationship is linear.
c) Physiologically skeletal muscle fibres undergo tetanic contractions.
d) A reduction in muscle tone is brought about by reducing the number of discharging
motor neurons.
e) All the individuals have the same proportion of red and white muscle fibres.

14. Concerning skeletal muscles

a) A drug that blocks calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would cause muscle
relaxation.
b) An isotonic contraction is accompanied by the shortening of the muscle.
c) A twitch contraction is larger than a titanic contraction.
d) Accumulation of ATP in skeletal muscle leads to rigor mortis.
e) The amount of tension developed in a skeletal muscle is dependent on the level of Ca2+
ions in the cytosol.

15. Cardiac and smooth muscle;

a) Some smooth muscles exhibits myogenicity
b) Cardiac muscle contracts only in response to neural stimulation.
c) The resting membrane potential of cells in the SA node is unstable.
d) Tetanic contractions of the myocardium would be life threatening.
e) Noradrenaline can relax some smooth muscles but excite others.

16. Parasympathetic activity can lead to;

a) Pupil constriction.
b) Decreased salivation.
c) Promotion of glycogenolysis.
d) Relaxation of detrusor muscles
e) Increased force of contraction of the heart.
17. Regarding skeletal muscles
a) The thin filaments are made up of myosin.
b) ATP binding to myosin reduces the affinity of myosin for actin thus breaking the cross
bridges.
c) Depolarisation of the muscle fibre is necessary to release calcium ions from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
d) Red muscles have more myoglobin than pale muscles.
e) Calcium ions move back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by passive diffusion.

18. Activity in the sympathetic leads to;

a) Increase in gastrointestinal motility
b) A decrease in heart rate.
c) Increase in salivary secretion.
d) Penile erection.
e) Reduced blood flow to the heart.

19. Regarding the autonomic nervous system:

a) The cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic fibres are in the thoracic and lumbar
segments of the spinal cord.
b) The preganglionic sympathetic fibres release noradrenaline.
c) The postganglionic parasympathetic fibres release acetylcholine
d) Nicotinic receptors are present at the autonomic ganglia.
e) Parasympathetic fibres are found in some cranial nerves.

20. Regarding smooth muscles

a) They have a resting membrane potential.
b) The calcium for contractions comes from the extracellular fluid as well as the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
c) Calcium binds troponin.
d) They are striated.
e) Action potential is propagated from cell to cell via gap junctions.

21. The following neurotransmitter neuromodulators are polypeptides;

a) Aspartate
b) Substance P
c) Nitric oxide
d) Acetylcholine
e) Glutamine.
22. Clinical correlates
a) Curare, blocks the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme.
b) Skeletal muscles are hyperpolarised in organophosphate poisoning.
c) In organophosphate poisoning, there is blockage of nicotinic receptors.
d) In myasthenia gravis, there is nicotinic receptor destruction.
e) Myasthenia gravis can be reversed by reversible blocking of acetyl cholinesterase
enzyme.