Professional Documents
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INSTFONTANA - LINGUISTCA 1ero
INSTFONTANA - LINGUISTCA 1ero
INSTFONTANA - LINGUISTCA 1ero
UNIT 4 – COMUNICACIÓN
Message
The message involves those verbal and nonverbal behaviours, enacted by communicators, which are interpreted with
meaning by others. The verbal portion of the message refers to the words that we speak, while the nonverbal portion
includes our tone of voice and other non-vocal components such as personal appearance, posture, gestures and body
movements, eye behaviour, the way we use space, and even the way that we smell. For instance, the person who gets
up to speak wearing a nice suit will be interpreted more positively than a person giving the exact same speech wearing
sweats and a graphic t-shirt. Or if a speaker tries to convince others to donate to a charity that builds wells in poor
African villages using a monotone voice, she will not be as effective as the speaker who gives the same speech but
speaks with a solemn tone of voice. If there is ever a conflict between the verbal and the non-verbal aspects of a
message, people will generally believe the nonverbal portion of the message. To test this, tighten your muscles, clench
your fists at your sides, pull your eye brows together, purse your lips, and tell someone in a harsh voice, “NO, I’m NOT
angry!” See if they believe your words or your nonverbal behaviour.
Channel
The channel is very simply the means through which the message travels. In face-to-face communication the channel
involves all of our senses, so the channel is what we see, hear, touch, smell and perhaps what we taste. When we’re
communicating with someone online, the channel is the computer; when texting the channel is the cell phone; and
when watching a movie on cable, the channel is the TV. The channel can have a profound impact on the way a message
is interpreted.
Communication Process Definition
The term communication process refers to the exchange of information (a message) between two or more people. For
communication to succeed, both parties must be able to exchange information and understand each other. If the flow
of information is blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then communication
fails.
The Sender
The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source. The sender has
some kind of information — a command, request, question, or idea — that he or she wants to present to others. For
that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that can be understood, such as by the
use of a common language or industry jargon, and then transmit it.
The Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. To comprehend the information
from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or interpret it.
The Message
The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. Additional subtext can be
conveyed through body language and tone of voice. Put all three elements together — sender, receiver, and message —
and you have the communication process at its most basic.
The Medium
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are
transmitted through the medium of cell phones.
Feedback
The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully transmitted, received, and
understood. The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such as a
written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response (indirect).
Other Factors
The communication process isn't always so simple or smooth, of course. These elements can affect how information is
transmitted, received, and interpreted:
Noise: This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received, or understood. It can be as
literal as static over a phone line or radio or as esoteric as misinterpreting a local custom.
Context: This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact on
the successful exchange of information. It may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it. In a private conversation
with a trusted friend, you would share more personal information or details about your weekend or vacation, for
example, than in a conversation with a work colleague or in a meeting
2- La relación del lenguaje hablado con el lenguaje corporal.
Words are everywhere. They connect us, they teach us, they hurt us. Our words have the power to change our
environment, for better or worse. In a world that relies so heavily on communication, what we say directly impacts our
relationships and achievements. There is a whole psychology behind what makes words so important in a professional
environment, and how can we use this to change our own narrative.
Words at the Start of Everything
From a very young age, we are taught to communicate. We use this to learn and grow, and later to shape our beliefs,
understand norms, and create our own story. Words open us up to new possibilities and opportunities.
Words aren’t simply a vessel of language; they have the power to create emotions and set the context. It’s not merely
what you want to say, but what message underpins your words. Take sending an email. Every time you take this simple
action, you are setting the tone for your relationship with the sender. You do this by choosing the degree of formality,
determining what information to include, and by selecting the words which frame your message.
The Psychology of Words
Our words can’t change what’s going on around us, but they have the ability to change the way we perceive it. This
means that we can control the narrative which we want our audience to receive. Words have the ability to bring people
together. People turn to words for motivation and to instil hope. Often, we reflect on words spoken by influential
figures.
The study of the relationship between “language, power” and social relations has clearly shifted from proving the
existence of this relationship, to probing and understanding its underpinnings and implications. Most linguists now
agree that the relationship between “language and power” is a mutual relationship.
Powerful institutions and individuals use language as both a means to construct their power and as a way to maintain it.
Language thus becomes necessary for the maintenance of power, and the power and effect of language in turn rely on
the power of individuals and institutions themselves.
Language is delineated as “a social practice” (Fowler 61), by which power relations are established and sustained. This
supports Fairclough’s (1989) view that power is not only built and sustained via coercive means (by force), but also via
indirect ways (the use of language).
Besides institutional power, or the power exercised by entities that are overtly recognized for holding a position of
authority (the police, for example), there also exist other types of power relations: between family members, between
educated and uneducated people, and so forth. Individuals and groups in this category of power relations use language
as their main tool for maintaining status and power.
4. Expresiones lingüísticas.
Language Is Expressive
Verbal communication helps us meet various needs through our ability to express ourselves. In terms of instrumental
needs, we use verbal communication to ask questions that provide us with specific information. We also use verbal
communication to describe things, people, and ideas. Verbal communication helps us inform, persuade, and entertain
others, which as we will learn later are the three general purposes of public speaking. It is also through our verbal
expressions that our personal relationships are formed. At its essence, language is expressive. Verbal expressions help
us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs.
Expressing Thoughts
When we express thoughts, we draw conclusions based on what we have experienced. In the perception process, this is
similar to the interpretation step. We take various observations and evaluate and interpret them to assign them
meaning (a conclusion). Whereas our observations are based on sensory information (what we saw, what we read, what
we heard), thoughts are connected to our beliefs (what we think is true/false), attitudes (what we like and dislike), and
values (what we think is right/wrong or good/bad). Jury members are expected to express thoughts based on reported
observations to help reach a conclusion about someone’s guilt or innocence. A juror might express the following
thought: “The neighbor who saw the car leaving the night of the crime seemed credible. And the defendant seemed to
have a shady past—I think he’s trying to hide something.” Sometimes people intentionally or unintentionally express
thoughts as if they were feelings. For example, when people say, “I feel like you’re too strict with your attendance
policy,” they aren’t really expressing a feeling; they are expressing a judgment about the other person (a thought).
Expressing Feelings
When we express feelings, we communicate our emotions. Expressing feelings is a difficult part of verbal
communication, because there are many social norms about how, why, when, where, and to whom we express our
emotions. Norms for emotional expression also vary based on nationality and other cultural identities and
characteristics such as age and gender. In terms of age, young children are typically freer to express positive and
negative emotions in public. Gendered elements intersect with age as boys grow older and are socialized into a norm of
emotional restraint. Although individual men vary in the degree to which they are emotionally expressive, there is still a
prevailing social norm that encourages and even expects women to be more emotionally expressive than men.
5- Referencia e inferencia.