Accepted Manuscript

Magnetic properties of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy

Mustafa Keskin, Numan Şarlı

PII: S0304-8853(17)31059-4
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.04.053
Reference: MAGMA 62657

To appear in: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Received Date: 1 April 2017

Revised Date: 20 April 2017
Accepted Date: 20 April 2017

Please cite this article as: M. Keskin, N. Şarlı, Magnetic properties of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy, Journal of
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.04.053

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 Magnetic properties of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy

Mustafa Keskin and Numan Şarlı*

Department of Physics, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey

Abstract

Magnetic properties of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy (Ni/Bi) are investigated within the
effective field theory. The Ni/Bi alloy has been modeled that the rhombohedral Bi lattice is
surrounded by the hexagonal Ni lattice. According to lattice locations, Bi atoms have two
different magnetic properties. Bi1 atoms are in the center of the hexagonal Ni atoms (Ni/Bi1
single layer) and Bi2 atoms are between two Ni/Bi1 bilayers. The Ni, Bi1, Bi2 and Ni/Bi
undergo a second-order phase transition from the ferromagnetic phase to paramagnetic phase
at Tc=1.14. The magnetizations of the Ni/Bi alloy are observed as Bi1>Bi2>Ni/Bi>Ni at
T<Tc; hence the magnetization of the Bi1 is dominant and Ni is at least dominant. However,
the total magnetization of the Ni/Bi alloy is close to magnetization of the Ni at T<Tc. The
corcivities of the Ni, Bi1, Bi2 and Ni/Bi alloy are the same with each others, but the
remanence magnetizations are different. Our theoretical results of M(T) and M(H) of the
Ni/Bi alloy are in quantitatively good agreement with the some experimental results of binary
Nickel/bismuth systems.

Keywords: Binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy; magnetization, hysteresis, coercivity, effective field

theory

*
Corresponding author;e-mail: numansarli82@gmail.com, phone:90(352)4374938-33139, fax:90(352)4374931

1
1. Introduction

Binary Nickel/Bismuth (Ni/Bi) alloys are one of the Ni-based alloys that have massive
industrial applications [1]. Such as, lead-free solders [2], superconductivity [3], electrical
contacts and magnetic layers [4], intermediate temperature embrittlement (ITE) [5], ductility
and grain-boundary (GB) segregation [6, 7], intermetallic layers [8] and hot dip galvanizig for
stells to protect from atmospheric corrosions [9], etc. While the phase diagrams of the binary
Ni/Bi systems have experimentally been studied in detail [10-16], there have been a few
studies on the magnetic properties (ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, superconductivity,
magnetic hysteresis loops, remanence and coercivities) of these systems. For example,
antiferromagnetism and superparamagnetism of the Nickel-Bismuth bimetallic nanoparticles
and nanowires [17], The temperature dependence of magnetization and peculiar thermal
hystereses of magnetization four kinds of Ni–Bi samples [18], superconductivity and
ferromagnetic properties of the intermetallic NiBi3 [19], temperature dependence of the
magnetic susceptibility of the NiBi specimens [20] and magnetic properties of
superconducting Bi/Ni bilayers [21] were studied. On the other hand, there are a few
theoretical works on Ni/Bi systems. Such as, the growth of Bi on the Ni (111) surface were
studied by using first-principles calculations [22], the magnetic nature of the Bi3Ni system
were studied by using density functional theory [23] and phase transitions of the bismuth
nickelate system were investigated by using Hubbard model [24].
In this paper, we use the Ising system to investigate magnetic properties of the Ni/Bi alloy
within the effective-field theory. The Ni/Bi alloy has been modeled that the rhombohedral Bi
lattice is surrounded by the hexagonal Ni lattice. In particular, we investigate the thermal
variations of magnetizations as well as hysteresis behaviors. The remanence magnetizations
and coercivities are also presented.
We should also mention that the alloys are modelled and investigated by using Ising
systems with the various methods in statistical physics such as, segregation and ordering at
surfaces of transition metal alloys were studied by using tight-binding Ising model [25], the
effect of a single-ion anisotropy on the phase diagram of a mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary
alloy was investigated by using the mean field theory [26], the mixed-spin ternary-alloy in the
form of ABpC1-p on the Bethe lattice by using recursion relations [27], compensation
temperature of 3d mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy [28], electronic and magnetic
properties of Mn2NiAl [29] and dynamic phenomena in magnetic ternary alloys [30] were

2
studied by using Monte Carlo simulations, non-equilibrium phase transition properties of
disordered binary ferromagnetic alloy [31] and thermodynamics properties of copper-oxide
superconductors [32] were investigated by using effective field theory.
The outline of this paper is as follows. In section 2, we present the theoretical method. In
section 3, the theoretical results and discussion are given. Section 4 contains a brief summary
and conclusions.

2. Theoretical method

We depict the Ni/Bi alloy with the rhombohedral Bi lattice (ra=4.7236 Å and α=57.350) is
surrounded by the hexagonal Ni lattice (ha=4.5330 Å and hc=11.7970 Å) [37, 38] as shown in
Fig. 1. We assume that Ni and Bi components of the Ni/Bi alloy are Ising spin-1/2 particles
for the calculations of the magnetic properties. According to lattice locations and nearest-
neigbours, the Ni/Bi alloy has three different magnetizations that are Ni, Bi1 and Bi2. One
notes that Bismuth atoms have two different magnetizations because of their lattice locations
and their nearest-neigbours are different. The Hamiltonian of the Ni/Bi alloy can be written
as,

H = −J ha ∑S
NiNi
z
Ni
SzNi − J r1 ∑
Bi1Bi2
SzBi1SzBi2 − J r2 ∑
Bi2Bi2
SzBi2 SzBi2 − J r3 ∑
Bi2Bi2
SzBi2 SzBi2

− J layers ∑S
NiNi
z
Ni
z
S Ni − J layers ∑
Bi1Bi1
z z
SBi1 SBi1 − J int1 ∑
NiBi1
z z
S Ni S Bi1 − Jint2 ∑
NiBi2
SzNi SzBi2

 
− h  ∑ SzNi +∑ SBi1
z
+∑ SzBi2  , (1)
 Ni Bi1 Bi2 

where, Sz=±1 is the Pauli spin operator. h is the external magnetic field. Js are the exchange
interaction between two nearest-neighbor atoms on the lattice of the Ni/Bi alloy, explained
below and seen in Fig. 1. Moreover, they are designated as J=k/nd [39-42], k is a constant
that defines the kind of magnetism (if k=1>0, the Ni/Bi alloy is ferromagnetic and if k=-1<0,
the Ni/Bi alloy is antiferromagnetic), nd is the normalized lattice constant (nd=d/1 Å) [43], d
is the distance between two nearest-neighbor atoms which is obtained by the real lattice
constant of the Ni/Bi alloy. The real lattice constants, normalized lattice constants and
exchange interactions of the Ni/Bi alloy are given by,

3
Hexagonal lattice constants;
ha=4.5330 Å, hc=11.7970 Å.
Normalized hexagonal lattice constants;
nha=ha/1 Å =4.5330, nha=ha/1 Å =11.7970.
Rhombohedral lattice constants;
ra=4.7236 Å and α=57.350.
Normalized rhombohedral lattice constants;
nra=ra/1 Å =4.7236, and α=57.35 0.
Exchange interactions of the Ni/Bi alloy;
Jh=Jr2=Jint1=k/nha=0.2206,
Jr1=Jr3=Jint2=k/nra=0.2117,
Jlayers (Jl)=k/nhc=0.0847.

Within the framework of the EFT [33-36], the magnetizations of the Ni, Bi1 and Bi2
components of the Ni/Bi alloy are given by

2 1
m Ni =  cosh(J ha ∇ )+m Ni sinh(J ha ∇ )   cosh(J l∇ )+m Ni sinh(J l∇ ) 
   
1 2
 cosh(J   
 Jint1∇ )+m Bi1sinh(J Jint1∇ )   cosh(J Jint2∇ )+m Bi2sinh(J Jint2∇ )  Fs-1/2 (x) x=0 ,
1 3 6
m =  cosh(J ∇ )+m sinh(J ∇ )   cosh(J r1∇ )+m sinh(J r1∇ )   cosh(J ∇ )+m sinh(J ∇)  F (x) ,
Bi1  l Bi1 l   Bi2   Jint1 Ni Jint1  s-1/2
x=0
2 2
m =  cosh(J r2 ∇ )+m sinh(J r2 ∇ )   cosh(J r3∇ )+m sinh(J r3∇ )  ( 2)
Bi2  Bi2   Bi2 
1 2
 cosh(J ∇ )+m   
 r1 Bi1sinh(J r1∇ )   cosh(J Jint2∇ )+m Ni sinh(J Jint2 ∇ )  Fs-1/2 (x) x=0 ,

where, ∇ = ∂ / ∂ x is the differential operator and the function of FS-1/2(x) is defined by as

follows for the spin-1/2 Ising particles.
F (x) = tanh [β (x+h) ] , (3)
s-1/2
where,β=1/kBTA, kB denotes the Bolzmann’s constant, TA is the absolute temperature. In this
paper we used the reduced temperature, namely T=kBTA/J and the reduced applied field, i.e.
H=h/J in all calculations.
The total magnetization of the Ni/Bi alloy can be written by,
1
MT = [12m Ni + 2mBi1 + 6mBi2 ]. (4)
20
4
3. Theoretical results and discussion
By using Eqs. (2)-(4), we obtain the temperature dependence of the magnetization (M(T)-
curves) of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2) as shown in Fig. 2. The
critical phase transitions temperature of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components is obtained at
Tc=1.14. The Ni/Bi alloy and its components are ferromagnetic at T<Tc and they are
paramagnetic at T>Tc. The dominant magnetization is Bi1 and at least dominant is Ni at
T<Tc, as seen in Fig. 2. Nevertheless, the total magnetization of the Ni/Bi alloy is close to
magnetization of the Ni. The temperature dependence of the magnetizations of the Ni/Bi alloy
and its components are in quantitatively good agreement with the experimental reports of
Ni53Bi47, Ni50Bi50, Ni40Bi60 and Ni25Bi75 samples by Yoshida et al. [17] and Bi/Ni bilayers by
Zhou et al. [21]. Moreover, M(T) curve of the Ni of the Bi/Ni is agreement with the those of
the Ni of Mn2NiAl alloy obtained by Monte Carlo simulations [29].
We obtain the applied field dependence of the magnetization (M(H)-curves, namely
magnetic hysteresis loops, of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components at T=0.1-1.0 with 0.1 steps
as shown in Fig. 3. All of the M(H) curves of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components are
overlapping with each others at T=0.1 in Fig. 3 (a), but they start to seperate from each others
with the increasing temperature (T>0.1) as shown in Figs. 3 (b)-(l). The hysteresis loops areas
of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components decrease as the temperature increases and they exhibit
ferromagnetic hysteresis behaviours at T<Tc. Ferromagnetic hysteresis behaviors of the Ni/Bi
alloy and its components are in quantitatively good agreement with the experimental works on
the epitaxial Ni/Bi and Bi/Ni heterostructures by Gong et al. [44] and Ni/Bi bilayers by
LeClair et al. [45].
We investigate the applied field dependence of the magnetization (M(H)-curves) of the
Ni/Bi alloy and its components as shown in Fig. 4. In Figs. 4(a)-(l), the M(H)-curves are
obtained at T=1.1-2.0 with 0.1 steps. All of the hysteresis loop areas of the Ni/Bi alloy and its
components are lost at T>Tc, hence the M(H) curves exhibit paramagnetic hysteresis
behaviors. The M(H) curves constitute a straight line with the temperature increases.
We also present the remanence magnetizations (MR(T)) and the coercivities (Hc) of the
Ni/Bi alloy and its components, illustrated in Fig.5(a) and (b), respectively. Fig. 5(a) displays
that all of the remanence magnetizations have the same value for low values of temperature,
but their values are different for T<Tc and finally they are all zero for T>Tc. On the other
hand, Fig.5 (b) exhibits that the coercivities decrease with the temperature increases and they

5
become zero at T>Tc. Moreover, the coercive field points of the the Ni/Bi alloy and its
components have same value with each other.

4. Conclusions

We have investigated the magnetic properties of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy (Ni/Bi)
and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2) within the effective field theory. We have found that the
Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2) undergo a second-order phase transition
from the ferromagnetic phase to paramagnetic phase at Tc=1.14. The magnetizations of the
Bismuth atoms have two different behaviors (Bi1 and Bi2). The magnetization value of Bi1 is
bigger than those of the others at T<Tc (Bi1>Bi2>Ni/Bi>Ni); hence, the magnetization of the
Bi1 is dominant and Ni is at least dominant. However, the total magnetization of the Ni/Bi
alloy is close to those of the Ni. Magnetic hysteresis curves of the Ni/Bi alloy and its
components overlap at T=0.1 and they exhibit different behaviors at T>0.1. The values of the
remanence magnetizations Ni/Bi alloy and its components are different, but the values of the
coercivities of them are the same. Our theoretical results of M(T) and M(H) of the Ni/Bi alloy
are in quantitatively good agreement with the some experimental results of binary Ni/Bi
systems.

Acknowledgments The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.

6
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Figure captions

Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic depiction of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy (Ni/Bi).

Fig. 2. (Color online) M(T) curves of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2).

Fig. 3. (Color online) Ferromagnetism of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and
Bi2) at T=0.1-1.0 with 0.1 step.

Fig. 4. (Color online) Paramagnetism of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2)
at T=1.0-2.0 with 0.1 step.

Fig. 5. (Color online) Remanence magnetizations and coercivities of the the Ni/Bi alloy and
its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2) at T=0.1-2.0 with 0.1 step.

11
Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic depiction of the binary Nickel/Bismuth alloy (Ni/Bi).

12
 1.0 Nickel (Ni)
Bismuth1 (Bi1)
Bismuth2 (Bi2)
0.8 Ni/Bi
Magnetizations

0.6

0.4

0.2

Tc=1.14
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Temperatures

Fig. 2. (Color online) M(T) curves of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2).

13
 1.0
a b
0.5 T=0.1 T=0.2
Magnetizations

Nickel (Ni)
Bismuth1 (Bi1)
0.0
Bismuth2 (Bi2)
Ni/Bi
-0.5

-1.0
1.0
c Nickel (Ni)d
Bismuth1 (Bi1)

0.5 T=0.3 T=0.4

Bismuth2 (Bi2)
Ni/Bi
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0
e f
0.5 T=0.5 T=0.6
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0
g h
0.5 T=0.7 T=0.8
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0
k I
0.5 T=0.9 T=1.0
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.5

H H

14
Fig. 3. (Color online) Ferromagnetism of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and
Bi2) at T=0.1-1.0 with 0.1 step.

15
 1.0
a b
0.5 T=1.1 T=1.2
Magnetizations
Nickel (Ni)
0.0 Bismuth1 (Bi1)
Bismuth2 (Bi2)
Ni/Bi
-0.5

-1.0
1.0
c d
Nickel (Ni)
Bismuth1 (Bi1)
Bismuth2 (Bi2)

0.5 T=1.3 Ni/Bi

T=1.4
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0
e f
0.5 T=1.5 T=1.6
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0
g h
0.5 T=1.7 T=1.8
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
1.0
k l
0.5 T=1.9 T=2.0
Magnetizations

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.5

H H

17
Fig. 4. (Color online) Paramagnetism of the Ni/Bi alloy and its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2)
at T=1.0-2.0 with 0.1 step.

18
 1.0
a

Remanence Magnetizations
0.8

0.6

0.4
MR (Ni)
MR (Bi1)
MR (Bi2)
0.2 Ni/Bi

0.0
b
0.5

0.4
Coercivities

0.3

0.2 Hc (Ni=Bi1=Bi2=Ni/Bi)

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Temperature

Fig. 5. (Color online) Remanence magnetizations and coercivities of the the Ni/Bi alloy and
its components (Ni, Bi1 and Bi2) at T=0.1-2.0 with 0.1 step.

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 Highlights

We model and investigate the magnetic properites of the Ni/Bi alloy within the EFT.

Magnetizations of the Ni/Bi alloy are observed as Bi1>Bi2>Ni/Bi>Ni at T<Tc.

Magnetization of the Bi1 is dominant and Ni is at least dominant T<Tc.

Total magnetization of the Ni/Bi alloy is close to those of Ni at T<Tc.

Hysteresis curves are overlap at T<0.1 and they behave separately at T>0.1.

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