CRI

MINALLAW BOOKI

CI
RCUMSTANCESAFFECTI
NGCRI
MINALLI
ABI
LITY

Ther
ear
efi
veci
rcumst
ancesaf
fect
ingcr
imi
nal
li
abi
l
ity
:

(
1) Just
if
yingci
rcumst
ances;

(
2) Exempt
ingci
rcumst
ances;

(
3) Mi
ti
gat
ingci
rcumst
ances;

(
4) Aggr
avat
ingci
rcumst
ances;
and

(
5) Al
ter
nat
iveci
rcumst
ances.

Art. 11: Justi

fyi
ng Ci
rcumstances -those wher
eint
he act
s ofthe act
orarein
accordancewit
hl aw,hence,hei sjust
if
ied. Ther
eisno cri
minalandcivi
lli
abi
l
ity
becausether
eisnocri
me.

 SELF-
DEFENSE

*Reasonf orl
awful
nessofsel
f-
defense:becausei
twoul
dbeimpossibl
efortheStateto
protectal
li
tsci
ti
zens.Al
soapersoncannotjustgi
veuphi
sri
ght
swithoutanyresi
stance
beingoffer
ed.

*Sincethejusti
fyi
ngci r
cumstancesar einthenat ur
eofdef ensi
veacts,ther
emustbe
alwaysunlawfulaggr
ession.Thereasonabl
enessoft hemeansempl oyeddependsont he
gravit
yoftheaggression.Ift
heunlawfulaggressorwaskil
led,thi
scanonlybejusti
fi
edif
i
twasdonet osav ethelif
eoftheper sondefendingorthepersonbeingdefended.The
equationi
slif
ewast akent osaveli
fe.
”

Ri
ght
sincl
udedi
nsel
f-
def
ense:

1.Def enseofperson
2.Def enseofri
ghtsprotectedbyl aw
3.Def enseofproper
ty:
>Theownerorl awfulpossessorofat hi
nghasar i
ghttoexcludeanyperson
from theenjoymentordi sposalther
eof.Forthispur
pose,hemayusesuch
force as maybe r easonablynecessarytor epelorpreventan actualor
threatenedunlawfulphysicalinvasi
onorusur
pationofhi
spr oper
ty Ar
.( t.429,
NewCi vi
lCode)

enseofchast
4.Def it
y

ELEMENTS:

1.UNLAWFULAGGRESSION-isaphy
sicalactmani
fest
ingdangert
oli
feorl
i
mb;
i
tisei
theract
ual
ori
mminent
.

a.Act ual/r
ealaggressi
on -Realaggr essi
onpresupposesanactposit
ivel
y
strong,showingt hewrongfulintentoftheaggressor,whi
chisnotmerel
y
threateningorinti
midati
ngat t
itude,butamat er
ialat
tack.Ther
emustbe
real dangert
olifeapersonalsafety.

b.I
mmi nentunl
awfulaggressi
on-iti
sanattackt
hatisimpendi
ngoront he
poi
ntofhappening.Itmustnotconsi
sti
namer ethreat
eni
ngatt
it
ude,nor
mustitbemer elyi
magi nar
y.Thei
nti
midati
ngatt
it
udemustbeof fensi
ve

1
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

andposi
ti
vel
yst
rong.

*Wher et her
eisanagr eementt ofi
ght,ther
eisnounlawf ulaggressi
on.Eachoft he
protagoni
stsisatonceassai l
antandassault
ed,andnei
thercaninvoketheri
ghtofself
-
defense,becauseaggr
essi onwhichi
sani nci
dentint
hefightisboundtoari
sefrom one
ortheotherofthecombat ants.

*Unlawfulaggressioninself
-def ense,t
obejustif
ying,mustexi
statt
het i
methedefense
i
smade.I tmaynol ongerex i
sti ftheaggr
essorr unsawayaf t
ert
heat t
ackorhehas
mani f
estedar efusaltocontinuef ight
ing.I
ftheper sonatt
ackedal
lowedsometimet o
elapseafterhesuf fer
edthei njurybeforehi
tti
ngback,hisactofhit
tingbackwoul
dnot
constit
uteself
-defense,butrevenge.

*Theunlawfulaggr
essionmustcomef rom t
heper sonwhowasattackedbytheaccused.
Itf
ollowsthatwhent hesourceoftheunlawfulaggressi
oni
snotknown,t henunlawful
aggressi
oncannotbeconsi der
edpresenti
nther esol
uti
onofthecase.Thi
sobser v
ati
on
i
st rueonlyinsel f
-defense.Obv
iously,i
tcannotappl yto def
enseofr elat
ivesand
str
angers.

 Ali
ghtpushontheheadwi ththehandisnotunlawf
ulaggr
essi
on,buta
sl
aponthefacei
s,becausehi
sdigni
tyi
sindanger
.

 Apol
i
ceof
fi
cerexceedi
nghi
saut
hor
it
ymaybecomeanunl
awf
ulaggr
essor
.

 Thenat
ure,char
act
er,
locat
ion,
andext
entoft
hewoundmaybel
i
ecl
aim of
sel
f-
def
ense.

2.REASONABLENECESSI
TYOFTHEMEANSEMPLOYEDTOPREVENTORREPEL
I
T;

*Itcontemplatest
wosituati
onsthatmayarisewhi
let
heaggressi
oni
stakingpl
ace.The
fi
rstistorepelanact
ualaggr on.Thesecondi
essi stoprev
entanimminentori
mpending
aggression.

Requi
sit
es:
1)Meanswer eusedtopreventorrepel
2)Meansmustbenecessar yandt her
eisnootherwayt
opreventorrepel
it
3)Means must be r easonable depending on t
he ci
rcumstances,but gener
all
y
pr
oport
ionat
etothefor
ceoft heaggressor
.

*Therulehereistostandyourgroundwhenintheri
ghtwhi
chmayinvokedwhent
he
def
enderisunl
awful
lyassaul
tedandtheaggr
essori
sarmedwi
thaweapon.

*Wheretheaccusediswherehehasther
ightt
obethelaw doesnotrequir
ehimt o
r
etr
eatwhenassaul
ted,
butr
athert
ost
andgr
oundwhenint
heright
.”(
U.S.vs.Damen)

*Ther
easonabl
enecessi
tyoft
hemeansempl
oyedt
oputupt
hedef
ense.

>Thegaugeofr easonabl
enecessi
tyistheinst
inctofself
-pr
eserv
ati
on,i.e.apersondid
notusehi srat
ionalmindtopickameansofdef ensebutactedoutofsel f
-pr
eservat
ion,
usingthenear estoronlymeansav ai
labl
et odef endhi
msel f
,evenifsuchmeansbe
dispr
oporti
onatelyadvant
ageousascompar edwi t
ht hemeansofv i
olenceempl oyedby
theaggressor.

*Reasonablenessofthemeansdependsonthenatur
eandthequal
i
tyoft
heweapon
used,
physicalcondi
ti
on,
char
act
er,
sizeandot
herci
rcumst
ances.

2
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

*Whet herornott hemeansempl oyed i

sr easonabl
ewi l
ldepend upon t
heplace,
occasi
onandot hercircumstances.Moreoften,i
tisthenatureandquali
tyofweapon
usedbyt heaggressor
.Itisalsodict
atedbythephy si
calcondi
ti
on,si
zeandsexofthe
persondefendi
nghimself.

3.LACKOFSUFFI
CIENTPROVOCATI
ON ON THEPARTOFTHEPERSON DEFENDI
NG
HIMSELF.

*Forprovocat
iontobeconsi
deredser
iousbythecourt,t
hedegreemustbesuf
fi
cient
andmustatallti
mesbeimmediatet
otheunlawfulaggr on.(
essi Castanar
esv
s.Cour
tof
Appeal
s,92SCRA567)

*Whennopr
ovocat
ionatal
lwasgi
vent
otheaggr
essorbyt
heper
sondef
endi
nghi
msel
f.

*Whenev enifprovocat
ionwasgi venbythepersondefendi
nghimsel
f,suchwasnot
suff
ici
enttocausev iol
entaggressi
onont hepartoftheatt
acker
,i.
e.theamountof
provocat
ionwasnotsuf f
ici
entt
ost i
rtheaggr
essori
ntotheactswhi
chledtheaccused
todefendhimsel
f.

*Wheneveni
fthepr
ovocat
ionwer
esuf
fi
cient
,itwasnotgi
venbyt
heper
sondef
endi
ng
hi
msel
f.

*Whenevenifpr
ovocat
ionwasgi
venbythepersondef
endi
nghi
msel
f,t
heat
tackwas
notpr
oxi
mateori
mmediatet
otheactofpr
ovocat
ion.

*Suf
fi
cientmeanspr
opor
ti
onat
etot
hedamagecausedbyt
heact
,andadequat
etost
ir
onet
oitscommissi
on.

A.KI
NDSOFSELF-
DEFENSE

1.Self
-def
enseofchasti
ty-t
obeent i
tl
edtocomplet
eself
-def
enseofchast
it
y,
ther
emustbeanat t
empttorape,
mereimminencet
her
eofwil
lsuf
fi
ce.

Honorofawomani
nrespectofherdef
ensei
sequat
edwi
thherv
irgi
nit
y

2.Defenseofpropert
y-anat
tackontheproper
tymustbecoupl
edwit
han
at
tackont heper
sonoft
heowner
,orofoneentr
ust
edwit
hthecar
eofsuch
pr
oper t
y.

*Thi
scanonlybeinvokedi
ftheli
feandli
mboft hepersonmaki
ngthedef
ensei
sal
so
t
hesubj
ectofunl
awfulaggr on.Li
essi fecannotbeequaltopr
oper
ty.

 DEFENSEOFRELATI
VE

El
ements:
1.unlawf
ulaggr
essi
on

2.r
easonabl
enecessi
tyoft
hemeansempl
oyedt
opr
eventorr
epelt
heat
tack;

3.i
ncaseprovocat
ionwasgiv
enbytheper
sonatt
acked,
thatt
heper
sonmaki
ng
t
hedefensehadnoparti
nsuchpr
ovocat
ion.

Rel
ati
vesent
it
ledt
othedef
ense:

3
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

1.spouse
2.ascendants
3.descendants
4.l
egiti
mate,naturaloradopt
edbrot
hersorsister
s
5.rel
ati
vesbyaffinit
yinthesamedegree(2nddegree)
6.rel
ati
vesbyconsangui ni
tywit
hint
he4thcivil
degr ee.

 Thet hi
rdelementneednottakeplace.Ther el
ati
vedefendedmayevenbethe
ori
ginalaggressor
.Allt
hati
sr equi
redt
oj ust
if
ytheactoftherel
ati
vedef
endi
ng
i
sthathet akesnoparti
nsuchpr ov
ocati
on.

 Generalopi
nioni
stot
heeffectt lr
hatal el
ati
vesment
ionedmustbelegi
ti
mat
e,
exceptincasesofbr
other
sandsi st
erswho,byrel
ati
vesbynatur
e,maybe
i
ll
egiti
mate.

 Theunlawf
ulaggr
essi
onmaydependont
hehonestbel
i
efoft
heper
sonmaki
ng
thedef
ense.

*Ifthepersonbeingdef endedi sal r

eadyasecondcousi n,youdonoti nvokedefenseof
rel
ati
veany mor e. I
twi l
lbedef enseofst r
anger . Thisisv i
talbecausei ftheper son
makingt hedefenseactedoutorr evenge,resentmentorsomeev ilmot i
v einkil
lingthe
aggressor,hecannoti nvoket hej usti
fyi
ng circumst ancei fther elati
vedef endedi s
alr
eadyast rangerintheey esoft hel aw.Ont heot herhand,ifther elat
ivedefendedi s
sti
llwit
hinthecov erageofdef enseofr elat
ive,event houghheact edoutofsomeev i
l
mot i
ve,i
twoul dsti
llapply.Itisenought hattherewasunl awfulaggressionagai nstthe
rel
ati
vedef ended,andt hattheper sondef endingdi dnotcont ri
but et otheunl awful
aggressi
on.

 DEFENSEOFSTRANGER

El
ements
1.unl
awf
ulaggr
essi
on

2.r
easonabl
enecessi
tyoft
hemeansempl
oyedt
opr
eventorr
epelt
heat
tack;

3.t
hepersondef
endi
ng benoti
nducedbyr
evenge,r
esent
mentorot
herev
il
mot
ive.

*
**Ar
elat
ivenoti
ncl
udedi
ndef
enseofr
elat
ivei
sincl
udedi
ndef
enseofst
ranger
.

***Benotinducedbyev i
lmoti
vemeanst hatev
enanenemyoft heaggressorwho
comestothedef enseofast
rangermayi
nv oket
hisj
ust
if
yingci
rcumstancessolong
asheisnotinducedbyamotivethati
sev
il
.

 STATEOFNECESSI
TY

A.Ar
t.11,
Par
.4pr
ovi
des:

Anypersonwho,i
nordert
oavoi
danev
ilorinj
ury
,doesanactwhi
chcausesdamage
toanot
her,pr
ovi
dedt
hatthef
oll ngr
owi equisit
esarepr
esent
:

Fi
rst
.Thatt
heev
ilsoughtt
obeav
oidedact
ual
l
yexi
sts;

Second.Thatt
hei
njur
yfear
edbegr
eat
ert
hant
hatdonet
oav
oidi
t;

Thi
rd.Thatt
her
ebenoot
herpr
act
ical
andl
esshar
mful
meansofpr
event
ingi
t.

4
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

*Theter
m damaget
oanot
herr
efer
stoi
njur
ytoper
sonsandpr
ejudi
ceordamaget
o
pr
oper
ty.

*Theter
m evi
l,meansharmf ul
,inj
uri
ous,disast
rous,anddestruct
ive.Ascontempl
ated,
i
tmustactuall
yexist.I
fitismer elyexpectedorant i
cipat
ed,theoneact i
ngbysuch
not
ioni
snotinastateofnecessi
t y
.

*Ast ateofnecessi
tyexistswhent herei
saclashbetweenunequalright
s,t
helesser
ri
ghtgivi
ngwayt othegr eaterr
ight.Asidef
rom the3requisi
tesstat
edinthelaw,it
shouldalsobeaddedthatthenecessit
ymustnotbeduetothenegli
genceorvi
olat
ionof
anylawbyt heact
or.

*Thestat
eofnecessi
tymustnothav
ebeencr
eat
edbyt
heonei
nvoki
ngt
hej
ust
if
ying
ci
rcumst
ances.

*Theper sonf orwhosebenef i

tthehar m hasbeenpr eventedshallbecivi
l
lyli
ablein
proporti
ont ot hebenefi
twhi chmayhav ebeenr ecei
ved. Thi sistheonlyjusti
fyi
ng
ci
rcumst ancewhi ch pr
ovidesf orthepay mentofci vilindemnit
y. Undert heother
j
ustif
yingci rcumst
ances,noci v
ill
iabi
l
ityattaches.Thecour tsshal
ldeter
mine,intheir
sounddi screti
on,t
heproport
ionateamountf orwhichonei sliabl
e.

*Civ
ill
i
abil
it
yreferr
edt oinastateofnecessit
yisbasednotontheactcommi t
tedbuton
thebenef
itderi
vedf r
om thestateofnecessit
y.Sotheaccusedwil
lnotbecivi
ll
yliabl
eif
hedidnotrecei
v eanybenefitoutofthestateofnecessi
ty.Ontheotherhand,persons
whodidnotpar ti
cipateinthedamageori nj
urywouldbeprotantocivi
l
lyli
ableifthey
deri
vedbenefi
toutoft hest
ateofnecessit
y.

 FULFI
LLMENTOFDUTYORLAWFULEXERCI
SEOFARI
GHTOROFFI
CE

El
ements:
1.thattheaccusedactedi
ntheper
for
manceofadut
y,ori
nthel
awf
ulexer
cise
ofar i
ghtoroff
ice;

2.thattheinj
urycausedoroffensecommitt
edbet henecessaryconsequenceof
t
hedueper f
ormanceofthedut y,
ort
helawfulexerci
seofsuchrightoroff
ice.
*Apoliceoff
icerisj
usti
fi
edinshooti
ngandki l
l
ingacriminalwhorefusestostopwhen
or
der
edt odoso, andaft
ersuchoff
icerfi
redwarni
ngshotsintheair
.

*shoot
inganoff
enderwhor
efusedt
osur
renderi
sjust
if
ied,butnotat
hiefwhor
efused
t
obearrest
ed.

*Theaccusedmustpr ovethathewasdul yappointedt othepositi

onheclaimedhewas
di
schargi
ngatt heti
meoft hecommi ssionoftheof fense.I tmustbemadet oappear
notonlythattheinj
urycausedort heoffensecommi t
tedwasdonei nthefulf
il
lmentofa
duty,ori
nt helawfulexer
ciseofar i
ghtorof fi
ce,butt hattheoffensecommi tt
edwasa
necessar
yconsequenceofsuchf ulf
il
lmentofduty ,
orlawf ulexer
ciseofarightorof
fi
ce.

*Ameresecur
it
yguar
dhasnoaut
hor
it
yordut
ytof
ir
eatat
hief
,resul
ti
ngi
nthel
att
er’
s
deat
h.

 OBEDI
ENCETOASUPERI
ORORDER

El
ements:
1.therei
sanor
der
;

2.t
heor
deri
sforal
egalpur
pose;

5
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

3.t
hemeansusedt
ocar
ryoutsai
dor
deri
slawf
ul.

*Theper songivi
ngtheordermustactwit
hint
helimi
tat
ionspr
escr
ibedbylaw.The
subordi
natetaki
ngtheor
dermustlikewi
seactwit
hint
heboundsofl aw.(
Peopl
ev s.
Oanis)

*Thesubordi
natewhoismadetocompl
ywi t
htheorderi
sthepart
ywhi
chmayav
ailof
t
hisci
rcumstance.Theof
fi
cergi
vi
ngt
heordermaynotinv
okethi
s.

*Thesubordi
nat
e’sgoodf ait
hismat er
ialher
e.I
fheobey edanor deri
ngoodfait
h,not
bei
ngawareofitsill
egali
ty,heisnotliabl
e.However,t
heor dermustnotbepat ent
ly
i
ll
egal
.Ift
heorderispatentl
yill
egal
thiscir
cumst
ancecannotbev al
idl
yinv
oked.

*
Thereasonf
ort
hisj
ust
if
yingci
rcumst
ancei
sthesubor
dinat
e’smi
stakeoff
acti
ngood
f
ait
h.

*Eveni ftheorderbepatentl
yil
legal,thesubor
dinat
emayy etbeabl
et oinvokethe
exempti
ngcircumstancesofhavi
ngact edundert
hecompul
sionofanir
resi
stibl
efor
ce,
orundertheimpulseofanuncont
roll
ablefear
.

EXEMPTI
NGCI
RCUMSTANCES

 Exempti
ngcir
cumstances( non-
imputabil
i
ty)arethosegr
oundf
orexempt
ionf
rom
puni
shmentbecauset hereiswant i
ng int heagentofthecr
imeofanyoft he
condi
ti
onswhichmaket heactvol
untary
,ornegli
gent.

 Basis:The exemption fr
om puni
shmentis based on t
he complet
e absence of
i
ntell
igence,
freedom ofacti
on,
ori
ntent
,orontheabsenceofnegl
i
genceont hepart
oftheaccused.

 A per
sonwhoactsWITHOUTMALICE (wi
thoutint
ell
igence,f
reedom ofacti
onor
i
nt )orWI
ent THOUTNEGLI
GENCE(wi
thouti
ntel
li
gence,fr
eedom ofacti
onorfaul)i
t s
NOTCRIMINALLYLI
ABLEori
sEXEMPTFROM PUNI SHMENT.

 Thereisacri
mecommi t
tedbutnocr i
minall
iabi
l
ityar
isesf
rom i
tbecauseofthe
complet
eabsenceofanyofthecondi
ti
onswhichconsti
tut
efr
eewil
lorvol
unt
ari
ness
oftheact
.

 Burdenofproof
:Anyoft hecircumstancesi
samat terofdef
enseandmustbe
provedbyt
hedefendantt
ot hesati
sfact
ionoft
hecour
t.

Di
sti
nct
ionsbet
weenj
ust
if
yingci
rcumst
ancesandexempt
ingci
rcumst
ances

I
njust
if
yingci
rcumst
ances–

1.Theci
rcumstanceaffectstheact,
nott heactor
;
2.Theactcomplainedofisconsideredt ohavebeendonewi t
hinthebounds
ofl
aw;hence,iti
slegi
timateandlawf uli
ntheeyesofthel
aw;
3.Si
ncetheactisconsideredlawful,thereisnocri
me,andbecausethereis
nocri
me,thereisnocriminal
;
4.Si
ncethereisnocr i
meorcr i
minal,thereisnocri
minall
i
abili
tyaswellas
ci
vi
lli
abi
li
ty.

I
nexempt
ingci
rcumst
ances–

6
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

1.Theci
rcumstancesaf
fectt
heactor,nott
heact;
2.Theactcomplai
nedofisact
ual
lywrongful,
buttheactoract
edwit
hout
v
olunt
ari
ness.Heisameret oolori
nstrumentofthecr
ime;

3.Sincet heactcompl ainedofi sact ual

lywr ongful
,ther ei sacr i
me. But
becauset heact
oract edwi thoutvolunt
ariness,t
herei sabsenceofdol oor
culpa.Thereisnocrimi nal;
4.Sincet her
ei sacrimecommi ttedbutt hereisnocr imi nal
,thereisci v
il
l
iabil
it
yf orthewrongdone.Butt hereisnocr iminalliabili
ty.Howev er,i
n
paragraphs4and7ofAr t
icl
e12, therei
snei t
hercriminal norcivi
ll
iabi
l
ity.

Dist
incti
onbetweenExemptingandJust
ify
ingCircumstances
ExemptingCir
cumstance Justi
fyi
ngCircumst ance
Exi
stence of Thereisacr i
mebutt her
e Ther
ei s no cr i
me,t he act i
s
acri
me isnocriminal
,theactoris j
usti
fi
ed
exempted fr
om li
abi
lityof
hisact

Ar
t.12. CI
RCUMSTANCESWHI CHEXEMPTFROM CRI
MINALLI
ABI
LITY.Thef
oll
owi
ng
ar
eexemptfrom cr
imi
nal
li
abi
l
ity
:

1.ANI
MBECI
LEORI
NSANEPERSON,
unl
esst
hel
att
erhasact
eddur
ingal
uci
dint
erv
al.

 Whent hei mbecil

eorani nsanepersonhascommi ttedanactwhi
chthelawdefi
nes
asaf elony(deli
to),t
hecour tshal
lorderhi
sconf i
nementononeofthehospit
alor
asyl
umsest abl
ishedforpersonsthusaf f
li
cted.Heshallnotbeper
mitt
edtoleave
wit
houtf i
rstobtai
ningthepermissi
onofthesamecour t.

 Requi
sit
es:
a.Offenderi
sanimbeci
le
b.Offenderwasi
nsaneatthet
imeoft
hecommi
ssi
onoft
hecr
ime

 IMBECI
LITYORINSANI
TY
a.Basi
s:complet
eabsenceofi
ntel
l
igence,
andel
ementofv
olunt
ari
ness.
b.Defi
niti
on:

Animbeci
lei
sonewhowhil
eadvancedinagehasament
aldev
elopmentcompar
abl
e
tot
hatofchi
l
drenbet
ween2and7y ear
sofage.

An insane i
sonewho act swithcompletedepriv
ati
onofi nt
ell
i
gence/
reasonor
wi
thouttheleastdi
scer
nmentorwi
thtot
aldepr
ivat
ionoffr
eedom ofthewi
ll
.

*Theinsani
tyt
hati
sexemptingisli
mitedonl
ytomentalaberr
ati
onordi
seaseoft
he
mindandmustcompl
etel
yimpai
rtheint
ell
i
genceoft
heaccused.

t
het
wot
est
sforexempt
ionongr
oundsofi
nsani
ty:

(
1) Thetestofcogni
ti
on,orwhet
hertheaccusedact
edwi
thcompl
etedepr
ivat
ionof
i
ntel
l
igenceincommitt
ingsai
dcri
me;and

(
2) Thet
estofv
oli
ti
on,orwhet
hert
heaccusedact
edi
ntot
aldepr
ivat
ionoff
reedom
ofwi
l
l.

 Animbeci
lei
sexempti nallcasesf
rom cri
minall
i
abi
li
ty(noluci
dinter
val
). The
i
nsanei
snotsoexemptifi
tcanbeshownthatheact
edduri
ngaluci
dinter
val
.Inthe
l
att
er,l
ossofconsci
ousnessofonesactsandnotmer el
yabnormali
tyofment al

7
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

f
acul
ti
eswi
l
lqual
i
fyonesact
sast
hoseofani
nsane.

 Procedure: courtistoordertheconfi
nementofsuchpersonsi nthehospit
alsor
asylumsestabli
shed.Suchpersonswil
lnotbepermit
tedtol
eavewi t
houtper
mi ssi
on
fr
om t hecourt
.Thecour t
,ontheotherhand,
hasnopowertoor dersuchper
mi ssi
on
withoutfi
rstobtaini
ngtheopinionoftheDOH thatsuchpersonsmayber el
eased
withoutdanger.

 Presumpt i
onisalway sinfavorofsani ty
.Thedef ensehastheburdent oprov et hat
theaccusedwasi nsaneatt het i
meoft hecommi ssi
onoft hecr i
me. Fort he
ascertai
nmentsuchment alcondi tionoft heaccused,i
tisper missibl
etor eceive
evidenceoft heconditi
onofhi smi ndduringareasonableperi
odbot hbeforeand
aft
ert hatti
me.Ci rcumstantialevidencewhichisclearandconv i
ncingwillsuf f
ice.
Anexami nat
ionoft heout war d actswi l
lhel
pr evealthethoughts,mot i
vesand
emot i
onsofaper sonandifsuchact sconformtothoseofpeopleofsoundmi nd.

 I
nsani
tyattheti
meoft hecommi ssi
onoft hecri
meandnott hatatt
het
imeoft he
t
ri
alwil
lexemptonefr
om criminalli
abili
ty.I
ncaseofi
nsani
tyattheti
meofthetri
al,
t
herewil
lbeasuspensi onoft het r
ialunti
lthement
alcapacit
yoftheaccusedis
r
estor
edtoaff
ordhi
m af ai
rtr
ial.

 Evidenceofinsanit
ymustr efertothetimepr ecedingt heactunderpr osecutionort o
thev er
ymomentofi t
sexecut ion.Withoutsuchev i
dence,t heaccusedi spr esumed
to be sane when he commi tted t
he cr i
me. Cont inuance ofi nsanit
ywhi ch i
s
occasionalorint
ermit
tentinnat urewi l
lnotbepr esumed.I nsanit
yatanot hert ime
mustbepr ovedtoexistatthet i
meoft hecommi ssionoft hecr i
me.Aper soni salso
presumedt ohav ecommi tt
edacr i
mei noneoft hel ucidinterval
s.Cont inuanceof
i
nsani t
ywi l
lonlybepr esumedi ncaseswher ei
nt heaccusedhasbeenadj udged
i
nsaneorhasbeencommi ttedtoahospi taloranasy l
um f ortheinsane.

 I
nst
ancesofI
nsani
ty:

a.Dement i
a praecox (
Schi
zopr
enia)is covered by the ter
m insanit
y because
homi cidalat
tackiscommoni nsuchform ofpsy chosis.Itischaracter
izedby
delusionsthatheisbeing i
nter
fer
edwi thsexuall
y,orthathisproper
tyisbeing
taken,thusthepersonhasnocontr
oloverhisacts.

b.Klept
omani aorpresenceofabnor mal ,persist
entimpul
seort endencytosteal
,to
be considered exempt ing,wi l
lst i
llhav eto be i
nvesti
gated bycompet ent
psychiat
risttodeterminei ftheunl awfulacti sduetot hei r
resi
sti
bleimpulse
producedbyhi sment aldef ect
,t huslossofwi l
l
-power
.I fsuchment aldef
ect
onlydiminishestheexer ci
seofhi swi l
lpoweranddi dnotdepr i
vehim oft he
consciousnessofhisacts,itisonl
ymi ti
gating.

c.Epi
lepsywhi chisachroni
cnervousdiseasecharact
eri
zedbyconv ul
siv
emot i
ons
ofthemuscl esandlossofconsciousnessmaybecov eredbytheterminsani
ty.
Howev er
,itmustbeshownt hatcommi ssi
onoftheoffenseisduri
ngoneofthose
epi
l
ept i
cattacks.

 Cr
imescommitt
edwhil
einadream,byasomnambuli
star
eembr
acedi
nthepl
eaof
i
nsani
ty.Hy
pnoti
sm,
however
,isadebat
abl
eissue.

 Cri
mecommitt
edwhiesuf
l fer
ingf
rom mali
gnantmal
ari
aischar
act
eri
zedbyi
nsani
ty
att
imest
hussuchper
soni
snotcr
iminal
l
yli
able.

2.APERSONUNDERNI
NEYEARSOFAGE.

8
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

3. APERSON OVERNI NEYEARSOFAGEANDUNDERFI FTEEN,UNLESSHEHAS

ACTEDWI THDISCERNMENT,inwhichcase,suchminorshal
lbepr oceededagai
nsti
n
accor
dancewi
ththeprov
isi
onsofar
ticl
e80ofthisCode.

When such minori s adj

udged t
o be cri
minal
lyirr
esponsi
ble,t he cour
t,in
conformit
ywiththeprovi
sionsofthi
sandthepr
ecedingparagr
aph,shallcommi thi
mt o
thecar eandcustodyofhi sf amil
ywhoshallbechar gedwithhissur vei
ll
anceand
educati
on;other
wise,heshallbecommi t
tedt
ot hecareofsomei nsti
tuti
onorper son
ment i
onedinsai
darti
cle80.

(THI
SPARAGRAPH HASBEEN REPEALEDBYREPUBLI
CACTNO.9344,OTHERWI
SE
KNOWNASTHEJUVENILEJUSTICEANDWELFAREACTOF2006)

Secti
on 6 of RA No.9344 pr ovi
des f
or the Mini
mum Age of Cr i
minal
Responsi
bil
it
y.-Achil
dfi
ft
een(15)y
earsofageorunderatt
hetimeofthecommission
oftheof f
enseshallbeexemptf r
om cri
minall
iabi
li
ty.However
,thechil
d shal
lbe
subj
ectedtoanint
erv
enti
onprogr
am pur
suantt
oSecti
on20ofthisAct
.

Achi l
dabov ef i
fteen(15)butbel owei ghteen(18)year
sofageshal llikewi
sebe
exemptf rom cri
mi nal l
iabil
i
tyandbesubj ect
edt oaninter
venti
onprogram unl
esshe/ she
has acted wi t
h di scernmenti n whi ch case,such chi l
d shal
lbe subject ed t
ot he
appropriateproceedi ngsi n accordancewi t
ht heAct .Theexempt ion fr
om cr i
mi nal
l
iabil
ityherei
nest ablisheddoesnoti ncludeexempt i
onf r
om civi
lli
abi
l
ity
,whi chshallbe
enforcedinaccordancewi t
hexist
ingl aws.

Secti
on7.Det erminationofAge.-Thechi ldinconf l
ictwit
ht helawshallenj
oyt he
presumpt i
onofmi nor i
ty.He/sheshal lenj
oyal lther ightsofachildinconfli
ctwi t
ht he
l
awunt i
lhe/shei spr ovent obeei ghteen( 18)y earsol dorolder.Theageoft hechi l
d
maybedet erminedf r
om thechi l
d'
sbi rt
hcer t
if
icate,bapt i
smalcer t
if
icat
eoranyot her
perti
nentdocument .I nt he absence,oft hese document s,age may be based on
i
nformat i
on from t he child himself/herself,the t esti
moni es ofot herpersons,t he
physicalapperanceoft hechi l
dandot herr elevantev idence.Incaseofdoubtast ot he
ageoft hechil
d,itshallber esolvedinhis/herf avor.

Anypersoncont est
ingtheageofthechi ldi
nconfl
i
ctwitht helaw pri
ortothe
fi
li
ng oft he inf
ormation i
n anyappropr
iate cour
tmayf i
le a case in a summary
proceedingforthedeterminat
ionofagebeforethefami
l
ycourtwhi chshalldeci
det
he
casewi thi
nt wenty-
four(24)hoursfrom recei
ptoftheappropri
atepl eadi
ngsofall
i
nterestedpart
ies.

I
facasehasbeenfil
edagainstthechil
dinconfl
i
ctwiththelawandispendi
ngin
theappropr
iat
ecourt
,thepersonshallf
il
eamot iontodet
erminetheageofthechil
din
the same courtwherethe case i
s pending.Pendi
ng heari
ng on t
he sai
d motion,
proceedi
ngsonthemaincaseshallbesuspended.

I
n allproceedi
ngs,l
aw enforcementof
ficers,pr
osecutors,j
udges,and ot
her
gov
ernmentoffi
cial
sconcer
nedshallexer
tal
lef
fortsatdeter
miningtheageofthechi
ld
i
nconfl
ictwit
hthelaw.

 Ageiscomput
eduptotheti
meofthecommi ssi
onoft
hecr
ime. Agecanbe
est
abl
i
shedbyt
het
est
imoni
esoff
ami
l
iesandr
elati
ves.

4per
iodsoft
hel
i
feofahumanbei
ng:

Age Cri
minalResponsi
bil
i
ty
Bet
ween15year
s Absol
utei
rr
esponsi
bil
i
ty
ol
d

9
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

Between 15 and Condit

ional responsibil
it
y
17yearsol
d Wit
houtdi scer nment–nol i
abi
l
ity(
exempt
)
Wit
hDi scer nment–mi ti
gat
edl
iabi
l
ity
Between 18 and Ful
lresponsi bili
ty
70yearsol
d
Over70year
sold Mi t
igatedr esponsi bi
l
ity

 Discernmentmeanst hement alcapacityofami norbet ween15and18y earsofage

tofull
yappr eciat
etheconsequencesofhi sunlawfulactandt hementalcapacit
yto
understandt hediff
erencebet weenr i
ghtandwr ong.Suchi sshownby :(1)manner
thecrimewascommi tted(i.
e.commi ssi
onoft hecr imedur ingnight
ti
met oav oi
d
detecti
on;takingthel oottoanot hertownt oavoiddi scovery)
,or(2)theconductof
theoffenderafterit
scommi ssion(i.
e.elat
ionofsatisfacti
onupont hecommi ssi
onof
hiscri
mi nalactasshownbyt heaccusedcur singatt hev i
cti
m).

*Anaccusedwhoknowsthemor al
i
tyofhi
sact
s,orcanappr
eci
atet
heconsequencesof
hi
sacti
onhasact
edwithdiscer
nment.

4. Anyper sonwho,whil
eperfor
mingalawfulactwi
thduecar
e,causesani
njur
yby
mer
eacci
dentwit
houtfaul
tori
ntent
ionofcausi
ngit
.

 ACCI
DENT(
DAMNUM ABSQUEI
NJURI
A)Basi
: s:l
ackofnegl
i
genceandi
ntent
.

 El
ement
s:
a.Apersoni
sper
for
mingal
awf
ulact

b.Exer
ciseofduedar
e

c.Hecausesi
njur
ytoanot
herbymer
eacci
dent

d.Wi
thoutf
aul
tori
ntent
ionofcausi
ngi
t.

*UnderArt
icl
e12,paragr
aph4,t
heoff
enderi
sexemptnotonl
yfrom cri
minalbutal
so
f
rom ci
vi
ll
iabi
li
ty.Thi
spar
agr
aphembodi
estheLat
inmaxi
m damnum absqueinj
uri
a”.

 Dischargeofaf i
rearm i
nat hi
ckl
ypopulat
edpl aceintheCityofManil
abeing
prohibi
tedbyArt.155oft heRPCisnotaperformanceofalawf
ulactwhensuchl
ed
totheaccident
alhitt
ingandwoundingof2persons.

 Drawingaweapon/ guni
nthecourseofsel
f-
def
enseevenifsuchf
ir
edandser
iousl
y
i
njuredt heassai
l
antisalawfulactandcanbeconsider
edasdonewithduecare
si
ncei tcoul
dnothavebeendoneinanyot
hermanner
.

Pr
obl
em:

A,ar medwi t
h. 38cal i
berandB,whohasnoweapon,r obbedast ore;butint he
courset hereof,wer eseenbyP,apol icemanwhowasar medwi t
ha. 45cali
bergun, and
whenhedemandedf ort hesur renderofAandB,A shothi m butmissed,andsoP
repell
edt heat tack.Int heexchangeofshot s,Awaski l
led,togetherwi
thB,andCt he
owneroft hest ore.Thet hr eewer ekil
ledbythebull
etsfiredfrom a.45caliber.Insuch
case,Pi snotl iablef ort hedeat hofAduet oself
-defenseasal lthethr
ee( 3)element s
werepr esent .Hei snotal sol i
ablef ort
hedeat hofB,notbecauseofsel f
-def
ense
becauset hel atterbeingweaponl esscannotcommi tunlawfulaggressi
on,butbecause
ofper f
ormanceofdut y .Fort hedeathofC, t
hestoreowner ,P,i
salsonotcr i
mi nal
lyl
iable
obviouslynotbecauseofsel f-
defensenoroffulf
il
lmentofdut ybutbecauseofacci dent
providedforinpar .1ofAr t.12.

10
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

 Withthef actdulyestabl
ishedbythepr osecut
ionthatt
heappel lantwasgui l
tyof
negli
gence,thisexempt i
ng cir
cumstancecannotbeappl ied becauseapplicati
on
presupposesthatther
eisnof aul
tornegli
genceonthepartoftheper sonper
forming
thelawfulact
.

 Accidenthappensout
sidetheswayofourwi l
l
,andalthoughitcomesaboutsome
actofourwi l
l,l
i
esbeyondtheboundsofhumanlyfor
eseeabl
econsequences.I
fthe
consequencesarepl
ainl
yfor
eseeabl
e,i
twi
llbeacaseofnegli
gence.

 The accused,who,whi l
e hunti
ng saw wil
d chi
ckens and f
ir
ed a shotcan be
consider
edt obeint heperfor
manceofal awfulactexecut
edwi t
hduecar eand
wit
houtintent
ionofdoingharm whensuchshortr
ecoil
edandaccident
all
ywounded
another.Suchwasest abli
shedbecausethedeceasedwasnoti nthedirect
ionat
whichtheaccusedfi
redhisgun.

 Thechauff
eur,whowhi l
edrivi
ngont hepropersideoftheroadatamoder at
espeed
andwithduedili
gence,suddenlyandunexpectedlysawamani nfrontofhisvehicl
e
comingfr
om thesidewalkandcr ossi
ngthestr
eetwi t
houtanywarni
ngthathewoul d
doso,ineff
ectbeingrunov erbythesai
dchauf feur
,washeldnotcri
minall
yli
able,i
t
bei
ngbymer eaccident
.

*Thei nf
li
cti
onoft heinj
urybymereaccidentdoesnotgiveri
setoacr i
minalorci
vi
l
l
iabil
i
ty,butthepersonwhocausedtheinj
uryisdutyboundtoat
tendtothepersonwho
wasi nj
ured.Ifhewoul dabandonhi
m,itisinthatabandonmentthatt
hecrimeari
ses
whichispunishedunderthesecondpar
agraphofArti
cle275.

5. Anyper
sonwhoact
sundert
hecompul
sionofani
rr
esi
sti
blef
orce.

 I
RRESISTIBLE FORCE:Basi
s: compl
ete absence off
reedom,an el
ementof
v
olunt
ariness

 El
ements:
a.Thatthecompulsi
onisbymeansofphysi
calf
orce
b.Thatthephysi
calf
orcemustbei
rr
esist
ibl
e.
c.Thatthephysi
calf
orcemustcomefrom athi
rdperson

 Force,t
obei rresi
stibl
e,mustproducesuchaneffectonani
ndiv
idualthatdespi
teof
hi
sr esistance,i treduceshim toamer einstr
umentand,assuch,i ncapabl
eof
commi tti
ngacr i
me.I tcompelshismembert oactandhi
smindtoobey .Itmustact
uponhimf rom theout si
deandbyat hi
rdperson.Hemustactnotonlywithoutawil
l
butalsoagai nsthiswill.

 Bacul
i,who wasaccused butnotamemberofaband whi ch murdered some
Ameri
canschoolteacher
sandwasseenandcompel l
edbytheleadersofthebandto
buryt
hebodi
es,wasnotcr i
minal
lyl
i
ableasaccessor
yforconceal
ingthebodyofthe
cri
me.Bacul
iactedunderthecompulsi
onofanir
resi
sti
blef
orce.

 Ir
resi
sti
blef
orcecanneverconsisti
nanimpul
seorpassion,
orobf
uscat
ion.I
tmust
consi
stofanextr
aneousforcecomingf
rom at
hir
dperson.

6. Anyper sonwhoact
sundert
hei
mpul
seofanuncont
rol
l
abl
efearofanequalor
gr
eat
eri
njur
y.

Basi
 UNCONTROLLABLEFEAR: s:compl
eteabsenceoff
reedom

11
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

 El
ements
a.thatt
hethreatwhichcausest
hefeari
sofanev
ilgr
eat
ert
han,
oratl
eastequalt
o
thatw/cheisrequir
edtocommit

b.t
hatitpr
omisesanev i
lofsuchgr
avi
tyandi
mmi
nencet
hatt
heor
dinar
yman
woul
dhavesuccumbedtoi
t.

 Duress,t
obeav al
i
ddef ense,shoul
dbebasedonr eal
,imminentorreasonabl
ef ear
forone’
sli
feorl
i
mb.Itshouldnotbeinspi
redbyspecul
ati
ve,
fanci
fulorremotefear.

*Thef earmustbegrave,act
ual,seri
ousandofsuchki ndthatmaj
orit
yofmenwoul d
succumbt osuchmoralcompulsion.Thelatt
ermustbesuchast oleaveareasonabl
e
fearforone’
sli
feorl
i
mbandnotspecul at
ive,fanci
fulorremotef .(
ear Ppvs.Parul
a,88
Phil615)

 Threatoffut
ureinjur
yisnotenough.Thecompul
sionmustl
eav
enooppor
tuni
tyt
o
theaccusedforescapeorsel
f-
defensei
nequal
combat.

 Dur
essi
stheuseofv
iol
enceorphy
sical
for
ce.

 Therei
suncont r
oll
ablefeari
swhent heoffenderemploy
si nt
imi
dati
onort hr
eatin
compel
li
nganot hertocommi tacr
ime,whil
ei r
resi
sti
blef
orceiswhent heoff
ender
usesvi
olenceorphysi
calfor
cetocompelanotherper
sontocommi tacri
me.

 “
anactdonebymeagai
nstmywi
l
lisnotmyact
”

*Theof fendermustbet otal

lydepr i
vedoffreedom.Iftheoffenderhasst i
l
lf r
eedom of
choice,whet hertoactornot ,ev enifforcewasempl oyedonhi m orev enifhei s
suff
eringfrom uncontroll
ablefear,heisnotexemptf r
om criminall
iabi
li
tybecausehei s
sti
l
lpossessedwi thvoluntar
iness.I nexempt i
ngci
rcumstances,theoffendermustact
wit
houtv oluntar
iness.

*Thedist
inct
ionbetweeni r
resi
sti
bleforceanduncont
rol
l
ablef eari
sthat
,i hef
nt ormer,
theoff
enderusesv i
olenceorphy si
calfor
cetocompelanot herpersontocommi ta
cri
me;whil
einthelatt
er,theoffenderemploysthr
eatori
nti
mi dati
ontocompelanother
tocommitacrime.Si
ncet heactoractedwit
houtfr
eedom,heincursnocri
minall
i
abil
it
y.

7. Anyper sonwhofail
stoper
for
m anactr
equi
redbyl
aw,
whenpr
event
edbysome
l
awf
ulori
nsuperabl
ecause.

 LAWFULORI NSUPERABLECAUSE:Basi
s:act
swi
thouti
ntent
,thet
hir
dcondi
ti
onof
vol
unt
ari
nessini
ntent
ional
fel
ony

 El
ements:
a.Thatanactisrequi
redbylawtobedone
b.Thatapersonfail
stoperfor
m suchact
c.Thathi
sfail
uretoperfor
m suchactwasduet
osomel
awf
ulori
nsuper
abl
ecause

 Exampl
esofl
awf
ulcause:

a.Pr
iestcan’
tbecompel
l
edt
orev
eal
whatwasconf
essedt
ohi
m

b.Noav
ail
abl
etr
anspor
tat
ion–of
fi
cernotl
i
abl
eforar
bit
rar
ydet
ent
ion

c.Mot
herwhowasover
comebysever
edi
zzi
nessandext
remedebi
l
ity
,leav
ingchi
l
d
t
odie–notl
i
abl
efori
nfant
ici
de

12
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

 TobeanEXEMPTI
NGci
rcumst
ance–I
NTENTI
SWANTI
NG

 I
NTENT–pr
esupposest
heexer
ciseoff
reedom andt
heuseofi
ntel
l
igence

Absol
utor
yCauses-arethosewheretheactcommitt
edisacr
imebutf
orsomer
eason
ofpubl
icpol
i
cyandsenti
ment,t
hereisnopenalt
yimposed.

 Exempt
ingandJust
if
yingCi
rcumst
ancesar
eabsol
utor
ycauses.

 I
nst
igat
ionv
.Ent
rapment

I
NSTI GATION ENTRAPMENT
I
nsti
gatorpracti
callyi
nducesthewould Theway sandmeansar er esortedto
-
beaccusedi nt
ot hecommi ssi
onofthe for the pur pose of t rapping and
off
ense and hi msel f becomes co- captur
ing t he l awbreaker i n t he
pr
inci
pal executi
onofhi scri
minalplan.
Accusedwillbeacquitt
ed NOT a bart o accused’
s pr osecuti
on
andconv i
cti
on
Absolut
orycause NOTanabsol ut
orycause

DI
FFERENCEBETWEENI
NSTI
GATI
ONANDENTRAPMENT

I
ninst
igat
ion,t
hecri
minalplanordesi gnexi
stsint
hemi ndofthelaw enfor
cerwith
whom t
hepersoni
nsti
gatedcooperatedsoiti
ssaidthattheper
soninst
igatedisact
ing
onl
yasamer ei
nst
rumentortoolofthelawenfor
ceri
nt heper
for
manceofhi sduti
es.

Ontheotherhand,inentr
apment,acr
iminaldesi
gnisalr
eadyinthemi ndoftheperson
entr
apped.Itdid notemanatef r
om themi nd ofthelaw enf
orcerent r
appi
ng him.
Entr
apmentinvol
vesonlywaysandmeanswhi charelai
ddownorr esort
edt of
acil
i
tate
theappr
ehensi
onoft hecul
pri
t.

Ent
rapmentisnotanabsol
utor
ycausebecausei
nent
rapment
,theof
fenderi
sal
ready
committ
ingacri
me.

Theel
ementwhichmakesinst
igat
ionanabsol
utor
ycausei
sthel
ackofcr
imi
nali
ntent
asanel
ementofvol
unt
ari
ness.

Ifthei nsti
gatorisal aw enforcer
,t hepersoni nsti
gatedcannotbecr iminall
yl i
able,
becausei tisthelawenforcerwhoplantedthatcr i
mi nalmindinhi mtocommi tthecr i
me,
withoutwhi chhewoul dnothav ebeenacr imi
nal .I ftheinsti
gatorisnotalawenf orcer,
bothwi llbecr i
minal
lyli
able,youcannothav eacaseofi nst
igati
on.Ininstigati
on,the
pri
v at
eci t
izenonlycooperateswiththelawenf orcertoapoi ntwhent hepr i
vatecit
izen
uponi nsti
gat i
onofthelawenf or
cerincri
minateshi msel f
.I twouldbecontrarytopubl i
c
policytopr osecuteaciti
zenwhoonl ycooper atedwi t
ht helaw enfor
cer.Thepr i
vate
cit
izenbel i
evesthatheisal awenforcerandthati swhywhent helawenforcertel
lshim,
hebel i
evest hati
tisacivi
ldutytocooperate.

I
ftheper
soni
nst
igat
eddoesnotknow t
hatt
heper
soni
sinst
igat
inghi
misal
aw

13
 CRI
MINALLAW BOOKI

enf
orcerorheknowshimt obenotalawenf
orcer,
thi
sisnotacaseofi
nst
igat
ion.Thi
s
i
sacaseofi nducement
,bothwi
llbecr
imi
nal
l
yliabl
e.

Inent r
apment,theper sonent rappedshoul dnotknow t hattheper sont ryi
ngtoentrap
him was a l aw enf or cer. The i dea isi ncompatible wit
h each ot herbecause in
entrapment,theper sonent rappedi sact uall
ycommi tti
ngacr i
me. Theof fi
cerwho
entrappedhim onl yl
ay sdownway sandmeanst ohav eev i
denceoft hecommi ssi
onof
thecr i
me,butev enwi thoutt hoseway sandmeans,t heper sonent rappedisactuall
y
engagedinav iolati
onoft helaw.
Insti
gati
onabsol vest heper soni nsti
gatedf rom cri
mi nalli
abili
ty.Thisi sbasedont he
rulethataper soncannotbeacr iminalifhismi ndisnotcr imi nal
.Ont heotherhand,
entrapmentisnotanabsol ut
orycause.I tisnotev enmi ti
gati
ng.

IncaseofSOMNAMBULI SM oronewhoact swhi l

esleeping,theper soninvolv
edis
defini
tel
yact ing wit
houtf r
eedom and wi thoutsuf f
ici
entintell
igence,becausehei s
asleep. Hei smov i
nglikear obot,unawareofwhathei sdoi ng. Sot heelementof
voluntari
nesswhi chisnecessaryindoloandcul paisnotpresent .Somnambul ism i
san
absolutorycause. Ifelementofv ol
untar
inessi sabsent,therei snocr i
minalli
abil
it
y,
alt
hought hereiscivi
lli
abil
it
y,andifthecir
cumst anceisnotamongt hoseenumer atedi
n
Arti
cle12, r
efertothecir
cumst anceasanabsol utorycause.

Mistakeoffactisanabsol ut
orycause.Theof fenderisacti
ngwithoutcr imi
nalint
ent
.
Soi nmi st
akeoff act,itisnecessarythathadt hefactsbeent rueast heaccused
bel
ievedthem t
obe, thisacti
sjust
ifi
ed.Ifnot
,thereiscri
minall
i
abil
ity,becausether
eis
nomi st
akeoffactany more.Theoffendermustbeli
eveheisperfor
mi ngal awful
act.

EXTENUATI
NGCI
RCUMSTANCES

*Theef f
ectoft
hisistomi
ti
gatethecr
iminall
i
abil
it
yoftheoff
ender
.Inot
herwor
ds,t
his
hast hesameef fectasmit
igat
ingcir
cumstances,onl
yy oudonotcalli
tmiti
gat
ing
becausethi
sisnotfoundi
nArti
cl
e13.

*Theconceal
mentofhonorbymot heri nt
hecri
meofinfanti
cideisanextenuat
ing
ci
rcumst
ancebutnoti
nthecaseofparri
cidewhent
heageofthevict
imist
hreedaysold
andabov
e.

*Inthecrimeofadul t
eryonthepartofamar r
iedwomanabandonedbyherhusband.
Abandonmentbyt hehusbanddoesnotjust
if
ytheactofthewoman.Itonl
yextenuat
es
orreducescr
iminall
iabi
li
ty.Whentheeff
ectoftheci
rcumst
ancei
stolowerthepenalt
y
ther
eisanextenuati
ngcircumst
ance.

14