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10
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 1
Week 1-5
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Locally Developed Self-Learning Material

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Science – Grade 10
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government
of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall
be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as
a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate
and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Joey Soriano Esporas
Editor: Yvette H. Roque
Reviewers: Yvette H. Roque
Esperidion F. Ordonio, EdD
Mariebeth B. Junio, EdD
Management Team:
Leilani Samson Cunanan, CESO V
Maylene M. Minimo, EdD, CESE
Ariel C. Lansang
Jose C. Tala, Ed D

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What I Need to Know

This learning material includes discussions on the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It
also consists of activities that will enrich your understanding on the application of electromagnetic waves in our
every day living, and consequently, how these waves affect living things and their environment.

In Lesson 1, we will describe the regions of electromagnetic spectrum in terms of:

 wavelengths
 frequencies
 energies

In Lesson 2, cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves.

In Lesson 3, explain the effects of electromagnetic radiation on living things and the environment.

There are 18 activities included in this module good for 5 weeks, 1 week for Lesson 1, 2 weeks for
Lesson 2 and another 2 weeks for Lesson 3. Please perform them with diligence and enthusiasm and you will
appreciate the beauty of Physics in even the simplest aspect of life.

After going through activities and discussions in this module, you are expected to be able to:

1. compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves (Week 1-2 S10FE-IIa-
b-47);
2. cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves, such as the use of radio
waves in telecommunications (Week 3 - 4 S10FE-IIc-d-48) and
3. explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment (Week 5 S10FE-IIe-f-49).

What I know
Before you start in this module, kindly assess your understanding of the lesson by answering the
Pretest.

DIRECTIONS: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Write ONLY THE
LETTER of the best answer for each question.

1. Which section of the spectrum is the ONLY one we can see?

A. Gamma Rays B. Ultraviolet Rays C. Visible Light D. X-rays
2. Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the lowest energy?
A. gamma ray B. infrared wave C. microwave D. visible light wave

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3. High frequency waves have _________ wavelengths.

A. long B. short C. varying D. the same
4. The frequency of infrared waves is
A. 104 Hz B. 1012 Hz C. 1015 Hz D. 1020 Hz

5. Which color has the longest wavelength?

A. Green B. Purple C. Red D. Yellow
6. A wave with a large wavelength will have a ______ frequency and _____ energy
A. high, low B. high, high C. low, high D. low, low
7. The name for the range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency is
A. electromagnesis B. electromagnetic spectrum C. light spectrum D. range of light
8. As frequency increases on the electromagnetic spectrum, what happens to the wavelength?
A. It stays the same B. It decreases C. It increases D. It doubles
9. Which of the following is NOT in the electromagnetic spectrum?
A. Light waves B. Radio Waves C. Sound waves D. X-rays
10. In which list are forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelength?
A. Microwave -> Radio wave -> Infrared rays C. Visible light -> x-ray -> radio wave
B. Microwave -> infrared -> visible light D. Infrared -> radio wave -> ultraviolet
11. What is the correct order of the visible light spectrum starting with the longer wavelength?
A. Green, yellow, blue, indigo, red, orange C. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
B. Red, yellow, orange, blue, violet, indigo D. Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, re

12. These waves are used to send signals, including Wi-Fi and text messages.
A. Gamma B. Microwave C. Radio D. Ultraviolet
13. These waves from the Sun cause sunburn.
A. Gamma B. Microwave C. Radio D. Ultraviolet
14. Which of the following part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the highest frequency?
A. Infrared B. Ultraviolet C. Red in the visible D. Violet in the visible light
light spectrum spectrum
15. How are electromagnetic waves different from other waves?
A. They have very short wavelengths C. They transmit energy instead of matter
B. They can travel through empty space D. They can change direction by reflection

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Lesson Electromagnetic
1 Spectrum
What’s In
The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according
to frequency and wavelength. The electromagnetic spectrum describes all of the kinds of light, including those
the human eye cannot see. In fact, most of the light in the universe is invisible to our eyes.

The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is a continuum of electromagnetic waves arranged according to

frequency and wavelength. It is a gradual progression from the waves of lowest frequencies to the waves of
highest frequencies. According to increasing frequency, the EM spectrum includes: radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. These waves do not have exact dividing region.

The different types of electromagnetic waves are defined by the amount of energy carried by/possessed
by the photons. Photons are bundles of wave energy. The energy of a photon is given by the equation:
E = hf where h is the Planck’s Constant
f is the frequency of the EM wave
Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 joules per second (J/s)

From among the EM waves, the gamma rays have photons of high energies while radio waves have
photons with the lowest energies.

With regards to wavelength, radio waves can be likened to the size of a football field while gamma rays
are as small as the nuclei of an atom.

An electromagnetic wave has a frequency and a wavelength associated with it and travels at the speed
of light or c. The relationship among these wave characteristics can be described by

where v W is the propagation speed of the wave

λ is the wavelength
vW = λf f is the frequency

since vW = c so for all electromagnetic waves v= c = λf

Since all the EM waves have the same speed and that is equal to the speed of light, as wavelength
decreases, the frequency increases.

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(Assume that the weaves propagate in a vacuum)

What is the frequency of radio waves with wavelength of 20-m?

Given: v = c = 3 x 108 m/s Solution: v = c = λf
λ = 20 m 𝑐
f=
λ
f=? 𝑚
3 𝑥 108
𝑠
f=
20 𝑚

f = 1.5 x 107 Hz

What is the wavelength of an unidentified EM wave having the frequency of 3 x 1019 Hz?
Given: v = c = 3 x 108 m/s Solution: v = c = λf
f = 3 x 1019 Hz or 𝑐
λ=
3 x 1019 /s 𝑓
λ=? 𝑚
3 𝑥 108
𝑠
λ=
3 x 1019 /s

λ = 1 x 10-11 m

ACTIVITY 1. SOLVE TO RESOLVE!

DIRECTIONS: Fill-out the given table below.

c λ (m) f (Hz)
1) 3 x 108 m/s 700 nm ?
2) 3 x 108 m/s ? 3 × 1019 Hz
3) 3 x 108 m/s 1 cm ?
4) 3 x 108 m/s ? 3 kHz
5) 3 x 108 m/s 0.001 nm ?

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What’s New

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: RULES OF THUMB

Three rules that apply to electromagnetic waves in general are as follows:

 High-frequency electromagnetic waves are more energetic and are more able to penetrate than low-
frequency waves.
 High-frequency electromagnetic waves can carry more information per unit time than low-frequency
waves.
 The shorter the wavelength of any electromagnetic wave probing a material, the smaller the detail it is
possible to resolve

Electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency. Frequency

is measured in cycles per second (/s) or Hertz. Wavelength is measured in meters. Energy is measured
in electron volts. Each of these three quantities for describing EM radiation are related to each other in a precise
mathematical way. But why have three ways of describing things, each with a different set of physical units?

Figure 1. Comparison of wavelength, frequency and energy for the electromagnetic spectrum.
(Credit: NASA's Imagine the Universe)

The short answer is that scientists don't like to use numbers any bigger or smaller than they have to. It
is much easier to say or write "two kilometers" than "two thousand meters." Generally, scientists use whatever
units are easiest for the type of EM radiation they work with.

Astronomers who study radio waves tend to use wavelengths or frequencies. Most of the radio part of
the EM spectrum falls in the range from about 1 cm to 1 km, which is 30 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 kilohertz (kHz)
in frequencies. The radio is a very broad part of the EM spectrum.

The wavelengths of ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray regions of the EM spectrum are very small.
Instead of using wavelengths, astronomers that study these portions of the EM spectrum usually refer to these

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photons by their energies, measured in electron volts (eV). Ultraviolet radiation falls in the range from a few
electron volts to about 100 eV. X-ray photons have energies in the range 100 eV to 100,000 eV (or 100 keV).
Gamma-rays then are all the photons with energies greater than 100 keV.

Table 1 shows how the various types of electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their
wavelengths and frequencies—that is, it shows the electromagnetic spectrum. Many of the characteristics of the
various types of electromagnetic waves are related to their frequencies and wavelengths.

ACTIVITY 2. ORDER ME!

DIRECTIONS: The table below lists typical wavelengths, frequencies and energies for different regions of the
EMS. Arrange them in increasing (least to most value) order. Write ONLY THE LETTERS representing each
region on the space provided.

Table 1. LIST OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMS ORDER

Region Wavelength Frequency Energy Wavelength Frequency Energy
A. Gamma 1 × 10 nm
-6 3 × 10 Hz
23 1.2 GeV least
B. Gamma (x-ray) 0.001 nm 3 × 1019 Hz 12 MeV
C. Hard gamma 1 × 10 nm
-9 3 × 10 Hz
26 1.2 × 1012 eV
D. Infrared 10000 nm 3 × 1013 Hz 0.12 eV
E. Microwave 1 cm 30 GHz 1.2 × 10-4 eV
F. Radio 100 km 3 kHz 1.2 × 10-11 eV
G. Ultraviolet 100 nm 3 × 1015 Hz 1.2 keV
H. Visible (blue) 400 nm 7.5 × 10 Hz
14 3.1 eV
I. Visible (red) 700 nm 4.3 × 1014 Hz 1.8 eV
J. X-ray 1 nm 3 × 10 Hz
17 120 keV most

What is it

The electromagnetic spectrum describes all the wavelengths of light, both seen and unseen.

When you think of light, you probably think of what your eyes can see. But the light to which our eyes
are sensitive is just the beginning; it is a sliver of the total amount of light that surrounds us. The electromagnetic
spectrum is the term used by scientists to describe the entire range of light that exists. From radio waves to
gamma rays, most of the light in the universe is, in fact, invisible to us!

Light is a wave of alternating electric and magnetic fields. The propagation of light isn’t much different
than waves crossing an ocean. Like any other wave, light has a few fundamental properties that describe it. One
is its frequency, measured in hertz (Hz), which counts the number of waves that pass by a point in one second.
Another closely related property is wavelength: the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

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These two attributes are inversely related. The larger the frequency, the smaller the wavelength – and vice
versa.

Figure 2. Approximate scale of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(Image via NASA/Wikipedia)

Astronomers use the entire electromagnetic spectrum to observe a variety of things. Radio waves and
microwaves – the longest wavelengths and lowest energies of light – are used to peer inside dense interstellar
clouds and track the motion of cold, dark gas.

ACTIVITY 3. WHICH WAY?

DIRECTIONS: Using the word bank below, correctly label each part of the electromagnetic
spectrum and fill in the blanks accordingly.

gamma ray higher infrared longer lower

microwave radio shorter ultraviolet visible
x-ray hotter colder

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(8) wavelength (14) ) (15) ) (9) wavelength

(10) frequency (11) frequency
(12) energy (13) energy

What’s More

The electromagnetic waves your eyes detect – visible light – oscillate between 400 and 790 terahertz
(THz). That’s several hundred trillion times a second. The wavelengths are roughly the size of a large virus: 390
– 750 nanometers (1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter; a meter is about 39 inches long). Our brain interprets
the various wavelengths of light as different colors. Red has the longest wavelength, and violet the shortest.
When we pass sunlight through a prism, we see that it’s actually composed of many wavelengths of light. The
prism creates a rainbow by redirecting each wavelength out at a slightly different angle.

Infrared and optical astronomers generally use wavelength. Infrared astronomers use microns
(millionths of a meter) for wavelengths, so their part of the EM spectrum falls in the range of 1 to 100 microns.
Optical astronomers use both angstroms (0.00000001 cm, or 10-8 cm) and nanometers (0.0000001 cm, or 10-
7 cm). Using nanometers, violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red light have wavelengths between 400 and

700 nanometers. (This range is just a tiny part of the entire EM spectrum, so the light our eyes can see is just a
little fraction of all the EM radiation around us.)

Figure 3. The visible spectrum mnemonic ROY G BV.

(Credit Image via University of Tennessee)
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The entire electromagnetic spectrum is much more than just visible light. It encompasses of range of
wavelengths of energy that our human eyes can’t see. But light doesn’t stop at red or violet. Just like there are
sounds we can’t hear (but other animals can), there is also an enormous range of light that our eyes can’t detect.
In general, the longer wavelengths come from the coolest and darkest regions of space. Meanwhile, the shorter
wavelengths measure extremely energetic phenomena.

ACTIVITY 4. WHICH IS WHICH?

DIRECTIONS: Choose from the parenthesis to answer the given questions stated below. Write your answer
on a separate paper.
1. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum. (True, False)
2. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum(True, False)
3. Gamma rays travel faster than visible light. (True, False)
4. Sound waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (True, False)
5. All electromagnetic waves can be seen by our naked eyes. (True, False)
6. Waves with a high frequency have _____ wavelength. (long, short)
7. The longer the wavelength, the _______ frequency. (lower, higher)
8. As you go from left to right across the electromagnetic spectrum, what happens to the frequency of
the waves? (increases, decreases)
9. As you go from left to right across the electromagnetic spectrum, what happens to the energy of the
waves? (increases, decreases)
10. As you go from left to right across the electromagnetic spectrum, what happens to the wavelength of
the waves? (increases, decreases)

What I Have Learned

Activity 5. Electromagnetic
Spectrum Crossword Puzzle

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Across
5. Which type of electromagnetic wave does your body emit?
6. Which type of electromagnetic waves has the longest wavelength?
7. What color in visible light spectrum has the highest frequency
8. What decreases in a wave when the frequency is decreased?
9. Physicians can use these waves to destroy cancerous cells
10. This wave is used at airports to screen passengers

Down
1. A wave that you can see with your eyes. (unaided)
2. These waves are used for satellite communication,
3. Which type of electromagnetic wave causes a chemical glow in a fluorescent light bulb?
4. What is energy carried by an electromagnetic wave is called

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 6. GIVE ME THE MEANING

DIRECTIONS: Create an acrostic to summarize your understanding on

electromagnetic spectrum.

S - _____________________________
P - _____________________________
E - _____________________________
C - _____________________________
T - _____________________________
R - _____________________________
U - _____________________________
M - _____________________________

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Answer Key

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Lesson Applications of the

Different Regions of EM
2 Waves
What’s In
All substances have kinetic energy that is expressed by vibrations of their atoms or molecules. The
vibrations result in radiation. The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is a name given to all of the different types
of radiation.
All substances give off electromagnetic radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves. The motion
of different waves enables scientists to classify them into different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The behavior of an electromagnetic wave in a substance depends on its frequency or wavelength.
The differing behaviors of different groups in the electromagnetic spectrum make them suitable for a range
of uses.
The visible spectrum is arranged in the center from lesser to upper wavelengths within the order of
left to right. Therefore, the left visible spectrum is indicated in violet color, whereas the right visible spectrum
is indicated with red color.

Figure 1. Electromagnetic spectrum diagram

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In the Direction of the Left

1. The UV Spectrum (Ultraviolet Spectrum)
Moving more toward the left side of the visible spectrum, it lies in the UV region. Though it is not
noticeable to the human eye, and this UV region will appear in violet because it is nearer toward the
violet area of the spectrum. The range of UV spectrum lies between the 10 nm – 400 nm.
2. X-Rays
Moving toward the left side of the UV spectrum, initially, we have the X-rays which range from 0.01
nm to 10 nm. This region can also be separated into two depending on their penetrability. These are
extremely penetrable, and they have superior energy and wavelengths which ranges from 0.01 nm to 0.1
nm.
3. Gamma Rays
Moving toward the left of X-rays, we have the most energetic rays like gamma rays. The radiations
of these rays do not contain any lesser edge of wavelength; however, their higher limit lies on 0.01 nm.
The energy and penetrability of these rays are very high.

In the Direction of the Right

1. IR Spectrum (Infrared Spectrum)
When we move toward the right side of the visible spectrum, then we have the IR spectrum region.
Comparable to the Ultraviolet spectrum, the IR spectrum is not visible, but since the area is nearer to the
red color region of the visible spectrum, then it is named as the infrared region. The wavelength range of
the IR spectrum ranges from 780 nm to 1 mm. This kind of spectrum further split-up into three regions:
 The near-infrared spectrum ranges from 780 nm to 2,500 nm.
 Mid Infrared spectrum ranges from 2,500 nm to 10,000 nm.
 Far Infrared spectrum ranges from 10,000 nm to 1000 μm
2. Microwaves
When we move toward the right side of the visible spectrum, then we have the microwaves. The
wavelengths of microwaves would most possibly exist in the range of micrometer. The range of these
waves ranges from 1 mm – 10 cm.
3. Radio Spectrum
When we move toward the right side of the visible spectrum, then we have the radio frequency (RF)
region. The radio spectrum region overlaps with the microwave region. But it officially starts at 10 cm.

ACTIVITY 1. NAME GAME

DIRECTIONS: Think and create your own mnemonic that will help you remember the order of the EM
spectrum or the colors of light.

Sample: Red Monkeys In Vans Use Xray Glasses

(Radio-Microwave-Infrared-Visible-Ultraviolet-Xray-Gamma)

ROY G. BIV
(Red-Orange-Yellow-Green-Blue-Indigo-Violet)

Your mnemonic: ___________________________________________________________________

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What’s New

The term radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than about 0.1 m.
Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., for radios), but the term is used for
electromagnetic waves in this range regardless of their application. They cover a very broad wavelength
range and are divided into many subranges, including microwaves, electromagnetic waves used for AM and
FM radio, cellular telephones, and TV signals. There is no lowest frequency of radio waves, but ELF waves,
or “extremely low frequency” are among the lowest frequencies commonly encountered, from 3 Hz to 3
kHz. ELF waves are able to penetrate sea water, which strongly absorbs electromagnetic waves of higher
frequency, and therefore are useful for submarine communications.

Microwave frequencies range from about 109 Hz to nearly 1012 Hz. Most satellite-transmitted
information is carried on microwaves. Radar is a common application of microwaves. Microwaves of 2.45
GHz are commonly used in microwave ovens. Microwaves also provide the WiFi that enables owners of cell
phones, laptop computers, and similar devices to connect wirelessly to the Internet at home and at coffee
shops and airports. A wireless WiFi router is a device that exchanges data over the Internet through the cable
or another connection, and uses microwaves to exchange the data wirelessly with devices such as cell
phones and computers. Microwaves find use also in radio tagging, using RFID (radio frequency identification)
technology.

The range of infrared frequencies extends up to the lower limit of visible light, just below red. In fact,
infrared means “below red.” The familiar handheld “remotes” for changing channels and settings on television
sets often transmit their signal by modulating an infrared beam. We use infrared lamps, including those
called quartz heaters, to preferentially warm us.

Visible light is the narrow segment of the electromagnetic spectrum between about 400 nm and about
750 nm to which the normal human eye responds.

Ultraviolet means “above violet.” The electromagnetic frequencies of ultraviolet

radiation (UV) extend upward from violet, the highest-frequency visible light. The highest-frequency
ultraviolet overlaps with the lowest-frequency X-rays. The wavelengths of ultraviolet extend from 400 nm
down to about 10 nm at its highest frequencies.

X-rays have wavelengths from about 10−8 m to 10−12 m. They have shorter wavelengths, and higher
frequencies, than ultraviolet, so that the energy they transfer at an atomic level is greater. The widest use of
X-rays is for imaging objects that are opaque to visible light, such as the human body or aircraft parts.

Gamma radiation from radioactive materials is used in nuclear medicine.

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ACTIVITY 2. WHAT’S MY SIZE?

DIRECTIONS: Match Column A with Column B. Use separate paper and write only the letter of the correct
answer.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. ELF waves A. 1 mm to 10 cm
2. EM spectrum B. > 10 cm
3. far IR spectrum C. 10000 nm to 1000 μm
4. gamma rays D. 1 to 100 microns
5. IR spectrum E. 780 nm to 2500 nm
6. microwave oven F. 2500 nm to 10000 nm
7. microwaves (f) G. 400 nm to 750 nm
8. microwaves (λ) H. 10 nm to 400 nm
9. mid IR spectrum I. 2.45 Hz
10. near IR spectrum J. > 0.01 nm
11. radio spectrum K. 780 nm to 1 mm
12. UV spectrum L. 3 Hz to 3 kHz
13. visible light M. 109 Hz to 1012 Hz
14. x-rays N. 0.01 nm to 10 nm
15. x-rays (highly penetrable) O. 0.01 nm to 0.1 nm

What is it

The electromagnetic spectrum is a classification of the Sun’s radiation. Scientists have

identified solar energy as a spectrum of many different wavelengths of electromagnetic rays.

Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are used to
transport information through the atmosphere without wires. They carry signals to your radio, television and
mobile phone. Astronomers use radio telescopes that receive radio waves emitted by planets, stars, galaxies,
and nebulas to study the far reaches of the universe.

Infrared light has a range of wavelengths. ‘Near infrared’ has shorter wavelengths and is used for
devices such as night vision goggles. ‘Far infrared’ has longer wavelengths and is used for things such as
thermal imaging. Infrared can also be used for some short range ‘line of sight’ communication, such as TV
remote controls.

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Figure 1. The electromagnetic spectrum rays

(University of Waikato www.sciencelearn.org.nz)

Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the
colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength, and violet has
the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light.

There are several regions to ultraviolet light in the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging in wavelength
between 10 and 400 nanometers. Too much exposure to UV light (such as that emitted from our Sun) can
cause harmful effects like sunburn. However, ultraviolet light has been used for things such as UV lasers,
fluorescent lamps and disinfecting wastewater.

X-rays have one of the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They have higher
energy than ultraviolet light, but longer wavelengths than gamma rays. X-rays are primary used for diagnostic
radiography. They are formed through ionizing radiation, and too much exposure (the radiation is too intense
and/or you are exposed for too long) can be dangerous.

Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They have the most
energy of any wave. The waves are generated by radioactive processes such as in nuclear explosions. Like
other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum, they can be used to kill living cells, such as cancer, but can
provoke DNA alteration by interfering with the genetic material of the cell.

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ACTIVITY 3. BET YOUR NUMBER?

DIRECTIONS: Given the images below, arrange them in sequence (increasing) based on their frequency.
Write only the number that corresponds to each picture

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

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16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30
(NOTE: if the frequency is a range use the highest value in the same prefix and if 2 prefixes use the lower
valued prefix then sequence)

YOUR COMBINATION: ____________________________________________________________

NOTE to the FACILITATOR: Allot 2 days to accomplish Activity 3

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What’s More

Each range of the EMS has several applications and uses in everyday life. It might seem hard to
believe that the same form of energy browns your toast, brings you broadcast television, and makes the page
you are now reading visible. Yet EM waves make each of these events possible. The various types of EM
waves differ from each other in their wavelengths and frequencies. The frequency of an EM wave also
determines its characteristics and uses. Higher-frequency EM waves, with more electromagnetic vibrations
per second, have more energy. Lower-frequency EM waves, with longer wavelengths, have less energy.

Table 1. Uses of Electromagnetic Spectrum

Type of wave Production Applications

Radio Accelerating charges Communications, Remote controls, MRI
Accelerating charges and Communications, Ovens, Radar, Cell
Microwaves
thermal agitation phone use
Thermal agitation and
Infrared Thermal imaging, Heating
electronic transitions
Thermal agitation and
Visible light Photosynthesis, Human vision
electronic transitions
Thermal agitation and
Ultraviolet Sterilization, Vitamin D production
electronic transitions
Inner electronic transitions and Security, Medical diagnosis, Cancer
X-rays
fast collisions therapy

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ACTIVITY 4. WHAT’S THE USE OF?

DIRECTIONS: Locate 20 words by reading them horizontally, vertically, diagonally or even backwards.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

APPLICATION OF EM SPECTRUM
I URHK SGC S T ER I L I Z A T I ON Y N G
RUU Z BNC S CKU Z BG I L T T K Z Q Z V J
B X B Z I O E S E V AWO I D A R K HM J Q X T
G C Z J M I I Y H S Y A R X R EMO T E C K I D
Z R D V A T K NM I C R OW A V E S UWO F R O
MNG Y G A N A V C F S N I MA T I V T O Y T R
E D T K I C V B XWE E Y U T X E C E F K L P O
Y SWK N I Y V D J R S NMV K VW I Z I Z G O
H Y U V G N BWH V EWU E T P I E L WN F R Z
I V I R J U I QRNN P L Z L S L PMY G B C L
T OWR Y M J Q D T O O UWX B C A N C E R T T
F N J Y I MCOR P H J S L I I N F R A R E D E
WE C K Z O P MQ N P U T S T J QG V N D R S G
C XWU C C D R L T L O I M Z R Q O H Y N B X O
I W S R A H D S F U L V J I I J A Q WW R Y L N
P O B B A V K N Q A E W A G G MW V S P H B Y P
Y M U G V MW Y W A C S N C J A Z A I F C V S P
N T O S Y QKMT X F I S TMTME F OR F Y P
RW I B X P I C D T T V V P WQ RMX U L H V K
A X U R WM A A F A U V Q L I S O S A Y D E C Z
DV P CU I WR E N I C I DEMS E J RG G T B
A WW Y Y C L H E X A R K U O X T Y I F A O I T
RVD P F EEHBH I CXDO I P CODK Y X H
DE T CG L L SGS T U F A NBKR T EO S S H

NOTE to the FACILITATOR: Allot 2 days to accomplish Activity 4

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What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 5. RESEARCH 101

DIRECTIONS: Choose 1 topic from the list and write 2 to 3 paragraphs describing the following areas.

1. Radio waves are used in cell phone wireless communication technology

2. Microwave oven uses microwaves to quickly heat food
3. Infrared technology can be used to enable people to “see” in the dark
4. Visible light is used with solar photovoltaic panels to produce electricity
5. Ultraviolet radiation is used in tanning bed technology
6. X-radiation can be used to produce an internal image of the body
7. Gamma radiation may be used to treat cancer

What I Can Do

ACTIVITY 6. RESEARCH 102

DIRECTIONS: Choose 3 areas of application of EM spectrum and write a brief description of the following
instrument and/or facility.

1. Hubble’s Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer Instrument

2. Ultraviolet Zimaging Spectrograph (UVIS)
3. Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)
4. High energy Transient Explorer
5. Chandra X-ray Observatory
6. Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
7. Autonomous Portable Low Frequency Receiver and Display (APRAD)

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Activity 4
CANCER CELLPHONE COMMUNICATIONS COOKING
GAMMA RAYS HEATING IMAGING INFRARED
MEDICINE MICROWAVES RADAR RADIOWAVES
REMOTE SECURITY STERILIZATION THERAPY
ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE VITAMINS XRAYS
Answer Key
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Lesson Effects of EM radiation

on living things and the
3 environment
What’s In
The word radiation comes from the Latin word radiationem (nominative radiatio) meaning “beam of
light or rays or beams emitted". Radiation is a process where energy travels through space as high particles
or waves from the atoms of a radioactive material. Know that there are two sources of radiation---nature and
man-made.
Natural radiation comes from the Sun, from the element radon in the air, from the Earth's rocks/soil
and from outer space. These sources contribute to 82% of the public's exposure annually. Radiation is
relatively harmless in small amounts.
Man-made radiation is radiation artificially created by people! It is usually used in communications,
industry, research and medicine, and can be found in nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants.
Approximately half of all cancer patients receive radiation therapy during their lifetimes. The radiation therapy
uses radiation with high amounts of energy in order to kill cancerous cells by damaging their DNA, but it can
affect normal cells too. That's why professionals in any field involving radiation use take great caution when
using it, because if misused...there could be harmful consequences!
Another distinctive factor of radiation is whether it is ionizing, or non-ionizing radiation. According to
their frequency and energy, electromagnetic waves can be classified as either ionizing radiations or non-
ionizing radiations (NIR).
Non-ionizing is potentially less harmful than the latter because radiation of this type has less energy
than ionizing and can cause molecules to move in an atom but it cannot remove electrons. Non-ionizing (NIR)
is a term for that part of the electromagnetic spectrum which has photon energies too weak to break atomic
bonds. Types of non-ionizing radiation include radio-waves, microwaves, radar waves, infrared waves,
electromagnetic radiation, visible light and UV light.
Ionizing radiations are extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves (X-rays and gamma rays),
which have enough photon energy to produce ionization by breaking the atomic bonds that hold molecules
in cells together.
Ionizing, on the other hand, has the ability to create ions by removing electrons from an atom. Most
ionizing radiation comes from radioactive materials and x-ray machines, and includes alpha radiation, beta
radiation, neutron radiation, gamma radiation and x-rays. These types are potentially more dangerous
because they contain higher amounts of energy particles than that of non-ionizing radiation and prolonged
exposure can lead to radiation sickness.
All kinds of ionizing radiation can endanger living things, while most nonionizing radiations cannot
because they lack the amount of energy necessary. Yet, still, large amounts of any radiation can be harmful.

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Figure 1. Classification of electromagnetic waves

(https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/radio-frequency-radiation-and-
cell-phones)

ACTIVITY 1. YOU’RE MY HERO!

DIRECTIONS: Name the superhero described in each statement. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
1. A high school student is bitten by a radioactive spider while visiting a science exhibit. Afterward he gains
spider-like powers including super-strength, the ability to climb walls and throw webs, and phenomenal
jumping skills.
2. A physicist develops a gamma ray bomb. While testing the bomb, he is exposed to the blast as he saves
a teenage boy driving into the test area. Afterward, he develops a split personality and turns into a large,
strong, green monster when angry.
3. After being exposed to radioactive sludge, four turtles — Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo and Donatello
— mutate into human-sized ninjas and fight criminals, aliens and other evil characters.
4. A group of four individuals gain superpowers after being exposed to cosmic rays during a scientific space
mission. Afterward, each individual develops a different power, including the ability to stretch to incredible
lengths and shapes, the ability to become invisible and project powerful force fields, the ability to generate
flames, and the gift of superhuman strength and endurance.
5. This superhero is more powerful than a locomotive, can fly and has x-ray vision. His weakness is kryptonite.
Lead is the only substance that will block and save him from kryptonite. It is also the one material he cannot
penetrate with his x-ray vision.

BONUS QUESTION: What do these superheroes have in common?

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What’s New

Generally, when people hear the word radiation, they’re thinking of ionizing radiation, like X-rays and
gamma rays. Ionizing radiation carries enough energy to break chemical bonds, knock electrons out of atoms,
and cause direct damage to cells in organic matter. In fact, ionizing radiation carries more than a billion times
more energy than non-ionizing radiation. A little ionizing radiation can be used to produce x-ray images for
diagnosis. A lot of ionizing radiation is needed to kill cancer cells in radiation therapy.

Table 1. Sources of electromagnetic radiation

Type of Area of EM
Occupational exposure Other exposures Clinical effects
radiation spectrum
electrical wiring and
electrical equipment
 Power plant or line Inconclusive evidence of
ELF (extremely ELF induction
workers leukemia link
low frequency) furnaces
high-voltage power
lines
great deal of controversy
regarding potential cancer
risks,
 Radar and
exposure to radio and
Radiofrequency communications
microwave frequency
and Microwave equipment
 Cell Phones sources can cause burns
Non-Ionizing Frequency  industrial and
- Routine Exposures commercial ovens Intense, direct exposure to
exposure to radiofrequency (RF) or
non-ionizing microwave radiation may
result in damage to tissue
radiation is
due to heat.
generally
perceived as primarily an eye and skin
harmless to Common lasers hazard
humans include classes by risk of injury:
1. CO2 IR laser 1. No damage
2. helium - neon, 2. Low chance for damage
 Beams of coherent
LASER (May be 3. neodymium due to blink
light with single
in the IR, Visible YAG, 3. Cause injury with direct
wavelength and
or UV spectrum) 4. ruby visible exposure
frequency
lasers 4. Cause injury even when
5. Nitrogen UV reflected
laser
Requires controls to prevent
injury
 Welding IR radiation (furnaces,Penetrates superficial layers of
Infrared
 Glassmaking heat lamps) the skin

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 heating and IR lasers causes thermal injury

dehydrating potential for damage to the
processes cornea, iris, lens of the eye
Possibility of retinal injury from
400-500 nm blue
Visible Spectrum
frequencies
Excessive visible radiation can
damage the eyes and skin.
 A and B bands produce
biologic effects on the skin and
the eyes (Photokeratitis,
Ultraviolet  Majority of
conjunctivitis, sunburn,
Radiation exposures are to black lights photosensitization reactions,
3 regions: outdoor workers
tanning beds skin cancers)
UV-A  Welders
electric arc lighting Too much UV radiation can
315nm-400nm  Drying and curing
UV-B industries the sun cause skin burns,
welding arcs premature aging of the skin,
280nm-315nm  Kitchen, laboratory
Ionizing UV lasers eye damage, and skin
UV-C or medical industries
-High energy cancer
‹280 nm exposed to germicidal
radiation with Exposure to tanning beds and
ultraviolet
the potential tanning devices also
for direct increases the chance of
cellular and developing skin cancer.
DNA damage  Medicine
 Nuclear Power
Industry  Radioactive Contaminates on
 Document Dating Intact Skin
 Food Preservation
Gamma Rays  Local Radiation Injuries
 Airplane/Space
 Whole Body Exposure
Flight
 Transportation of  Internal Deposition
Radioactive
Material

By contrast, non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to break chemical bonds or strip
electrons from atoms. Scientific consensus shows that non-ionizing radiation is not a carcinogen and, at or
below the radio frequency exposure limits set by the FCC, non-ionizing radiation has not been shown to
cause any harm to people.

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ACTIVITY 2. EM STRIP

DIRECTIONS: Recreate the figure below then cut pictures as applications of the following EM spectrum
and paste them on the space provided.
Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X – ray
Gamma

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What is it
Remember, there are different types of radiation. The level of risk depends on the sort of radiation
you're exposed to and how long. When you see all those scientists in movies wearing lead shields, aprons
and whatnot, it's because there's no happy ending in taking a risk with radiation. To determine the amount of
radiation exposure, you have to know the strength of the radiated energy, the distance between you and its
source and the amount of time it takes for the initial signs and symptoms of radiation sickness occur.
Radiation Measurement
1. Roentgen (R)- Describes a radiation field in terms of the amount of ionizations
produced in air, not in common use today
2. Rad- Conventional unit of absorbed dose of radiation per unit mass.
3. Gray (Gy) – 1 Gray=100 Rads
4. Rem- Absorption measure to whole body or specified organ, takes into account
radiation quality, Rem=rads x quality factor, each type of ionizing radiation has
a different quality factor
5. Sievert (Sv)- 1SV=100 Rem

Derived from the phrase “Roentgen equivalent man”, the rem is now defined as the dosage in rads
that will cause the same amount of biological injury as one rad of X-rays or gamma rays.
In the medical field, the term gray (Gy) is used to describe the dose an exposed patient has absorbed.
Some diagnostic tests, especially those that use x-rays, contain less than 0.1 Gy of radiation.
When someone shows the signs/symptoms of radiation sickness, it immediately shows that the
person's dosage is 1 Gy or higher. If your exposure is above 6 Gy, you're in trouble. At that level of exposure,
your condition is untreatable and you may die within two weeks.
If you experience severe symptoms very quickly post-exposure, you probably are within the range
of fatality on the exposure scale. First, in any radiation sickness patient, nausea and vomiting occur. After
this, there may be a brief amount of time where you experience no new symptoms of an apparent illness. It's
when this period ends, however, when the serious symptoms come into play. Someone whose health is in
jeopardy should expect diarrhea, fever, and headache in the next 2 hours after initial symptoms. Immediately
after: dizziness, disorientation, weakness, fatigue, hair loss, bloody vomit/stools, infection, poor wound
healing (due to low platelets), low blood pressure, low white blood cell count and finally death occurs. Don't
worry, though! This sad ending only happens if the patient has a very severe exposure of 8-10 Gy or higher.
So, if you are exposed to a huge dose of radiation during a very short amount of time, you can get
radiation sickness...yet cases of this sickness are rare.

ACTIVITY 3. FACT OR BLUFF

DIRECTIONS: Read each statement. Decide whether each statement is “Fact” or “Bluff”. Write your answer
on a separate sheet.

1. Radioactive waste remains radioactive forever.

2. People who live in higher altitudes receives more exposure to cosmic radiation than people living in
lowlands.
3. Radiation from a tanning bed is more harmful than radiation from the sun.
4. If you are exposed to radiation you will develop cancer.

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5. Suntans are the result of skin damage from the sun.

6. Most radiation that we are exposed to is man-made.
7. Living near a nuclear power plant poses less risk of radiation exposure than living in a home or area
with high radon levels.
8. You should keep track of the number of medical x-rays and scans you have received.
9. Exposing food to radiation makes it radioactive.
10. All glow-in-the-dark items contain radioactive sources.
11. Radiation was discovered during World War II when the atomic bomb was developed.
12. Radiation exposure will cause you to glow.
13. Cigarettes are a source of radiation exposure.
14. Children are more sensitive to radiation than adults.
15. Extreme doses of radiation to the whole body, received in a short period, cause so much damage to
internal organs and tissues of the body.

What’s More

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves with a wide range of properties and uses. Some of the
waves are also hazardous to human body tissues.
Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays are types of ionizing radiation. This means that they can
knock electrons from the shells of atoms, turning them into ions. This process of ionization can lead to
mutations in cells, which can lead to cancer. Ultraviolet waves can cause skin to age prematurely and
increase the risk of skin cancer.
Gamma rays can also damage or kill the cells in a person's body. In order to be safe, exposure to
ionizing radiation needs to be kept as low as possible, especially for people who work with this type of
radiation every day in hospitals. A radiographer using X-rays in a hospital has to stand behind a lead shield
or be in another room when the X-ray machine is being operated.
Sunburn is caused by large exposures to UV-B and UV-C, and repeated exposure can increase the
likelihood of skin cancer. The tanning response is a defense mechanism in which the body produces pigments
in inert skin layers to reduce exposure of the living cells below.
Besides the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation, there are also benefits of exposure in nature and
uses in technology. Vitamin D production in the skin results from exposure to UV-B radiation, generally from
sunlight. Several studies suggest vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of a range of
cancers (prostate, breast, colon), as well as osteoporosis. Low-intensity ultraviolet has applications such as
providing the energy to cause certain dyes to fluoresce and emit visible light, for example, in printed money
to display hidden watermarks as counterfeit protection.
X-rays have adverse effects on living cells similar to those of ultraviolet radiation, but they are more
penetrating. Cancer and genetic defects can be induced by X-rays. Because of their effect on rapidly dividing
cells, X-rays can also be used to treat and even cure cancer.
X-rays, in humans, the risk of cell damage is weighed carefully against the benefit of the diagnostic
information obtained.
Living things - plants and animals - have evolved to utilize and respond to parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum in which they are embedded. We enjoy the beauty of nature through visible light.
Plants are more selective. Photosynthesis uses parts of the visible spectrum to make sugars.

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Table 2. Common Issues on Applications of EM spectrum

Type of wave Production Applications Issues
Communications,
Radio Accelerating charges Requires control for band use
Remote controls, MRI
Communications,
Accelerating charges and thermal Absorbed by the body and
Microwaves Ovens, Radar, Cell
agitation produce heat in exposed tissues
phone use
Thermal agitation and electronic Thermal imaging, Absorbed by atmosphere,
Infrared
transitions Heating Greenhouse effect
Thermal agitation and electronic Photosynthesis, Human
Visible light Eye health due to over exposure
transitions vision
Thermal agitation and electronic Sterilization, Vitamin D Ozone depletion, Cancer
Ultraviolet
transitions production causing
Security, Medical
Inner electronic transitions and
X-rays diagnosis, Cancer Cancer causing
fast collisions
therapy

ACTIVITY 4. OUT AND ABOUT!

Radiation Sources in Our Community
DIRECTIONS: Copy the table below. Review the following sources of radiation. You may interview some of
the members of your community to accomplish this task. Indicate the type of radiation where you might
encounter them by placing a ✔ on the respective column. Multiple columns as answers are allowed.
Locality of the Learner (Indicate your Barangay): ______________________________________
Type of Radiation Locations
Sources of Radiation Work
Ionizing NIR Both Outdoors Indoors
place
1. Welding machine
2. Security scanners
3. CT scanners
4. Cosmic radiation
5. Electric & magnetic fields from power lines
6. Antique clock
7. Watches that glow in the dark
8. Radon
9. Tritium exit signs
10. Smoke detectors
11. Waste from abandoned uranium mines
12. Wireless technology
13. Nuclear moisture gauges
14. Cigarettes
15. Tanning beds

NOTE to the FACILITATOR: Allot 2 days to accomplish Activity 4 to give allowance to

interview their community members
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What I Have Learned

Extreme doses of radiation to the whole body (around 10 sievert and above), received in a short
period, cause so much damage to internal organs and tissues of the body that vital systems cease to function
and death may result within days or weeks. Very high doses (between about 1 sievert and 10 sievert),
received in a short period, kill large numbers of cells, which can impair the function of vital organs and
systems.

Acute health effects, such as nausea, vomiting, skin and deep tissue burns, and impairment of the
body’s ability to fight infection may result within hours, days or weeks. The extent of the damage increases
with dose. These effects are called 'deterministic’ effects and will not be observed at doses below certain
thresholds. By limiting doses to levels below the thresholds, deterministic effects can be prevented entirely.
There is evidence that a dose accumulated over a long period carries less risk than the same dose
received over a short period. Except for accidents and medical exposures, doses are not normally received
over short periods, so that it is appropriate in determining standards for the control of exposure to use a risk
factor that takes this into account. While not well quantified, a reduction of the high-dose risk factor by a factor
of two has been adopted internationally, so that for radiation protection purposes the risk of radiation-induced
fatal cancer is taken to be about 1 in 20,000 per millisievert of dose for the population as a whole.
Put simply, non-ionizing radiation differs from ionizing radiation in the way it acts on materials like
air, water, and living tissue.

Figure 2. Lower frequency, lower-energy electromagnetic radiation is nonionizing, and higher

frequency, higher-energy electromagnetic radiation is ionizing. (CC BY-SA, OpenStax).

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ACTIVITY 5. LET’S INVESTIGATE

Research on the following areas. Write your output in a separate sheet of paper

1. How can medical professionals keep themselves safe from some of the harmful EM waves
that are used in hospitals?
2. Investigate which sun screens are best for use. If possible, name the brands.
3. Find out why we are only allowed one chest x-ray every 6 months.

NOTE to the FACILITATOR: Allot 2 days to accomplish Activity 5 to give adequate time for the learners to work on
their research.

What I Can Do

The safest amount of radiation to the human body is zero. It is not possible to be not exposed to
ionizing radiation so the next best goal is to be exposed to as little as possible. The two best ways to minimize
exposure is to limit time of exposure and to increase distance from the source.
Energy absorbed from nonionizing radiation speeds up the movement of atoms and molecules,
which is equivalent to heating the sample. Although biological systems are sensitive to heat (as we might
know from touching a hot stove or spending a day at the beach in the sun), a large amount of nonionizing
radiation is necessary before dangerous levels are reached.

ACTIVITY 6. OVER OR UNDER?

DIRECTIONS: Name 1 situation where there are human health risks from exposure (or overexposure) to any
of the EM spectrum. In your notes, identify the following:

A. Area of EM spectrum:
B. Describe the main risk (s)
C. Describe common sources of exposure (or overexposure)
D. Describe a technology, device, or behavior that can be used for protection, or to decrease
exposure.

NOTE to the FACILITATOR: Allot 2 days to accomplish Activity 6 to give adequate time for the learners
to research on their chosen topic.

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Assessment
DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of correct answer, write them on a separate paper.
1. How much of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible?
A. All of it B. Most of it C. None of it D. Only a small part

2. Which of the following has the most energy?

A. Color green B. Infrared C. Microwaves D. X-rays

3. Which of the following has the most energy?

A. Blue B. Green C. Red D. Yellow

4. In order of increasing energy, which of the following is the correct sequence?

A. Infrared, visible, B. Infrared, x-ray, C. Visible, gamma, D. Visible, radio,
ultraviolet, gamma visible, gamma ultraviolet, x-ray ultraviolet, x-ray

5. Which of the following is true about EM waves?

A. Gamma rays have the B. Light is the only wave C. Radio waves are used D. All mentioned.
shortest wavelength. that humans can in television broadcast.
perceive.

6. Which of the following sets of EM radiation can harm your body cells?
A. Gamma ray, microwaves, B. Light, ultraviolet, x- C. Microwaves, ultraviolet, D. Ultraviolet, x-ray,
infrared ray infrared gamma ray

7. An electromagnetic wave is made up of which of the following oscillating quantities?

A. Electric field only B. Magnetic field only C. Electric and magnetic D. Electric and
force magnetic field

DIRECTIONS: Read the statements and identify them as TRUE or FALSE. Write your answers on a
separate paper.

8. Radiant energy spreads out from its source in all directions.

9. Electromagnetic radiation includes only visible light waves.
10. Microwaves are a type of infrared wave.
11. X-rays have more energy than gamma rays.
12. Radio waves, microwaves and ultraviolet waves all have longer wavelengths than visible light.
13. Both x-rays and gamma rays have higher frequencies than ultraviolet rays.
14. The sun radiates both visible and invisible energy.
15. Communicating with satellites is an application of gamma rays.

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Additional Activities

Play an online bingo using the link https://wheelofnames.com/mc5-zw4

WHAT A WAVE!!!!

Ionizing Ultraviolet
Infrared light Microwaves WiFi routers
radiation Light

Non-ionizing broadcast nuclear Radio

cellphones
radiation television fission frequency

break
radioactive
Visible light FREE lead to cancer chemical
material
bonds

cellular and kill cancer

X-rays computers Gamma rays
DNA damage cells

knock
non- mutations in
nuclear fusion electrons out Light bulbs
carcinogenic cells
of atoms

NOTE to the FACILITATOR: For offline game, reproduce the table and cut them individually. Roll the
cut-outs and place them in a small box with cover. Allow the player to pick 15 papers to play the game

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Answer Key

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REFERENCES:

DepEd Science 10 Learner’s Module

https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/emspectrum1.html
https://earthsky.org/space/what-is-the-electromagnetic-spectrum
https://www.elprocus.com/electromagnetic-spectrum-em-spectrum-working-its-applications/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides
http://hms.mtlaurelschools.org/subsites/Crystal-Smith/documents/electromagnetic_spectrum.pdf
https://wordmint.com/puzzles
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/63-the-electromagnetic-spectrum
https://serpmedia.org/scigen/e5.3.html
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/nonionizing_radiation.html
https://www.aocopm.org/assets/documents/10-31-11_Basic_Course_III_Orlando/ ionizing%20an%20non.pdf
https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/radtown/docs/radiation-exposure-activities.pdf

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