What you already know What you will learn

1. Rutherford’s atomic model: 𝛼- 1. Reason for failure of Bohr's model

scattering experiment 2. Radius, velocity, energy and time
2. Bohr’s model and It's three period of electron in 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit
postulates 3. Magnetic moment and magnetic
field due to a revolving electron
"While revolving around the nucleus in an orbit, electron is in stable state, it does not emit any energy radiation
during revolution. It emits energy radiation only when it makes a transition from higher energy level (upper orbit) to
a lower energy level (lower orbit) and the energy of emitted radiation is equal to the difference in energies of
electron in the two corresponding orbits in transition. "

∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑛2 − 𝐸𝑛1 = ℎ𝜈

When electrons make transitions between the states, they absorb

or emit energy in terms of photons.

If electron is transferred from lower energy orbit to higher energy

orbit, a certain amount energy must be given to the electron and
vice-versa.
 ℎ𝜈
𝑛2 𝐸2
𝑛2 𝑒− 𝐸2

𝑛1 𝑒− 𝐸1 𝑛1 𝐸1

ℎ𝜈
In this case, transition of electron is from lower In this case, transition of electron is from upper
to upper state, and hence, energy required by to lower state, and hence, energy released by
the electron is 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 . the electron is 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 .

Bohr’s model is applicable only for Hydrogen like atoms (𝐻, 𝐻𝑒 + , 𝐿𝑖 +2 , 𝐵𝑟 +2 ).

 𝑣

𝑘𝑍𝑒 2 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟
From Bohr’s 1st postulate: = 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−
𝑟2 𝑟

𝑛ℎ
From Bohr’s 2nd postulate: 𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋

Substituting the value of 𝑣 from equation (2) in The radius of 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit is:
equation (1), we get: Constant
ℎ2 𝑛2
𝑟𝑛 = 2 ×
4𝜋 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍

Now, we have:

Here, we are discussing about electrons. Thus, 𝑚 =

𝑚𝑒 = Mass of electrons
 ℎ2 𝑛2 𝑣
We have: 𝑟𝑛 = 2 2
×
4𝜋 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 𝑍
𝑟
Substituting the known values in the above equation, we get, 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−

𝑛2
𝑟𝑛 = 0.529 (Å)
𝑍
 Find out the radius of 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Helium atom (𝐻𝑒 + ).

Orbit no., 𝑛 = 2
For Helium, 𝑍 = 2
Since 𝐻𝑒 + has one electron, Bohr’s model will be applicable to it. According to Bohr’s model, the radius of any 𝑛𝑡ℎ
orbit is given by,
𝑛2
𝑟𝑛 = 0.529 (Å)
𝑍
Therefore, the radius of 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Helium atom (𝐻𝑒 + ) will be,

𝑟𝑛

𝑟 = 1.058 Å
 Find out the ratio of radius of 3𝑟𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ) to the radius of 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the
Helium atom (𝐻𝑒 + ).

For Lithium atom, 𝑍 = 3

For Helium atom, 𝑍 = 2
Now, 𝐿𝑖 +2 and 𝐻𝑒 + both atoms have one electron. Thus, Bohr’s model will be applicable to it.
According to Bohr’s model, the radius of any 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit is given by,
𝑛2
𝑟𝑛 = 0.529 (Å) Dividing 𝑟3 by 𝑟2 , we will get,
𝑍
For 3𝑟𝑑 orbit (𝑛 = 3) of 𝐿𝑖 +2 ,

For 2𝑛𝑑 orbit (𝑛 = 2) of 𝐻𝑒 + , 𝑟1

= 1.5
𝑟2
 Now, we have:
ℎ2 𝑛2
The radius of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit: 𝑟 = .
4𝜋 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍

From Bohr’s 2𝑛𝑑 postulate: 𝑛ℎ

𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑟 = Substituting these values in equation (3), we get:
2𝜋
Substituting the value of 𝑟 from equation (1) in equation (2),
we get:

Therefore, the velocity of an electron rotating in

𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit of a Hydrogenic atom is:
Constant
2𝜋𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍 𝑍
𝑣= × ……… 3 𝑣𝑛 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
 Find out the velocity of electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ).

Orbit no., 𝑛 = 2
For Lithium, 𝑍 = 3
Since 𝐿𝑖 +2 has one electron, Bohr’s model will be applicable to it.
According to Bohr’s model, the velocity of an electron rotating in 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit is given by,
𝑍
𝑣𝑛 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝑛
Therefore, the velocity of electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ) will be,

𝑣 = 3.27 × 106 𝑚/𝑠

From 3𝑟𝑑 postulate of Bohr’s model, we know that: 𝑣
2
𝑘𝑍𝑒 2 1 2
𝑘𝑍𝑒 𝑃𝐸
𝑃𝐸 = − 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 = = 𝑟 𝑍𝑒 +
𝑟 2 2𝑟 2 𝑒−

Total energy of an electron revolving in an orbit of radius 𝑟 with velocity 𝑣 is given by,
𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
𝑘𝑍𝑒 2 𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
𝐸=− + =
𝑟 2𝑟
We know that the radius of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr orbit is:

ℎ2 𝑛2 𝑛2 −10
𝑛 2
𝑟= 2 . = 0.529 Å = 0.529 × 10 𝑚
4𝜋 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
Substituting this value of 𝑟 in the expression of total
energy 𝐸, we get,

Constant
−2𝑘 2 𝑒 4 𝜋 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2 𝑍2
𝐸= 2
× 2 𝐸 = −13.6 2 𝑒𝑉
ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
Since the radius of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr orbit is also written as From the obtained relations in the previous page, we can write:
𝑛2
𝑟 = 0.529 × 10−10 𝑚 , the expression of 𝑃𝐸
𝑍
total energy 𝐸 becomes, 𝐸 = −𝐾𝐸 =
2
Therefore,
𝑍2 𝑍2
𝐾𝐸 = −𝐸 = 13.6 2 𝑒𝑉 𝑃𝐸 = 2𝐸 = −27.2 2 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 𝑛
 ℎ2 𝑛2
The radius of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit: 𝑟= 2 × 𝑣
4𝜋 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍

2𝜋𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍 𝑟
The velocity of electron in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit: 𝑣 = × 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−
ℎ 𝑛

If an electron rotates in 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit of a hydrogenic atom with velocity

𝑣, then the time period of the electron in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit will be:

2𝜋𝑟 ℎ2 𝑛2 ℎ 𝑛
𝑇= 𝑇 = 2𝜋 × 2 2
× × 2
×
𝑣 4𝜋 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 𝑍 2𝜋𝑘𝑒 𝑍
Constant
ℎ3 𝑛3
𝑇= 2 2 4 ×
4𝜋 𝑘 𝑒 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
Now, the radius of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit and the velocity of electron in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s
orbit are also expressed as: 𝑣
𝑛2 𝑍
𝑟𝑛 = 0.529 (Å) 𝑣𝑛 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 𝑟
𝑍 𝑛 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−

Therefore, the time period of the electron in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit will be:

2𝜋𝑟𝑛
𝑇=
𝑣𝑛

Hence, the time period of the electron in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit:

 𝑣
We have:
𝑛2 𝑛 2 𝑍 𝑟 𝑍𝑒 +
𝑟 = 0.529 Å = 0.529 × 10−10 𝑚 𝑣 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 𝑒−
𝑍 𝑍 𝑛

2𝜋𝑟 ℎ3 𝑛3
𝑇= = 2 2 4 × 2
𝑣 4𝜋 𝑘 𝑒 𝑚𝑒 𝑍

The current in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit will be, The expression of current in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit can also be written as,
𝑒 𝑒𝑣 𝑒
𝑖= = 𝑖=
𝑇 2𝜋𝑟 Constant 𝑇
4𝜋 2 𝑘 2 𝑒 5 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝑖= × 3
ℎ3 𝑛
2
𝑍
𝑖 = 1.05 × 10−3 3
𝑛
 𝑛2 𝑛ℎ
𝑟 = 0.529 Å 𝐿=
𝑍 2𝜋
𝑍
𝑣 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣
𝑛
𝑍2 𝑣
𝐸 = −13.6 2 𝑒𝑉 𝜔=
𝑛 𝑟

𝑍2 2𝜋𝑟
𝐾𝐸 = 13.6 2 𝑒𝑉 𝑇=
𝑛 𝑣
𝑍2 𝑒𝑣
𝑃𝐸 = −27.2 2 𝑒𝑉 𝑖=
𝑛 2𝜋𝑟
 Find out the angular momentum of the 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ).

Orbit no., 𝑛 = 2
For Lithium, 𝑍 = 3
Since 𝐿𝑖 +2 has one electron, Bohr’s model will be applicable to it.
According to Bohr’s model, the angular momentum of an electron rotating in 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit is given by,
𝑛ℎ
𝐿=
2𝜋
Therefore, the angular momentum of electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ) will be,

𝐿 = 2.109 × 1034 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

 Find out the time period of the 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ).

Orbit no., 𝑛 = 2
For Lithium, 𝑍 = 3
Since 𝐿𝑖 +2 has one electron, Bohr’s model will be applicable to it.
According to Bohr’s model, the time period of an electron rotating in 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit is given by,
3
𝑛
𝑇 = 1.524 × 10−16 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑍
Therefore, the time period of electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ) will be,
𝑛 3 3
2
𝑇 = 1.524 × 10−16 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑇 = 1.524 × 10−16 × 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑇 = 1.355 × 10−16 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑍 3

𝑇 = 1.35 × 10−16 𝑠𝑒𝑐

 Find out the ratio of current due to revolving electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Hydrogen atom (𝐻) to the 1𝑠𝑡
orbit of the Helium atom (𝐻𝑒 + ).

For Hydrogen atom, 𝑍 = 1

For Helium atom, 𝑍 = 2
Now, 𝐻 and 𝐻𝑒 + both atoms have one electron. Thus, Bohr’s model will be applicable to it. According to Bohr’s
model, the current due to electron revolving in 𝑛𝑡ℎ orbit is given by,
2
𝑍
𝑖 = 1.053 × 10−3 3 𝐴 Dividing 𝑖1 by 𝑖2 , we will get,
𝑛
For 2𝑛𝑑 orbit (𝑛 = 2) of 𝐻 (𝑍 = 1),

For 1𝑠𝑡 orbit (𝑛 = 1) of 𝐻𝑒 + (𝑍 = 2),,

𝑖1 1
=
𝑖2 32
 𝑣
We have:
𝑟 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑍
𝑟 = 0.529 Å = 0.529 × 10−10 𝑚 𝑣 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝑍 𝑍 𝑛

𝑒𝑣
𝑖=
2𝜋𝑟
Therefore, the magnetic moment of the electron becomes,
The magnetic moment of an electron revolving in
𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit of radius 𝑟 is given by, 𝑒𝑣𝑟 𝑛𝑒ℎ
𝑀= =
2 4𝜋𝑚
𝑀 =𝑖×𝐴
Hence, the magnetic moment of an electron revolving in 𝑛𝑡ℎ
From Bohr’s 2𝑛𝑑 postulate: Bohr’s orbit of radius 𝑟 is proportional to 𝑛.
𝑛ℎ 𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑚
 Find out the ratio of magnetic moment of electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Helium atom (𝐻𝑒 + ) to the 3𝑟𝑑
orbit of the Lithium atom (𝐿𝑖 +2 ).

According to Bohr’s model, the magnetic moment of an electron revolving in 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit of radius 𝑟 is,
𝑒𝑣𝑟 𝑛𝑒ℎ
𝑀= =
2 4𝜋𝑚
Therefore, the magnetic moment, 𝑀 ∝ 𝑛
Let,
The magnetic moment of electron in 2𝑛𝑑 orbit 𝑛1 = 2 of the Helium atom 𝐻𝑒 + = 𝑀1
The magnetic moment of electron in 3𝑟𝑑 orbit 𝑛2 = 3 of the Lithium atom 𝐿𝑖 +2 = 𝑀2
Since 𝑀 ∝ 𝑛, we will have:
𝑀1 𝑛1 𝑀1 2
= =
𝑀2 𝑛2 𝑀2 3
𝑀1 2
=
𝑀2 3
 𝑣

𝑍 2 𝑛2 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−
𝑖 = 1.053 × 10−3 3 𝑟 = 0.529 Å = 0.529 × 10−10 𝑚
𝑛 𝑍 𝑍

𝑍 𝑒𝑣 2𝜋𝑟
𝑣 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 𝑖= 𝑇=
𝑛 2𝜋𝑟 𝑣
The magnetic field due to a revolving electron at the The magnetic field due to a revolving electron at the
centre of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit is given by, centre of 𝑛𝑡ℎ Bohr’s orbit can also be derived as follows:
𝜇0 𝑖
𝐵=
2𝑟
4𝜋 × 10−7 × 1.053 × 10−3 𝑍3
𝐵= −10
× 5
2 × 0.529 × 10 𝑛 𝑍3
𝐵 = 12.5 × 5
𝑍3 𝑛
𝐵 = 12.5 × 5
𝑛
𝑍3
𝐵∝ 5
𝑛
 (Alternative Method)
𝑣
According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field due to an electron moving with
velocity 𝑣 in an orbit of radius 𝑟 is given by,
𝑟 𝑍𝑒 + 𝑒−

𝐵 [∵ 𝑞 = 𝑒 and 𝑣 ⊥ 𝑟 ]

Now, we have: Therefore, the dependence of 𝐵 on 𝑍 and 𝑛

𝑛2 𝑛 4 becomes:
𝑟∝ 𝑟2 ∝ 2
𝑍 𝑍 𝑣 𝑍 𝑍2
𝐵∝ 2 𝐵∝ × 𝑍3
𝑟 𝑛 𝑛4 𝐵∝ 5
𝑍 𝑛
𝑣∝
𝑛
An electron is revolving in the 2𝑛𝑑 orbit of the Helium atom (𝐻𝑒 + ). If the atom is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 2 𝑇, then find out the torque experienced by orbiting electron. Given that
the angle between the magnetic moment and magnetic field is 30°.

The torque experienced by orbiting electron is given by,

𝑒−

30°

We know that: 𝑍𝑒 +
𝑣
𝑒𝑣𝑟 𝑍 𝑛 2 𝑟
𝑀= 𝑣 = 2.18 × 106 𝑚/𝑠 𝑟 = 0.529 × 10−10 (𝑚)
2 𝑛 𝑍
Therefore,
𝑒𝑣𝑟
𝑀=
2
1.6 × 10−19 × 2.18 × 106 × 0.529 × 10−10 𝑍 𝑛2
𝑀= × × 𝑀 = 9.23 × 10−24 × 𝑛
2 𝑛 𝑍
Given,
The magnitude of the magnetic field, 𝐵 = 2 𝑇
Orbit no., 𝑛 = 2 𝑒−

Therefore, the torque experienced by orbiting electron is given by, 30°

𝑀𝐵 𝑍𝑒 +
𝜏= 𝑣
2
𝑟
(9.23 × 10−24 × 𝑛 ) × 𝐵
𝜏=
2
(9.23 × 10−24 × 2 ) × 2
𝜏=
2
𝜏 = 1.845 × 10−23 𝑁𝑚

𝜏 = 1.845 × 10−23 𝑁𝑚