Lab Manual

Table of Contents
Set 1................................................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Experiments........................................................................................................................................2
Pre-Requisite # 01..........................................................................................................................................3
Experiment # 01.............................................................................................................................................5
PRE - REQIUSITE # 02................................................................................................................................8
Experiment # 02...........................................................................................................................................10
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Set 1
List of Experiments
1. Use the vernier calipers to measure the dimensions of pins (Diameter, Length).
2. To measure the height of workpiece (Cylinder) by using vernier height gauge.
3. To find out the angles of given component with the help of bevel protractor.
4. To Find out the taper angle of V-Block with the help of balls and depth gauge.
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Pre-Requisite # 01
Objective:
Use the vernier calipers to measure the
Apparatus:
Vernier Calipers, Pins, Surface plate, Worktable.
Theory:
Introduction:
Metrology means science of measurement. Engineering metrology is the measurement of dimensions: length,
thickness, diameter, taper angle, flatness, profiles, etc. In engineering, there are various stages during which
inspection and measurement is required. Metrology becomes useful while raw material inspection, during production
and after the parts are manufactured i.e., final inspections of parts. Measurand is the physical quantity or property like
length, angle, diameter, thickness etc. to be measured. The various precision linear measuring instruments are vernier
caliper, outside micrometer, vernier height gauge, vernier depth gauge, inside micrometer, micrometer depth gauge etc.
Such linear measuring instruments measure linear measurements such as length, height, depth, diameter and thickness.
Vernier Caliper:
“Vernier Caliper is used to measure the dimensions of the given specimen like diameter (Outer
Dia and Inner dia), length and depth, etc. very accurately that's the reason it is also called as Precision
measuring Instrument.”
“It was invented by French mathematician Pierre Vernier in 1631.”

Parts:
Following are the constructional parts of vernier caliper:
 Fixed scale and movable scale: The Vernier Caliper consist of two scales: one is fixed and the other is
movable.
 Fixed and movable jaw:
 The fixed scale is called as main scale which is calibrated on L-shaped frame and carries a fixed jaw.
 The movable scale, called vernier scale slides over the main scale and carries a movable
jaw. The movable jaw as well as the fixed jaw carries measuring tip. When the two jaws are closed the zero of
Vernier scale coincides with the zero of main scale. For precise setting of the movable jaw an adjusting screw
is provided.
 Lock nut: An arrangement is provided to lock the sliding scale on the fixed main scale.
 Graduated beam: Main scale markings are there on graduated beam.
 Blade or Depth probe: Measures depth.
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Usage:
Vernier calipers are measuring tools used mainly for measuring linear dimensions. These calipers come
handy in measuring the diameter of circular objects. Their circular jaws fit securely on either side of the
circumference of round objects.
Types of Vernier Caliper:
 Flat edge vernier caliper.
 Knife edge vernier caliper.
 Vernier gear tooth caliper.
 Vernier depth gauge.
 Flat and knife edge vernier caliper.
 Vernier height gauge.
 Vernier dial caliper.
Least count: The smallest value that can be measured by the instrument is known as its least count. Least
count of Vernier Caliper:
Valueof smallest division on Main Scale
Least Count =
Total no . of divisions on Vernier Scale
Smallest division on Main scale = 1 mm Total no. of divisions on Vernier Scale = 50 markings
So for this type of Vernier Caliper L.C. = 1/50 = 0.02mm
Procedure:
1. Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured.
2. Check the vernier and main scale must coincide at 0
3. After checking the 0-mark put the sample piece and slowly leaves the measuring jaw over the piece.
4. Tight the screw and measure the main scale also vernier scale reading
5. The line coincides with the main scale that the VSR
6. By adding MSR with VSR*L
Table:
Main scale No of vernier scale Total
Sr. Vernier scale division X Least count
reading division Reading
No B
A in coincidence A+B
1. 9 35 0.7 9.7
2.
3.
4.
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5.
6.
Comments:
Experiment # 01
Objective:
To measure the height of workpiece (Cylinder) by
using vernier height gauge.
Apparatus:
Vernier Height Gauge, Pins, Surface plate,
Worktable.
Theory:
Introduction:
Metrology means science of measurement. Engineering metrology is the measurement of dimensions: length,
thickness, diameter, taper angle, flatness, profiles, etc. In engineering, there are various stages during which
inspection and measurement is required. Metrology becomes useful while raw material inspection, during production
and after the parts are manufactured i.e., final inspections of parts. Measurand is the physical quantity or property like
length, angle, diameter, thickness etc. to be measured. The various precision linear measuring instruments are vernier
caliper, outside micrometer, vernier height gauge, vernier depth gauge, inside micrometer, micrometer depth gauge etc.
Such linear measuring instruments measure linear measurements such as length, height, depth, diameter and thickness.
Vernier Height gauge:

Vernier height gauge is similar to vernier caliper but in this instrument the graduated bar is held in a vertical
position and it is used in conjunction with a surface plate.
Parts
 A finely ground and lapped base. The base is massive and robust in construction to ensure rigidity and
stability.
 A vertical graduated beam or column supported on a massive base.
 Attached to the beam is a sliding vernier head carrying the vernier scale and a clamping screw.
 An auxiliary head which is also attached to the beam above the sliding vernier head. It has a fine
adjusting and clamping screw.
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 A measuring jaw or scriber attached to the front of the sliding vernier.
Usage: A vernier height gauge is typically used to take precise vertical measurements of various objects.
It is possible to measure many different things with the gauge, but they are most often used in metalworking
and other related industries.
The important features of vernier height gauge:

 All the parts are made of good quality steel or stainless steel.
 The beam should be sufficiently rigid square with the base.
 The measuring jaw should have a clear projection from the edge of the beam at least equal to the
projection of the base from the beam.
 The upper and lower gauging surfaces of the measuring jaw shall be flat and parallel to the base. The
scriber should also be of the same nominal depth as the measuring jaw so that it may be reversed.
 The projection of the jaw should be at least 25mm.
 The slider should have a good sliding fit for all along the full working length of the beam
Least count: The smallest value that can be measured by the instrument is known as its least count. Least
count of Vernier Caliper:
Least Count =
Smallest division on Main scale = 1 mm Total no. of divisions on Vernier Scale = 50 markings
So for this type of Vernier Caliper L.C. = 1/50 = 0.02mm
Procedure:
1. Take the material (sample) for which the value must be measured.
2. Check the vernier and main scale must coincide at 0
3. After checking the 0-mark put the sample piece and slowly leaves the measuring jaw over the piece.
4. Tight the screw and measure the main scale also vernier scale reading
5. The line coincides with the main scale that the VSR
6. By adding MSR with VSR*L
Table of Observations
No of vernier scale Vernier scale division X Least Total
Sr. Main scale reading
division count Reading
No A
in coincidence B A+B
1. 123 35 35*0.02=0.7 123.7
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Comments:
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PRE - REQIUSITE # 02
Objective:
To find out the angles of given component with the help of bevel protractor.
Apparatus:
Bevel, protractor, surface plate, work table and metal piece.
Theory:
Bevel protractor
In geometry, a protractor is a circular or semicircular instrument used for measuring an angle or a circle. The
units of measurement used are normally degrees. Some protractors are half-discs that have existed since
ancient times.
Types of Bevel Protractor

Following are the main two types:
1. Mechanical bevel protractor
2. Optical bevel protractor
Main parts of a bevel protractor:
1. Base
2. Swivel
3. Main scale
4. Vernier scale
5. Fine adjustment knob
6. Locking nut
7. Rule or blade
Advantages
Following are the advantages of a bevel protractor:
 Bevel protractors are used to establish and test to bear angles in very close tolerance.
 It can read 5 arcminutes (5′ or 112°) and can measure angles from 0 ° to 360 °.
 By using bevel protractor, you can get accurate measurements

Least Count =
L. C= 5’
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Procedure:
 Fix the blade in the circular plate.
 Tight the huge clamp.
 Hold the component whose angle is to be determined between the blade and the stock.
 Note down the main scale reading (MSR) and coinciding vernier division (CVD) on the vernier scale.
 Spot the zero on the vernier scale. The vernier scale is smaller on the inner side of the protractor.
 Calculate the total reading and tabulate.
 Repeat the procedure for other angles of component.
Observation & Calculation
Sr. Main scale reading Vernier scale reading
Angle
No (deg) (min)
1 56 30 56˚30’
2 33 15 33˚15’
Comments
1. Mirror of the protractor should be properly cleaned.
2. Blade of the protractor should be slightly lubricated for larger life.
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Experiment # 02
Objective:
To Find out the taper angle of V-Block with the help of balls and depth gauge.
Apparatus:
V-Block, balls, depth gauge and gauge brooks.
Theory:
V-Block:
V-Blocks are generally used for cylindrical work
pieces to check their roundness and for marking center. V-blocks
are like precision metalworking jigs which are used to hold work
piece.
Uses:
1. V-blocks are used for inspection and workshop purposes.
2. They are used with screw clamps for holding the work.
3. The primary use of the depth gauges outlined in this article is for making precise
measurements of depth dimensions in machining and production applications.
4. Outside of the machining metrology application, other types of depth gauges are used
in medical applications as surgical instruments (surgical or orthopedic depth gauge),
and for monitoring the depth of divers (diving depth gauge). There are also lower
precision depth gauges used such as measuring the remaining tread on vehicle tires (tire
tread depth gauge) or checking the depth of threads cut on threaded fasteners (thread
depth gauge).
5. Other tools with a similar name are used for specialized applications such as
maintaining the raker, top plate angle, and cutter length of chain saws. And lastly, some
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water level gauges used to monitor the sea level depth at various tide cycles are also
sometimes called depth gauges.
Depth gauge: A depth gauge is an instrument for measuring depth below a reference surface.
They include depth gauges for underwater diving and similar applications, and engineering
instruments used to measure the depth of holes and indentations from a reference surface.
Least count: The smallest value that can be measured by the instrument is known as its least
count. Least count of Vernier Caliper:
Least Count = Total no . of divisions on Vernier Scale
L.C = 0.02
Procedure:
1. Diameters of the two rollers were found by vernier calipers
2. The components with V groove were placed on properly cleaned plate surface.
3. Roller with diameter d1 was clamped in V- groove
4. Vernier height gauge is placed on surface plate and was adjusted to read zero when
scriber is touching the surface plate.
5. Height of roller was measured with vernier i.e., h1
6. Roller with diameter d1 was replaced with roller of diameter d2 and height h2 was found
7. Using given formula calculated the value
LM= h1+r1-h2-r2
r 2−r 1
And then Sinϴ/2=p/h=MN/LM= h 1+ r 1−h 2−r 2
Observation & calculation
N0. R1 R2 H1 H2 ϴ
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Degree
1 14.29 4.75 47.42 18.9 61.2

2 4.25 14.3 47.33 18.8 65.88
3
4
5
6
Comments
1. There should be clamper to hold the depth gauge with better grip.
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2.
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Experiment # 03
Objective:
Measure the point of given work piece using point probe feature with the help of digital Vertical Measuring Profile
Projector.
Apparatus:
 Vertical profile projector VT12-1550
Theory:
Introduction to Profile Projectors or Optical
Comparators:
A Profile Projector also called an Optical Comparator or a

Shadow graph Projector is a specialized measuring system that is
broadly classified under the category Industrial Metrology
Systems. It is a versatile and indispensable measuring system in
the manufacturing sector where small parts two-dimensional
measurements are required in the R&D, Production, or Quality
control departments. Automotive parts, plastic and rubber parts,
wire and cable, biomedical equipment are some of the
manufacturing industries which extensively use profile
projectors for day-to-day measurements.
Principle & Construction:
An Optical Profile Projector beautifully combines optics, mechanics, electronics, and software to provide
small parts two-dimensional measurements.
A beam of parallel light, produced by a tungsten or

filament lamp (and with a large enough diameter to
provide coverage of the test piece) along with a
system of condensers, lenses, and mirrors is used to
create and project a shadow of the test piece onto a
built-in projection screen. The optical system
magnifies the profile of the small part, making it easy
to do measurements. Depending upon the light path
Profile Projectors are further classified as Vertical
Profile Projectors or Horizontal Profile Projectors.
The built-in table on which the test piece is kept is
called a work stage that can be moved in x-y
directions and has integrated linear encoders to
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precisely measure the x-y movements which are then displayed on a digital read-out or a computer screen
using metrology software.
The operators using their visual acuity and perceptiveness identify and mark a reference point on the shadow
(screen has crosshair reference). They then move the work stage along the length of the shadow, the
dimension of which is to be measured. Alternatively, they can identify and mark points, and the system
automatically calculates the distance, angle, arc length, etc. of the shadow and consequently calculates the
same for the part. The evolution of Profile Projectors led to the invention of Vision Measuring Systems or a
video Measuring Machine which uses a digital image of the part (instead of a shadow as in Profile Projectors)
and automatic edge detection to do more precise and accurate measurements.
Working principal:
The projector magnifies the profile of the specimen, and displays this on the built-in projection screen. On
this screen there is typically a grid that can be rotated 360 degrees so the X-Y axis of the screen can be
aligned with a straight edge of the machined part to examine or measure. This projection screen displays the
profile of the specimen and is magnified for better ease of calculating linear measurements. An edge of the
specimen to examine may be lined up with the grid on the screen. From there, simple measurements may be
taken for distances to other points. This is being done on a magnified profile of the specimen. It can be
simpler as well as reduce errors by measuring on the magnified projection screen of a profile projector.The
typical method for lighting is by diascopy illumination, which is lighting from behind. This type of lighting is
also called transmitted illumination when the specimen is translucent and light can pass through it. If the
specimen is opaque, then the light will not go through it, but will form a profile of the specimen. Measuring
of the sample can be done on the projection screen. A profile projector may also have episcope illumination
(which is light shining from above). This is useful in displaying bores or internal areas that may need to be
measured.
Instrument Usage:
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Usage Profile projector is widely used for complex shape stamping gears, cams, threads and comparing the
measured contour model. It's easy to use and highly efficient. It is a commonly used measurement of
stampings, components. Irregular shapes can be precisely measured with this instrument.
Types of optical systems:
1. Simple optics: It incorporates a light source, a magnification lens, a main reflecting mirror and a
screen. Machines with this design display images that are both upside-down and reversed.
2. Corrected optics: This system uses two internal mirrors to flip the image so that it's displayed right-
side-up, but it's reversed on the horizontal axis.
3. Fully corrected system: which displays images that are both erect and unreversed.
Applications:
1. Hartness's comparator, intended for the routine inspection of machined parts, was a natural next step
in the era during which applied science became widely integrated into industrial production.
2. It’s also employed for inspecting and comparing very small and complex parts, which play very
significant role in system’s structure, as an application of quality
Benefits of Optical Profile Projectors
1. The ability to measure in 2D space in which both length and width of the part can be measured
simultaneously results in quick measurements.
2. Imperfections on parts such as burrs, scratches, indentations can be detected on profile projector.
3. Delicate parts that might deform on touching can be easily measured on a profile projector as no-
contact is required for measurements.
4. Ease of use, requires minimum amount of training.
5. No user fatigue as unlike measuring through a microscope, the user does not have to look through an
eye-piece for long hours. Moreover, the profile is visible on a big screen so that the team members can
look at the image and can discuss about different part dimensions.
6. It requires minimum maintenance for functioning; however, calibration needs to be done every year.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply to run projector.
2. Place the work piece over cross travel stage.
3. Now focus the image with the help of lifting hand wheel that
is z axis.
4. Click the quick button on digital display meter.
5. After the image is fully focused, set a reference point from
which the image is to be started and press enter button
6. Press point button from DDM.
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7. Take a point.
8. The display meter shows the values of distances X and Y.
9. It also shows the point of that specific location of workpiece which is observed.
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Observation:
Comments:
1. There is no need to have strong skills to find the location of any point with
respect to reference point. But We can’t find the exact location of point because
every person is not perfect enough to find exact location because of inaccuracies
setting the location.
2. But machine gives accurate results as we set it.
References:
https://www.google.com/search?
q=construction+of+Optical+Profile+Projector&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj85bOJr_X1AhUvg_0HHTjnCDwQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=construction+of+Optic
al+Profile+Projector&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoGCAAQBxAeUK4FWPIyYI83aABwAHgBgAG3AogBpSCSAQYyLTE2LjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6
LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=CiQFYvy4Da-G9u8PuM6j4AM&bih=625&biw=1349&rlz=1C1CHWL_enPK970PK970&hl=en
https://extrudesign.com/optical-profile-projector-working-principle-construction/#:~:text=Optical%20profile%20Projector%20Working%20principle
%20(Construction)&text=A%20beam%20of%20light%20from,the%20workpiece%20will%20be%20created.
https://sipconinstrument.com/blog/profile-projectors-all-you-need-to-know-2/
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Experiment#04
Objective:
Measure the length of given work piece using line probe feature with the help of Digital Vertical Measuring
Profile Projector.
Apparatus:
Theory:
Comparators:
A Profile Projector also called an Optical Comparator or a Shadow

graph Projector is a specialized measuring system that is broadly
classified under the category Industrial Metrology Systems. It is a
versatile and indispensable measuring system in the manufacturing
sector where small parts two-dimensional measurements are required
in the R&D, Production, or Quality control departments. Automotive
parts, plastic and rubber parts, wire and cable, biomedical equipment
is some of the manufacturing industries which extensively use profile projectors for day-to-day
measurements.
small parts two-dimensional measurements. A beam of
parallel light, produced by a tungsten or filament lamp
(and with a large enough diameter to provide coverage
of the test piece) along with a system of condensers,
lenses, and mirrors is used to create and project a
shadow of the test piece onto a built-in projection
screen. The optical system magnifies the profile of the
small part, making it easy to do measurements.
Depending upon the light path Profile Projectors are
further classified as Vertical Profile
Projectors or Horizontal Profile Projectors. The built-
in table on which the test piece is kept is called a work
stage that can be moved in x-y directions and has
integrated linear encoders to precisely measure the x-y
movements which are then displayed on a digital read-
out or a computer screen using metrology software.
The operators using their visual acuity and
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perceptiveness identify and mark a reference point on the shadow (screen has crosshair reference). They then
move the work stage along the length of the shadow, the dimension of which is to be measured. Alternatively,
they can identify and mark points, and the system automatically calculates the distance, angle, arc length, etc.
of the shadow and consequently calculates the same for the part. The evolution of Profile Projectors led to the
invention of Vision Measuring Systems or a video Measuring Machine which uses a digital image of the part
(instead of a shadow as in Profile Projectors) and automatic edge detection to do more precise and accurate
measurements.
Working principal:
taken for distances to other points.
This is being done on a magnified profile of the specimen. It can be simpler as well as reduce errors by
measuring on the magnified projection screen of a profile projector. The typical method for lighting is
by diascopy illumination, which is lighting from behind. This type of lighting is also called transmitted
illumination when the specimen is translucent and light can pass through it. If the specimen is opaque, then
the light will not go through it, but will form a profile of the specimen. Measuring of the sample can be done
on the projection screen. A profile projector may also have episcope illumination (which is light shining from
above). This is useful in displaying bores or internal areas that may need to be measured.
Instrument Usage:
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 Simple optics: It incorporates a light source, a magnification lens, a main reflecting mirror and a
 Corrected optics: This system uses two internal mirrors to flip the image so that it's displayed right-
 Fully corrected system: which displays images that are both erect and unreversed.
Applications:
1. The ability to measure in 2D space in which both length and width of the part can be measured
2. Imperfections on parts such as burrs, scratches,
indentations can be detected on profile projector.
3. Delicate parts that might deform on touching can
be easily measured on a profile projector as no-
contact is required for measurements.
4. Ease of use, requires minimum amount of
training.
5. No user fatigue as unlike measuring through a
microscope, the user does not have to look
through an eye-piece for long hours. Moreover,
the profile is visible on a big screen so that the
team members can look at the image and can
discuss about different part dimensions.
6. It requires minimum maintenance for
functioning; however, calibration needs to be
done every year.
Procedure:
3. Now focus the image with the help of lifting hand wheel that is z axis.
5. After the image is fully focused, set a reference point from which the image is to be started and press enter
button
6. Press line button from DDM.
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7. Take two points for the measurement of line.
8. First point is reference point, move towards x axis and take another point.
9. Move towards y axis and take third point.
10. Move toward x axis and take fourth point.
11. Press enter button after taking all points.
13. It also shows the angle of that specific location of workpiece which is
Observation:
Comments:
1. Set up an optical device which also tells the maximum visibility of the work piece at
certain position by plotting a graph.
2. Simple method to calculate length of the given work piece but requires full attention
and accuracy.
References:
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Experiment#05
Objective:
Measure the diameter of given work piece using circular probe feature with the help of Digital Vertical
Measuring Profile Projector.
Apparatus:
Theory:
Comparators:

measurements.
small parts two-dimensional measurements. A beam of
parallel light, produced by a tungsten or filament lamp
(and with a large enough diameter to provide coverage
of the test piece) along with a system of condensers,
lenses, and mirrors is used to create and project a
shadow of the test piece onto a built-in projection
screen. The optical system magnifies the profile of the
small part, making it easy to do measurements.
Depending upon the light path Profile Projectors are
further classified as Vertical Profile
Projectors or Horizontal Profile Projectors. The built-in
table on which the test piece is kept is called a work
stage that can be moved in x-y directions and has
integrated linear encoders to precisely measure the x-y
movements which are then displayed on a digital read-
out or a computer screen using metrology software. The
operators using their visual acuity and perceptiveness
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identify and mark a reference point on the shadow (screen has crosshair reference). They then move the work
stage along the length of the shadow, the dimension of which is to be measured. Alternatively, they can
identify and mark points, and the system automatically calculates the distance, angle, arc length, etc. of the
shadow and consequently calculates the same for the part. The evolution of Profile Projectors led to the
invention of Vision Measuring Systems or a video Measuring Machine which uses a digital image of the part
(instead of a shadow as in Profile Projectors) and automatic edge detection to do more precise and accurate
measurements.
Working principal:
simpler as well as reduce errors by measuring on the magnified projection screen of a profile projector. The
measured.
Instrument Usage:

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Applications:
 Hartness's comparator, intended for the routine inspection of machined parts, was a natural next step
 It’s also employed for inspecting and comparing very small and complex parts, which play very
significant role in system’s structure, as an application of quality.
1. The ability to measure in 2D space in which both

length and width of the part can be measured
3. Delicate parts that might deform on touching can be
easily measured on a profile projector as no-contact is
required for measurements.
microscope, the user does not have to look through an
eye-piece for long hours. Moreover, the profile is
visible on a big screen so that the team members can
look at the image and can discuss about different part
dimensions.
6. It requires minimum maintenance for functioning;
however, calibration needs to be done every year.
Procedure:
button
6. Press line button from DDM.
7. Take three points for the measurement of ⭕ Circle.
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8. First point is reference point, move towards x axis and y axis and take another point.
12. It also shows the Diameter of that specific circle of workpiece which is 19.019.
Observation:
Comments:
1. A little variation in selection of points changes the entire diameter of workpiece which
is not required.
2. True imagination is required to measure the diameter of the circular work piece.
3. Choose properly exact points as you can.
References:
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Experiment#06
Objective:
Measure the angle of given work piece using angle probe feature with the help of Digital Vertical Measuring
Profile Projector.
Apparatus:
Theory:
Comparators:

measurements.
small parts two-dimensional measurements. A beam
of parallel light, produced by a tungsten or filament
lamp (and with a large enough diameter to provide
coverage of the test piece) along with a system of
condensers, lenses, and mirrors is used to create and
project a shadow of the test piece onto a built-in
projection screen. The optical system magnifies the
profile of the small part, making it easy to do
measurements. Depending upon the light path
Profile Projectors are further classified as Vertical
Profile Projectors or Horizontal Profile Projectors.
The built-in table on which the test piece is kept is
called a work stage that can be moved in x-y
directions and has integrated linear encoders to
precisely measure the x-y movements which are then
displayed on a digital read-out or a computer screen
using metrology software. The operators using their
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visual acuity and perceptiveness identify and mark a reference point on the shadow (screen has crosshair
reference). They then move the work stage along the length of the shadow, the dimension of which is to be
measured. Alternatively, they can identify and mark points, and the system automatically calculates the
distance, angle, arc length, etc. of the shadow and consequently calculates the same for the part. The
evolution of Profile Projectors led to the invention of Vision Measuring Systems or a video Measuring
Machine which uses a digital image of the part (instead of a shadow as in Profile Projectors) and automatic
edge detection to do more precise and accurate measurements.
Working principal:
simpler as well as reduce errors by measuring on the magnified projection screen of a profile projector. The
measured.
Instrument Usage:

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Applications:
1. The ability to measure in 2D space in which both

length and width of the part can be measured
3. Delicate parts that might deform on touching can be
easily measured on a profile projector as no-contact
is required for measurements.
microscope, the user does not have to look through
an eye-piece for long hours. Moreover, the profile is
visible on a big screen so that the team members can
look at the image and can discuss about different
part dimensions.
6. It requires minimum maintenance for functioning;
however, calibration needs to be done every year.
Procedure:
button
6. Press Angle button from DDM.
7. Take Four points for the measurement of Angle.
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8. First point is reference point, move towards x axis and take another point.
10. Move toward x axis and take fourth point.
13. It also shows the angle of that specific location of workpiece which is 39degrees approximately.
Observation:
Comments:
1. Measuring the angle between any two lines requires origin. But if we don’t have origin,
we can find the angle using four points as in this experiment.
2. Measure the angle with full attention.
References:
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Experiment # 07
Objective:
Basic Operation for Measurement with the help of CMM by employing Rational DMIS Software.
Apparatus:
CMM
Theory:
 Coordinate-measuring machine:
A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a device that measures the
geometry of physical objects by sensing discrete points on the surface of
the object with a probe. Various types of probes are used in CMMs,
including mechanical, optical, laser, and white light. Depending on the
machine, the probe position may be manually controlled by an operator or
it may be computer controlled. CMMs typically specify a probe's position
in terms of its displacement from a reference position in a three-
dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (i.e., with XYZ axes). In
addition to moving the probe along the X, Y, and Z axes, many machines
also allow the probe angle to be controlled to allow measurement of
surfaces that would otherwise be unreachable.
 Parts:
 The main structure which includes three axes of motion. The material used to construct the moving frame has
varied over the years. Granite and steel were used in the early CMM's. Today all the major CMM
manufacturers build frames from aluminium alloy or some derivative and also use ceramic to increase the
stiffness of the Z axis for scanning applications. Few CMM builders today still manufacture granite frame
CMM due to market requirement for improved metrology dynamics and increasing trend to install CMM
outside of the quality lab. Typically, only low volume CMM builders and domestic manufacturers in China and
India are still manufacturing granite CMM due to low technology approach and easy entry to become a CMM
frame builder. The increasing trend towards scanning also requires the CMM Z axis to be stiffer and new
materials have been introduced such as ceramic and silicon carbide.
 Probing system
 Data collection and reduction system — typically includes a machine controller, desktop computer and
application software.
 Accuracy:
The accuracy of coordinate measurement machines are typically given as an uncertainty factor as a function over
distance. For a CMM using a touch probe, this relates to the repeatability of the probe and the accuracy of the linear
scales. Typical probe repeatability can result in measurements of within .001mm or .00005 inch (half a tenth) over the
entire measurement volume. For 3, 3+2, and 5 axis machines, probes are routinely calibrated using traceable standards
and the machine movement is verified using gauges to ensure accuracy.
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Measurement:
In Rational DMIS, there are two kinds of measuring features. 2D feature and 3D feature. For the
measurement of 2D features, the setting of work plane is used to indicate plane evaluation and the direction of
work plane is used for projection and sensor compensation.
1. Features in work plane needed in sensor compensation include point feature and border point feature.
2. Features in work plane needed in evaluation include line feature, circle feature, arc feature, ellipse
feature, keyway feature and curve feature.
In addition, Rational DMIS also provides vector construction method for the design of projection and sensor
compensation. For the measurement of 3D features, the system will not use work plane and the work plane
window, vector construction window will hide automatically. Rational DMIS will add or reduce the sensor
diameter to adjust the measurement value.
Select Measure in Operation Toolbar:
(Shortcut Ctrl-FI can be used to open the measurement interface quickly)
The feature measurement interface of Rational DMIS is shown below:
The measurement settings are activated by the TAB down below:
Icons in setting window:

A Measurement setting:
Minimum points: The minimum points

needed in initial feature elevation by default. Rational DMIS will apply the nominal minimum points of each
Featur Point Lin Circle Arc Plane Curve Sphere Column Con Ellipse Keyway Surface
e e e
Min. 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 56 6
Points
Generally, the user can change the points into any number larger than the minimum points and the following
notes shall be paid attention to:
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a. The minimum value can be 0 for point feature. 0 is special and when the minimum point is set as 0,
the Accept button can be activated without any measuring point in the measurement window. Press
the button and the position of current sensor will be recorded as measuring point
b. The minimum value of point feature cannot be larger than 2.
c. Do not change the minimum value of keyway for only 5 or 6 points are needed in keyway evaluation
in Rational DMIS
Prefix:
Rational DMIS generates the feature label automatically with prefix, e.g. “PT10" is the prefix of point
feature and Rational DMIS will generate PT101, PT102, PT102 etc. in sequence. The prefix must be a
legal DMIS label at the first place.
Counting mode:
Counting mode is a drop-down list including two options decrease and increase Please refer to
measurement window for description of counting mode during measurement.
Auto-creation and 10mm/100m2:
Auto-creation sets the miles of how to create measuring points. The rule controls the point.
How to use Dimidiate key
 Press 1/2 key, it will divide the current value by 2.
 Function key, Function key is ½
Operation step:
 When need to half the current value, press c. When need Z-axis half, press
½ key. Qo/Z0 key
 here will appear three circumstances:
Click “Delete All” to delete all the
a. When need X-axis half press Xo key measuring points.
. When need Y-axis half, press Yo key To accept features, you can click
"Accept" to finish measuremen
Results:
Comments:
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Experiment # 08
Objective:
To measure the Circle feature with the help of coordinate measuring machine by employing Rational
DMIS software.
Apparatus:
CMM
Theory:
machine, the probe position may be manually controlled by an operator
or it may be computer controlled. CMMs typically specify a probe's
position in terms of its displacement from a reference position in a three-
 Parts:
Coordinate-measuring machines include three main components:
manufacturers build frames from aluminum alloy or some derivative and also use ceramic to increase the
outside of the quality lab. Typically, only low volume CMM builders and domestic manufacturers in China and
 Probing system
 Accuracy:
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Measurement – Measure 2D Feature
This part introduces how to measure 2D feature quickly. In the measurement system of Rational DMIS, 2D
feature include line, circle, arc, ellipse, keyway and curve. The measurement of these features needs work
plane, which will be an evaluation plane.
(Shortcut Ctrl + F1 can be used to open the measurement interface quickly.)

Take Circle measurement as an example, and select Line:
The measurement interface of Line is shown below:
With the feature labeled input window, the user can change the name of line under measurement.
Work plane window lists the three coordinate planes of current system and one Recent CRD plane. The
window accepts dragging plane feature from feature data area and the dragged plane
will be used for evaluation and sensor compensation.
Move the sensor of measuring machine to touch the part surface lightly, and the contact
point is measured.
In the digital counter, it displays the quantity of measuring points, which will be added in Error Window
automatically. When the mouse moves to one point, a prompt window will pop up and displays the actual
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error of that point. The error of current feature under measurement is shown at the right of error window in
detailed value.
The user can click Delete All and Delete to remove

the unsatisfied measuring point under the point meets the requirements, and then
click Accept to finish the measurement. All the measured line features will be
added in feature data area automatically.
Results:
Comments:
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Experiment # 9
Objective:
To measure the Sphere feature with the help of coordinate measuring machine by employing Rational
DMIS software.
Apparatus:
CMM
Theory:
machine, the probe position may be manually controlled by an operator
or it may be computer controlled. CMMs typically specify a probe's
position in terms of its displacement from a reference position in a three-
 Parts:
Coordinate-measuring machines include three main components:
manufacturers build frames from aluminum alloy or some derivative and also use ceramic to increase the
outside of the quality lab. Typically only low volume CMM builders and domestic manufacturers in China and
 Probing system
 Accuracy:
Measurement – Measure 2D Feature

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This part introduces how to measure 2D feature quickly. In the measurement system of Rational DMIS, 2D
feature include line, circle, arc, ellipse, keyway and curve. The measurement of these features needs work
plane, which will be an evaluation plane.
(Shortcut Ctrl + F1 can be used to open the measurement interface quickly.)

Take Circle measurement as an example, and select Line:
The measurement interface of Line is shown below:
With the feature labeled input window, the user can change the name of line under measurement.
Work plane window lists the three coordinate planes of current system and one Recent CRD plane. The
window accepts dragging plane feature from feature data area and the dragged plane will be
used for evaluation and sensor compensation.
Move the sensor of measuring machine to touch the part surface lightly, and the contact
point is measured.
In the digital counter, it displays the quantity of measuring points, which will be added in Error Window
automatically. When the mouse moves to one point, a prompt window will pop up and displays the actual
error of that point. The error of current feature under measurement is shown at the right of error window in
detailed value.
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The user can click Delete All and Delete to remove the
unsatisfied measuring point under the point meets the requirements, and then click
Accept to finish the measurement. All the measured line features will be added in
feature data area automatically.
Results:
Comments:
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Experiment # 10
Objective:
To measure the RPM of a portable mini Mobile fan with the help of digital laser
tachometer.
Apparatus:
 Digital Laser Tachometer
 Portable mini mobile fan
 Mobile
Theory:
Digital laser tachometer:
It is one of the necessary instruments in machinery industry, which is used to detect rotate speed,
linear velocity, or frequency of motor speed. It can precisely measure rotate speed of impeller speed blade,
expansion cylinder and spindle that can be widely used in motor, fan, washing machine, textile,
automobile, airplane, ship and other industries.
A tachometer helps gauge how hard your vehicle’s engine is working, regardless of whether that vehicle is an
automatic or manual transmission (road vehicle) or marine gear (boat).
According to HomeSteady, “machinery typically has an optimal working speed; if it’s running too fast, it
might suffer damage. If it’s running too slow, there might be a problem with the machine or its power source.
For example, poor lubrication, mechanical friction, or too great of a load might be slowing it down. A
tachometer accurately indicates [working] speed.”
For example, in an automatic transmission vehicle, a tachometer can tell you if the transmission shift points
are in range or if the transmission is slipping. In a manual transmission vehicle, you can use a tachometer to
determine the optimal time to shift gears (but it is not required).
Meanwhile, in marine applications, a tachometer allows you to identify the best operating range for your
engine while ensuring that you don’t exceed your maximum engine speed. It also may secondarily inform
decisions the vessel’s owner makes surrounding performance and fuel consumption.
Types of Tachometer:
There are several main types of tachometers, each best suited to different uses and applications. In addition to
electronic and mechanical tachometers, as explained above, the two principal types are contact and non-
contact tachometers. These can then be broken down further as detailed in the sections below.
Contact Tachometers:
Contact tachometers require contact with a rotating object to measure its RPM. They work by using an optical
encoder or a magnetic sensor, depending on the particular model. Direct contact with the shaft or rotating
component must be maintained in order to achieve an accurate reading
Non-Contact Tachometers:
Non-contact tachometers can perform measurements without the need for direct contact with the object. They
commonly work with lasers or infrared light and are ideal for use with hazardous, hard-to-access, or mobile
objects.
Laser Tachometers:
Laser tachometers feature a laser on the end of the device which can be pointed at a rotating object to
measure RPM via a direct reading function. They are a type of non-contact tachometer and are ideal for use in
difficult to access areas, such as tight spaces or working with industrial machinery. Laser tachometers feature
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varying detecting distances depending on the particular model, but 1-2m is standard.
Optical Tachometers:
Optical tachometers include an optical sensor which is used to measure the rotational speed of the wheel,
motor, or shaft. They use a laser or beam of light to measure the RPM and are also able to measure any
differences in frequency of the reflected light.
Keys and functions
1) Reflection point
2) Light path
3) Triangle laser warning mark
4) Display
5) Memory
6) Power
7) Backlight
Features of Digital Laser Tachometer:

I. Hold the maximum value, minimum value, average value and the
last measured value.
II. Fully display operation instruction and unit symbol, which is concise and explicit.
III. Wide measuring range and high resolution
IV. Battery low power indication, LCD backlight display, and auto shutdown.
V. Adopt the latest microprocessor technology and laser technology, which enables he instrument to
be more intelligent and reliable
VI. Over side screen LCD display, with clear indication
Solid and deliciated structures. The entire machine adopts durable and optimized electronics elements, and
the shell adopts light and solid ABS plastic, with beautiful appearance and convenient use. Technical
parameters of Digital Laser Tachometer:
Procedure:
 Firstly, stop the rotating body to be measured, cut down a small section of reflection tag,
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post that on the rotating body to be measured, and then start the rotation.
 Press the power to start the machine after putting on battery, and long press the button to
start laser measurement. Align to the reflection point during measurement, and measurement
signal will appear. After the display value is stable, release the power to stop the
measurement.
 Press MEM to switch among MAX, MIN, LAST and AVG memory value.
 Press backlight to start the backlight, and press it again to shut down the backlight.
 Press POWER button to turn off the machine.
Observations and calculations:
Sr. No: R.P.M
1. 3102
2. 3125
3. 3197
Mean 3141.34
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Average distance: 50 – 200 mm
Range Reduction Accuracy

10 – 9999 rev./min 0.1 rev/min +(0.04% +2)
1000 – 99999rev./min 1 rev/min
Range Reduction Max. Input frequency

0 - 99999 1 digit 10 khz
Comments:
 It has one hazard in its using as it may cause blindness while using so be avoid your eyes while
using it
 For parts moving with high speed; a small piece of reflector strip/tags will be used but in case of
parts moving with low speed, small pieces of reflector will be paste onto the moving body and
average of readings will be divided with no. of pieces of reflector tape used
 Non- reflection area has to be larger than reflection area
 Spindle surface must be properly cleaned before using reflection tag on surface of the body to be
tested
 The best measuring distance between instrument and measured object is 50-500 mm
 The best measurement angle for instrument aiming at measured object is within 30 degrees, which
can be effectively multiple reflection on the surface of measured object
References:
• www.instrumentchoice.com
• www.instroline.com
• www.shakedeal.com
• www.Quora.com
• https://youtube/_805tZNyqos
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Experiment # 11
Objective:
To measure the thickness of very wide range of materials by using dial
thickness gauge.
Apparatus:
Dial Thickness Gauges
Introduction:
Dial Thickness Gauges are used for measuring the thickness of a
very wide range of materials such as leather, paperboard, paper,
rubber, glass, sheet, metal, films, plywood and plastics.
Dial Thickness gauge has an accuracy of 0.01 mm. It has a flat measuring faces used for measuring soft
material such as plastic films, felt, rubber, paper, etc.
The gauge uses to check the thickness of an object. Dial thickness gauge uses a Dial Indicator for
comparison.
It consists of a sturdy, rigid frame made of hard aluminum with a lifting lever for the movable upper
measuring spindle.
Dial gauge and its components: Standard Manufacturer’s

standard
 The gauge uses to check the thickness of an Type of product Dial thickness
object. Dial thickness gauge uses a Dial Indicator gauges
for comparison.
 It consists of a sturdy, rigid frame made of hard Measuring range 0 mm - 20 mm
aluminum with a lifting lever for the movable Scale divisions 0.01 mm
upper measuring spindle Error limit 0.02 mm
Technical parameters: Measurement

technology
analogue
Technical Data; Packaging sturdy box
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Applications of Dial Thickness Gauge:
Dial Thickness Gauges are used for measuring the thickness of a very wide range of materials such
as leather, paperboard, paper, rubber, glass, sheet, metal, films, plywood and plastics. Dial
Thickness gauge has an accuracy of 0.01 mm. It has a flat measuring faces used for measuring soft
material such as plastic films, felt, rubber, paper, etc.
Procedure:
Hold the gauge by the handle and open the Contact Points by pressing the Measurement
Lever. Place the item to be measured between the Contact Points and gently release the Measurement
Lever. Read the measurement off the scales for the Pointer and Revolution Counter.
Calculations & Observation:

Sr # Material Type Thickness
1
2
3
Comment:
 Before starting the experiment, we should make sure that gauge is clean for accurate
measurements
 it checks the flatness of an object in comparison to the flatness of the standard object.
 In the mechanical field, the dial gauge is used to check the flatness and alignment of different
jobs and workpieces.
 It is very easy to use as compared to other instruments like vernier caliper, micrometer, etc
References:
 https://www.bing.com/search?
q=To+measure+the+thickness+of+very+wide+range+of+materials+by+
using+dial+thickness+gauge.&cvid=15ccaab78945483da31a978b7de92
00d&aqs=edge..69i57.2399j0j1&FORM=ANAB01&PC=U531
 https://pim.mitutoyo.com/.../thickness-gages
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Experiment # 12
Objective: To measure Distance of any point within 50m Using
laser Distance Meter
Apparatus: Laser Distance Meter
Theory:
Why do some laser distance meters use red laser beams?
As explained above, red laser penetrates further onto the target surfaces as

compared with blue laser. Therefore, it substantially increases the area of blurry
region that is reflected back to the detector. This causes the detector to not able to detect
the exact distance to the surface.
Why do some laser distance meters use green laser beams?
Green laser beams are much more visible even in bright environments. Due to their
different wavelengths, the luminous efficacy of green light is higher than that of red
light. As a consequence, the laser line appears brighter and is four times more visible to the human eye.
Soon Metrica will launch two new laser distance meters with a green beam, ref. 61060 / 60m and
ref. 61100 / 100m. Certainly, these devices do not replace the models with red beam and camera,
however they improve the naked eye visibility of the point to be measured over long distances.
What are the characteristics to consider in order to choose the right laser distance meter?
Laser measuring devices should be chosen based on the required use and circumstances. For a precise
measurement, it is always better for the laser distance meter to have the continuous measurement
function, with indication of the MINIMUM value, which ensures that the exact measurement is
perpendicular to the wall. Here are some examples of how circumstances can guide you in the choice of
the best laser measuring tool based on your needs. If you have to take measurements in an apartment, a
measurement capacity of up to 30m is sufficient. For example, you can opt for MINI laser distance
meter (ref 61110), which is pocket size and only weighs 36 g, or you can buy the Double laser (ref
61114) to comfortably take measurements up to 50m without bending over.
If you need to take measurements in larger buildings or even outdoors, it is better to choose laser
distance meters with a capacity of at least 50-60m, equipped with a laser beam that allows for
greater light output, with a digital inclinometer, which is useful for evaluating slopes and directs the
laser beam horizontally or vertically (or in the desired direction).For long distances, a model with
camera and viewfinder (61185 / 80m and 61190 / 120m) must be chosen, the latter also has 4x ZOOM.
If there is a camera, the green beam is not necessary, because the viewfinder shows exactly where you
are pointing the laser beam.
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What can you expect new in the near future in the field of laser distance meters?
As for all technological products, there is a continuous evolution. Sometimes, however, the changes do
not always correspond to the user's real needs and these are simple additional gadgets, without any
practical use. Metrica will soon present new models with truly innovative performances, which will be
able to process the measurement data collected, according to the operator's needs, and integrate them
directly into the user IT systems
Applications:
Industrial Maintenance: Conveyors  Determine rise or drop over distance, for
pipe drainage.
 Determine conveyor belt length (for/at
 Measure distances for duct runs for
installation).
installation or replacement.
 Calculate conveyor belt capacity, based
 Determine room volume for cooling, air
on length.
flow/exchange requirements,
Industrial Maintenance: Layout sizing equipment’s.
 Measure distance between machines to  Determine duct run type (size, for
estimate heat loading. volume requirements).
 Size ducts for traversals.
 Determine equipment ventilation
 Measure distances for air handler
requirements (mass air flow).
spacing.
Industrial Maintenance: Tanks
Plumbing
 Check tank level2 and verify accuracy of
tank level transmitters.  Determine distance between pumps and
 Measure water level at power plant distance the pump needs to push liquid,
to determine pump and/or motor size.
water intake.
 Determine distance for pump lines and
Industrial Maintenance: Other
piping runs, especially when measuring
 Check calibration of automated product pipe lengths behind existing walls.
shuttle distance sensors.  Measure distances between tower drives
 Align large welding fixtures. for water pressure calculations in
 Determine the volume of industrial irrigation.
ovens used in powder coating, etc.  Measure the size of a yard to figure out
HVAC sprinkler heads required.
 Measure condensation lines for
 Measure roof height to determine flue installation/repair.
lengths.1
 Calculate duct lengths for static pressure
drop on long runs.
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Construction  Determine insulation requirements
(volume needed).
 Find horizontal lengths (overhead) for
 Determine offsets needed for septic
determining rain gutter length.
systems.
 Measure distances from roads and
 Determine trench, hole depth.
property lines to comply with local
 Determine amount of sheetrock to cover
building codes.
surfaces
 Determine amounts of structural
materials (studs, plywood) needed for
construction.
Procedure:
 Place the work piece against the target surface
 Place LDM aside the work piece
 Press Distance button to measure length
 Take Different readings to verify your reading
Table:
Serial # Place Reading
1
2
3
Comments:
References:
https://www.fluke.com/en/products/building-infrastructure/laser-distance-meters
https://www.unitrend.com/meters/html/product/Layout/Laser_Distance/LM40/
LM50.htm
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Experiment # 13
Objective: To calculate the Volume of any Part Using laser Distance Meter
Theory:
Background
Historically, laser distance meters have been preceded by ultrasound meters, which date
back to the 1990s, which were based instead on the principle of reflection of sound waves.
However, these tools did not allow to target the desired point and were not very
precise.Why have laser distance meters become so popular? Can they replace
traditional folding rules or measuring tape?
A good traditional meter can be handy when you need to measure short distances or when
you want to physically simulate the space required by an object. That’s why many
professionals, such as bricklayers and construction workers, still use it. You should also
keep in mind that to operate a laser distance meters it is necessary to have a surface on
which the pulse of laser can be reflected. They are therefore not suitable for measuring, for example, the
length of a pole or the side of a box, that is, a length that does not have a protrusion at its end on which
the laser beam can "bounce".
On the other hand, laser measuring tools offer great advantages: immediacy of measurement, ease of
use, ability for an operator to measure any distance by himself. Furthermore, these measuring
instruments are very important for the protection of workers safety. The laser beam can in fact reach the
most inaccessible points, eliminating the use of precarious and dangerous structures, and consequent
stunts at height, on balconies or on roofs.
If traditional meters are still preferable for professional workers

such as bricklayers, who are the users of laser distance meters?
When it comes to measuring existing buildings, both indoors and
outdoors, laser measuring tools are unbeatable and therefore have
become indispensable for engineers, architects, surveyors, as well as for
installers (electrical, carpentry, plumbing, air treatment, locksmiths etc.),
real estate agents and even private individuals. These tools are also used
to directly calculate perimeters, surfaces and volumes. The laser distance
meter is also largely used in the industrial sector.Almost all laser
distance meters have the ability to also make indirect measurements,
such as the height of a facade, or can calculate the height of a floor while
remaining distant from the building. Metrica offers a very wide range
of laser distance meters. What tips can you give to choose the right
tool among the various models available? Metrica always wants to
offer the tool that best meets the specific needs of a user. For this reason,
its catalogue includes a very wide range of laser measuring devices that try to cover the needs and
request of different costumers.
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In the Metrica pocket range stands out the MINI laser distance meter (code 61110 / 30m), which is as
big as a lighter, with a very nice shape and color. Equipped with the continuous measurement function,
this instrument has the advantage of highlighting the MAX and MIN measurements obtained by
oscillating the laser beam around the desired target point. The indication of the MIN measurement is
essential when you need to accurately determine the distance from a wall, because it selects and
highlights the measurement taken perpendicularly. In addition, the device has a backlit black screen, 10
memories, the Pythagoras function and a rechargeable Li-Ion battery like a mobile phone.
We then have the entire intermediate range of laser measuring tools with a capacity between 25 and 80
m, Metric Flash series, which are slightly smaller than a mobile phone, they have a non-slip body and a
more intense laser beam. Let’s begin with the ONE BUTTON laser distance meter (code 61120 /
30m). This tool indicates the detected measure on a high visibility screen, it is very simple to use as you
can use it pressing just one button. In the Metrica catalogue there are also the laser distance meter with
code 61130 / 30m, 61150 / 50m, 61155 / 60m and the most advanced models 61160 / 60m and 61180 /
80m. These tools differ for the growing number of functions available, which can be very useful for
professional operators (e.g. digital inclinometer, various types of indirect measurements). They all have
an intuitive system, with an excellent quality/price ratio.
In the top of the range there are two models with target camera, viewfinder and inclinometer:
ref. 61185/80m and 61190 / 120m. The latter has a 4x ZOOM, a double inclinometer (2 directions) and
it is also multitasking. It has 16Gb of internal memory to store measurements and photos of the
measured points. It can make video and voice recordings. It has the most advanced indirect
measurement functions, which make possible even measurements that seemed impossible at first sight.
It allows professionals to store all the video and voice recordings in the device.
Applications:
Facilities: Cranes
 Measure distances on roof to determine the crane lift needed for rooftop equipment replacement.
 Measure ceiling height to determine equipment needed for access.
 Quickly calculate length of wire rope needed for cranes.
 Set up collision detection for cranes without pulling tape and using two people and two aerial
lifts.
 Measure spans on runways for cranes.
Facilities: Safety
 Measure distances (including ceiling heights) to install emergency lighting, sprinklers, and fire
extinguishers to code.
 Determine accurate room dimensions to ensure correct chemical concentration for Clean Agent
Fire Suppression system.
 Measure distances from machines for safety equipment (fire extinguishers, fire blankets, etc.).
 Measure water levels in fire suppression tanks.
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 thermometer.
Procedure:
 Place the work piece against the target surface
 Place LDM aside the work piece and use Volume Feature
 Press Distance button to measure length
 Again, use this method to measure along another geometry i.e. height and width
 Meter will give Volume
Calculations and observations:
SR# Length Height Width Volume= Length × Height × Width
Comments:
References:
https://www.fluke.com/en/products/building-infrastructure/laser-
distance-meters
https://www.uni-trend.com/meters/html/product/Layout/Laser_Distance/LM40/
LM50.html
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Experiment #14
Objective: To calculate the area of any Surface Using laser Distance Meter
Theory:
How do Laser Measuring Tools work? How to Choose a Laser Distance Meter?
How does a laser distance meter work? In a nutshell, laser measurement tools are based on the
principle of reflection of a laser beam. To measure a distance, the device emits a
pulse of laser in the direction of an object, for example a wall. The time necessary
for the laser beam to get to the object and go back determines the measurement of
the distance. In consideration of the speed of light, distances can be defined
precisely with this kind of laser. Laser distance meters can also accumulate
independently to calculate surfaces and volumes.
Laser meters based on this technology are generally called laser distance

meters and belong to the category of meters that do not need to come into contact
with the point to be measured.
Applications
Laser distance meters quickly measure distance to a target using the unit’s laser spot, and can also do a
quick calculation of area and volume.
Here’s a collection of 101 great ideas on where to use a laser distance meter:
Facilities: Layout
 Provide accurate estimates for bidding  Measure height or width of buildings1
out work (HVAC, electrical, cable, and other objects, by triangulation if
maintenance). Measure distances, area, needed.
and/or volume.  Verify CAD drawings for as-builts and
design drawings.
Procedure:
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1. Place the work piece against the target surface
2. Place LDM aside the work piece and use Area feature
3. Press Distance button to measure length
4. Again, use this method to measure along another geometry i.e. height
5. Meter will give area
Calculations and observations:
Area:
SR# Length Height Area= Length × Height
1.
2.
3.
Comments:
References:
https://www.fluke.com/en/products/building-infrastructure/laser-distance-meters
https://www.uni-trend.com/meters/html/product/Layout/Laser_Distance/LM40/
LM50.html
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Experiment #15
Objective: To calculate the length of third side of triangular part
using any two lengths Using Laser Distance Meter.
Theory:
Introduction:
Why do some laser distance meters use red laser
beams?
As explained above, red laser penetrates further onto the target surfaces as compared with
blue laser. Therefore, it substantially increases the area of blurry region that is reflected back
to the detector. This causes the detector to not able to detect the exact distance to the surface.
Why do some laser distance meters use green laser
beams?
Green laser beams are much more visible even in bright environments. Due to their different
wavelengths, the luminous efficacy of green light is higher than that of red light. As a consequence, the
laser line appears brighter and is four times more visible to the human eye. Soon Metrica will launch
two new laser distance meters with a green beam, ref. 61060 / 60m and ref. 61100 / 100m. Certainly,
these devices do not replace the models with red beam and camera, however they improve the naked eye
visibility of the point to be measured over long distances.
What are the characteristics to consider in order to choose the
right laser distance meter?
Laser measuring devices should be chosen based on the required use and circumstances. For a precise
measurement, it is always better for the laser distance meter to have the continuous measurement
function, with indication of the MINIMUM value, which ensures that the exact measurement is
perpendicular to the wall.
Here are some examples of how circumstances can guide you in the choice of the best laser measuring
tool based on your needs. If you have to take measurements in an apartment, a measurement capacity of
up to 30m is sufficient. For example, you can opt for MINI laser distance meter (ref 61110), which is
pocket size and only weighs 36 g, or you can buy the Double laser (ref 61114) to comfortably take
measurements up to 50m without bending over.
If you need to take measurements in larger buildings or even outdoors, it is better to choose laser
distance meters with a capacity of at least 50-60m, equipped with a laser beam that allows for
greater light output, with a digital inclinometer, which is useful for evaluating slopes and directs the
laser beam horizontally or vertically (or in the desired direction).For long distances, a model with
camera and viewfinder (61185 / 80m and 61190 / 120m) must be chosen, the latter also has 4x ZOOM.
If there is a camera, the green beam is not necessary, because the viewfinder shows exactly where you
are pointing the laser beam.
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What can you expect new in the near future in the field
of laser distance meters?
As for all technological products, there is a continuous evolution. Sometimes, however, the
changes do not always correspond to the user's real needs and these are simple additional
gadgets, without any practical use.
Metrica will soon present new models with truly innovative performances, which will be
able to process the measurement data collected, according to the operator's needs, and
integrate them directly into the user IT systems.
Parts of Laser Distance Meter
• Laser Beam Outlet: The most important part of the laser measure is the
laser beam outlet which the laser beam emits, gets out, and travels through space.
• Display: A typical laser measure is an electronic product. It displays the reading on the
screen. The same thing with this device, it shows its measurement results on the screen.
• Button Controls: The instrument has different controls which the operator can choose
accordingly.
• Battery: The functioning of the laser measure depends upon its battery. You could find
the battery
compartment on the back of the device.
Working Principle
Laser, which stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, is the
monochromatic
light generated by a collision of a photon to an electron. In the final process, the
wave/light is focused and it
can travel to a longer distance. Most laser measuring tool products on the market emit red
light; that means
the wavelength is about 620 to 750 nm.
At a certain condition where the target distance is significantly far away, the reflection
cannot be easily
detected. The greater the distance, the weaker the reflection.
Advantages:
• It is faster because it uses a laser beam instead of a metal blade
• The range that you can measure is up to 600 feet.
• you can easily read and record.
• A laser measure provides accurate results
• It’s not weird if laser measures have a memory
• The laser tape measure doesn’t bend or sag
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Disadvantages:
• Measuring outdoor is difficult
• Proper use of the instrument is necessary
• Several measurements need to be taken to ensure accurate results
• This tool is relatively expensive
• This digital measuring device is sensitive to water and dust
• A solid target is needed
Specification of distance meter:
LM-40 LM-50 LM-60
LM40/LM50/LM60
Laser Distance Meters:
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The LM series laser distance meters are portable devices that can easily and accurately
measure length, area, and volume by pressing one button. These tools can be used in
interior/exterior design, construction, factory supervision, engineering inspection, traffic
accident evidence gathering, real estate development, fire assessment, and more.
Application
Solar  When evaluating a room or new system
design, calculate viewing angles, and audio
 Measure roof width and peak height to
based predicted coverage maps.
calculate roof pitch in estimating output of
 Measure the height of a lighting pipe to raise
solar panels.
theatrical lighting trusses to specific heights
 Determine roof area1 for solar panel size
above the stage or the seats.
estimates.
 Document location of shading analysis for Biomed
ground-mounted PV (photo voltaic) array.
 Verify source-to-image distances when
Automotive servicing X-ray equipment.
 Verify discrete medical equipment distance
 Calibrate on-board distance, parking, and
requirements are met when systems are
warning systems.
installed.
 Set up a stopping distance course for
training/demonstration and brake tests. Other
 Check for vehicle oversize load clearances.
 Check distance from objects for setting
Video, Audio, and Theatre thermal imager ranges and determining
distance to spot accuracy on infrared
 Measure distances for camera lens selection,
thermometers.
focus and zoom settings.
 Determine distance between surveillance
 Figure length for video and camera cable
cameras and subjects to get
compensation calculations.
desired coverage.
 Measure height of video projector and
 Measure from a target to the optical
screen for calculation of lumens and
micrometer mounted on an alignment
pixel per inch/quality of projection.
telescope for setups in a calibration lab.
 Continuously measure automated moving
equipment to verify correct location.
Features:
 Ergonomic exterior, comfortable handling
 Millimeter accuracy
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 Large, multiple angle HD display
 Quick, auto calculation with real-time readout
 Physical leveler
 Multiple functions: Max/Min/continuous measurement, displacement calculation,
data storage, and more
Auto power off after 3 minutes without operation
Procedure:
1. Place the work piece against the target surface
2. Place LDM aside the work piece and use triangular feature
3. Press Distance button to measure base
4. Again, use this method to measure along another geometry i.e. altitude
5. Meter will give hypotenuse.
Triangularization:
SR# Base Altitude Hypotenuse
Comments:
References:
https://www.fluke.com/en/products/building-infrastructure/laser-
distance-meters
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Experiment # 16
Step 1:
Objective: To calibrate the Ph meter via the use of buffer powder
Apparatus:
 Pen type pH meter
 buffer powder of pH 6.86
 Distilled water
 Beaker
Theory:
Theoretical Background:
What is pH?
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic solution is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pH of less than
7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of
free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the solution. pH meter:
A pH meter is an instrument used to measure hydrogen ion activity in solutions. In other words, this instrument
measures acidity/alkalinity of a solution. The degree of hydrogen ion activity is ultimately expressed as pH level,
which generally ranges from 1 to 14.
Types of pH meter:
The most useful way to categories pH
meters is into three main group or types.
• Pen type pH meter
• Handheld/portable meters
• Benchtop meters
To help you narrow-down your selection
process this article will delve into the
three types of pH meters, giving product
examples and suggested applications for
each type.
Handheld/portable meters:
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Instruments used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a sample, and designed for
portability and durability. Portable pH meters are most often used away from the physical
lab to measure the acidity or alkalinity of liquids in more remote locations.
Portable pH meter
Benchtop pH Meter:
A benchtop pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the acidity and
alkalinity of liquid or semi-solid samples across many industries with applications in
waste water, drinking water, food and beverage, chemical and pharmaceutical testing.
Benchtop pH meter
Buffer Powder:
pH Buffer Solution Powder should be used to help keep your electronic pH meter
calibrated. Individually packaged helps to keep the solution fresh until use.
Equipment: Buffer Powder
Pen type pH meter:

A high accuracy pen-type pH meter designed to test pH level of liquids in various industries and applications such
as Hydroponics, Aquariums, Swimming Pools, Spas and Food processing and many others. pH level varies with
temperature and affects the accuracy of reading results even the slightest change in temperature.
Operation:
• Remove the protective cap.
• Do not be alarmed if white crystals appear around the cap.
• This is normal with pH electrodes and they dissolve when rinsed with water.
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• Tum the meter on sliding the switch on the top.
• Immerse into solution up to the max immersion level. Stir gently and wait until the display stabilizes.
• After use, switch off pH meter, use the water clean the electrode and replace the protective cap.
• Do not use distilled OR deionized water for storage purpose.
• Large fluctuations in readings could be due to lack of calibration, dry electrode or rundown batteries.
Specification:
Range 0.0 to 14.0 pH
Resolution 0.1 pH
Accuracy ±0.1 pH (at20°C) ±0.2 pH
Calibration manual, 1 point
Environment RH 95% max;0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F)
Batteries 3 x 1.5V alkaline
Life Approx. 150 hours of use
Dimension 152x30x21mm (5.9x1.2x0.8")
Weight 50g
Calibration:
Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range.
Eliminating or minimizing factors that cause inaccurate measurements is a fundamental aspect of instrumentation
design.
Why we do calibration:
The primary significance of calibration is that it maintains accuracy, standardization and repeatability in
measurements, assuring reliable benchmarks and results. Without regular calibration, equipment can fall out of
spec, provide inaccurate measurements and threaten quality, safety and equipment longevity.
Procedure:
• Remove the protective cap of pen type pH meter.
• Dissolve the buffer powder of 6.86 pH in 200ml of distilled water.
Sample pH
• Immerse the tester up to the maximum immersion level in pH 6.86 buffer solution.
62 Buffer powder (6.86) 6.9
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Buffer powder (4.00) 4.0

• Allow the reading to stabilize and using the small screwdriver adjust the calibration timer to read
6.9
Step # 2
Objective: To find the pH of different water solution with impurities by the use of
pen type pH Meter.
Apparatus: Pen type pH meter, Beaker, distilled water, stirrer, Thermometer,
Impurities:
Lemon, Vinegar, Soap
Theory: Impurity
• A constituent which impairs the purity of something.
• Aluminum and Lead are impurities frequently found in tap water.
Procedure:
1. Remove the protective cap.
2. Do not be alarmed if white crystals appear
around the cap.
3. This is normal with pH electrodes and they

dissolve when rinsed with water.
4. Tum the meter on sliding the switch on the top.

5. Immerse into solution up to the max immersion
level.
6. Stir gently and wait until the display stabilizes.

7. After use, switch off pH meter, use the water
clean the electrode and replace the protective
cap.
Observations:
STEP # 3
Sr # Test sample of 100ml ph.
Objective:
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To check the pH of different samples by the use of pen type pH meter.
Apparatus:
Pen type pH meter, Beaker, distilled water, stirrer, Thermometer.
Vinegar
Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings. Vinegar
typically contains 5–8% acetic acid by volume.
Procedure:
1. Remove the protective cap
2. Turn the meter ON sliding the switch on the top
3. Immerse into solution up to the max immersion level
4. Stir gently and wait until the display stabilizes.
5. After use, switch off pH meter, use the water clean the electrode and replace the protective cap.
6. Large fluctuations in readings could be due to lack of calibration, dry electrode or rundown batteries.
Observations:
Sr# Impurity in 100ml PH value
water
1
2
3
Comments:
You will need to clean it regularly to avoid possible contamination of samples. As most pH meters contain a
probe with a glass tip, these are extremely fragile so can be easily broken or damaged if exposed to corrosive
substances.
References:
 https://group.chem.iastate.edu/Holme/augmented-reality-in-educational-laboratories/ph-meter/#:~:text=A%20pH%20meter%20is%20an,ranges%20from%201%20to%2014 .
 https://www.bing.com/search?
q=To+measure+the+thickness+of+very+wide+range+of+materials+by+using+dial+thickness+gauge.&cvid=15ccaab78945483da31a978b7de9200d&aqs=edge..69i57
.2399j0j1&FORM=ANAB01&PC=U531
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EXPERIMENT #17
Objectives:
To determine unknown angle using Sine Bar.
Sine Bar:
Sine bar is used in conjunction with slip gauges for precise angular measurement. Sine bar is used
either to measure angle very accurately or face locating any work to a given angle. Sine bars are made
from high chromium, corrosion resistant steel, hardened, ground and stabilized.
Two cylinders of equal dia. are attached at ends. The axes of these two cylinders are mutually parallel
to each other and also parallel to and at equal distance from the upper
surfaces of the sine bar. Accuracy up to 0.01mm /m length of sine bar can be obtain.
For small workpiece
, L=163mm
For heavy workpiece
, L=163mm
Figure 1: Sine Bar
Theoretical Background:
A sine bar is generally used with slip gauge blocks. The sine bar forms the hypotenuse of a right triangle, while
the slip gauge blocks form the opposite side. The height of the slip gauge block is found by multiplying the sine
of the desired angle by the length of the sine bar: H = L * sin(θ).
For example, to find the gauge block height for a 13˚ angle with a 5.000″ sine bar, multiply the sin(13˚) by
5.000″: H = 5.000″ * sin(13˚). Slip gauge blocks stacked to a height of 1.124″ would then be used elevate the
sine bar to the desired angle of 13˚
SINE BAR PRINCIPLES
 The application of trigonometry applies to sine bar usage.
 A surface plate, sine bar, and slip gauges are used for the precise formation of an angle.
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 It is possible to set up any angle ϴ by using the standard length of side AB, and calculating the height of
side BC using BC = AB * sin(ϴ).
 The angle ϴ is given by ϴ = asin(BC/AB).
 Figure 1 shows a typical sine bar set up on a surface plate with slip gauge blocks of the required height
BC to form a desired angle ϴ.
Application of sine bar :
 Checking of unknown angles of small

workpiece.
Figure 2: Checking of unknown angles of small

workpiece.
 Checking of unknown angles of heavy component.
Figure 3: Checking of unknown

angles of heavy component
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Procedure:
 Set the apparatus on the working table.
 First, we will place sine bar and our object whose angle is to be measured on a flat surface.
 Place one roller on the surface plate and the other roller on the slip gauge block stack of
height H.
 After placing the sine bar, we will measure the height if we are measuring the angle of a
small object.
 If we are measuring the angle of large object, we will place the sine bar over the object then
we will measure the difference between H1 and H2 from both ends of the sine bar.
 After measuring the values of height, we will put its values in the formula and calculate the
angle of object.
 Let the sine bar be set to an angle ϴ.
 Then sin(ϴ) = H/L, where L is the distance between the center.
 Thus knowing ϴ, H can be found and any work can be set out at this angle as the top face of
the sine bar is inclined at angle ϴ to the surface plate.
Observations and Calculations:
Trial H Measured Angle

1. 47.65 17˚
2. 27 9.5˚
3. 7 2.46˚
Comments:
1. Always use a perfectly flat and clean surface plate.
For better result both rollers must place on slip gauge block of height H1 and H2 respectively
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Table of Contents

“It was invented by French mathematician Pierre Vernier in 1631.”

Vernier Height gauge:

The important features of vernier height gauge:

Types of Bevel Protractor

Valueof smallest division on Main Scale

Observation & calculation

1 14.29 4.75 47.42 18.9 61.2

A Profile Projector also called an Optical Comparator or a

Principle & Construction:

A beam of parallel light, produced by a tungsten or

Types of optical systems:

Benefits of Optical Profile Projectors

A Profile Projector also called an Optical Comparator or a Shadow

Principle & Construction:

Benefits of Optical Profile Projectors

A Profile Projector also called an Optical Comparator or a Shadow

Principle & Construction:

Types of optical systems:

Benefits of Optical Profile Projectors

1. The ability to measure in 2D space in which both

A Profile Projector also called an Optical Comparator or a Shadow

Principle & Construction:

Types of optical systems:

Benefits of Optical Profile Projectors

1. The ability to measure in 2D space in which both

The measurement settings are activated by the TAB down below:

Icons in setting window:

Minimum points: The minimum points

(Shortcut Ctrl + F1 can be used to open the measurement interface quickly.)

The measurement interface of Line is shown below:

The user can click Delete All and Delete to remove

Measurement – Measure 2D Feature

(Shortcut Ctrl + F1 can be used to open the measurement interface quickly.)

The measurement interface of Line is shown below:

Features of Digital Laser Tachometer:

Observations and calculations:

Sr. No: R.P.M

Range Reduction Accuracy

Range Reduction Max. Input frequency

Dial gauge and its components: Standard Manufacturer’s

Technical parameters: Measurement

Technical Data; Packaging sturdy box

Calculations & Observation:

As explained above, red laser penetrates further onto the target surfaces as

Why do some laser distance meters use green laser beams?

If traditional meters are still preferable for professional workers

Laser meters based on this technology are generally called laser distance

• Pen type pH meter

Equipment: Buffer Powder

Pen type pH meter:

Accuracy ±0.1 pH (at20°C) ±0.2 pH

Calibration manual, 1 point

Environment RH 95% max;0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F)

Batteries 3 x 1.5V alkaline

Life Approx. 150 hours of use

Dimension 152x30x21mm (5.9x1.2x0.8")

Buffer powder (4.00) 4.0