RETINA UNIT -1 –PART 1

 The innermost tunic (layer) of the eyeball

 Is a thin delicate layer
 It is found posterior to vitreous and anterior to choroid
 It appears purplish red blue due to the visual purple of the rods and underlying vascular
choroid
 Retina extends from optic disc to the ora serrata
 Surface area abou:266mm2
 Retina is thickest in peripapillary region and thinnest at oraserrata
 Grossly it can be divided in to two distinct region
 Posteriorpole and peripheral retina separated by retinal eqwuator and is an
imagijnary line exit of vena verticosa (veins of the outer layer of the choroid)

Posterior pole
 Posterior pole refers to the area of retia posterior to the retinal equator
 Posterior pole of the retina includes two distinct areas : optics disc and macula lutea
 Posterior pole of retina is best examined by slitlamp, indirect bimicrocopy using +78d
and 90d lens and by direct ophthalmoscopy

Optic disc:
 It is pink in colour
 Well defined vertically oval area with average dimension of 1.76mm and
horizontally 1.88mm
 It is placed 3.4mm nasal to the fovea
 At the optic disc all the retinal layers terminates except nerve fibres
 The optic disc thus represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is also
referred to as optic neve head
 A depression seen in the disc is called the physiological cup
 The central retinal artery an vein emerge through the centre of this cup, Because
of absence of photoreceptors (rods and cones) the opti disc produces an
absolute scotoma in the visual field called as physiological blind spot

Macula lutea:
  It is also called yellow spot
 It is comparatively deeper in red than the surrounding fundus
 Is situated at the posterior pole temporal to the optic disc
 It is about 5.5mm in diameter
 Fovea centralis: is the central depressed part of the macula
 it is about 1.5mm in diameter
 Foveola: centre of fovea centralis a shining pit called
 It is about 0.35mm in diameter
 The tiny depression in the centre of foveola is called umbo which is seen as
shining foveal reflex on fundus examination
 Surrounding the fovea are the parafoveal and perifoveal areas

Peripheral retina:

 Refers to the area bounded posteriorly by retinal equator and anteriorly by

the ora serrata
 Peripheral retina is best examined by indirect ophthalmoscope and by the
use of goldmann three mirror contact lens

Ora serrata:

 It is the serrated peripheral margin where the retina ends

 Here the retina is firmly attached both to the vitreous and choroid
 The pars plana extends anteriorly from the ora serrata

ANATOMY MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF FOVEA CENTRALIZE

(Fovea Also called the central fovea or fovea centralis)