Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
CLD 20302
Chapter 1.1
Basic Concepts
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, student should be
able to :

Define the fundamental concepts and the

definition of system, force, temperature,
volume, pressure and energy.

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Outlines
1.1 Basic concepts
1.1.1 Force
1.1.2 Temperature
1.1.3 Volume
1.1.4 Pressure
1.1.5 Energy

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
THERMODYNAMICS

• The science that deals with heat and work

and those properties of substances that
bear a relation to heat and work

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
SYSTEM

• System is a quantity of matter or a region in

space chosen for study
• Boundary is the one that separates System from
its surrounding. Can be real or imaginary.
• 2 types of system:
– Closed system/control mass BOUNDARY
– Open system/control volume
SYSTEM
SURROUNDING
CLD 10603 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
OPEN SYSTEM
Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume

OPEN Mass
SYSTEM
Energy
(W and Q)

Its volume always fixed but its mass no necessarily fixed

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
CLOSED SYSTEM
 No mass can cross the
boundary.
 Energy in the form of heat
and work can cross the
boundary
 Volume does not have to be
fixed.
 Example: Rigid tank, piston Mass cannot cross the
boundaries of a
cylinder device closed system, but
energy can
CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
ISOLATED SYSTEM

Isolated
System

• when energy is not allowed to cross the

boundary -> Isolated system

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
SYSTEM
Process, Path, Cycle

Process:
Path:
Cycle:

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 PROCESS, PATH, CYCLE

Process - Any change Cycle - A system is said

Path – A series of
that a system to have undergone a
states through which a
undergoes from one cycle if it returns to its
system passes during a
equilibrium state to initial state at the end
process
another. of the process.

P
2 Process A

1
Process B

V
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
• Processes in which one thermodynamic
property is kept constant

Process Constant property

Isobaric Pressure
Isothermal Temperature
Isochoric/isometric Volume
Isentropic Entropy

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
PROPERTIES

-independent of the
mass of a system
Intensive
Eg: Temperature T
Property
Pressure P
Density 
PROPERTY
-depend on the size of
Extensive a system
Property Eg: Mass m
Volume V
Total Energy E

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
FORCE

• From Newton’s second law:

F = ma
• Unit : N or kgm/s2
• The Newton, N is defined as
a force required to accelerate F
a mass of 1 kg at the rate of Acceleration,a
1 meter per second.
• Weight is defined as the force exerted on a body by
gravity
Weight= mg
where g is gravitational acceleration=9.81ms-2

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
Example 1.1

An object weights 25 kN at a location where

the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
determine its mass in kg.

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
TEMPERATURE
Unit SI ES
Property
Temperature scale oC oF

Absolute temperature scale K R

Melting point 0oC 32oF
Boiling point 100oC 212oC

Relation between temperature scales:

T(oF) = 1.8T(oC) + 32 (oC to oF)

T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15 (oC to K)
T(R) = T(oF) + 459.67 (oF to R)
T(R) = 1.8T(K) (K to R)

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a
fluid per unit area.
F
P
A
Unit of pressure is the N/m2 or Pascal;
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa (Pascal).
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is
1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 x 105 Pa.
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in2.
1 atm = 14.696 psi
Pressure only deal with gas or liquid

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
PRESSURE
Pressure at any point in a fluid is same in all
directions.
Pressure varies in vertical directions due to gravity
effects but does not vary in the horizontal directions
Pa
Pa=Pb=Pc
P1 Pc P2

P3
Pb P1=P2P3

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
PRESSURE
• Absolute Pressure - The actual pressure at a given
position. Measured relative to absolute vacuum (
absolute zero ).
• Gage Pressure - The difference between absolute
pressure and local atmospheric pressure.
• Vacuum Pressure – Pressure below atmospheric
pressure.

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
PRESSURE

Pvac = Patm – Pabs Pgage = Pabs – Patm

(for P<Patm) (for P>Patm)

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE
•Manometer is used to measure pressure differences.
•The height of the fluid in the tube represents the pressure
difference between the system and the surroundings of the
manometer which is equal to the gage pressure:
Pgage  P  P1  Patm  ρgh Patm
P1  P2  Patm  ρgh
 Pgas  Patm  ρgh
Patm  atmospheric pressure,
P1  gas pressure in the tank,
ρ  density of the fluid in the manometer tube,
h  the height of fluid between two points in the U - tube,
g  gravitational acceleration  9.8 m/s 2 .
CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
Example 1.2
Both a gage and manometer are attached to a gas
tank to measure its pressure. If the reading on
the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the
distance between the two fluids level of the
manometer if the fluid is
(a) Mercury(ρ= 13600 kg/m3)
(b) Water(ρ= 1000 kg/m3)

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
VOLUME

• The amount of space that a substance or

object occupies
• Extensive property
• The volume of a thermodynamic system
typically refers to the volume of the working
fluid, such as, for example, the fluid within a
piston

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

 Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
ENERGY

TOTAL ENERGY, E Macroscopic

Energy can exist The sum ENERGY,
TOTAL of all the E energy
in numerous energies
The sumis the total
of all
of the system (kJ)
the
energies is the of the
forms
system (kJ)
Thermal, mechanical, Microscopic
SPECIFIC ENERGY, e
kinetic, potential, energy
Total energy based
electric, magnetic,
unit of mass (kJ/kg)
chemical, nuclear

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

Kinetic Energy
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
ENERGY Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion. An object
which has motion - whether
it be vertical or horizontal
motion - has kinetic energy
Macroscopic 2

KE  mV
Energy 2

A system possesses as
a whole with respect
to some outside
reference frames
Potential Energy
A system possesses as a
result of its elevation in a
gravitational field
PE  mgh

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction

Kinetic Energy
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
ENERGY
Microscopic Energy
-Related to the molecular structure of a system
-Independent of outside reference frame

- Phase change of a system such as liquid

phase changes to gas phase.

- Atom bonding in a molecule in chemical

reactions.

- Strong bonds within the nucleus of atoms.

The sum of all microscopic

energy = internal energy, U
CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction
Kinetic Energy
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology

Basic Concepts
TOTAL ENERGY

Total energy is the sum of kinetic energy,

potential energy and internal energy:

E  U  KE  PE  U  mV  mgz (kJ)
2

CLD 20302 Chapter 1: Introduction