Ethics Aptitude (Marathi) Notesbook

UPSC
Paper IV
Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude
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UPSC MAINS - GS IV
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(I) Syllabus 5
(II) Sample Questions provided by UPSC(October 2013) 7
(III) Mains Question Paper (December 2013) 9
(IV) Mains Question Paper (December 2014) 13
1. E{W³g A±S> B§{Q>{J«Q>r 2013 … EH$ g‘J« AmT>mdm 17
2. ZrVremó Am{U Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZ 19
3. Zr{Vemó ‘mZdr H¥$VtMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ 24
4. ‘yë¶ åhUOo H$m¶? 35
5. ‘yc^yV Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm … {ed, h¸$, H$V©ì¶ Am{U gX²JwU 37
6. Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V I - à`moOZdmXr Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V 42
7. Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V II - H$V©ì¶dmXr Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V 48
8. Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V III - Om°Z am°ëg - Ý¶m¶mMr ‘yc^yV g§H$ënZm 55
9. nmümË` Z¡{VH$ VÎdk (Western Moral Philosophers) 58
10. ^maVr` Z¡{VH$ {dMma I 61
11. ^maVr` Z¡{VH$ {dMma II - Jm§YtMr Z¡{VH$ {eH$dU 73
12. ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm (Emotional Intelligence) 78
13. d¥Îmr AWdm Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Attitude) 80
14. {d{dY Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm 86
15. n[apñWVrOÝ¶ àý (Case Study) gmoS>{dÊ¶mVrc H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo Q>ßno 88
16 n[apñWVrOÝ¶ àý (Case Study) 90
17. CÎmaXm{`ËdmMr g§H$ënZm 95
18. amOH$s` H$m`©H$marà_wI Am{U gZXr godH$m§_Yrc g§~§Y 99
19. gZXr godm§Mr ^y{‘H$m 102
20 gZXr godoMr ~XcVr ^y{_H$m 105
21 gZXr godm : H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZ 108
22 gZXr godoMr g{H«$`Vm 111
23 gZXr godH$m§gmR>r AmMmag§{hVm Am{U {eñVnmcZ 113
24 gZXr godH$m§gmR>r VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm 119
25. gZXr godm gwYmaUm 124
26. emgZ ì`dhmamVrc ZrVrVËdo Xþgam àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJ 129
27. _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma 141
28. pìhgc ãcmoAa {dYo`H$ 2011 151
29. cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$ 153
30. gwemgZ Am{U gwemgZmMo ^maVmVrc nwT>mH$ma 162
31. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX 172
32. B©-emgZ 177
33. gmd©O{ZH$ godm h¸$ A{Y{Z`_ 184
34. ZmJar g_mOmMr ^y{_H$m 187
35. amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU Am{U àemgZ 193
36. H$m`Xm gwì`dñWm Am{U nmocrg gwYmaUm 198
37. Public Service Professionalism : Its Ethical Dimension 212
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I
Syllabus
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating
to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts
faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine
these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.
Ethics and Human Interface

●● Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
●● Dimensions of ethics;
●● Ethics in private and public relationships.
●● Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and
administrators;
●● Role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Attitude

●● Content, structure, function;
●● Its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;
●● Moral and political attitudes;
●● Social influence and persuasion.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service

●● Integrity,
●● Impartiality and
●● Non-partisanship,
●● Objectivity,
●● Dedication to public service,
●● Empathy,
●● Tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections.
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and

●● Application in administration and governance.
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration

Zr{Vemó, gMmoQ>r, Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ j_Vm - Aä¶mg gm{hË¶ 5

●● Status and problems;
●● Ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions;
●● Laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
●● Accountability and ethical governance;
●● Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance;
●● Ethical issues in international relations and funding;
●● Corporate governance.
Probity in Governance

●● Concept of public service;
●● Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
●● Information sharing and transparency in government,
●● Right to Information,
●● Codes of Ethics,
●● Codes of Conduct,
●● Citizen’s Charters,
●● Work culture,
●● Quality of service delivery,
●● Utilization of public funds,
●● Challenges of corruption.
Case Studies on above issues.


6 Zr{Vemó, gMmoQ>r, Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ j_Vm - Aä¶mg gm{hË¶

II
Sample Paper
(1) What do you understand by ‘ Ethical Human Conduct’? In what way is it important to be
ethical along with being professionally competent?
(2) What do you understand by the following terms ? Point out their specific relevance in public
service:
(i) Intellectual integrity
(ii) Empathy
(iii) Perseverance
(iv) Spirit of service
(v) Commitment
Indicate two more attributes which you consider very important for public servants. Justify
your answer.
(3) Which great Indian personality has inspired you the most as a role model and how have you
been able to benefit in your own life by such an inspiration ?
(4) You have been working with your team for almost a year. One of your subordinates Mr. A is
very effective and hard working, he takes responsibility and gets things done. However, you
have heard that Mr. A makes loose comments about women. Mrs. X who is working under
A, comes to you, she is visibly disturbed. She tells you that Mr. A has been making undue
advances towards her and has even asked her to go out for dinner with him. She wants to give
a written complaint seeking action against Mr. A. what would you do and why ?
(5) You have grown up with X, who has been your best friend since childhood. You have shared
your joys and sorrows and have been each other's confidante. Both of you are in your final
year graduation and writing your final exams. In the exam you notice that your friend is
copying and cheating a lot. What would you do and why?
(6) You are posted as the Medical Superintendant of a District level Govt Hospital which caters
to the need of poor patients from surrounding rural areas along with the local people from the
district town. As such the hospital has very good infrastructure and adequate equipment to
cater to this need. It also receives sufficient funds to meet the recurring expenditure. Inspite
of this there have been repeated complaints particularly from the patients which include the
following.
(i) Very poor maintenance and un-hygienic conditions in hospital premises.
(ii) The hospital staff frequently demanding bribes from the patients for the services rendered.
(iii) The negligent attitude of the Doctors resulting in times of casualties.

(iv) Siphoning of a substantial stock of medicine by the staff and selling it out.
(v) Strong nexus between the senior Doctors of the hospital and the owners of local private
nursing homes and testing labs as a result of which the patients are strongly misled and
dissuaded from availing the hospital facilities and rather compelled to purchase costly
medicines from market and get medical tests and even operations done from private
medical houses.
(vi) There also exist a notorious employee union which puts undue pressure and resents any
reformative step by the administration. Ponder over the situation and suggest effective
ways to tackle each of the above mentioned problem.


III
Mains Question Papar (December 2013)
(1) What do you understand by 'values' and 'ethics'? In what way is it important to be ethical
along with being professionally competent? (150 words) 10
(2) (a) What do you understand by the following terms in the context of public service? (250
words) 3×5=15
(i) Integrity
(ii) Perseverance
(iii) Spirit of service
(iv) Commitment
(v) Courage of conviction
(b) Indicate two more attributes which you consider important for public service. Justify
your answer. (100 words) 10
(3) Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly
believe that there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this
regard with due justification. (150 words) 10
(4) What is 'emotional intelligence' and how can it be developed in people? How does it help an
individual in taking ethical decisions? (150 words) 10
(5) (a) What do you understand by the term 'voice of conscience'? How do you prepare yourself
to heed to the voice of conscience? (150 words) 10
(b) What is meant by 'crisis of conscience'? Narrate one incident in your life when you were
faced with such a crisis and how you resolved the same. (150 words) 10
(6) Given below are three quotations of great moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these
quotations, bring out what it means to you in the present context:
(a) "There is enough on this earth for every one's need but for no one's greed.'' Mahatma
Gandhi (150 words) 10
(b) "Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give
him power".-Abraham Lincoln (150 words) 10
(c) "I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who overcomes his enemies".-
Aristotle (150 words) 10
(7) "The good of an individual is contained in the good of all". What do you understand by this
statement? How can this principle be implemented in public life? (150 words) 10
(8) It is often said that 'politics' and 'ethics' do not go together. What is your opinion in this
regard? Justify your answer with illustrations. (150 words) 10

Section B
In the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions
that follow:
(9) A Public Information Officer has received an application under RTI Act. Having gathered the
information, the PIO discovers that the information pertains to some of the decisions taken by
him, which were found to be not altogether right. There were other employees also who were
party to these decisions. Disclosure of the information is likely to lead to disciplinary action
with possibility of punishment against him as well as some of his colleagues. Non-disclosure
or part disclosure or camouflaged disclosure of information will result into lesser punishment
or no punishment.
The POI is otherwise an honest and conscientious person but this particular decision. On
which the RTI application has been filed, turned out to be wrong. He comes to you for advice.
The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of
the options:
(i) The POI could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and act strictly
in accordance with the advice, even though he is not completely in agreement with the
advice of the superior.
(ii) The POI could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his successor in office
or request for transfer of the application to another PIO.
(iii) The POI could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information truthfully, including
the effect on his career, and reply in a manner that would not place him or his career in
jeopardy, but at the same time a little compromise can be made on the contents of the
information.
(iv) The POI could consult his colleagues who are party to the decision and take action as per
their advice.
Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you
would like to advise, giving proper reasons. (250 words) 20
(10) You are working as an Executive Engineer in the construction cell of a Municipal Corporation
and are presently in-charge of the construction of a flyover. There are two Junior Engineers
under you who have the responsibility of day-to-day inspection of the site and are reporting
to you, while you are finally reporting to the Chief Engineer who heads the cell. While the
construction is heading towards the completion, the Junior Engineers have been regularly
reporting that all construction is taking place as per design specifications. However, in one
of your surprise inspections, you have noticed some serious deviations and lacunae which,
in your opinion, are likely to affect the safety of the flyover. Rectification of these lacunae at
this stage would require a substantial amount of demolition and rework which will cause a
tangible loss to the contractor and will also delay completion.

There is a lot of public pressure on the Corporation to get this construction completed because
of heavy traffic congestion in the area. When you brought this matter to the notice of the
Chief Engineer, he advised you that in his opinion it is not a very serious lapse and may be
ignored. He advised for further expediting the project for completion in time. However, you
are convinced that this was a serious matter which might affect public safety and should not
be left unaddressed.
What will you do in such a situation? Some of the options are given below. Evaluate the
merits and demerits of each of these options and finally suggest what course of action you
would like to take, giving reasons. (250 words) 20
(i) Follow the advice of the Chief Engineer and go ahead.
(ii) Make an exhaustive report of the situation bringing out all facts and analysis along with
your own viewpoints stated clearly and seek for written orders from the Chief Engineer.
(iii) Call for explanation from the Junior Engineers and issue orders to the contractor for
necessary correction within targeted time.
(iv) Highlight the issue so that it reaches superiors above the Chief Engineer.
(v) Considering the rigid attitude of the Chief Engineer, seek transfer from the project or
report sick.
(11) Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu is known for its manufacturing clusters on firecrackers and matches.
The local economy of the is largely dependent on firecrackers industry. It has led to tangible
economic development and improved standard of living in the area.
So far as child labour norms for hazardous industries like firecrackers industry are concerned,
International Labour Organization (ILO) has set the minimum age as 18 years. In India
however this age is 14 years.
The units in industrial clusters of firecrackers can be classified into registered and non-registered
entities. One typical unit is household-based work. Though the law is clear on the use of child
labour employment norms in registered/non-registered units, it does not include household-
based works. Household-based work means children working under the supervision of their
parents/relatives. To evade child labour norms, several units project themselves as household-
based works but employ children from outside. Needless to say that employing children saves
the costs for these units leading to higher profits to the owners.
On your visit to one of the units at Sivakasi the owner takes you around the unit which has
about 10-15 children below 14 years of age. The owner tells you that in his household-based
unit, the children are all his relatives. You notice that several children smirk, when the owner
tells you this. On deeper enquiry, you figure out that neither the owner nor the children are
able to satisfactorily establish their relationship with each other.
(a) Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case.
(b) What would be your reaction after your above visit? (300 words) 25

(12) You are heading a leading technical institute of the country. The institute is planning to convene
an interview panel shortly under your chairmanship for selection of the post of professors.
A few days before the interview, you get a call from the Personal Secretary (PS) of a senior
government functionary seeking your intervention in favour of the selection of a close relative
of the functionary for this post. The PS also informs you that he is aware of the long pending
and urgent proposal of your institute for grant of funds for modernization, which are awaiting
the functionary's approval. He assures you that he would get these proposals cleared.
(a) What are the options available to you?
(b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving
reasons. (250 words) 20
(13) As a senior officer in the Finance Ministry, you have access to some confidential and crucial
information about policy decisions that the Government is about to announce. These decisions
are likely to have far-reaching impact on the housing and construction industry. If the builders
have access to this information beforehand, they can make huge profits. One of the builders
has done a lot of quality work for the Government and is known to be close to your immediate
superior, who asks you to disclose this information to the said builder.
(b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving
reasons. (250 words) 20
(14) You are the Executive Director of an upcoming Infotech Company which is making a name
for itself in the market. Mr. A, who is a star performer, is heading the marketing team. In a
short period of one year, he has helped in doubling the revenues as well as creating a high
brand equity for the Company so much so that you are thinking of promoting him. However
you have been receiving information from many corners about his attitude towards the female
colleagues; particularly his habit of making loose comments on women. In addition, he
regularly sends indecent SMS's to all the team members including his female colleagues. One
day, late in the evening, Mrs. X, who is one of Mr. A's team members, comes to you visibly
disturbed. She complains against the continued misconduct of Mr. A, who has been making
undesirable advances towards her and has even tried to touch her inappropriately in his cabin.
She tenders her resignation and leaves your office.
(b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt giving reasons. (250
words) 20


IV
Mains Question Papar (December 2014)
Section A
(1) (a) All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you?
Explain with examples. (150 words) 10
(b) What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in public
administration? (150 words) 10
(2) (a) In the context of defence services, ‘Partriotism’ demands readiness to even lay down one’s
life in protecting the nation. According to you what does patriotism imply in everyday
civil life? Explain with illustrations and justify your answer. (150 words) 10
(b) What do you understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the difficulties in practicing
it in the present times? How can these difficulties be overcome? (150 words) 10
(3) (a) “Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is
dangerous and dreadful.” What do you understand by this statement? Explain your stand
with illustrations from the modern context. (150 words) 10
(b) “Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and never as merely
means.” Explain the meaning and significance of this statement, giving its implications in
the modern techno-economic society. (150 words) 10
(4) (a) Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in
life? Give the gist of his/her teachings. Giving specific examples, describe how you have
been able to apply these teachings for your own ethical development. (150 words) 10
(b) There is a heavy ethical responsibility on the public servants because they occupy positions
of power, handle huge amounts of public funds and their decisions have wide-ranging
impact on society and environment. What steps have you taken to improve your ethical
competence to handle such responsibility? (150 words) 10
(5) (a) The current society is plagued with sidespread trust-deficit. What are the consquences of
this situation for personal well-being and for societal well-being? What can you do at the
personal level to make youself trustworthy? (150 words) 10
(b) It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no dearth of instances
where affluent and powerful people indulge in corruption in a big instances where affluent
and powerful people indulge in corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of
corruption among people? Support your answer with examples. (150 words) 10

(6) (a) What factors affect the formation of a person’s attitude towards social problems? In our
society, contrasting attitudes are prevalent about many social problems. What contrasting
attitudes do you notice about the caste system in our society? How do you explain the
existence of these contrasting attitudes? (150 words) 10
(7) (a) What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be
adopted to ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (150 words) 10
(8) (a) We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country.
Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise.
Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (150 words) 10
Section B
(9) (a) Now-a-days, there is an increasing thrust on economic development all around the globe.
At the same time, there is also an increasing concern about environmental degradation
caused by development. Many a time, we face a direct conflict between developmental
activity and environmental quality. It is neither feasible to stop or curtail developmental
process, nor it is advisable to keep degrading the environment, as it threatens our very
survival.
Discuss some feasible strategies which could be adopted to eliminate this conflict and
which could lead to sustanable development. (250 words) 20
(b) Suppose one of your close friends, who is also aspiring for civil services, comes to you
for discussing some of the issues related to ethical conduct in public service. He raises the
following points :
(i) In the present times, when unethical environment is quite prevalent, individual
attempts to stick to ethical principles may cause a lot of problems in one’s career.
It may also cause hardship to the family members as well as risk to one’s life. Why
should be not be pragmatic and follow the path of least resistance and be happy with
doing whatever good we can?
(ii) When so many people are adopting wrong means and are grossly harming the system,
what difference would it make if only a small minority tries to be ethical? They are
going to be rather ineffective and are bound to get frustrated.
(iii) If we become fussy about ethical considerations, will it not hamper the economic
progress of our country? After all, in the present age of high competition, we cannot
afford to be left behind in the race of development.
(iv) It is understandable that we should not get involved in grossly unethical practices,
but giving and accepting small gratifications and doing small favours increases
everybody’s motivation. It also makes the system more efficient. What is wrong in
adopting such practices?
Critically analyze the above viewpoints. On the basis of this analysis, what will be

your advice to your friend? (250 words) 20
(c) You are a no-nonsense, honest officer. You have been transferred to a remote district to
head a department that is notorious for its inefficiency and callousness. You find that
the main cause of the poor state of affairs is the indiscipline of a section of employees.
They do not work themselves and also disrupt the working of others. You first warned the
troublemarkers to ment their ways or else face disciplinary action. When the warning had
little effect, you issued a show cause notice to the ringleaders. As a retaliatory measure,
these troublemakers instigated a woman employee amongst them to gile a complaint of
sexual harassment against you with the Women’s Commission. The Commission promptly
seeks your explanation. The matter is also publicized in the media to embarrass you further.
Some of the options to handle this situation could be as follows :
(i) Give your explanation to the Commission and go soft on the disciplinary action.
(ii) Ignore the Commission and proceed firmly with the disciplinary action.
(iii) Brief your higher-ups, seek directions from them and act accordingly.
Suggest any other possible (s). Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action,
giving your reasons for it. (250 words) 20
(12) Suppose you are the CEO of a company that manufactures specialized electronic equipment
used by a government department. You have submitted your bid for the supply of this
equipment to the department. Both the quality and cost of your offer are better than those
of the competitors. Yet the concerned officer is demanding a hefty bribe for approving the
tender. Getting the order is important both for you and for your company. Not getting the
order would mean closing a production line. It may also affect your own career. However
as a value-conscious person, you do not want to give bribe.
Valid arguments can be advanced both for giving the bribe and getting the order, and for
refusing to pay the bribe and risking the loss of the order. What those arguments could be?
Could there be any better way to get out of this dilemma? If so, outline the main elements
of this third way, pointing out its merits. (250 words) 20
(13) Rameshwar successfully cleared the prestigious civil services examination and was excited
about the opportunity that he would get through the civil services to serve the country.
However soon after joining the services, he realized that things are not as rosy as he had
imagined.
He found a number of malpractices prevailing in the department assigned to him. For
example, funds under various schemes and grants were being misappropriated. The official
facilities were frequently being used for personal needs by the officers and staff. After
some time, the noticed that the process of recruiting the staff was also not up to the mark.
prospective candidates were required to write an examination in which a lot of cheatig was
going on. Some candidates were provided external help in the examination. Rameshwar
brought these incidents to the notice of his seniors. However, he was advised to keep

his eyes, ears and mouth shut and ignore all these things which were taking place with
connivance of the higher-ups. Rameshwar felt highly disillusioned and uncomfortable. He
comes to you seeking your advice.
Indicate various options that you think are available in this situation. How would you help
him to evaluate these options and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted? (250
words) 20
(14) In our country, the migration of rural people to towns and cities is increasing drastically.
This is causing serious problems both in the rural as well as in the urban areas. In fact, things
are becoming really unmanageable. Can you analyze this problem in detail and indicate not
only the socio-economic but also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this
problem? Also distinctly bring out why -
(a) educated rural youth are trying to shift to urban areas;
(b) landless poor people are migrating to urban slums;
(c) even some farmers are selling off their land and trying to settle in urban areas taking
up petty jobs.
What feasibel steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this serious
problem of our country? (250 words) 20


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àg§J, CXmhaUo ‘m§S>Ê¶mg àd¥Îm H$aVmV. VgoM ¶m {df¶mH$[aVm Omhra Ho$coë¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mdê$Z Ago cjmV ¶oVo H$s, ¶m
nonagmR>rMo {df¶kmZ (Subject Knowledge) ho EH$m {dÚmemIoda Adc§~yZ ZgyZ Am§Va{dÚmemIr¶ Amho. ZrVr{df¶H$ dm
Z¡{VH$Vo~m~VMo AZoH$ àíZ ho EH$mnojm A{YH$ {dMmajoÌm_Yrc (Domain) AmhoV. Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZ (Moral philosophy)
d cmoH$àemgZ (Public administration) ¶mda AmYm[aV ZrVr{Z¶‘{df¶H$ (ethical) àíZ hm nonaMm à‘wI Jm^m Amho.
{d^mJ A d {d^mJ ~ Aem XmoZ {d^mJm§‘Ü¶o gmXa Ho$coë¶m nona‘Yrc gd© àíZ gmoS>{dUo A{Zdm¶© Amho. {d^mJ A ‘Ü¶o
EHy$U 8 àíZ AmhoV. ho 8 àíZ EHy$U 125 JwUm§H$[aVm AmhoV. ‘mÌ àË¶oH$ àíZmcm g‘mZ JwU ZmhrV. n{hco VrZ àíZ Z¡{VH$
VËdkmZmg§~§YmVrc gmYmaU g§H$ënZm ñnï> AmhoV qH$dm Zmhr ho nmhUmao AmhoV. {Xcoë¶m g§kmMm AW©, ì¶m»¶m ñnï> H$aUo
Ago ¶m àíZm§Mo ñdê$n Amho. EH$ {deof AYmoao{IV H$amd¶mMr ~m~ åhUOo JwU d Ë¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ eãXg§»¶m ho à‘mU
àË¶oH$ àíZmgmR>r doJio Amho. CXm. gdm©V n{hë¶m àíZmV 10 JwUm§H$[aVm 150 eãX {c{hUo Ano{jV Amho Va Xþgè¶mM àíZmV
15 JwUm§H$[aVm 250 eãX {c{hUo Ano{jV Amho. ‘yë¶ d Z¡{VH$Vm åhUOo H$m¶? godm^md, gË¶{Zð>m, ~m§{YcH$s ¶mdarc {Q>nm,
àemgH$s¶ godm§gmR>r Amdí¶H$ BVa JwU Aem {df¶m§da AmYm[aV n{hco XmoZ àíZ AmhoV. EHy$U Mma àíZm§‘Ü¶o C‘oXdmamMo
d¡¶{º$H$ ‘V {dMmaco Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o {ddoH$, A§V:H$aUmMm AmdmO ¶mgma»¶m VÎd{_‘m§goda AmYm[aV {df¶m§Mm g‘mdoe
Amho. A{Y^m¡{VH$s (Metaphysics) À¶m H$S>oZr OmUmao ho {df¶ AmhoV. AWm©VM ¶mH$[aVm ’$ma Imocda OmD$Z VÎdkmZmMm
Aä¶mg H$aUo Ano{jV Zmhr. ‘mÌ g§km§Mo AmH$cZ hmoÊ¶mBVH$s AmoiI Ano{jV Amho. VgoM ¶m àíZm§‘YyZ EH§$Xa nonaMr
H$m{R>Ê¶ nmVir A{YH$ R>odÊ¶mV Am¶moJmZo ¶e {‘i{dco Amho. ñnYm© H$m¶‘ amIUo d Vr AQ>rVQ>rMr R>odUo ¶m‘YyZ gmÜ¶
Pmco Amho. ‘mÌ ¶m àíZm§Mr g§»¶m ‘moOH$sM Amho. BVa AZoH$ àíZ {df¶mMo Agcoco kmZ d Vo Amnë¶m eãXmV ‘m§S>Ê¶mMr
hmVmoQ>r ¶m‘YyZ CÎm‘[aË¶m hmVmico OmD$ eH$VmV. AemàH$mao g§kmMm AW© ñnï> H$aUo, d¡¶{º$H$ AZw^dm§Mr Z¡{VH$ ‘m§S>Urer
gm§JS> KmcUo ¶mda gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mhr àíZm§‘Ü¶o â {Xcm Jocm Amho.
¶m nwT>rc àíZ àH$ma åhUOo ‘hmZ d à{gÕ ì¶º$s¨À¶m {dMmam§Mm H$ënZm {dñVma H$aUo. 2013 À`m àýn{ÌHo$V àË¶oH$s
10 JwUm§Zm {dMmaco Jococo 3 àíZ ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr, A~«mh‘ qcH$Z, Am{U A°[añQ>m°Q>c ¶m§À¶m {dMmam§da AmYm[aV AmhoV. àË¶oH$
àíZ 150 eãXm§‘Ü¶o {c{hUo Ano{jV Amho. ¶m àíZm§H$S>o cKw{Z~§Y Aem ñdê$nmV XoIrc ~KVm ¶oB©c. AWm©V H$ënZm {dñVma
¶m {Z~§Y àH$mamMr AmoiI d gamd Agë¶mg H$‘r doimV ho {cImU A{YH$ n[aUm‘H$maH$ hmoD$ eH$Vo. ¶m VrZ gw{dMmam§‘Ü¶o
XoIrc {df¶mMo d¡{dÜ¶ Am¶moJmZo H$m¶‘ amIco Amho. ¶m {dMmam§{df¶r {c{hV AgVmZm Ë¶m ì¶º$sMr EH§$XarV Z¡{VH$ {dMma
àUmcr ‘m{hV AgUo ’$m¶ÚmMo R>aoc. VgoM ¶m {dMmam§Mm CÎm‘ àemgZmer d Ë¶mVrc ZrVr{Z¶‘{df¶H$ ~m§{YcH$ser H$m¶
g§~§Y Amho ho AYmoao{IV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ¶m ì¶{V[aº$ EH$m àíZm‘Ü¶o Ho$di ‘mZdVoÀ¶m Mm§JwcnUm{df¶rMo EH$ {dYmZ
XoD$Z Ë¶m~Ôc C‘oXdmamMo H$m¶ ‘V Amho ho OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$cm Amho. ¶mM~amo~a amOH$maUmMm Z¡{VH$Voer AgUmam
g§~§Y d Ë¶m {df¶rMm C‘oXdmamMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ¶mda â XoV 10 JwUm§gmR>r 150 eãXm§V à{VgmX Ano{jV Amho. VgoM ^md{ZH$
~w{Õ‘Îmm d Ë¶mMm àemgZmV e³¶ Agcocm dmna ¶mda XoIrc EH$ àíZ {dMmacm Jocm Amho. AemàH$mao {d^mJ A ‘Ü¶o

Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZmVrc {dMma, g§km Ë¶m~Ôc C‘oXdmamMm d¡¶{º$H$ Ñï>rH$moZ Am{U ì¶mnH$ Z¡{VH$ {dMma àUmcter AmoiI
Ago ¶m KQ>H$mMo ñdê$n Amho. {d^mJ A ‘Yrc H$mhr àíZ ¶wnrEggrZo Omhra Ho$coë¶m Z‘wZm àíZmVyZ OdiOdi VgoÀ¶m
Vgo {dMmaco Joco hmoVo Ogo H$s, H$m‘m~ÔcMr {Zð>m, ~m§{YcH$s, nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ¶mMo ’$m¶Xo ¶m g§H$ënZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU. Z‘wZm
àíZn{ÌHo$V àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mar d Z¡{VH$Vm ¶mda AmYm[aV àíZ {Xcm hmoVm. narjo‘Ü¶o àemgH$s¶ godm d Z¡{VH$Vm ¶mda
AmYm[aV àíZ {dMmacm Jocm Amho.
{d^mJ ~ hm nyU©V: Ho$g ñQ>S>rObm dm{hcocm {d^mJ Amho. EHy$U 6 àH$aUo 125 JwUm§H$[aVm {dMmacr Jocr AmhoV. ¶m
{d^mJmV XoIrc àË¶oH$ àíZmgmR>rMo {ZYm©[aV JwU d Ë¶mH$[aVm {Z¶mo{OV eãX g§»¶m ¶m§Mo à‘mU doJdoJio Amho. nyd© narjo‘Yrc
{ZU©¶j‘Vm MmMUr d g‘ñ¶m gmoS>dUyH$ ¶mM KQ>H$mMo EH$ {dñVm[aV d A{YH$ ~maH$mì¶m§Mr Zm|X KoUmao ê$n Ago ¶m KQ>H$mMo
dU©Z H$aVm ¶oB©c. {deof Zm|X KoÊ¶mgmaIr ~m~ åhUOo {d^mJ ~ ‘Ü¶o XoIrc ¶ynrEggrZo nwa{dcoë¶m Z‘wZm àíZn{ÌHo$‘Yrc
H$mhr àíZ OdiOdi VgoÀ¶m Vgo {dMmaco Joco AmhoV. VgoM 2011, 2012 d 2013 ¶m dfu KoÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m nyd© narjoVrc
{ZU©¶j‘Vm MmMUr ¶m KQ>H$mVrc àíZm§da AmYm[aV {df¶ nwÝhm hmVmico Joco AmhoV. AWm©V A{Ve¶ {H$aH$moi ~Xc dJiVm
àíZm‘YyZ {dMmacr OmUmar Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm gmaIrM Amho. CXmhaUmW©, 2013 À¶m nyd© narjo‘Ü¶o {dÚmnrR> nmVirdarc nona
AZ{YH¥$V[aË¶m CKS> H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm Amcoë¶m X~mdm~Ôc àíZ {dMmacm Jocm hmoVm. ¶mM àíZmgmaIm, Á¶m‘Ü¶o {dÚmnrR>,
nona ¶m EodOr Vwåhr {dÎm ‘§Ìmc¶mVrc A{YH$mar AmhmV d H$mhr ‘m{hVr AZ{YH¥$V[aË¶m CKS> H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm Vw‘À¶mda X~md
Q>mH$cm OmV Amho AemàH$maMr Ho$g (case) XoÊ¶mV Amcr Amho. Ho$g ñQ>S>rO Imcrc {df¶m§da AmYm[aV AmhoV. ‘m{hVrMm
A{YH$ma (‘m{hVr CKS> H$aÊ¶m~m~VMr Z¡{VH$Vm), H$‘r JwUdÎmoMo H$m‘ AWdm {ZYm©[aV doioV nyU© H$amd¶mMo H$m‘ ¶mVrc
Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm, {edH$merVrc ~mcH$m‘Jmam§Mm àíZ, ZmoH$aâVrVrc ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm/OdiÀ¶m ì¶º$s¨Zm {Xco OmUmao àmYmÝ¶ d
Ë¶mÀ¶mer {ZJS>rV Z¡{VH$ àíZ, AZ{YH¥$V[aË¶m ‘m{hVr XoÊ¶mVrc ZrVr{Z¶‘{df¶H$ H§$Jmoao, H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr AZw^dmg ¶oUmao
c¢{JH$ emofU d Ë¶mg§~§YrMo Z¡{VH$ àíZ ho gmYmaU Ho$g ñQ>S>rMo {df¶ AmhoV. ¶m gdmª‘YyZ AmnUmg Ago cjmV ¶oVo H$s,
ZrVr‘ÎmmnyU© àemgZ am~{dÊ¶mVrc àË¶j AS>MUr d Ë¶m§Mm gm‘Zm H$aÊ¶mMo {d{dY ‘mJ© ¶mda ¶m àíZm§Mm â Amho. VgoM
àË¶oH$ Ho$g ~amo~aM 2 AWdm 3 ‘mJ©Xe©H$ àíZ CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco AmhoV. Ago Ho$ë`mZo 250 eãXm§‘Yrc à{VgmX H$moUË¶m
‘wÚm§da R>iH$ â XoUmam Agmdm ¶mgmR>rMr {Xem {Z{üV Pmcr.
2013 À`m EHy$U àíZn{ÌHo$Mm {dMma Ho$ë¶mg à‘wI gH$mamË‘H$ ~m~ åhUOo ßcoQ>mo, gm°H«o${Q>g, A°[añQ>m°Q>c ¶mgma»¶m
VËdkm§À¶m A{ÔmV {dMmagaUtda AZmdí¶H$ â Z XoVm ^maVr¶ gm‘m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ àíZm§Mr Zmi OmoS>Umao ho àíZ AmhoV.
ñdV:Mo {dMma eãXmV ‘m§S>V AgVmZm doioMo ^mZ R>odV d¡Mm[aH$ ‘m§S>Ur d {VMm àË¶j n[apñWVrer Agcocm g§~§Y ¶mVrc
Xþdm gm§YUo ho ¶m nonaZo g‘moa R>odcoco gdm©V ‘moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. ‘mÌ {cImUmMm nwaogm gamd, ‘hÎdmÀ¶m {dMmad§Vm§Mm d
Ë¶m§À¶m Z¡{VH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ‘m§S>UrMm gImoc Aä¶mg AemàH$maÀ¶m àíZn{ÌHo$Mr XIc KoÊ¶mg Amdí¶H$ ~m~r AmhoV. nwÝhm
EH$Xm ¶wnrEggrÀ¶m V¶mar‘Yrc {cImUmÀ¶m gmVË¶mMo ‘hÎd ¶m nona‘YyZ AYmoao{IV Pmco Amho. EH§$Xa g§aMZoV à‘wI ~Xc
ñdrH$maV AgVmZm C‘oXdmamÀ¶m Z¡{VH$ {dMmam§Mm H$c VnmgyZ nmhUmam d ZrVr{Z¶‘{df¶H$ Mm¡H$Q>tÀ¶m kmZmMm H$g cmdUmam
hm KQ>H$ {Z{üVM gH$mamË‘H$ ~Xc Amho d hm ~Xc ¶mo½¶ ‘Zmo^y{‘Ho$VyZ ñdrH$maUo d gImoc Aä¶mg H$aUo C{MV R>aoc.


2
ZrVremó Am{U Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZ
_Zwî` hm {dMmaerc àmUr Amho. H$moUVrhr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mAmYr AWdm {ZU©` KoÊ`mAmYr _Zwî` Amnë`m `m d¡Mm[aH$
j_VoMm dmna H$aV AgVmo. àËòH$ _Zwî` n[apñWVrcm AZwgê$Z {OVH$s {dMmam§Mr ñnï>Vm H¥$VrV CVadVm òB©c {VVH$s
CVadÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVmo. Vmo Añnï>, g§{X½Y Aem AdñWo_Yo OJy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU _J g§nyU© OJ hm Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r
~mhoê$Z bmXbobm, Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ doJim Agm ^mJ R>aVmo. _mUgmbm A§{V_ gË` OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m AgVo. gË`mMo
A§{V_ ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo d Ë`mg§X^m©V AmMaU H$aUo ho `m emoYmMo XmoZ _w»` ^mJ AgVmV. VÎdkmZmMm CX` A§{V_
gË`mÀ`m {M{H$ËgH$ Am{U H$mën{ZH$ emoYmÛmao hmoVmo. åhUOoM gË` H$m` Agy eHo$c `m~m~VMo Hw$Vyhc Am{U Vo Hw$Vyhc
e_{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$mao Ho$cocr {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur åhUOoM VmpÎdH$ {dMma hmo`. `m{R>H$mUr gË` qH$dm Á`mcm A§{V_
gË` åhQ>co OmVo, Ë`m_Üò AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ogo H$s _mZdr Am`wî`mcm H$moUVm R>am{dH$ hoVy Amho H$m? {dídmÀ`m
AdmT>ì` ngmè`mV _mZdmcm {Z{üV ^y{_H$m Amho H$m? àmaãY Aem g§H$ënZoÀ`m ApñVËdmcm dmd H$m? B. gË` OJmVrb
{d{dY KQ>Zm d H$m`mªMr VH©$ewÕ _m{hVr XoVo. VÎdkmZ `m {dídmÀ`m MmbH$ eŠVtMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVo. åhUyZ g¡Õm§{VH$Ñï>`m
VÎdkmZ ho {dMmam§Mo nÕVremór` H$m_ Amho.
gË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmÀ`m emoYmbm EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ ~mOy Amho. _mZdr ~w{Õ_Îmobm/{dMmaeŠVrbmhr EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ ~mOy Amho.
_Zwî`mMo ApñVÎdM Ë`mÀ`m g^modVrMo OJ g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m d Ë`mda à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m eŠVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {gÕ
hmoV.o Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ehmUnUmMr, {dMmaeŠVrMr ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`wŠVVm AgÊ`mMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoV.o ~mø KQ>Zm g_OyZ
KoÊ`mMr `mo½` j_Vm hm _mZdr ApñVÎdmMm _yb^yV KQ>H$ R>aVmo, Á`mVyZ Zr{VemómMm CX` hmoVmo. Zr{VemómMm g§X^© _mZdmÀ`m
OJÊ`mÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ g_ñ`m§er òVmo. àW_V… Vmo {Zìdi OJÊ`mÀ`m YS>nS>rMm AgVmo Va nwT>o _yë`ì`dñWm g§KQ>rVnUo
g_m`mo{OV H$ê$Z OrdZ OJÊ`mg§X^m©Vbm AgVmo. _Zwî` hm {dMmaerb àmUr Amho. EH$ Agm àmUr H$s Omo BVam§À`m VwbZoV Cƒ
nmVirda OJVmo. Vmo gË` g_OyZ KoVmo, {hV OmUVmo Am{U gm¢X`m©Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. {dMmaeŠVrMr ì`mdhm[aH$ ~mOy _yë`m§Mm
{dH$mg Xe©{dVo. _Zwî` Ë`mÀ`m ‘yë¶{dMmamZo dm BÀN>meŠVrZo {Z`§{ÌV hmoVmo. AmË_^mZ AgUmè`m {dMmaerb ì`ŠVrbm gË`,
gm¢X`© Am{U H$ë`mU dm ew^ `m§À`m EH$sH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. {dMmaerb _Zwî`àmUr ñdV…bm A§{V_ VÎdmgmR>r KS>dV
AgVmo.
VÎdkmZmMr ì`m»`m
VÎdkmZ ho {dMmam§Mo nÕVera H$m`© Amho. Vo OJÊ`mMm AW© Am{U _yë` g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. A§{V_ gË`mÀ`m
emoYmMm hm EH$ à`ËZ AgVmo. VÎdkmZ hm g§nyU© kmZmÀ`m ‘wimer AgUmè`m {Z`_VÎdm§Mm Aä`mg AgVo. VÎdkmZ A§{V_
gË` emoYVo. hm Amnë`m gd© AZw^dm§Mo EH$sH$aU Am{U Ë`m§Mo ~{wÕ{Zð> ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVo. g§nyU© {dídmMo
EH$ ~w{Õ{Zð> {MÌ Vo Amnë`mg_moa Cô H$aVo.
Philosophy hm eãX _yi J«rH$ eãX Philosophia nmgyZ òVmo. Á`mMm AW© ehmUnUm{df`rMo no«_ Agm Amho. VÎdkmZ
åhUOo kmZm{df`rMo no«_ Am{U VÎd{M§VH$ åhUOo Aer ì`ŠVr Or Iè`m kmZmÀ`m emoYmV AgVo. VÎdk hm ~mø OJVmMm
{Zanoj {díbofH$ AgVmo. àW_V… VÎdkmZ hr EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ ì`ŠVtMr dm ~w{ÕdmXtMr Midi hmoVr. hm kmZmMm emoY
H$moUË`mhr g§X^m©{edm`Mm hmoVm.
^maVr` g§X^m©V VÎdkmZmg "Xe©Z' Ago åhUVmV, Á`mMm AW© XÿaÑpîQ>H$moZ Agm AmhoM nU Ë`mM~amo~a `m Ñï>rMo gmYZ
dm _mÜ`_ Agmhr Amho. ^maVr` VÎdkmZ A§{V_ gË¶mÀ¶m gmjmËH$mamÀ`m AmoT>rVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo Amho. ^maVr` VÎdkmZmMr

~rOo hr {d{dY Y_mªÀ`m n{dÌ J«§Wm§_Üò gmnS>VmV.
_Zwî` hm {dMmaeŠVr AgUmam àmUr Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m ~mø OJ emoYÊ`mÀ`m d OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m CËgwH$VoVyZ VÎdkmZmMr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. àma§^rÀ`m _mZdmgmR>r gy`©, M§Ð, nmD$g, drO H$S>mS>Uo Aem Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm Hw$R>ë`mhr M_ËH$mamnojm H$_r
ZìhË`m. _mZdmZo ho M_ËH$ma VH©$ewÕ {dMmam§À`m AmYmao g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. hiyhiy n[aH$ënZm§Mr OmJm AmíM`m©Zo
KoVbr Am{U EH$EH$ M_ËH$ma EH$EH$ _yb^yV {ZgJ©{Z`_ Agë`mMo _mZdmZo ñnï> Ho$bo. VÎdkmZ hm EH$ n[aH$ënZmË_H$
Am{U ~w{Õ{Zð> emoY ~Zbm. Ë`mMm Aä`mg{df` ~mø dñVy Z amhVm Ë`m dñVy§_mJo AgUmè`m {Z`_m§H$So> dibm. _mZdr
OrdZmÀ`m Ako`dmXr ~mOyMmhr {dMma VÎdkmZ H$aVo.
_mZdr H¥$Vr d Ë`m_mJrc àoaUm
darc MM}dê$Z Amnë`m Ago cjmV òVo H$s _Zwî`mH$S>o {dMmaerc àmUr åhUyZ ~KÊ`mH$S>o VÎdkmZmMm H$c Amho. Am{U
åhUyZM _mZdmMr Hw$R>crhr H¥$Vr hr `m {dMmaercVoVyZ KS>V AgVo, Agohr J¥{hVH$ _mZVm òVo. na§Vw, Iè`m Am`wî`mVrc
ì`º$s¨À`m {ZU©`à{H«$òH$S>o nm{hë`mg Ago cjmV òVo H$s, ~aoMXm `m {dMmaercVog_moa AZoH$ AS>Wio Cô amhVmV. Aem
{d{dY n[apñWVt_Üò KoVcoë`m {ZU©`m§H$[aVm Ë`m ì`º$scm g§nyU©nUo O~m~Xma YaVm òV Zmhr. Am{U `mVyZ H¥$VrMr `mo½`-
A`mo½`Vm R>adUo AmUIrZM noMmMo hmoVo. Aem H$moUË`m {d{dY n[apñWVr, _mZdr H¥$Vr AWdm {ZU©` `m§À`mda à^md Q>mHy$
eH$VmV, `mMm EH$ AmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.
(A) {^VrMr ^mdZm (Fear) - ^{dî`mV KSy> eH$Umè`m Vrd« ZH$mamË_H$ qH$dm ^`mZH$ Aem n[apñWVrÀ`m H$ënZo_wio,
ñdV…Mm Vm~m ZgUmè`m ^mdZm§Mm gm_Zm AZoH$Xm Amnë`mcm H$amdm cmJVmo. AemM EH$m àH$maMr ^mdZm åhUOo ^rVr.
{^VrÀ`m ^mdZoMr Vrd«Vmhr H$_r-OmñV Agy eH$Vo. `mM Vrd«Voda {^VrMr ^mdZm ì`º$sÀ`m {ZU©`j_Voda n[aUm_ H$aVo
H$s Zmhr, ho R>aV AgVo. Vrd« {^VrMr ^mdZm ì`º$sÀ`m {ZU©`m§Zm dñVw{Zð>VonmgyZ Xÿa ZoV AgVo. åhUyZM {^VrMr ^mdZm d
{ZU©`j_Vm `m§À`m_Üò nañnag§~§Y Amho ho àñWm{nV H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.
(~) gd`tMm n[aUm_ (Habit) - AZoH$ H$miÀ`m gamdm_wio qH$dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr H$maUmgmR>r, dma§dma Ho$ë`m
OmUmè`m H¥$Vrcm gd` Ago åhQ>co OmVo. gd`r AZoH$Xm ì`º$sZo _wº$nUo, ñdg§_VrZo ñdrH$macoë`m AgVmV. Va AZoH$Xm
{d{dY gd`r AgÊ`m_mJo, H$moUË`mVar ~cmMm Ho$cm Jococm Cn`moJ hoXoIrc H$maU Agy eH$Vo. AWm©V nwaoem à`ËZm§Zr gd`r
~XcVm òVmV, hoXoIrc gd©_mÝ` Amho. _mÌ H$mhr {ZU©` ho Ho$di gd`tMm n[aUm_ Agy eH$VmV.
(H$) Vrd« ^md{ZH$ à{VgmX (Passion) - EImXr ì`º$s, KQ>Zm, dñVy `m§À`m~Ôc R>am{dH$ ì`º$sMo ^md{ZH$ à{VgmX
AË`§V Vrd« Agy eH$VmV `m_mJo Ë`m Jmoï>r~ÔcMr Vrd« AmdS> qH$dm ZmdS> H$maUr^yV Agy eH$Vo. Aem Vrd« AmdS>r-{ZdS>tMm
Ooìhm {ZU©`j_Voda n[aUm_ {XgyZ òVmo, Voìhm Ë`m§À`mVrc nañnag§~§Y cJoMM cjmV òVmo. åhUyZM AZoH$Xm Aem Vrd«
^mdZm hm dñVw{Zð> {ZU©`à{H«$òVrc AS>Wim _mZcm OmVmo.
(S>) AkmZ (Ignorance) - EImÚm Jmoï>r~ÔcMo nwaogo AWdm A{O~mV kmZ ZgUo ho {ZU©`à{H«$ògmR>r AË`§V KmVH$
R>ê$ eH$Vo. AZoH$ {ZU©`m§Mm Z¡{VH$ XOm© hm Ë`m {ZU©`mVrc A§V^y©V kmZmÀ`m dmnamda qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m A^mdmda Adc§~yZ
AgVmo. AkmZ XmoZ àH$maMo Agy eH$Vo. R>am{dH$ àH$maÀ`m AkmZmda à`ËZnyd©H$ _mV H$aUo eŠ` AgVo. Va H$mhr àH$maMo
AkmZ _mÌ Xÿa H$aUo OdiOdi AeŠ` AgVo.
VÎdkmZmÀ`m ì`m»`m
VÎdkmZmMr Zo_H$s ì`m»`m H$aUo Oar H$R>rU Agbo Var VÎdkmZmÀ`m H$mhr à_wI ì`m»`m AmnU g_OyZ KoD$.
(1) VÎdkmZ åhUOo ~mø OJVmÀ`m ‘wimer AgUmè`m dmñVdmMm Aä`mg hmo`.
VÎdkmZ hm A§{V_ dmñVdm§Mm dm gÎmoMm Aä`mg Amho. AmnU ho OJ Amnë`m B§{Ð`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ OmUVmo. ~aoMXm
Amnbr B§{Ðò Amnë`mbm `mo½`/Iar _m{hVr XoV ZmhrV Ago Amnë`m bjmV òVo. AZoH$Xm Amnë`mbm AZoH$ àH$maMo ^mg
hmoVmV. H$moUrhr hmH$ Z _maVmM H$moUrVar hmH$ _maë`mMm ^mg hmoVmo. BWo Amnbo ldU|{Ð` ~mø OJmV ApñVÎdmVM ZgUmar
Jmoï> Agë`mMm ^mg Amnë`mg_moa C^m H$aVo. åhUyZM VÎdkmZmMo C{Ôï> Amnë`m AZw^dm§À`m ncrH$So> AgUmè`m _yb^yV
dmñVdmMo IaoIwao ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo ho Amho. åhUyZM Á`m Amnë`mbm B§{Ð`àË`jmZo OmUyZ KoVm òV ZmhrV Aem gX²dñVy,

AmË_VÎd, B©ída, AdH$me, H$mb Aem AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Mm emoY VÎdkmZ KoVo. ~mø OJVmVrb dñVy§Mo gma OmUÊ`mMm VÎd-
kmZ à`ËZ H$aV AgVo. ~mø OJmVrb dñVy øm _yi dmñVd OJmMr Ho$di EH$ PbH$ Amnë`mbm XmIdVmV. Ë`m dmñVdmMo
~mø Xe©Z KS>dVmV. VÎdkmZ `m ~mø OJmVrb dñVy§À`m ncrH$So> AgUmè`m A§{V_ dmñVd gË¶mMo ñdê$n OmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVo. Ogo H$s AmnU EImÚm dñVyda {Za{Zami`m a§Jm§Mo PmoV Q>mH$bo Va Vr dñVy Ë`m Ë`m a§Jm§Mr Agë`mà_mUo Amnë`mbm
^mgVo. Aem doir àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo H$s Ë`m dñVyMm Iam dm _yi a§J H$moUVm? Amnë`mbm {XgUmè`m `m {d{dYVoÀ`m ‘wimer
Ë`mÀ`m nbrH$So> AgUmao Ago H$mhrVar ApñVÎdmV AgboM nm{hOo. {d{dY AZw^dm§Ûmao Amnë`mn`ªV nmohmoMUmè`m dmñVdmbm
OmUUo ho VÎdkmZmMo Üò` Amho.
(2) VÎdkmZ hm gd©g_mdoeH$ (Synoptic) Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho.
VÎdkmZ A§{V_ gË¶mMm Aä`mg H$aVo. Ë`mÀ`m kmZmMo ñdê$n ì`mnH$ AgVo. {d{dY emóo {dídmVrb EImÚm {d{eîQ>>
KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg H$aVmV. CXm… ^m¡{VH$emó d agm`Zemó ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§{df`rMo kmZ XoVmV. _mZgemó _mZd d àmUr `m§À`m
dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVo. VÎdkmZ _mÌ g§nyU© {dídm{df`r gmYmaU ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ _V _m§S>Vo. åhUyZ Vo ^m¡{VH$ dñVy/gX²dñVyMo
ñdê$n (Matter) Am{U _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m (Mind) `m§Mm emoY KoVo. Vo gX²dñVy, ñd, OJ, B©ída, AdH$me, H$mb BË`mXtMo
AW©, C{ÔîQ>ço d nañnag§~§Y `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo. {db S>`wa§Q>À`m _Vo VÎdkmZ hm g§nyU© AZw^dm§Mm {H§$dm AZw^dmÀ`m EImÚm
^mJmMm g§nyU© g§X^m©Vrb Aä`mg AgVmo. {dídmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m nÕVera _m§S>UrMo Üò` VÎdkmZmMo AgVo. Vo {dídmMo
VH©$ewÕ {MÌ aoImQ>Vo.
(3) VÎdkmZ hm gwVm{H©$H$ {dMma H$aÊ`mMm gmVË`nyU© à`ËZ AgVmo.
hr ì`m»`m ßboQ>mo H$aVmo. øm ì`m»ò_Yo VÎdkmZ ho AZw_m{ZV AgVo d Vo H$mhrhr J¥hrV Z YaVm gd© AZw^dm§Zm àíZ
{dMmaVo. VÎdkmZ hm gË`mÀ`m emoYmMm A§Z{hV VH©$ewÕ à`ËZ AgVmo. Oa AmnU VH$m©Ymao àíZ {dMmaV Jobmo Va Amnë`mbm
{dídmMr VH©$ewÕ g§H$ënZm {_iob. VÎdkmZ hr Amnë`m {dídmg Am{U lÕm§Mr VH©$H$R>moa {M{H$Ëgm AgVo. øm à{H«$ò_wio
g§{X½Y, Añnï>, nyd©J«hXÿ{fV Aem AZoH$ H$ënZm JiyZ nS>VmV. kmZ åhUOo H$m`? `mgma»`m àíZm§Mmhr Vo {dMma H$aVo.
(4) VÎdkmZ {d{dY emóm§À`m {ZîH$fmª_Yo g_m`moOZ KS>dVo.
ha~Q>© ñnoÝgaÀ`m _Vo VÎdkmZ ho kmZmMo EH$ÌrH$aU Amho. VÎdkmZ hr O¡d ì`dñWm/g§K{Q>V "Z¡g{J©H$ ì`dñWm' Amho.
{d{dY emóm§Mo {Z`_ øm EH$m g§K{Q>V d EH${ÌV ì`dñWo_YyZ AZw_m{ZV Ho$bo Omdy eH$VmV. {d{dY emóm§Mo gd©M {Z`_
nañnam§er g_m`moOZ gmYUmao Agbo nm{hOoV.
ha~Q>© ñnoÝgaÀ`m _Vo VÎdkmZ ho g§íbofH$ VÎdkmZ AgVo. VÎdkmZ ho d¡pídH$ emó Amho H$s Á`m_Yo {d{eï> emóm§_Yo
gwQ>onUmZo {_iUmar gd© gËò EH${ÌV AmUbr OmVmV.
(5) VÎdkmZ hr gd© emóm§Mr _mVm Amho.
OrdZ hm EH$ g§Kf© Amho Am{U OJÊ`mgmR>r kmZ AË`mdí`H$ Amho. kmZmMm emoY kmZmÀ`m {d{eï>rH$aUm_Üò g§nVmo.
Ooìhm EImÚm {d{eï> joÌmMm Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo Voìhm Ë`mMo EH$ {d{eï> emó ~ZVo. EHo$ H$mir ^m¡{VH$emó, àmUremó,
IJmobemó, _mZgemó Aer gd© emóo VÎdkmZmMm ^mJ hmoVr. gd© AmYw{ZH$ emóm§Mm CJ_ VÎdkmZm_Üò hmoVmo. åhUyZ
VÎdkmZmbm gd© emóm§Mr _mVm-OZZr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. VÎdkmZmbm gd© emóm§Mo emó g§~moYbo OmVo. g§nyU© OJ hm {VMm
Aä`mg{df` Amho.
(6) VÎdkmZ ho g§H$ënZm§Mo {díbofU Amho.
VÎdkmZmÀ`m {díbofUdmXr d¡Mm[aH$ àdmhmMm VÎdk E.Oo.Eà bm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s VÎdkmZmMm A_yV© g§H$ënZm§er H$mhrhr
g§~§Y Zmhr. Ë`mMo gd© bj ^m¡{VH$ AZw^dm§da H|${ÐV Pmbobo Agbo nm{hOo. gd© VmpÎdH$ àíZ ho ^mfo{df`rMo àíZ AmhoV.
Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ _Z, gX²dñVy, gË`, gm¢X`©, amîQ´>r`Îd, _¡Ìr, no«_, Y_©, ew^ Aem g§H$ënZm§À`m g§^«{_VVm Am{U Añnï>nUm_wio
hmoVmo. øm eãXm§À`m _m¡ë`dmZ AWmª~m~V AmnU {ZpíMV ZgVmo. `m g§H$ënZm `mo½` ^mfo_Yo ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV AmnU H$_r nS>Vmo.
Ooìhm `m g§H$ënZm§Mm AÝd`mW© doJdoJi`m àH$mam§Zr bmdbm OmVmo Voìhm nañna{^ÝZ Agohr {gÕm§V _m§S>bo Omdy eH$VmV.

A°[añQ>m°Q>bgmR>r H$maUVoMr g§H$ënZm \$ma _hÎdmMr Amho na§Vw øw_ _mÌ Vr ZmH$maVmo. AJXr AmOhr _¡Ìr Am{U no«_ `mgma»`m
g§H$ënZm§Mo J¡aAW© bmdbo OmVmV. gm°H«o${Q>gbm Agm {dídmg hmoVm H$s VÎd{M§VH$mZo g§H$ënZm§Mo ñnï>, `mo½` Am{U Zo_Ho$ AW©
bmdÊ`mMmM à`ËZ H$am`bm hdm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo AmnU gd© {dMmaerb àmUr AmhmoV. VÎdkmZmZo Amnë`m _ZmVrb AJmoXaM
ApñVÎdmV AgUmè`m `mo½` kmZmdaMo AmdaU ~mOybm Ho$bo nm{hOo. VÎd{M§VH$ ñdV… H$mhrhr ZdrZ {Z_m©U H$aV Zmhr. ho EH$
XmB©gmaIo H$m_ Amho H$s Or ~mbH$mMr AmB© ZgVo nU Ë`mbm `m OJm_Yo `m`bm gmhmæ` H$aVo.
VÎdkmZmÀ`m emIm
VÎdkmZmÀ`m nmM à_wI emIm AmhoV Va Zr{VemómÀ`m Mma CnemIm AmhoV.
VÎdkmZ (Philosophy)

   
kmZemó A{Y^m¡{VH$s VH©$emó _r_m§gmemó
(Epistemology) (Metaphysics) (Logic) (Axiology)

 
Zr{Vemó gm¢X`©emó
(Ethics) (Aesthetics)

   
A{Y- dU©ZmË_H$ Cn`mo{OV _mZH$/AmXe©mË_H$
Zr{Vemó Zr{Vemó Zr{Vemó Zr{Vemó
(Meta Ethics) (Descriptive Ethics) (Applied Ethics) (Normative Ethics)
AWm©V VÎdkmZ ho ehmUnUm{df`rMo no«_ Amho. H$moUË`mhr _`m©Xo{edm` kmZmMm gd©g_mdoeH$ emoY `mV KoVbm OmVmo.
VÎdkmZmMo Aä`mg{df` nwT>r>b dJ©dmarà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
(1) gÎmmemó/gX²dñVy_r_m§gm (Metaphysics)
ho emó dmñVd ñdê$nmer g§~§{YV g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo. `m_Üò dmñVd d AdmñVd åhUOo Z¸$s H$m` `mMm
emoY KoUmao {ddoMZ Ho$co OmVo.
(2) kmZemó/kmZ_r_m§gm (Epistemology)
`m_Yo _mZdr kmZmMm AmYma, ñdê$n, Am{U ì`márMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
(3) VH©$emó/VH©$_r_m§gm (Logic)
{dMmaà{H«$¶m§Mo {Z`_ Am{U nÕVtMm `mV Aä`mg hmoVmo. Á`m_wio Mm§Jë`m d dmB©Q>, `wŠV d A`wŠV Aem {dMma
Am{U `w{º$dmXm§_Yrc \$aH$ bjmV òVmo.
(4) Zr{Vemó/Zr{V_r_m§gm (Ethics)
ho _mZdr AmMaU, Mm[aÌ, Am{U _yë`m§er g§~§{YV Amho. Zr{Vemó ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmVrb g_ñ`m§Mm doY KoVo.
(5) gm¢X`©emó/gm¢X`©_r_m§gm (Aesthetics)
gm¢X`©g_ñòer g§~§{YV ho emó Amho. _mZdr ^md^mdZm, H$boMr {Z{_©Vr, H$boMo {Z`_, gm{hË` `m gdmªMm
gm¢X`©emóm_Yo A§V^m©d hmoVmo.

(6) {díbofUmË_H$ VÎdkmZ (Analytical Philosophy)
VÎdkmZmVrb Á`m g_ñ`m ^mfo_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg hr VÎdkmZmMr emIm H$aVo.
(7) gm_m{OH$ VÎdkmZ (Social Philosophy)
ì`ŠVrMo gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm/g§ñWm/ì`dñWm§er d `m ì`dñWm§_Yrc nañnam§er AgUmao g§~§Y hm `m emIoMm
Aä`mg{df` Amho.
(8) amOH$s` VÎdkmZ (Political Philosophy)
amÁ`m{df`rMo AmXe©, H$m`©àUmbr BË`mXtMm {dMma `m emIoA§VJ©V Ho$bm OmVmo.
(9) Y_m©Mo VÎdkmZ (Philosophy of Religion)
Y_m©Mr _yb^yV g§H$ënZm, Xod, XmZd, AmË_m Aem AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Mo VH©${Zð> ñnï>rH$aU Am{U {díbofU XoÊ`mMm
hr emIm à`ËZ H$aVo.
WmoS>Š`mV kmZmÀ`m àËòH$ emIoMm CJ_ VÎdkmZmÛmao hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio {ejUmMo VÎdkmZ, ì`dñWmnZmMo VÎdkmZ, B{VhmgmMo
VÎdkmZ, àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo VÎdkmZ Aem AJ{UV emIm d CnemIm VÎdkmZm§VJ©V òD$ eH$VmV.
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3
Zr{Vemó - _mZdr H¥$VtMo _yë`_mnZ
Zr{Vemó hr Aer kmZemIm Amho Or _mZdr H¥$VtH$So> Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ dm _mZX§S>mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nmhVo. _mZdr AmMaUmn¡H$s
H$m` Mm§Jbo {H§$dm H$m` dmB©Q> `mMm Vo Aä`mg H$aVo. Zr{Vemó _mZdmÀ`m gdm©oƒ àmáì`mÀ`m g§X^m©Zo AmMaUmMo _yë`_mnZ
H$aVo.
Mm§Jbo Am{U `mo½` ho XmoZ eãX _mZdr H¥$VtÀ`m _yë`_mnZmgmR>r dmnabo OmVmV. `mo½` `m eãXmgmR>r B§J«OrV Right
hm eãX Amho. Right hm eãX Rectus `m b°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ CËnÝZ Pmbobm Amho. Rectus Mm AW© {Z`_mZwgma {H§$dm
gainUmZo Agm hmoVmo. åhUyZ Zr{Vemó Aem {Z`_m§er g§~§{YV Amho. Á`m§À`m‘wio _mZdr AmMaU `mo½` dm gai KSy> eH$Vo.
WmoS>Š`mV _mZdr H¥$Vr Oa {Z`_mZwgma KS>Uma Agob Va Vr `mo½` Amho Ago åhUVm òVo. CXm… dmhVwH$sMo {Z`_. {Z`_ ho
ñdV… A§{V_ àmáì` ZgVmV Va Vo AÝ` Hw$R>boVar C{Ôï>> JmR>Ê`mgmR>r gmYZ åhUyZ {Z_m©U Ho$bobo AgVmV. lo`g/ew^/Mm§Jbo
`m _amR>r eãXmg B§J«OrV Good Ago åhUVmV. Good hm eãX O_©Z eãX Gut _YyZ òVmo. Á`mMm AW© "gmhmæ`H$' AWdm
"Hw$R>ë`mVar Üò`mgmR>r _hÎdnyU©' Agm hmoVmo. AWm©V Zr{Vemó ho _mZdr AmMaU lo`g dm Mm§Jbo ~ZdUmè`m Üò`m§À`m dm
AmXe©VÎdm§À`m g§X^m©V AgVo. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY H¥$VtZm ew^ åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm… gË` dm Iao ~mobUo.
Aem àH$mao Zr{Vemó _mZdr AmMaUmMo _yë`_mnZ A§{V_ Üòò Am{U Ë`m Üò`màV OmUmao _mJ©/_mÜ`_o `m§À`m AmYmao
H$aVo.
_mZdr H¥$VtMr Z¡{VH$Vm R>a{dUmao KQ>H$
_mZdr H¥$VtÀ`m Z¡{VH$VoMo {dícofU H$aUo hr _wimVM EH$ H$R>rU ~m~ Amho. Hw$R>ë`mhr H¥$VrdaVr {d{dY n[apñWVtMm
à^md AgVmo. Am{U åhUyZM H¥$VtMm Mm§Jco-dmB©Q>nUm R>adVmZm VrZ KQ>H$m§Mm àm_w»`mZo {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo -
(1) H¥$Vr Ho$ë`mZo hmoUmao n[aUm_.
(2) H¥$VrÀ`m ^modVr AgUmè`m d à^md nmS>Umè`m {d{dY n[apñWVr.
(3) H¥$Vr H$aÊ`m_mJrc hoVy.
(1) H¥$VrMo n[aUm_ - H¥$VrMo gmÜ` H$m` Amho `mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mnydu n[aUm_m§Mo {dícofU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
CXm. EImÚm PmonS>rcm AmJ cmdÊ`mMm n[aUm_ PmonS>r OiUo hm Amho. gmÜ` _mÌ gyS> KoUo ho Agy eH$Vo. n[aUm_
H$m` AmhoV `mdê$Z H¥$Vr Mm§Jcr, dmB©Q> qH$dm VQ>ñW ho R>ê$ eH$Vo. na§Vw Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nm{hë`mg H¥$Vr
"Mm§Jcr' Amho Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {VMo hmoUmao n[aUm_ Mm§Jco Agco nm{hOoV.
(2) H¥$Vrda n[aUm_ H$aUmar n[apñWVr - `m_Üò H¥$VrÀ`m Z¡{VH$Voda n[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUoc Aem àËòH$ Vner-
cmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXm. H¥$Vr H$aUmar ì`º$s, doi, ñWmZ, {Z{_Îm B. n[apñWVrZwgma H¥$VtMo _yë`m§H$Zhr doJdoJio
Ho$ë`m OmD$ eH$Vo. CXm. AÞXmZ ^wHo$ë`m ì`º$scm Ho$ë`mZo AÞXmZmMr H¥$Vr A{YH$ Mm§Jcr R>aoc. gm_mÝ`V…
EImÚm ì`º$s gmo~V ~gUo `mcm Mm§Jco-dmB©Q> R>a{dVm òV Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`m ì`º$scm EH$Q>onUm dmQ>V AgVmZm
{VÀ`mgmo~V ~gë`mZo Vr H¥$Vr Mm§Jcr R>aVo. _wimVM dmB©Q> Agcocr MmoargmaIr H¥$Vr Oa Jar~ ì`º$sÀ`m Kar Ho$cr
Va Vr AOyZM dmB©Q> R>aVo. åhUyZM Hw$R>ë`mhr H¥$Vrda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m n[apñWVtMm gImoc {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo.
(3) H¥$Vr H$aÊ`m_mJrc gmÜ` - EImÚm H¥$VrMo gmÜ` åhUOo Vr nma nmS>Ê`m_mJMm CÔoe hmo`. Hw$R>ë`mhr d {H$Vrhr
gm_mÝ` Agcoë`m H¥$VrÀ`m _mJo H$mhr Var CÔoe AgVmo. ì`º$sMr àËòH$ H¥$Vr hr Hw$R>ë`mVar hoVyZo ào[aV AgVo, d
åhUyZM Vr ì`º$s g§~§YrV H¥$Vr H$aV AgVo.
H$mhr n[apñWVt_Üò H¥$VrMo n[aUm_ Am{U gmÜ` ho EH$M Agy eH$VmV. CXm. VhmZcoë`m ì`º$scm nmUr nmOUo; `m

H¥$VrMm n[aUm_ Am{U gmÜ` åhUOo g§~§YrV ì`º$sMr VhmZ ^mJ{dUo. BVa H$mhr n[apñWVt_Üò _mÌ ho XmoÝhr doJdJio Agy
eH$VmV. CXm. eÌyÀ`m hmVr gmnS>coë`m JwáhoamZo AmË_hË`m H$aUo. `m H¥$VrMm n[aUm_ åhUOo Ë`m JwáhoamMm _¥Ë`y. nU
Ë`m_mJrc CÔoe åhUOo JwáhoamH$S>rc _m{hVr eÌwnjmn`ªV Z nmohMy XoUo. Hw$R>crhr H¥$Vr Z¡{VH$[aË`m "Mm§Jcr' AgÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m H¥$Vr_mJrc hoVy Mm§Jcm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
n[apñWVtà_mUoM gmÜ` hogwÕm H¥$VrÀ`m _yë`_mnZmV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vo. Mm§Jco n[aUm_ Agcoë`m H¥$VrMo _yë` ho
Mm§Jcm hoVy Agë`mZo dmTy> eH$Vo. ~aoMXm, gm_mÝ`V… Z¡{VH$[aË`m VQ>ñW AgUmè`m H¥$Vr Ë`m_mJo Mm§Jcm hoVy Agë`m H$maUmZo
Mm§Jë`m R>ê$ eH$VmV. ZrVremókm§À`m _Vo EImXr H¥$Vr Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm "Mm§Jcr' AgÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m H¥$Vr_mJrc hoVy, {VÀ`mda
n[aUm_ H$aUmar n[apñWVr Am{U {VÀ`mVyZ g_moa òUmao n[aUm_ ho VrZhr KQ>H$ "Mm§Jco' Agco nm{hOoV. `mVrc Hw$R>cmhr
KQ>H$ "Mm§JconUm'er \$maH$V KoUmam Agoc, Va A§eV… H$m hmoB©Zm, Vr H¥$Vr dmB©Q> R>aVo.
Zr{Vemó… EH$ g¡Õm§{VH$ emó dm EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ emó
AZoH$ nmíMmÎ¶ VÎddoÎ`m§À`m _Vo Zr{Vemó ho EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ emó Zmhr. Hw$R>bohr ì`mdhm[aH$ emó Amnë`mbm EImXr
Jmoï> H$er H$amdr Vo gm§JVo. Vo {ZpíMV Üò`mÀ`m gmYZm§er g§~§{YV AgVo. `m AWm©Zo nm{hbo AgVm d¡ÚH$emó ho EH$
ì`mdhm[aH$ emó Amho. H$maU d¡ÚH$emó CÎm_ Amamo½`mMm AmXe© H$gm gmYVm òB©b `mÀ`m {d{dY gmYZm§~m~V Amnë`mbm
gm§JV AgVo. `mM g§X^m©Zo nmhVm Zr{Vemó ho EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ emó Zmhr H$maU Vo Ho$di _mJ©Xe©H$ {Z`_m§Mo kmZ Amnë`mbm
XoVo na§Vw Ë`m {Z`_m§Mo Cn`moOZ H$go H$amdo ho _mÌ gm§JV Zmhr.
Varhr ^maVr` g§X^m©V Zr{Vemó ho ì`mdhm[aH$ emó Amho. ^maVr` VÎdkmZmMr {d{dY Xe©Zo _mZdr OrdZmMo gdm©oƒ
àmáì` (àm_w»`mZo _moj) Am{U Vo àmá H$aÊ`mMo _mJ©hr gm§JVmV. ^JdX²²JrVoMo Zr{Vemó ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$V©ì`m§Mo àmáì` gm§JVo.
Zr{Vemó ho _yë`m§er g§~§{YV AgVo.
Zr{Vemó hm _mZdr AmMaUm_Yo H$m` Mm§Jbo dm `mo½` Amho `mMm Aä`mg Amho. Z¡{VH$ àíZ ho _yë`mYm{aV àíZ AgVmV.
ZOrH$À`m H$mhr dfmª_Yo Cn`mo{OV Zr{VemómMm {dH$mg Pmbm. Á`m_Yo Amnë`m OrdZmVrb g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
`m emIoMm Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§Vm§Mo àË`j OrdZm_Yo Cn`moOZ H$aÊ`mda â AgVmo. AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Mm CJ_ Amnë`m ZdrZ OrdZ
e¡br_Yo Pmbobm Amho. Cn`mo{OV Zr{Vemó ho J^©nmV AZ¡{VH$ Amho H$m? BÀN>m_aU AZ¡{VH$ AgVo H$m? gH$mamË_H$ H¥$Vr
øm `mo½` H$s A`mo½`? _mZdr A{YH$ma H$m` AmhoV d Vo AmnU H$go R>adVmo? àmÊ`m§Zmhr h¸$ AgVmV H$m? Am{U ì`ŠVrbm
AmË_{ZU©`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo H$m? Aem AZoH$ àíZm§Mm D$hmnmoh H$aVo.
Cn`mo{OV Zr{Vemó ho {ÛYmdñWo_Yo AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. H$mhr Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m _mZdmÀ`m BVa {ZgJ©
KQ>H$m§~ÔbÀ`m Ag§doXZerb Am{U ~oO~m~Xma Aem dV©UwH$sVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Cn`mo{OV Zr{Vemó bmoH$H$ë`mUmÀ`m
`moOZm Am{U H$m`Xo ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. Cn`mo{OV Zr{VemómMm {dH$mg n`m©daU Zr{Vemó, ì`dgm` Zr{Vemó,
H$m`Xo ì`dgm`mMo Zr{Vemó, àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo Zr{Vemó, B{WŠg Am°\$ Ho$Aa Aem AZoH$ A§Jm§Zr hmoVmo. Z¡{VH$ àíZm§Mr CÎmao
H$Yrhr hmo`/Zmhr {H§$dm MyH$/~amo~a Aem àH$mao XoVm òV ZmhrV. Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m§Zm AZoH$ A§Jo AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr g_mYmZH$maH$
Cnm``moOZm OrdZmÀ`m gd© ~mOy§Mm {dMma H$ê$ZM H$aUo eŠ` Amho.
Z¡{VH$ VH©${dMmam§Mm dm {dMmaeŠVrMm {dH$mg… bm°aoÝg H$mohob~J©
nmíd©^y_r/àñVmdZm
Z¡{VH$ VH©${dMma hm _mZgemómMm Aä`mg Amho H$s Omo Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZmerhr g§~§{YV Amho. `mbmM Z¡{VH$ {dH$mg Agohr
åhUVmV. `m {gÕm§VmMo à_wI CÒmVo bm°aoÝg H$mohob~J© Am{U B{bEQ> Q>`y[a`b ho AmhoV. Moral Reasoning hm eãX doJi`m
AWm©Zohr dmnabm OmVmo. A{ZpíMVVoÀ`m n[apñWVrVrb {dMma{d{Z_` Ogo H$s H$moQ>m©Vrb MMm©. `m AW© d g§X^m©Zo "Z¡{VH$
{ZpíMVVobm' OÝ_ {Xbm. Varhr hm AW© AmVm ~mOybm nS>bm Amho Am{U Ý`m`{ZU©`mÀ`m ~mhoaM Vmo OmñV dmnabm OmVmo.
Z¡{VH$ VH©${dMmam§Mr ì`m»`m, ""EH$ Aer à{H«$`m H$s Á`m_Yo ì`ŠVr VH©$emómÀ`m AmYmao EImÚm {d{eï>> n[apñWVrV
H$m` `mo½` Am{U H$m` A`mo½` `m_Yrb {ZU©` H$ê$ eH$Vo.'' ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Am{U gd©gmYmaUnUo bmoH$ Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ

OrdZmVrb `mo½` Jmoï>tMm {ZU©` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mMm dmna H$aVmV. CXm… XaamoOÀ`m OrdZì`dhmamV _mUgo EImÚm n[apñWVrV
ImoQ>o ~mobmdo H$m? `m~m~V g§^«_mV AgVmV. bmoH$ dmJUwH$sMr Z¡{VH$Vm Am{U Ë`mMo n[aUm_ `m_Yo VwbZm H$ê$Z VH©${dMmam§À`m
AmYmao {ZU©` KoVmV.
bm°aoÝg H$mohob~J©Zo Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmMm Aä`mg 1950 À`m Xaå`mZ gwê$ Ho$bm. H$mohob~J©Zo 10/13/16 `m d`moJQ>mÀ`m
doJdoJi`m 75 _wbm§À`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {ÛYm _Z…pñWVt~m~V dm l¥§JmnÎmt~m~V Aä`wnJ_ _m§S>bo. Ë`mZ§Va 30 dfmªgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm gmVË`mZo Ë`m g§X^m©V àíZ {dMmabo. àËòH$ l¥§JmnÎmrÀ`m ‘wimer Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm hmoVr. `m gd© _wbmIVtÀ`m AmYmao
H$mohob~J©Zo Ago {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo H$s bmoH$ H$emàH$mao Ë`m§À`m Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m§~m~V {dMma H$aVmV Am{U Vo Ë`m§À`m ~moYmË_H$
{dH$mgm_Üò à{V{~§{~V hmoVo. bmoH$ Amnë`m Z¡{VH$ {ZU©`màV ñdV…M òD$Z nmohmoMVmV. Vo Amnë`m nmbH$, {ejH$ Am{U
ghH$mè`m§Mo {Zìdi Ñ{ï>H$moZ bjmV KoV ZmhrV Va ñdV… Ë`mda {dMma H$aVmV.
H$mohob~J©À`m Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m nmVi`m Am{U AdñWm/nm`è`m (Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development)
dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{Vemó hm _mZdmÀ`m Z¡{VH$Vo~ÔbÀ`m lÕm§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo. Á`m_Yo ^m¡{VH$ emoYmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Á`m_wio
{d{dY g_wXm`m§Zm EH$ gd©gmYmaU AmH¥$Vr~§Y d OJÊ`mMm _mJ© {_iVmo. dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{Vemó Zr{VemómÀ`m B{VhmgmMm Am{U
_yë`_mnZmMm Aä`mg H$aVo. Vo MmbrarVr, ê$T>r, àWm, na§nam§Mo {ddaU gm§JVo. CXm… Hw$Qw>~§ , {ddmh Aem {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm
B{Vhmg ho Zr{Vemó gm§JVo. bm°aÝo g H$mohbo ~J©Mm Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V ho dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{VemómMo CXmhaU Amho.
dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{Vemó H$moUË`mhr g_mOm_Yo bmoH$m§Mo Z¡{VH$ AmXe© H$moUVo dm H$moUË`m H¥$Vtda ~§Xr AgVo `mMm emoY KoVo.
Ë`mMo Üò` ho bmoH$m§À`m _yë`m§{df`r lÕm emoYUo H$moUË`m H¥$Vr `mo½` Am{U H$moUË`m A`mo½` VgoM Z¡{VH$ H¥$Vr H$aUmè`mMr
d¡{eï>ò H$moUVr ho emoYyZ H$mT>Uo ho Amho. {d{dY JQ>m§Zr Cn`mo{Obobo Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ dm _mZX§S> Vo VnmgVo. dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{Vemó
hm Zr{VemómMm _yë`{Zanoj Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho.
(1) AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{Vemó (Normative Ethics)
AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{Vemómg {Z`_mË_H$ Zr{Vemó Agohr åhUVmV. hm Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§Vm§Mm Agm Aä`mg AgVmo H$s Omo bmoH$m§Zr
H$go dmJmdo ho gm§JVmo. H¥$VtÀ`m `mo½`Vo d A`mo½`VoÀ`m {Z`m_H$m§Mo narjU Vo H$aVo. AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{Vemó EImXr ì`ŠVr
Amnë`m AmXemªÀ`m _mJm©dê$Z T>ibr Agob Va Ë`mbm {ejm gwMdVo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U _yë`mË_H$ ì`dñWm T>mgmiUmè`m/
{~KS>dUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm Úmd`mÀ`m {ejm§Mo nQ>Ê`m`mo½` g_W©Z Vo XoVo. H$mhr {Z`_m§À`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mo {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mMm Vo
à`ËZ H$aVo. AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{Vemó ho Z¡{VH$ {ZU©`mÀ`m AS>MUtda Cnm` AgUmao Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ gmXa H$aVo.
A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo gX²JþUm§Mo Zr{Vemó, H$mÝQ>Mo {gÕm§V, _rbMm Cn`wŠVVmdmX, ^JdX²JrVoMm {ZîH$m_ H$_©`moJ BË`mXr
AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{VemómMo {gÕm§V AmhoV.
(2) A{YZr{Vemó (Meta Ethics)
A{YZr{Vemó hm Z¡{VH$ nXo Am{U {gÕm§Vm§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo. AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{VemómZo gwM{dboë`m {gÕm§Vm§Mr `wŠVVm
A{YZr{Vemó {ZpíMV H$aVo. AmnU `mo½`, A`mo½`, ew^, dmB©Q> Aem _mZdr AmMaUmMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ Z¡{VH$
g§H$ënZm§Mm dmna H$aVmo. Z¡{VH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r dm Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm gmhmæ`^yV R>aVmV. A{YZr{Vemó Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm§Mo
{díbofU H$aVo. Vo Z¡{VH$ ^mfoÀ`m AÝd`mW© Am{U Z¡{VH$ VÏ`m§Mo gÎmmemó `m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aVo. A{YZr{Vemó Z¡{VH$ KQ>H
Am{U _yë`_mnZm§Mo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. A{YZr{Vemó Z¡{VH$ nXo dm {ZU©`m§Mm AW© H$m`? Z¡{VH$ {ZU©`m§Mo
H$em àH$mao g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo? Aem àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aVo.
(3) Cn`mo{OV Zr{Vemó (Applied Ethics)
H$mohob~J©À`m Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo {n`mOoÀ`m ~moYmË_H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmer gmYå`© Amho. na§Vw H$mohob~J©Mo
g¡Õm§{VH$ àVrH$ ho {n`mOoZo _m§S>boë`m à{VH$mnojm OmñV ì`m{_l Amho. 1969 gmbr H$mohob~J©Zo Ho$boë`m g§emoYZmVrb
CÎmam§_YyZ {XgyZ òUmè`m {dMmaà{H«$òÀ`m AmYmao Ë`mZo Z¡{VH$ VH©$~w{ÕÀ`m VrZ nmVi`m Am{U àËòH$ nmVirda XmoZ
AdñWm/nm`è`m gm§{JVë`m. Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo …

nmVir/ñVa 1 … na§namnyd© Zr{V_Îmm
hr Zr{V_Îmm A{Ve` àmW{_H$ nmVirdaMr Amho. `mMo ì`ŠVrdarb {Z`§ÌU ho ~mhoê$Z AgVo. ì`ŠVr ~mhoê$Z bmXbr
OmUmar ~§YZo {ejm Q>miÊ`mgmR>r AWdm ~{jgo {_idÊ`mH$[aVm {H§$dm d¡`pŠVH$ ñdmWm©nmoQ>r nmiVmV. hm nyU©nUo ñdH|${ÐV
ÑpîQ>H$moZ Amho. CXm… {ejm Q>miÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmWu narjoV H$m°nr H$aV Zmhr.
nmVir/ñVa 2… {Z`{‘V na§nam§Mr Zr{V_Îmm
ì`ŠVrMm Ooìhm g§{_l _mZdr g_mOm_Yo {dH$mg hmoVmo Voìhm ñdm{‘ÎdmMr bjUo {VÀ`m_Yo A§V^©yV hmoVmV. g_mO_mÝ`Vm
{_idUo hm `m Z¡{VH$ dV©Zm_mJMm _w»` hoVy AgVmo. `m nmVirdarb bmoH$ Mm§Jbr ì`ŠVr ~ZUo, BVam§Zm Iwf H$aUo, g_mOmVrb
ì`dñWm {Q>H${dUo BË`mXrgmR>r à`ËZerb AgVmV. CXm… _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb`rZ {dÚmWu narjoV H$m°nr H$aV Zmhr H$maU Ë`mbm
ho _m{hVr AgVo H$s Ë`mÀ`m {ejH$ d {_Ìm§Zm ho AmdS>Uma Zmhr {H§$dm Ë`m§À`m Ë`m H¥$Ë`mbm Ë`m§Mr _mÝ`Vm {_iUma Zmhr.
nmVir/ñVa 3 … ñdm`Îm Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mr Zr{V_µÎmm
`m nmVirda Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m§À`m Jw§VmJw§VrZo bmoH$m§À`m Z¡{VH$ _mZX§S>m§Mo g§X^© bjmV òD$ bmJVmV Am{U Vo Amnbo Z¡{VH$
{ZU©` `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm, Ý`m`, àm_m{UH$nUm `m {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao KoD$ bmJVmV. `m Z¡{VH$ dV©Z Am{U Z¡{VH$ {ZU©`m§Mo H|$Ð
ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmV_Üò AgVo. CXm… EH$ Vê$U _wbJm ñnYm©narjo_Üò H$m°nrgmaIo J¡aàH$ma H$aV Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mbm `mMr
OmUrd AgVo H$s H$m°nr Ho$ë`mZo narjm KoÊ`m_mJMm _yi hoVyM Zmhrgm hmoVmo Am{U åhUyZ Vo MwH$sMo Amho.
H$mohob~J©À`m _Vo Z¡{VH$ VH©$~w{Õ `m {ZU©`mÀ`m `m nmVi`m ~moYmË_H$ {dMmam§À`m AdñWm§er g§~§{YV d gmYå`© amIUmè`m
AmhoV. ~moYmË_H$ dm VH©$eŠVrMm {dH$mg hr Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmMr Amdí`H$ nyd©AQ> Amho. na§Vw VodT>o nwaogo Zmhr. AZoH$ ì`ŠVr
~moYmË_H$Ñï>`m daÀ`m nmVirda AgVmV na§Vw VwbZoZo Z¡{VH$Ñï>`m ImbÀ`m nmVirda AgVmV. CXm… EH$ Cƒ{e{jV ì`ŠVr
hþ§S>mnÕVr~Ôb Amnbo ñdV…Mo ñdV§Ì {dMma {dH${gV H$aob dm H$ê$ eHo$b. na§Vw Vr ì`ŠVr Ë`mà_mUo dmJobM Ago Zmhr.
Oar Vr Vo H$aÊ`mg gj_ Agbr Varhr nydm©nma MmbV Ambobm _mJ©M AZwgaob. H$mhrhr Agbo Var Ago _mÌ hmoV Zmhr H$s
Z¡{VH$Ñï>`m Cƒ nmVirda AgUmar ì`ŠVr d¡Mm[aH$ÑîQ>çm/ Vm{H©$H$Ñï>`m ImbÀ`m nmVirda Amho.
Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m VrZ nmVi`m§da gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ/~mOy
`m ^mJm_Yo Z¡{VH$ AdñWm§er g§~§{YV AgUmar gm_m{OH$ ~mOy g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm AmnU à`ËZ H$ê$. Z¡{VH$Vm dm Z¡{VH$
{ZU©` ho ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO `m§À`m nañna Am§Va{H«$òVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m àËòH$ AdñWo_Yo g_mOmMm
gh^mJ H$gm Am{U H$moUË`m àH$maMm Amho ho g_OyZ KoUo \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho.$
(1) na§namnyd© Zr{V_Îmm… ñdH|${ÐV ì`pŠVÎddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
`m nmVirdarb Z¡{VH$ H¥$Vr H$aUmar ì`ŠVr BVam§Mo {hV A{O~mV bjmV KoV Zmhr. H¥$VtH$So> emar[aH$ dm ^m¡{VH$Ñï>`m
~{KVbo OmVo. Z¡{VH$ VH©$~w{ÕMr nmio_wio EImÚmÀ`m AmË_H|${ÐVVo_Üò Am{U ñd{hVm_Üò XS>bobr AgVmV.
(2) na§namJV Zr{V_Îmm… Am§Vaì`ŠVr Am{U gm_m{OH$ Zr{V_ÎmoMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ
`m nmVirdarb ì`ŠVr BVam§À`m ^md^mdZm g_OyZ KoUo, nañnag§_Vr Am{U Anojm `m§Mm ñd{hVmnojm OmñV {dMma H$ê$
bmJVo. VX²Zw^yVrÀ`m ^mdZoMm AZw^d KoVbm OmVmo. doJi`m eãXm§V gm§Jm`Mo Va ì`ŠVr nañnaàoaUm§À`m g§_VrMm {dMma Mm§Jë`m
àH$mao H$aVo. ^y{_H$m Am{U {Z`_ R>adUmè`m ì`dñWoÀ`m {H§$dm gm_m{OH$ {Z`m_H$m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Vr {dMma H$ê$ bmJVo.
(3) na§namoÎma Zr{V_µÎmm… ewÕ d¡Mm[aH$ ì`{º$ÎddmXr Z¡{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ
`m nmVirda gm_m{OH$ H$ama Am{U gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s `mnojmhr OmñV _yë`, H$V©ì`, h¸$ Aem A_yV© g§H$ënZm§Mo
dM©ñd AgVo. H$m`Xoera Am{U Z¡{VH$ ~m~t_Yrb \$aH$ ñnï>nUo bjmV Ambobm AgVmo Am{U g_OmdyZ KoVbobm AgVmo.
~hþVoH$Xm ì`ŠVr H$m`Xoera ~m~r Am{U Z¡{VH$ ~m~r `m_Yo g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo na§Vw H$mhrdoim Vo {Vbm H$R>rU
dmQ>Vo. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo _yb^yV _hÎd g_OyZ KoVbobo AgVo. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm gmYZ åhUyZ Z dmJ{dVm gmÜ` åhUyZ dmJ{dbo
OmVo. \$maM H$_r ì`ŠVr Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m `m nmVirda nmohmoMVmV.

ho{ZPMr C^`mnÎmr/l¥§JmnÎmr (Paradox)
ho{ZPÀ`m C^`mnÎmrMo dm {ÛYm AdñWoMo CXmhaU Zr{Vemóm_Yo dm Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m/Zr{V_µÎmoÀ`m MMmª_Yo Zoh_rM dmnabo OmVo.
`m gwà{gÕ CXmhaUmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z H$mohob~J©À`m Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm òB©b. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo…
EH$ ór EH$m {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m H$H©$amoJmZo _¥Ë`yeæòoda hmoVr. EH$M Am¡fY {Vbm dmMdy eHo$b Ago S>m°ŠQ>am§Mo _V hmoVo
Vo Am¡fY aoS>r`_Mm EH$ àH$ma hmoVm. Ë`mM ehamVrb EH$m Am¡fYVkmZo Vo ZwH$VoM emoYbobo Am¡fY hmoVo. Vo Am¡fY ~ZdUo
hr EH$ _hmJS>r à{H«$`m hmoVrM na§Vw Vmo Am¡fYVk Ë`m Am¡fYmMo gw_mao XhmnQ> OmñV n¡go _mJV hmoVm. Ë`mZo Am¡fY {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 200 S>m°ba IM© Ho$bo hmoVo Am{U AmVm Vmo Ë`m Am¡fYmMr 2000 S>m°ba BVH$s {H§$_V _mJV hmoVm. Ë`m AmOmar
órMm Zdam ho{ZPZo Amnë`m AmoiIrÀ`m gd© bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z _XV {_idyZ Am¡fYm§gmR>r 1000 S>m°ba BVHo$ ê$nò O_m Ho$bo.
hr a¸$_ Ano{jV {H§$_VrÀ`m AYuM hmoVr. Ë`mZo Ë`m Am¡fYVkmbm gm§JrVbo H$s Ë`mMr nËZr AJXr _¥Ë`yeæòda Amho Voìhm
Am¡fYVkmZo EH$Va Vo Am¡fY ñdñVmV {dH$mdo {H§$dm Cd©arV a¸$_ Z§Va XoÊ`mMr gdbV Úmdr. na§Vw Vmo Am¡fYVk _mÌ åhUmbm
H$s Zmhr, ""_r Vo Am¡fY ~Zdbo Amho Am{U _r Ë`mVyZ ânya n¡gm {_idUma Amho''. Ë`m_wio ho{ZP {MS>bm Am{U Vmo Amnë`m
~m`H$mobm dmMdÊ`mgmR>r Am¡fY MmoaÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo Ë`m Am¡fYVkmÀ`m à`moJemioV {eabm. AmVm àíZ Agm {Z_m©U hmoVmo
H$s Amnë`m ~m`H$moÀ`m Am¡fYmgmR>r ho{ZPZo à`moJemioV Mmoar H$aÊ`mgmR>r Omdo H$m? hmo Va H$m? Zmhr Va H$m? g¡Õm§{VH$
ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ nmhVm MM©oV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm ho{ZPZo H$m` H$amdo `m~Ôb H$m` dmQ>bo `mbm \$mago _hÎd Zmhr. na§Vw
gh^mJr ì`ŠVr {Vbm dmQ>boë`m ho{ZPÀ`m H¥$Ë`m~Ôb Oo Z¡{VH$ g_W©Z XoB©b Ë`mbm H$mohob~J©À`m {gÕm§Vm_Yo OmñV _hÎd
AgVo. Imbr ghm AdñWm§_Yo H$moUË`m àH$mao `w{º$dmX Ho$bo OmD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mMo CXmhaU {Xbobo Amho.
(1) n{hbr nmàr … AmkmYmaH$nUm
ho{ZPZo Am¡fYmMr Mmoar H$ê$ Zò H$maU _J Ë`mbm Vwê$§ JmV nmR>dbo OmB©b. Á`mMm AW© Vmo EH$ dmB©Q> _mUyg Amho Agm hmoVmo.
{H§$dm
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoabo Var Mmbob H$maU Vgohr Ë`mMr {H§$_V Ho$di 200 S>m°ba Amho. Am¡fYVk Ë`mMr _mJV hmoVm VodT>r
{H§$_V ZìhVrM. ho{ZPZo Am¡fYmMr AYu {H§$_V XoD$ Ho$br hmoVr Am{U Vmo BVa H$mhrhr MmoaUma ZìhVm.
(2) Xþgar nmàr … ñd{hV
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoam`bm nm{hOo H$maU Ë`m_wio Oar Ë`mbm Vwé§JmV Omdo bmJbo Var Vmo AmZ§XrM Agob. Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m
~m`H$mobm dmMdbobo Agob.
{H§$dm
ho{ZPZo Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$mogmR>r Am¡fY Mmoam`bm ZH$mo H$maU Vwé§J hr A{Ve` dmB©Q> OmJm Amho. ~m`H$mo _oë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm
OodT>m Ìmg hmoB©b Ë`mnojm OmñV Ìmg Vwé§JmV Joë`mZo hmoB©b.
(3) {Vgar nmàr … gh_Vr
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoam`bmM hdo H$maU Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$mobm Vo hdo Amho Am{U Vmo EH$ AmXe© nVr hmoD$ BpÀN>Vmo.
{H§$dm
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoê$ Zò H$maU Mmoar H$aUo dmB©Q> AgVo Am{U Vmo H$mhr JwÝhoJma Zmhr. Ë`mZo {Z`_ Z _moS>Vm H$m`Xo^§J Z
H$aVm Oo Oo H$aVm òB©b Vo gd© Ho$bo Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm H$moUr Xmof XoUma Zmhr.
(4) Mm¡Wr nmàr … H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoê$ Zò H$maU H$m`ÚmZo Ë`mbm à{V~§Y Ho$bobm Amho. Vo ~oH$m`Xoera Amho.
{H§$dm
àËòH$ H¥$VrMo n[aUm_ AgVmV.

(5) nmMdr nmàr… _mZdr h¸$
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoabo nm{hOo H$maU H$m`Xm ~mOybm R>oD$Zhr OrdZ {ZdS>Ê`mMm dm OrdZmbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mMm àËòH$mbm
A{YH$ma Amho.
{H§$dm
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoê$ Zò H$maU Am¡fYVkmbm emoYmMm `mo½` _mo~Xbm {_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Oar ~m`H$mo AmOmar
Agbr Var Ë`mZo Mmoar H$amdr ho `mo½` R>aV Zmhr.
(6) ghmdr nmàr … d¡pídH$ _mZdr Zr{Vemó
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoam`bm hdo H$maU _mZdr OrdZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$ g§nÎmrÀ`m h¸$mnojm OmñV _hÎdmMm Amho.
{H§$dm
ho{ZPZo Am¡fY Mmoê$ Zò H$maU AÝ` bmoH$m§Zmhr Vo {VVŠ`mM Vrd«VoZo hdo Agob Am{U àËòH$mMm Ord VodT>mM _m¡ë`dmZ
AgVmo.
Zr{Vemó
ßboQ>moÀ`m _Vo VÎdkmZmMr gwê$dmV OJm{df`rÀ`m Hw$VyhbmVyZ hmoVo. VÎdkmZmMr emIm åhUyZ Zr{VemómMm CX` _mZdr
dV©UwH$sg§X^m©Vrb _yë`ì`dñWo~m~VMr {M{H$ËgH$ CËgwH$Vm åhUyZ hmoVmo. _mZdr AmMaU hr CËñ’y$V© H¥$VtMr gmIir
AgVo. Á¶mÛmao Cƒ AmXemªMr g_m`mo{OV Am{U Vrd« BÀN>m ì`ŠV hmoVo. A§{V_ Üò` {ZpíMV AgUmè`m gd© H¥$VtMm g§~§Y
Zr{Vemómer AgVmo. Zr{VemómMo g§emoYZ _mZdr AmMaUmÀ`m ñdê$nmg§X^m©V AgVo. _mZdr OrdZmMo A§{V_ Üò` AZoH$Xm
àmáì`, {Z…lo`g,gËg§H$ën, gÒþU Aem AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Ûmao Xe©{dbo OmVo.
Zr{VemómMr ì`m»`m
Ethics hm eãX Ethos `m J«rH$ eãXmdê$Z òVmo. Ethos åhUOo MmbrarVr dm dmJUwH$sÀ`m nÕVr. Ethica bmM Moral
Philosophy Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Moral hm eãX Mores `m b°{Q>Z eãXmdê$Z Ambobm Amho. Ë`mMm AW© Ethos à_mUoM
MmbrarVr dm dmJUwH$sÀ`m arVr AgmM hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV Zr{VMm CJ_ g_mOmV ÑT> AgUm`m ê$T>t_Yo dm _mZdmÀ`m gm‘y{hH$
AmMmagd`tÛmao hmoVmo.
_yi eãX Ethos Zo `m emIoMm {ZX}e hmoVmo. Á`mMm CJ_ J«rg_Üò Amho Am{U Á`mMo lo` A°[añQ>m°Q>b `m à{gÕ nmíMmË`
VÎddoÎ`mH$So> OmVo. Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZmMm Aä`mg{df` d {df`{dñVma ì`már ñnï> H$aUmè`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m gm§{JVë`m OmVmV.
nm°bgoZ `m§À`m _Vo "Zr{Vemó ho MmbrarVr dm ê$T>tÀ¶m Z¡{VH$VoMo emó Amho'. _°H${ZP `m§À`m _Vo "Zr{Vemó hm
AmMaUm_Üò H$m` Mm§Jbo {H§$dm dmB©Q> `mMm Aä`mg hmo`.' PXþZmW {g§J `m§À`mgmR>r Zr{Vemó ho na_àmáì`mMo {dkmZ dm
emó Amho. Lillie `m§Mr ì`m»`m gd©g_mdoeH$ Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo Zr{Vemó ho g_mOmV amhUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m AmMaUmMo
AmXem©Ë_H$ emó Amho H$s Oo AmMaUmÀ`m `wŠV A`wŠVnUmMo AWdm Mm§Jbo dmB©Q>nUmMo emó AgVo.''
Zr{VemómMo ñdê$n
da gm§{JVboë`m gd© ì`m»`m§_YyZ Zr{VemómÀ`m ñdê$nmMr H$mhr à_wI JwUd¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVmV.
(1) Zr{Vemó ho EH$ emó Amho.
H$moUVohr emó ho g§~§{YV dñVy dm KQ>Zm§À`m EH$m {d{eï> JQ>/KQ>H$mÀ`m g§~§YrMo H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV n[anyU© Am{U
nÕVera Ago kmZ AgVo. EH$m emór` nÕVr_Yo Zo_Ho$ {ZarjU, dJuH$aU Am{U ñnï>rH$aU Aem nm`è`m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo.
Zr{VemómMo Üò` Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mMo nÕVera ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo Ago Amho. AmXemªÀ`m g§X^m©V _mZdr dV©UwH$sVrb
`wŠVnUm Am{U A`wŠVnUm `m§Mo ì`dpñWV ñnï>rH$aU Vo H$aVo. Zr{Vemó ho AmXem©Ë_H$ emó Amho. Ë`m_wioM Vo _mZdr
AmMaUmMo nÕVeranUo ñdoÀN>mH¥$Vr-AZoÀN>mH¥$Vr, Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$ Ago dJuH$aU Am{U _yë`_mnZhr H$aVo.
àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`{º$_ÎdmMr VrZ A§Jo AgVmV. Ogo ~moYmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$ d {H«$`mË_H$ (OmUrd, ^mdZm, H¥$Vr).
_mZdr ì`ŠVr kmZmMm emoY KoVo Am{U gË` g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`m§Zm ^mdZm AgVmV Am{U Vo gm¢X`© dm g_m`moOZ
{Z_m©U H$aVmV {H§$dm gwg§dm{XÎd àñWm{nV H$aVmV. _mZdmH$So> KQ>Zm§À`m nbrH$So> OmD$Z àmáì`/Mm§Jbo Vo g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr
BÀN>meŠVr AgVo. åhUyZM _mZdr ì`p³V‘ÎdmÀ`m VrZ A§Jm§Zm g_m§Va Aer VrZ AmXe© VÎdo AmhoV. Vr gdm}ƒ VrZ AmXe©
VÎdo gË`, ew^/{hV/àmáì`, gw§Xa hr AmhoV. VH©$emó, gm¢X`©emó, Zr{Vemó øm VrZ emIm gË`, erd/ew^, gw§Xa `m VrZ
AmXe© VÎdm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmV, Ë`m_wio `m VrZhr emIm AmXem©Ë_H$ emóo åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV. AmXem©Ë_H$ emó ho
H$moUË`mhr dñVw{Zð> emómnojm doJio AgVo. ^m¡{VH$emó, agm`Zemó, dZñnVremó, àmUremó BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H$ dm dñVw{Zð>
ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ emóo AmhoV.
dñVw{Zð> emó VÏ`m§Mm {dMma H$aVo. Vo nÕVeranUo VÏò, dñVw dm KQ>Zm Oem ApñVÎdmV AmhoV VemM àH$mao ñnï> H$ê$Z
gm§JVo Va AmXem©Ë_H$ emó _mÌ VÏ`m§er g§~§{YV _yëò d AmXe©VÎdo `m§Mr MMm© H$aVo.
EH$ dñVw{Zð> emó EImXr {d{eð> dñVw H$er Amho Vo gm§JVo Va AmXem©Ë_H$ emó EImXr Jmoï> H$er Agmdr/Zgmdr Vo
{eH$dVo. dñVw{Zð> emó VÏ`m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ë`m§À`m H$maU_r_m§gm Am{U {dH$mg AdñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aVo Va AmXem©Ë_H$
emó AmXe©VÎdm§Mo Aem àH$maMo H$moUVohr ñnï>rH$aU XoV Zmhr. Z¡g{J©H$ emóo dU©ZmË_H$ {dYmZo H$aVmV Va AmXem©Ë_H$ emóo
JwUk {dYmZo H$aVmV. dU©ZmË_H$ emómMo H$m`© _mnZ Va AmXem©Ë_H$ emómMo H$m`© _yë`_mnZ AgVo.
dñVw{Zð> emómVrb {ZîH$f© Ë`m§Mo VÏ`m§er gmYå`© XmIdyZ {gÕ H$aVm òVmV na§Vw AmXem©Ë_H$ emóm§Vrb AmXe©VÎdo
{gÕ H$aVm òV ZmhrV. doJi`m eãXm§V _yëò {gÕ H$aVm òV ZmhrV. Vr pñdH$mamh© Agmdr bmJVmV. Hw$R>bohr _yë` ho ñd`§^y
AgVo. _yë`m§Zm ñd`_odgmÜ` (End in itself) Ago åhUVmV. gË`, gm¢X`©, lo`g, g§`_, Y¡`© BË`mXtZm ñd`§_yëò åhUVmV.
`m _yë`m§Zm ew^ åhUÊ`m_mJo Ë`m§À`m_wio hmoUmao n[aUm_ ho EH$_od H$maU ZgyZ Vo ñd^mdV…M Mm§Jbo AmhoV ho Amho. ñd`§^y
_yëò hr {Zê$nm{YH$ dm Ho$db _yëò AmhoV. Vo n[anyU© EH$Q>o Agbo Varhr Vo ew^M AgVo. Hw$R>bohr naV… _yë` ho AÝ`
Hw$R>ë`mhr _yë`mMo gmYZ ZgVo. Ë`m§Zm Ho$di gmYZ_yë` AgVo. Ogo H$s Mîå`mÀ`m H$mMm øm ew^ dm Mm§Jë`m AgVmV Oa
Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aUmao S>moio Ë`m H$mMm§_YyZ OJmH$So> ~KVrb VaM. åhUyZ Mîå`mbm gmYZ_yë` Amho. naV…_yëò hr _yë`m§À`m
{dídmMmM bhmZgm ^mJ AgVmV. Vo A§{V_ Üò`mMo gmYZ _mÌ AgVmV. g§nÎmr, à{gÕr, emar[aH$ ~i/Amamo½` Aer gd©
_yëò hr Ë`m§À`mnojm loð> Aem Hw$R>ë`mZm Hw$R>ë`m _yë`m§Mo gmYZ AgVmV.
naV… Am{U ñdV…/ñd`§^y _yë` øm g§H$ënZm gmnojVoZo dmnaë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§Mo AW© d g§X^© ho H$m`_ EH$M ZgVmV d
Ë`m Zoh_rM nañna ì`mdV©H$ ZgVmV. Oo EImÚm ì`ŠVrgmR>r A§{V_ _yë` AgVo Vo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r A§{V_ _yë` ZgVo.
CXm… dm°{e§J _erZMo {S>PmB©Z. ho {S>PmB©Z V`ma H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r Vo A§{V_ Üò` AgVo Va _erZMm dmna H$aUmè`mgmR>r
Vo {Zìdi gmYZ _yë` AgVo.
_yë`m§Mo dJuH$aU gH$mamË_H$ _yëò Am{U ZH$mamË_H$ _yëò, CËnmXH$ _yëò Am{U {Zê$ËnmXH$ _yëò, {Z`{‘V _yëò Am{U
g§H«${‘V _yëò Aem AZoH$ àH$mao H$aVm òVo. gmYmaUnUo ñdJV/ñdV…/ñd`§^y _yëò hr naV… _yë`m§À`m VwbZoV Cƒ XOm©Mr
_mZbr OmVmV. ZH$mamË_H$ _yë`m§À`m VwbZoV gH$mamË_H$ _yë`m§Zm OmñV _hÎd {Xbo OmVo.
_yë`m§Mo ñWmZ _mZdr _Zm_Yo AgVo. Vr gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmbm {Xbobr EH$ {d{eîQ>> àH$maMr à{V{H«$`m
AgVo. _mZdr _ZmMr VrZ _mZ{gH$ H$m`} (^mJ) AgVmV. {dMma, ^mdZm Am{U {ZíM`Z `m VrZ ^md^mJm§Zm g_mZm§Va _yëò
gË` (~m¡{ÕH$ _yëò), gm¢X`© (gm¢X`©emór` _yëò), Am{U ew^Îd/lo`g (Z¡{VH$ _yëò) hr hmoV. gË`, gm¢X`© Am{U lo`g/
ew^Îd hr d¡pídH$ _yëò AmhoV
Zr{VemómÀ¶m ñdénmMr H$mhr à‘wI JwU d¡{eîQ>ço AmnU nm{hcr. ¶mM~amo~a ZrVremó åhUOo H$m¶ Zmhr ¶m~ÔcMr
ñnï>Vm AgUo XoIrc JaOoMo Amho.
(1) ZrVremó åhUOo ^mdZm ZmhrV.
Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$ ¶m§À¶mVrc {ZdmS>m H$aVmZm ^mdZm§Mr AWm©VM ‘XV hmoVo. na§Vw Mm§Jë¶m ^mdZm d Mm§Jcr Z¡{VH$Vm
¶m§Mm Vmi‘oi AgVmoM Ago Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©, H$mhr ì¶qº$À¶m ~m~VrV dmB©Q> H¥$Vr H$aÊ¶mMo nS>gmX Ë¶m§À¶m ZH$mamË‘H$
^mdZm§‘YyZ {XgyZ ¶oVmV; ‘mÌ H$mhr ì¶º$s¨À¶m ~m~VrV dmB©Q> H¥$VrVyZ AmZ§X {‘i{dÊ¶mMm hoVy XoIrc Agy eH$Vmo. VgoM Á¶m
Mm§Jë¶m Jmoï>r H$aUo AdKS> AgVo Ë¶m Jmoï>t~Ôc Amnë¶m ‘ZmV gmh{OH$M ZH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. CXm. gH$mir
cdH$a CR>Uo.

(2) ZrVremó åhUOo Ym{‘©H$ {eH$dU Zìho.
AZoH$ cmoH$ Oo H$moUË¶mhr Y‘m©À¶m VÎdkmZmà‘mUo dmJV ZmhrV Vo XoIrc Z¡{VH$ {ZU©¶ KoVM AgVmV. ~hþVoH$ Y‘©
A{Ve¶ Cƒ Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m§Mr {eH$dU XoVmV. nU AmOÀ¶m ¶wJmVrc gd©M àíZm§Mr CÎmao Ym{‘©H$ {eH$dUr‘Ü¶o AgVrcM
Ago Zmhr. CXm. {ó`m§Zm g_mOmV gÝ_mZmMo ñWmZ Agmdo, AemàH$maMr {eH$dU AZoH$ Y_mª_YyZ {Xcocr Amho. _mÌ ~XcË`m
H$mimZwgma, g_VmdmXr _yë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aV AgVmZm, gÝ_mZmMr dmJUyH$ g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ AgVo H$m? Ago _yc^yV àý
{Z_m©U hmody eH$VmV.
(3) ZrVremó åhUOo H$m¶Xm Zìho.
H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ CÎm‘ ^mZ AgUmar g‘mOì¶dñWm AZoH$ ZrVremó{df¶H$ KQ>H$m§Mm H$m¶Úm‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe H$aV AgVo. nU
H$m¶Xo gdm}Îm‘ Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m§Mm AmJ«h YaUmao AgVrcM Ago Zmhr. H$m¶Xo ZrVr‘yë¶m§À¶m ~m~VrV ^«ï> AgyZ XoIrc ‘hÎdmMo
R>é eH$VmV. H$m¶Xohr {Zìdi gÎmoÀ¶m hmVmVrc IoiUo ~ZyZ Ho$di g§Hw${MV JQ>m§Mo {hV OnUmao Agy eH$VmV. ¶mM~amo~a
H$m¶Xo ~ZdV AgVmZm gd© ZrVremó{df¶H$ KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aUo ho EH$ AmìhmZM Amho.
(4) ZrVremó åhUOo Ho$di g§ñH¥$Vrg dm na§naog YéZ AgUmao AmMaU Zìho.
{d{dY g§ñH¥$Ë¶m§Mo Zr{Vemóm~ÔcÀ¶m g§H$ënZm d ‘yë¶o {^Þ AmhoV. AZoH$ g‘mOm§Zr A{Ve¶ Cƒ Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶ AgUmam
gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm Oncm Amho. nU ¶mM~amo~a H$mhr gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm‘m{OH$ KQ>H$mMm {hñgm hmoUo hr Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m§Mr H$jm
é§XmdUmar à{H«$¶m AgocM Ago Zmhr.
(5) ZrVremó åhUOo {dkmZ Zìho.
A{YH$ Mm§Jë¶m à{VMo Z¡{VH$ {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r {dkmZmMr Z¸$sM ‘XV hmoD$ eH$Vo. ‘mÌ ‘Zwî¶mZo H$go dmJco nm{hOo ¶mMo
CÎma {dkmZ XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ‘Zwî¶ H$gm Amho ¶m{df¶rMo {dícofU {dkmZ Oar H$é eH$V Agco Var; ZrVremó ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m
H¥$VtMm A{YH$ g‘n©H$ AW© cmdy eH$Vo. VgoM EImXr Jmoï> H$aUo {dkmZm‘wio AWdm V§ÌkmZm‘wio e³¶ Pmco Agco Var Vr
Jmoï> H$aUo Z¡{VH$ AgocM Ago Zmhr.
(6) Zr{Vemó hr H$bm Zìho.
Zr{Vemó ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmVrb AmMaU dm dV©UwH$ser g§~§{YV AgVo. àíZ Agm {Z_m©U hmoVmo H$s Z¡{VH$
AgÊ`mMo EImXo H$m¡eë` dm Mm§Jbo H$m¡eë` Agy eHo$b H$m? Oo _mZdmbm Zr{V_mZ ~Zdy eHo$b. Zr{Vemó EH$ H$bm Amho
H$m? _mZdr AmMaU Am{U H$bm øm nañnag§~§{YV H¥$Vr AmhoV. XmoÝhtMohr _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo d XmoÝhtZmhr Mm§Jbo {H§$dm
dmB©Q> R>adbo OmVo. _°Ho$ÝPrZo Zr{Vemó Am{U H$boMr VwbZm Ho$br Am{U Zr{Vemó ho H$boMoM EH$ ñdê$n Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo.
Ë`mÀ`m _Vo H$bm Am{U Zr{Vemó `m§Vrb \$aH$ Imbrb à_mUo Amho.
H$bm hr H$m¡eë`mÀ`m EImÚm joÌmer g§~§{YV AgVo Ogo H$s {MÌH$bm, Z¥Ë`H$bm BË`mXr. Zr{Vemó ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m
g§nyU© OrdZmer g§~§YrV AgVo. EH$ Mm§Jbm {MÌH$ma hm gw§Xa {MÌo H$mT>Umam AgVmo. H$moUVrhr H$bm åhUOo EImÚm {d{eï>>
H$m¡eë`mMr j_Vm AgVo. EH$ Mm§Jbm _mUyg _mÌ Vmo AgVmo Omo `mo½` àH$mao dmJy eH$Vmo. EH$ Z¡{VH$ _Zwî` Z¡{VH$Vm `mo½`
àH$mao OJy eH$Vmo. Va Aem àH$mao Z¡{VH$Ñï>`m Mm§JwbnUm hm H¥$Vter g§~§YrV AgVmo. EImÚm H$bmH¥$VrMo _yë`_mnZ H$aV
AgVmZm Ë`m g§~§YrV H$m¡eë`mMo _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. H$bmH$mamMo ñdV…Mo hoVy Ë`mV ~{KVbo OmVmVM Ago Zmhr. na§Vw
ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmMaUmMo _yë`_mnZ H$aV AgVmZm _mÌ ì`ŠVrMm hoVy Am{U C{Ôï>hr bjmV KoVbo OmVo. EImXm H$bmH$ma H$mhr
H$mimZ§Va Amnbr H$bm gmoSy> eH$Vmo. EH$ {Zd¥Îm Jm`H$hr H$m`_ Jm`H$M amhVmo. na§Vw EH$ Mm§Jbr ì`ŠVr _mÌ _yë`VÎdm§Mm
Ë`mJ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Z¡{VH$ _yë`VÎdm§Zm H$Yrhr gwÅ>r ZgVo.
_°Ho$ÝPrMm hm H$bm Am{U Zr{Vemóm~ÔbMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ AmnU Zoh_r bjmV R>odbm nm{hOo. AmOH$mb ì`pŠV_Îd
{dH$mgmgmR>r AZoH$ CnH«$_ KoVbo OmVmV. `m CnH«$_m§_Yo Oo à{ejU {Xbo OmVo Vo ì`ŠVrMo ñdV…Mo gmXarH$aU AgVo.
ì`ŠVrÀ`m Mm[aÍ`mMr Am§V[aH$ KS>U Aem àH$maÀ`m à{ejUmZo ~XbVm òB©b H$m`? hr EH$ H¥$Ìr_ OS>UKS>U AgVo H$s
A§Va§JmVyZ hmoUmam _yë`m§Mm IamIwam {dH$mg AgVmo?

Zr{V{Z¶‘m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> {Z{üV H$aÊ¶mVrc à‘wI AS>MUr -
H$moUË¶mhr g‘mOmgmR>r gdmªZm g‘mZ cmJy hmoB©c Aem Zr{V{Z¶‘m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> ~Z{dUo à‘wI XmoZ H$maUm§gmR>r AS>MUrMo
Amho -
(1) H$moUVo ‘mnX§S> dmnê$Z Aer Zr{V{Z¶‘m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> R>admdr?
(2) hr Zr{V{Z¶‘m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> AmnU gm‘moao OmV AgUmè¶m àË¶oH$ chmZ-‘moR>çm àg§Jmg H$er cmJy H$amdr?
Oa Amnco Zr{V{Z¶‘ ^mdZm, Y‘©, H$m¶Xm, ê$T>r-na§nam qH$dm {dkmZ ¶m H$emdaM ~ooVcoco ZgVrc Va ‘J Vo H$emMo
~Zco AmhoV. AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr VÎddoÎ¶m§Zr ¶m àým§Mm AmT>mdm KoVcm Amho. eoH$S>mo dfmªÀ¶m VmpËdH$ KwgiUrVyZ à‘wI
nmM Zr{V{Z¶‘m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>r gdmªZr ‘mÝ¶ Ho$ë¶m AmhoV. AmnU ¶m nmMhr Zr{V{Z¶‘m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>tMm gImoc {dMma H$aUma
AmhmoV. Zr{V{Z¶‘{df¶ ¶m Mm¡H$Q>r Imcrcà‘mUo -
¶m gd© ÑpîQ>H$moZm§Mm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z Ethics & Integrity ¶m KQ>H$mVrc àý gmoS>{dUo Ano{jV Amho. ¶mVrc àË¶oH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ
AmnUmg {d{dY Zr{V{Z¶‘{df¶H$ {dMmagaUrMr Mm¡H$Q> AmIyZ XoVmV. àË¶oH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ^y{‘Ho$VyZ Zr{V{Z¶‘{df¶H$
‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV Am{U gdm©V ‘hÎdmMr JmoîQ> åhUOo doJdoJù¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$cocm {dMmahr AZoH$Xm Amnë¶mcm g‘mZ
{ZîH$fm©àV nmohMdVmo. CÎm‘ Z¡{VH$ àemgH$s¶ {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mH$[aVm {d{eï> g§dXo ZercVm d {ZU©¶ Zr{V{Z¶‘m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ nmaIyZ
KoÊ¶mMm gamd AgUo AË¶mdí¶H$ Amho. ¶mo½¶ {ZU©¶ KoUo d Ë¶mMr ¶mo½¶ A§‘c~OmdUr H$aUo øm XmoÝhtMm A§V^m©d AgUmao
{ZU©¶M Iè¶m AWm©Zo ¶m Mm¡H$Q>tZm Ý¶m¶ XoV AgVmV. Ooìhm Aem àH$mao {d{dY Zr{V{Z¶‘m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>tMm {dMma H$aV {ZU©¶
KoÊ¶mMr j‘Vm nyU© {dH${gV hmoVo Voìhm Ago {ZU©¶ KoUo hr EH$ ghO KSy>Z ¶oUmar à{H«$¶m hmoV.o Amnë¶m g‘moarc àý/àg§J
{OVH$s ZdZdr ê$no KoD$Z ¶oVmV {VVH$sMm Amncr Z¡{VH$-d¡Mm[aH$ KwgiUhr dmT>V AgVo. {d{dY nmœ©^‘y r AgUmè¶m ì¶º$s¨Mr
gVVMm g§nH©$, MMm©, dmMZ, ‘ZZ ¶mVyZ ZdZdrZ àým§Zm gm‘moao OmÊ¶mg AmnU A{YH$m{YH$ g‚m hmoV AgVmo. ¶m gdmªZm AmnU
Imcrc Zr{V{Z¶‘m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>tMo A{Yð>mZ CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶mg Amnco {ZU©¶ ho A{YH$m{YH$ gOJ d Z¡{VH$ hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoV.o
AmnU ¶m {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ¶ynrEggrVrc Case Studies Mm {dMma H$aUma Amho. Ë¶mM~amo~a ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm
CÎmao {c{hVmZm H$gm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z KoVcm OmD$ eH$Vmo ho XoIrc g{dñVanUo nmhUma Amho.
(1) Cn`wº$VmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Utilitarian Approach)
gmoß`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Pmco Va OmñV cmoH$m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV AmZ§X {_imdm Ago YmoaU AgUo åhUOo Cn`wº$VmdmXr
Ñï>rH$moZ AgUo hmo`. `m àH$maÀ`m {dMmagaUr_Üò Oa Ano{jV {ZU©` AWdm n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoV Agoc Va Ë`mcm gdmªV
OmñV àmYmÝ` [Xco OmVo. `m {dMmagaUrZwgma {ZU©` KoV AgVmZm AZoH$ doJdoJù`m ~m~t_wio `m {dMmagaUrMo _hÎd ñnï>
hmoVo -
(1) àËòH$ ì`º$scm åhUyZM àËòH$ _Vmcm g_mZ [H¨$_V AgVo.
(2) gd©M OU ñdV:À`m gwImH$aVm à`ËZerc amhUma d Xþ:Io Q>miÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUma ho J¥[hV Yacoco AgVo.
`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ OmñVrV OmñV AmZ§X åhUOoM H$_rV H$_r Xþ:I Agohr `mH$S>o nmhmVm òVo. _mÌ `mhr Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Üò H$mhr
ÌwQ>r AmhoV. gdmªV n[hcr Jmoï> åhUOo "AmZ§X' `mgmR>r H$moUVrhr Z¡{VH$ _moOnÅ>r cmdcr OmV Zmhr. VgoM Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m
_Vmcm A{O~mV dmd {_iV Zmhr.
Ooao_r ~oÝW_, Oo. Eg. {_c `m§Zr Cn`wº$VmdmXmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm d Ë`mH$S>o Zr{VemómVrc EH$ _hÎdmMm d¡Mm[aH$ àdmh
åhUyZ nmhÊ`mg BVam§Zm àd¥Îm Ho$co.
(2) h¸$m{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Rights Approach)
`m_Yrc {ZU©` ho Aem àH$mao KoVco OmVmV H$s ì`º$sÀ`m Z¡{VH$ h¸$m§Mm AmXa Ho$cm Omdm d Ë`m§Mo nyU© g§ajU Ho$co Omdo.
`m {dMmagaUr_Üò Ago _mZco OmVo H$s _mUyg CËH«$m§VrÀ`m {eS>rda nwîH$iM da nmohmoMcm Amho d åhUyZ Ë`mcm R>am{dH$
à{Vð>m {_imcocr Amho.
h¸$m{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~miJV AgVmZm _mUgmH$S>o XmoZ doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m j_Vm AgVmV Ago _mZco OmVoo. Ë`m åhUOo
_mUgm_Üò A§J^yV AgUmè`m j_Vm Am{U _mUyg g_mOm_Üò H$moUË`m àH$maMo `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$Vmo Ë`mda AmYm[aV j_Vm.

`m {dMmagaUrZwgma _mUgmcm _wimVM _m¡ë`dmZ g_Oco OmVo. Vgo H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rc j_Vm§da Ë`mcm {_iUmao
h¸$ R>adco OmV ZmhrV. Ogo H$s An§J ì`º$scm gwÑT> ì`º$sgmaImM _VXmZmMm h¸$ AgVmo. `m_Üò Ë`m ì`º$sH$S>o A§J^yV
H$moUË`m j_Vm AmhoV, AWdm Vr ì`º$s g_mOm_Üò H$m` `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$Vo `mcm àmYmÝ` [Xco OmV Zmhr. Vr ì`º$s Ho$di
_mUyg åhUyZ OÝ_mcm Amcr Amho åhUyZ H$mhr R>am{dH$ h¸$ Ë`m ì`º$sgmR>r _mÝ` Ho$coM nm[hOoV, Aer hr {dMmagaUr Amho.
BVa gdªM Ñ{ï>H$moZm§à_mUo `mhr Ñ{ï>H$moZmcm H$mhr _`m©Xm AmhoV. XmoZ ì`º$s¨Mo AWdm g_yh JQ>m§Mo h¸$ Oa EH$_oH$m§À`m
{damoYmV Cô R>mH$co, Va _moR>m noMàg§J C^m amhmVmo. `mM~amo~a gd© OJmV EH$m doiog cmJy H$aVm òB©c Aer h¸$m§Mr
n[anyU© `mXr ApñVËdmV Zmhr. Var XoIrc g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ doim `m Ñ{ï>H$moZm_YyZ {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. Ogo
H$s, AÝ`m` hmoV Agcoë`m ì`º$scm Amnë`m h¸$m§Mr OmUrd ZgUo AWdm Vr ì`º$s h¸$ àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mH$aVm emar[aH$
AWdm _mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm Xþ~©c AgUo. h¸$m{Yð>rV {ZU©` KoV AgVmZm {ZU©` KoUmè`mMr ^y{_H$m A{Ve` H$irMr R>ê$ eH$Vo.
(3) Ý`m`m{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Justice Approach)
`m {dMmagaUrZwgma Á`m gd© ì`º$s¨Zm g_mZ g_Oco OmVo Ë`m gdmªZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ [Xcr Jocr nm[hOo Ago _mZco OmVo.
gd© ì`º$s g_mOmgmR>r gma»`mM _hÎdmÀ`m AgUo hm `m {dMmagaUrMm _yc^yV nm`m Amho. Ë`m_wioM g_mZ cmoH$m§gmR>r g_mZ
YmoaUo d Ag_mZVm AmT>ië`mg Ag_mZ YmoaUo Ago `m {dMmagaUrMo ñdê$n Amho. H$mhr R>am{dH$ àg§Jm§_Üò Ag_mZVm
Ý`mæ` _mZcr OmVo, Ogo H$s -
●● OmñV Vmg H$m_ H$aUmè`mcm A{YH$ doVZ {_iVo.
●● AmOmar ì`º$scm H$m_mVyZ gyQ> {_iVo.
●● d§{MV g_yh JQ>m§Zm OmñV A{YH$ma {_iVmV. B.
(4) gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Common Good Approach)
_mUgmMo OrdZ ho g_yhH|$[ÐV AgVo d àËòH$ ì`º$sÀ`m `moJXmZmdaM g_yhmMo gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mU Adc§~yZ AgVo Ago
`m {dMmagaUr_Üò _mZco OmVo. g_yhm-g_yhm§_Yrc Am§Vag§~§Y VgoM Ë`m§À`m_Üò hmoUmao AmXmZàXmZ hm Ë`m g_yhm§gmR>rMm
Z¡{VH$ nm`m _mZcm OmVmo. `m {dMmagaUr_YyZ _mUgmcm g_yh åhUyZ [Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mgmR>r H$m` H$m` H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho
`mH$S>o XoIrc cj doYco OmVo. Ogo H$s, Amamo½` godm, Ý`m` ì`dñWm, A{¾em_H$ Xc, em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mgmR>r
nmocrg Xc, {ejU ì`dñWm AmXtMr eŠ` {VVH$s àJVr hmoUo d `m ì`dñWm [Q>Hy$Z amhUo `m _wÔçm§da `m {dMmagaUr_Üò
â [Xcm Jocm Amho.
VgoM AZoH$ àg§Jm§_Üò ì`º$sMo ñdV:Mo àmYmÝ`H«$_ ho g_yhmÀ`m àmYmÝ`H«$_m§nojm H$_r _hÎdmMo AgVmV ho AYmoao{IV
Ho$co OmVo. A{YH$m{YH$ emídV g_yhì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$aVm g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm A{YH$ â XoD$Z {dMma Ho$cm
Jocm nm[hOo. `m gd© ì`dñWm§Zr Aem àH$mao H$m_ Ho$coo nm[hOo Á`m_YyZ gd© cmoH$m§Zm \$m`Xo {_iVrc. `m {dMmagaUrVrc
EH$ _hÎdmMm _wÔm åhUOo, H$maU gd©M ì`º$s gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUmMm \$m`Xm KoV AgVmV, g_yhmÀ`m emídV d gm_m{`H$
àJVrH$aVm àËòH$ ì`º$s H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$mao ~Õ Amho.
_mÌ gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUm_Üò H$emMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo Am{U H$emMm hmoV Zmhr ho H$mhrdoim gmnoj Agy eH$Vo. AZoH$doim
hr {dMmagaUr ì`º$sËddmXmÀ`m {damoYr ^y{_H$m KoUmar Am{U åhUyZM AZoH$ {damoYH$ AgUmar R>aVo. na§Vw `m KQ>H$mVrc
àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aV AgVmZm, {deofV: gZXr A{YH$mar `m ^y{_Ho$VyZ {dMma H$aV AgVmZm gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
AZoH$doim àmYmÝ`mMm R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
(5) gX²JwUm{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Virtue Approach)
_mZdg_yhmÀ`m AmOn`ªV Pmcoë`m àJVrMm {dMma H$aVm AmnU KoV Agcocm Hw$R>cmhr {ZU©` hm gX²JwUm§da AmYm[aV
Agmdm Aer `m {dMmagaUr_mJMr ^y{_H$m Amho. "A_yH$ EH$ {ZU©` KoVë`mZ§Va _r H$em àH$maMr ì`º$s ~ZoZ?' [H¨$dm "hm
{ZU©` _r KoD$ eH$V Agcocm gdmªV Mm§Jcm {ZU©` Amho H$m?' `m àíZm§À`m {_iUmè`m CÎmam§_YyZ `mo½` {ZU©` {ZdS>cm
OmÊ`mMr à[H«$`m `m Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Üò Ano{jV Amho.
Ogo H$s, EImÚm àg§Jm_Üò AmnU gMmoQ>rZo dmJUo Ano{jV Amho. Voìhm {ZU©` KoUmar ì`º$s ñdV:cm Agm àíZ {dMmaVo

H$s, "_r gMmoQ>rZo dmJUmam/dmJUmar ì`º$s Amho H$m?' [H¨$dm "_cm gMmoQ>rZo dmJUmar ì`º$s ~Zm`Mo Amho H$m?' (`m_Üò
gMmoQ>r hm gX²JwU Amho, Ago J¥[hV Yaco Amho.) g_mOmZo KmcyZ [Xcoë`m Z¡{VHo$À`m {Z`_m§Zm Yê$Z gX²JwUm§Mm g§M` dmT>mdm
d `m_mÜ`_mVyZ gX²JwUr ZmJ[aH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>mdr hm `m_mJrc hoVy Amho. `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {ZU©` KoV AgVmZm g_ñòV
Agcoë`m ì`º$s~amo~aM g_ñ`m gmoS>dUmè`m ì`º$sMr ñdV:~ÔcMr à{V_m H$er Amho `mda hm Ñï>rH$moZ â XoVmo.
darc gd© Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm dmna C_oXdmamZo g_ñ`m d n[apñWVr g_OmdyZ KoD$Z H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. ~è`mM doim àíZmgmR>r
[Xcoco Mma n`m©` ho darcn¡H$s Mma doJdoJù`m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§da ~oVcoco AgVmV. Voìhm g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mH$[aVm VgoM ì`º$s
åhUyZ Am{U g_mOmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ AmnU Hw$R>cm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$maVmo ho ~{KVco OmVo. n`m©` Oar darc
Ñ{ï>H$moZm§da gaigai ~oVcoco Zgco Var XoIrc C_oXdmamZo Oa `m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§da ~maH$mB©Zo {dMma_§WZ Ho$co Agoc, Va g_ñ`m
gmoS>dUwH$sÀ`m Ñï>rZo Vo EH$ _moR>oM gH$mamË_H$ nmD$c Agoc.
Cn`wº$VmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ d gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§À`mVrc \$aH$
`m XmoÝhr Ñ{ï>H$moZm§_Üò Oar cmoH$m§Mo {hV Ano{jV Agco Varhr Ë`mV EH$ à_wI \$aH$ Amho. Cn`wº$VmdmX/gwIdmXm_Üò
ì`º$s¨À`m AmZ§Xmcm d Ë`mVyZ gmÜ` hmoUmè`m {hVmcm àmYmÝ` Amho. Va gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Üò g_yhm§À`m
{hVmMm {dMma à_wI Amho. {hVH$maH$ {ZU©` AmZ§XH$maH$ AgocM Ago Zmhr. CXm. gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gaH$maZo _mo\$V Amamo½`godm
nwadUo, OZVoÀ`m Ñï>rZo {Z{üVM {hVH$maH$ Amho. na§Vw `mH$[aVm âmdm cmJUmam OmñVrMm H$a AmZ§X XoUmam/dmT>dUmam ZgVmo.
Zr{V{df`H$ {d{dY emóo
Zr{VemómÀ`m Mma à_wI emIm AmhoV. Ë`m_Yo dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{Vemó, AmXem©Ë_H$ Zr{Vemó, A{YZr{Vemó Am{U
Cn`mo{OV Zr{Vemó `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
dU©ZmË_H$ Zr{Vemó `mVrb {dYmZo hr A§V…àkm, B§{Ð` AZw^d Am{U VH©$~w{Õ `m§Mo {_lU AgVo. Z¡{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
nmhmVm _yëò hr `mo½`, Mm§Jbo, àmáì` `mg§X^m©Vrb _mZdr OrdZmVrb _hÎdnyU© Aem lÕm g_OwVr AgVmV.
_yëò hr An[ahm`©nUo H¥$VrÀ`m {ZdS>rer {ZJS>rV AgVmV. _yëò hr {ZgJ© Am{U A{Y^m¡{VH$ dmñVd Am{U _Z `m§À`m
nañna g§`moJmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. _yë` ho dmñVdmMo _mZdr _Z Am{U dñVy `m§À`m g§`moJmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao ZdrZ d¡{eîQ>ç>
AgVo. hm°\$S>tJ Am{U Ho$ånpñ_W `m§À`m _Vo H$mÝQ>Zo Amnë`mbm ApñVÎd{df`H$ g_ñ`m Am{U _yë`{df`H$ g_ñ`m `m§_Üò
\$aH$ H$aÊ`mg {eH$dbo.
VÏò Am{U _yëò
AZw^d{Zð> emóo VÏ`m§er g§~§{YV AgVmV. VÏò hr "H$m`?'À`m g§X^m©V AgVmV. VÏò {d{eï>> ñWb d H$mbmVrb
{d{eîQ>> dñVy dm KQ>Zm§g§X^m©V gm§JVmV. VÏò Am{U ì`mdhm[aHo$ Amnë`m ~mø AZw^dm§Ûmao Amnë`mg_moa Oo _m§S>VmV
Ë`mnojm OmñV Ë`mMo _hÎd AgV Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n dU©ZmË_H$ AgVo. VÏò hr gË` dm AgË` AgVmV. Vr _m{hVr dm
dmñVdmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmV. Vr Amnë`m A§V…àkoMo g_mYmZ H$aVmV. AmXem©Ë_H$ emóo _yë`m§er {ZJS>rV AgVmV. H$m`
H$amdo `m§À`mer Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y AgVmo. _yëò OrdZmV AmË_gmV Ho$br OmVmV. _yëò hr VÏ`m§À`m nmíd©^y_rer g§~§{YV AgVmV
Am{U Amnë`m Om{UdoZo g_OVmV. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n CnXoemË_H$ AgVo. Vr _yë`_mnZmË_H$ AgVmV. Vr OS>VÎd, AdH$me,
H$mb Am{U H$maUÎd `m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m VÏ`m§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rÀ`m nbrH$So> Am{U CƒñVamdarc _yëò AgVmV. _yëò hr gË`
dm AgË`hr ZgVmV. Vr Amnë`m AmH$m§jm Am{U BÀN>m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVmV.
Amnë`mbm OJmMr OmUrd hr B§{Ð` Am{U ~w{ÕÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo hmoVo. _yëò ApñVÎdmV ZgVmV Va Vr gÎmoV {dÚ_mZ
AgVmV. _yë`m§Mr OmUrd hr VmËH$mi d A§V…no«aUoZo hmoVo. _yëò H$m{bH$ AdH$m{eH$ OJmÀ`m nbrH$So> OmUmar AgVmV.
_yë`m§Mr OmUrd hr dñVy Am{U KQ>Zm§À`m {dH$mg à{H«$òV A{d^mÁ` ^mJ AgVo. VÏò Am{U _yëò nañna {ZJS>rV AgVmV
Vo Omon`ªV _yë` Ë`mZo {ZX}{eV hmoVo. VÏò Am{U _yëò A{d^mÁ` AgVmV. ApñVÎdm{edm` _yëò Am{U _yë`m§{edm` ApñVÎdo
ZgVmV.


4
‘yë¶ åhUOo H$m¶?
AmnU Ago nm{hco H$s VÎdkmZmÀ`m nmM emImn¡H$s gm¢X`©emó (Aesthetics) d Zr{Vemó (Ethics) `m§Zm "_yëèmóo'
(Axiology) Ago åhUVmV. _yëèmómV _w»`V: Zr{V d gm¢X`© `m{df`H$ g_ñ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio `m XmoZ _yë`m§er
_yëèmó g§~§{YV Amho.
AmVm _yë` åhUOo H$m`? hm EH$ _yc^yV Am{U _yë`mË_H$ àíZ Amho. _yë` hr g§H$ënZm XmoZ g§H$ënZm§À`m {damoYr Amho.
n{hcr qH$_V Am{U Xþgar VÏ` `m Ë`m g§H$ënZm AmhoV. "qH$_V' (cost/price) hr AW©emór` g§H$ënZm Amho Va "_yë`'
(Value) hr VÎdkmZmË_H$ g§H$ënZm Amho. _yë` hr g§H$ënZm qH$_V `m g§H$ënZoà_mUo VÏ` `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m {damoYmV Amho.
CXmhaUmW© EImÚm \w$cmMo dU©Z cmc, Jwcm~r, gwJY§ r, a§JrV, H$mQ>ao r Ago H$aVm òBc
© . {H$Vrhr dU©Z Ho$co Var Ë`m \w$cmMo _yë`
_mÌ gm§JVm òUma Zmhr. \y$c H$mo_O
o co Var Xodmcm dm{hcoë`m \w$cmMm H$Mam hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mMo {Z_m©ë` hmoV.o ho Ë`m \w$cmMo _yë`
AgVo.
Value hm eãX c°Q>rZ ^mfoVrc Valeo `m eãXmdê$Z Amcm Amho. Ë`mMm _yi AW© eº$s, Amamo½` AgyZ Z§Va "Á`m_wio
n[aUm_ KS>Vmo' Vmo Agm AW© {ZKmcm. \|«$M ^mfoVrc Valeur `m eãXmMm AW© "CÎm_nUm' Agm Amho. `mMm AW© Oo CÎm_
Amho, Oo {ZdS>coM nm{hOo Ago H$mhr åhUOo _yë` Ago åhUVm òB©c. _yë` hm JwU Amho. VgoM Vo lo` qH$dm {hV `m AWm©Zohr
dmnaco OmVo.
Oo {Z_m©U H$aVm òVo, Á`mMr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aVm òVo, Oo ~mOmamV CncãY Amho Ë`m gJù`m§Zm qH$_V AgVo. _yë` _mÌ
~mOmar dñVy ZgVo. ì`º$sZo d g_mOmZo àmá H$amd`mMr, OrdZmV gmYmd`mMr ~m~ Amho. Ë`m g§H$ënZm AgVmV. CXm. ào_,
_¡Ìr, H$éUm, g_Vm, Ý`m`, ~§YwVm, gm¢X`©, Mm§JwcnUm `m gdmªZm qH$dm Aem BVa Jmoï>tZm _yë` AgVo. hr "VmpÎdH$ _yëò'
(Philosophical Values) AmhoV. Aem {d{dY _yë`m§À`m Aä`mgmcm "_yëèmóo' åhUVmV.
Iao Va _yë` hr _yimV AW©emór` g§H$ënZm AgyZ Vr EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV VÎdkmZmË_H$ g§H$ënZm åhUyZ {dH${gV
Pmcr. OrdZ_yëò, cmoH$emhrMr _yëò, gm{hË`_yëò {H§$dm _yë`{ejU Ago eãXà`moJ AmnU H$aVmo. `m {R>H$mUr _yë` eãXmZo
Zo_Ho$ H$m` gy{MV hmoVo? _yë` hm dñVyMm IamM JwU qH$dm JwUY_© Amho H$s _mUgmcm Vgo dmQ>Vo?
Am`wî`mV AmnU EH$gmaIr H$emMr Zm H$emMr {ZdS> H$arV AgVmo. hr {ZdS> AmnU R>a{dcoë`m _yë`_mnZmZwgma hmoV
AgVo. Voìhm _yë` hr g§H$ënZm VÎdkmZmË_H$ ~ZVo. H$maU AmnU AmncoM H$mhrVar EH$ VÎdkmZ R>a{dV AgVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV _yë` hr Am`wî`mV gmYmd`mMr, {_idmd`mMr, Á`mV Amnco {hV Amho AerM H¥$Vr H$amd`mMr ~m~ Amho.
Vr àËòH$ ì`º$s d JQ>mZwgma ~Xcy eH$Vo. nU Varhr àm_m{UH$nUm, gMmoQ>r, n«o_, kmZ, H$ë`mU, B©ída, Y_© Aem Jmoï>tZm
g_mO_yë` AgVo. Y_©, AW©, H$m_ d _moj `m§Zm åhUyZM _yë` Amho.
_yë`mMo àH$ma
(A) ñdVmo_yë` Am{U naVmo_yë` (Intrinsic and Exstrinisic Values)
_yë`m§Mo _w»` XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. ñdVmo_yë` (Intrinsic Values) Am{U naVmo_yë` (Exstrinisic Values). Á`mMo _yë`
Vr H¥¥$Vr Ho$crM nm{hOo Ago AgVo Vo "ñdVmo_yë`' Am{U Á`mMo _yë` Vr H¥$Vr Cn`wº$ Amho H$s Zmhr `mda R>aVo Vo "naVmo_yë`'
hmo`. Amamo½` amIUo ho ñdVmo_yë` Amho Va ì`m`m_ H$aUo ho naVmo_yë` Amho. åhUOoM H$mhr Jmoï>r Amnë`mcm Ë`m§À`m
ñdV:H$[aVmM hì`m AgVmV, Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo AÝ` H$emMr àmár H$amd`mMr ZgVo Ë`m§Zm ñdVmo_yë` AgVo. Am{U H$mhr
Jmoï>r BVa H$mhrVar {_imdmd`mMo AgVo `mgmR>r àmá H$amd`mÀ`m AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm naVmo_yë` AgVo.

doJù`m ^mfoV Oo gmÜ` AgVo Vo ñdVmo_yë` Amho. Am{U Oo gmYZ åhUyZ dmnaco OmVo Vo naVmo_yë` hmo`. ñdVmo_yë`mg Val-
ue as an end åhUVmV. H$maU Ë`m gmÜ` AgVmV. naVmo_yë`mg Value as means åhUVmV. H$maU Ë`m gmYZ AgVmV.
Ë`m§Mo AÝ` EH$ Zmd åhUOo ñdVmo_yë`mgM "Am§V[aH$ _yë`' Am{U naVmo_yë`mg "~mø_yë`' åhQ>co OmVo. gm{hË`, g§JrV,
kmZ, _¡Ìr BË`mXtZm Am§V[aH$ _yë` AgVo Va Ë`mMo gmYZ Agcoë`m nwñVHo$, V~cm-noQ>r-gVma BË`mXtZm ~mø_yë` AgVo.
_yë`m§H$So> Ë`m§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m dm Cn`wŠVVoÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZhr nmhVm òVo. gd©M _yë`m§Mo _mZdr ì`pº$_ÎdmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrÀ`m
doJdoJi`m Q>ßß`m§da _hÎd AgVo. åhUyZ AmnU Ë`m§À`m Cn`wŠVVoZwgma Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmo.
_mZdr VH©$~w{Õ dñVw{Zð> {dkmZm§_Yo (emóm§_Yo) _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo. _mZdr ~wÕr VÏ`m§Mo {ZarjU, dU©Z Am{U
dJuH$aU H$aVo. Amnbr VH©$~wÕrM VÏ`m§_Yrb gmå` emoYyZ H$mT>Vo Am{U {Z`_m§Mo {gÕm§H$Z H$aVo. AmXem©Ë_H$ emóm§_Yo
_mZdmMo g§H$ën _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. AmnU EImXr KQ>Zm X¡dr Amho ho H$emhr àH$mao {gÕ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
Zr{Vemó ho _mZdr AmMaUm_Yo A§V^©yV AgUmè`m AmXemªMo emó Amho. VÎdV… Zr{Vemó ho AmMaUarVr {H§$dm gd`tMo
emó Amho. gd`r øm M[aÌJwUm§Mo ì`ŠV ê$n AgVmV. M[aÌ JwU hm _ZmMm A§VJ©V KQ>H$ AgyZ AmMaU dm arVr ho Ë`mMo
~mø àjonU AgVo. ñnoÝgaÀ`m _Vo AmMaU ho A§{V_ Üò`mgmR>r H$amì`m bmJUmè`m H¥$VtMo g_m`moOZ AgVo. Vr hoVwnwañga
Ho$bobr H¥$Vr AgVo. A§{V_ àmáì` Üò` Am{U Ë`m§Mr gmYZo `m§Mo H$mhr {d{eîQ> hoVyZo Ho$bobo EH$sH$aU åhUOoM AmMaU hmo`.
åhUyZM Ago åhUVm òVo H$s Zr{Vemó ho _mZdr AmMaUmÀ`m AmXemªMo emó Amho.
(~) Z¡{VH$ _yë` Am{U ZZ¡{VH$ _yë` (Moral Values and Non-Moral Values)
Z¡{VH$ _yë` åhUOo ZrVrMo _yë`. ho gXmMma, gËH$_m©V, Ë`m H$_m©À`m Z¡{VH$ hoVyV AgVo. H$_m©Mm Z¡{VH$ hoVy `mMm AW©
H$V©ì`mgmR>r H$V©ì` H$aUo. Z¡{VH$ _yë`m{df`r AmnU AmXa ì`º$ H$aVmo Ë`mMr àe§gm H$aVmo. ZZ¡{VH$ _yë` `mMm AW© Á`m
_yë`mV H$moUVo Var BVaM _yë` AgVo nU Ë`m_mJo ZrVrMr àoaUm ZgVo. CXmhaUmW© EImÚm emókmH$S>o Iyn kmZ Agco Var
Vmo AmXaUr` dmQ>V Zmhr H$maU Vmo dmB©Q> _mUyg Agy eH$Vmo. Ogo H$s Mmoa ~wÕr_mZ AgVmo nU Mmoa AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m
~wÕrMm AmXa H$gm dmQ>oc? VgoM EImXm H$cmd§V Wmoa Agoc Va Ho$di Mm§Jcm H$cmd§V hmoB©c nU Vmo Zr{V_mZ _mUyg R>aoc,
Ago ZgVo. VgoM EImXm _mUyg Ho$di gwIr Amho åhUyZ AmXaUr` R>aV ZgVmo!
WmoS>Š`mV AmnUmg Oo _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo Vo _yë`dmZ AgVo nU Ë`mcm Z¡{VH$ _yë` Agoc VaM Vo Z¡{VH$ _yë`dmZ ~ZVo.
Aem _yë`mMo kmZ AmnUmg Amnë`m àkoÛmao hmoVo. Vo H$_]{Ðò AWdm kmZ|{Ð`mÛmao hmoV ZgVo. _yë`dmZ gmjmV (Immediate,
Direct) hmoV AgVo. Á`m {dYmZmVyZ Ago _yë` ì`º$ Ho$co OmVo Ë`mg _yë`{dYmZ (Value Judgement) åhUVmV.
BVa H$mhr àH$ma Ago:
●● gm¢X`©emór` _yë` : gm¢X`© Am{U Hw$énVm
●● Z¡{VH$ _yëò: {ed-A{ed, `moo½`-A`mo½`, gX²JwU-XþJw©U BË`mXr
●● kmZemór` _yëò : kmZ, kmZmMo g_W©Z
●● gÎmmemór` _yëò : A§{V_ gË`, B©ída, AmË_m, _¥Ë`y
●● VH©$emór` _yëò : gË`-AgË`, d¡Y-Ad¡YVm, `wº$-A`wº$Vm
●● gm_m{OH$ _yëò : Ý`m`, H$V©ìò, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwVm, g_Vm, gm_m{OH$ dm amOH$s` h¸$.
VgoM emar[aH$ _yë`, _mZ{gH$ _yë`, ^md{ZH$ _yë`, {H«$`mË_H$ _yë` Agohr CnàH$ma AmhoV. `m _yë` {gÕm§VmMmM ^mJ
åhUyZ AmnU _yc^yV Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm H$moUË`m, Z¡{VH$VoMo {gÕm§V H$moUVo Vo nmhUma AmhmoV.


5 _yc^yV Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm :

{ed, h¸$, H$V©ì` Am{U gX²JwU
Zr{Vemó Z¡{VH$ dV©ZmMo {dícofU H$aVo. gXmMaU, H$V©ì`, Mm§JwcnUm, Xþ[aV, nmn B. Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm§Mm X¡Z§{XZ
ì`dhmamVrc dmna, Ë`m§Mo ñdén, Ë`mMm AW© `m gJù`m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmao Zr{Vemó ho EH$ ì`mdhm[aH$ emó Amho.
H$moUË`mhr Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$ dV©Zm_mJo H$mhr _yc^yV g§H$ënZm AgVmV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) {ed
(2) h¸$
(3) H$V©ì`
(4) gX²JwU
ì`º$s¨Mo AWdm g_mOmMo H$moUVohr dV©Z `m Mma g§H$ënZm§À`m n{cH$S>o ZgVo. Ë`m§Mo ñdén nwT>rcà_mUo -
(A) {ed :
{ed hr _w»` Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. {ed åhUOo Mm§Jco. Mm§Jco åhUOo H$m`? hm EH$ Zr{Vemór` àíZ Amho. Mm§JwcnUmMo
kmZ Pmco H$s ì`º$s {ZpíMV[aË`m Mm§Jcr dmJVo H$m? H$s kmZ ZgVmZmhr Mm§Jcr dmJVo? H$s Mm§JwcnUmMo kmZ ZgVmZmM Vr
Mm§Jcr dmJVo? "Mm§Jco H$m`?' ho H$iyZ XoIrc EImXr ì`º$s dmB©Q> H$m dmJV AgVo? Aem ì`º$scm IaoM Mm§Jco åhUOo
H$m`? ho Z¸$s H$imco Amho, Ago åhUVm òVo H$m? Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q>mVyZ _r Mm§Jë`mMr {ZdS> H$m H$amdr?
ho gd© àíZ AË`§V J§^ra, J§wVmJw§VrMo Am{U WoQ> àíZ AmhoV. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ OJVmZm Amnë`mcm ho àíZ nS>VmV. nU `m
àíZm§Mr AmnU H$Yrhr J§^ra MMm© H$arV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vo ~mOycm Q>mH$co OmVmV Am{U J¥hrV Yaco OmVmV. Am{U Ë`mZ§Va
Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q>mMm gVV Jm|Yi hmoD$Z Amnco ì`º$sJV d gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ Jw§VmJw§VrMo ~ZVo. åhUyZ `m gd© àíZm§Mr MMm©
Amdí`H$ Amho.
Mm§Jco ho nX Z¡{VH$ AWm©Zo KoVë`mg Ë`mg§~§YmV Mma VmpÎdH$ àíZ CnpñWV hmoVmV. Vo Ago:
(1) "Mm§Jco' `m nXmZo Zo_H$m H$emMm {ZX}e hmoVmo?
(2) H$moUË`m Jmoï>r Mm§Jë`m AmhoV? Am{U AmnU Ë`m H$em AmoiIVmo?
(3) gdm}ƒ Mm§Jco (A§{V_ {ed - Highest or Complete Good) H$moUVo?
(4) Mm§JwcnUm åhUOo Zo_Ho$ R>admdo H$go? OJmVrc BVa àH$maÀ`m Mm§JwcnUmer Z¡{VH$ Mm§JwcnUm H$gm VmSy>Z nmhmdm?
Mm§Jco qH$dm {ed `m g§H$ënZoMr MMm© J«rH$-nmíMmË` VÎmdkmZm§V hOmamo df} Mmcy Amho. gm°H«o${Q>g Va kmZ hmM gX²JwU
Agohr Xmdm H$aVmo. ßcoQ>moZo Y¡`©, g§`_, Ý`m`, XÿaXeunUm `m§Zm gX²JwU åhQ>co Amho. na§Vw EH$mo{Ugmì`m {dgmì`m eVH$mV Om°O©
ES>dS>© _ya (1873 Vo 1958) `m VÎddoÎ`mZo "{ed' nXmMo doJioM {dícofU {Xco. _yaZo Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mMr ñdV§Ì {dícofU nÕVr
{dH${gV Ho$cr. {Vcm _yaMr nÕVr åhUVmV.
_yaÀ`m _Vo {ed hr g§H$ënZm JyT>, AVt{Ð` d AZmH$cZr` Amho, Ago Zmhr. Va _wimV {ed hr g§H$ënZm d¡{eîQ>çnyU©
Amho. Vo Ago H$s {ed hr gmYr, gac, {Zad` Am{U åhUyZ A{dícoî` g§H$ënZm Amho. EImÚm g§H$ënZoMo {dícofU XoUo
åhUOo Vr g§H$ënZm AÝ` H$moUH$moUË`m g§H$ënZm§Zr ~Zcocr Amho, Vo ñnï> H$aUo hmo`. nU {ed hr Aer AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Zr
~Zcocr g§H$ënZm Zmhr. Vr gmYr gac Amho. {VMo kmZ WoQ> _mZdr àkocmM hmoVo. EImXm _mUyg Mm§Jcm H$s dmB©Q> ho AmnUmg
Ë`mÀ`m dV©UwH$snojm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Ho$di nmhÿZ OmñV cdH$a H$iVo.
{edMr åhUyZM ì`m»`m XoVm òV Zmhr. Vr Aì`m»ò` Amho. ì`m»`m XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cmM Va H$mhr Zm H$mhr Xmof CaVmoM.

Ë`m_wio ì`m»òÀ`m ^mZJS>rV Z nS>Vm Vr ì`º$s, dñVy BË`mXr Mm§Jcr Amho H$s Zmhr Vo gai àkm~wÕrcmM {dMmaUo `mo½`
R>aVo. åhUyZ _yaÀ`m _Vo {ed hr gmYr, gac, {Zad`, A{dícoî` Am{U Aì`m»ò` g§H$ënZm Amho.
(~) h¸$ :
h¸$ hm B§p½ce_Yrc Right `m g§koMo ^mfm§Va hmo`. h¸$mMr g§H$ënZm àmMrZ amo_Z H$m`ÚmZwgma Amcr. {VMm H$m`Úmer
åhUOo Ý`m` g§H$ënZoer g§~§Y OmoS>cm Jocm. åhUyZM h¸$ åhUOo Oo AmnUmg Ý`mæ` [aVrZo {_im`cmM hdo Vo, Aer ì`m»`m
H$aÊ`mV Amcr. h¸$mMm Xmdm H$aVmZm XmoZ Jmoï>r J¥hrV Yamì`m cmJVmV. Ë`m§Zm h¸$mMr cjUo åhUVm òB©c.
(1) h¸$mcm Z¡{VH$ AmYma Agcm nm{hOo.
(2) h¸$mcm g_mO_mÝ`Vm Agcr nm{hOo.
Z¡{VH$ AmYma AgUo åhUOo Or ì`º$s Ë`m h¸$mMm Xmdm H$aVo {Vcm Vmo {_iUo IaoM `mo½` Amho, Ago dmQ>Uo. CXm.
~oH$mamcm H$m_ {_iUo. `m Z¡{VH$Vocm H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm {_imcr H$s Ë`mMoM énm§Va H$m`Xoera h¸$mV hmoVo. h¸$ H$m`Xoera
Pmcm H$s Vmo gº$sZo {_iVmoM. nU BWo EH$ AS>MU Amho: Z¡{VH$ h¸$mcm H$m`XoeraVm {_iUo, ho Oar ~amo~a dmQ>co Var
àËòH$ Z¡{VH$ h¸$mcm H$m`XoeraVm {_iocM Ago ZgVo. {edm` àËòH$ H$m`Xoera h¸$ Oar H$m`Xoera Agcm Var Vmo Z¡{VH$
AgocM Ago Zmhr.
h¸$mMr g_mO_mÝ`Vm åhUOo h¸$mcm Z¡{VH$ nmR>~i {_iUo. g_mOmH$Sy>Z {_iUmao, _mÝ` Agcoco h¸$ {_iUo hr
H$m`Xoera h¸$mV â KmcUmar Jmoï> AgVo. g_mOmcm _mÝ` Zgcocm nU H$m`Xm_mÝ` h¸$ {_imcm Var g_mO ~{hîH$ma KmcyZ
Amncm {ZfoY Zm|X{dVmo. Aer ì`º$s AghH$mam_wio Aghmæ` ~ZVo. H$maU h¸$ ~Om{dÊ`mgmR>r gwÕm g_mOmMrM JaO AgVo.
Ë`m_wio h¸$ H$moUVmhr Agcm Var g_mO_mÝ`Vm hr A{Zdm`© AQ> AgVo.
h¸$mMo Mma àH$ma
(1) Z¡{VH$ h¸$
ì`º$scm Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm h¸$ {_iUo g_W©Zr` AgUo åhUOo Z¡{VH$ h¸$ hmo`. AWm©V H$m`Xo_mÝ`Vm d g_mO_mÝ`Vm Ë`m
h¸$mcm AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVoM. CXmhaUmW© amIrd OmJm§Mo YmoaU, ór{ejU, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm BË`mXr.
(2) H$m`Xoera h¸$
KQ>ZoZwgma {_iUmao h¸$ åhUOo H$m`Xoera h¸$ hmo`. X§S>eº$s d Ý`mèº$s `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m XmoZ `§ÌUm§Ûmao H$moUË`mhr
ì`º$scm ho h¸$ {_iVmV. AWm©VM hr cmoH$emhrVrc ~m~ åhUmdr cmJoc. nU H$Yr H$Yr H$m`XmM BVH$m VmR>a AgVmo
H$s Z¡{VH$ h¸$ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$s/g_yhmcm H$m`ÚmerM g§Kf© H$amdm cmJVmo. CXm. _{hcm {dYo`H$. H$mhr doiog Va
BVŠ`m M_ËH$marH$ KQ>Zm KS>VmV H$s, H$m`XmM AZ¡{VH$ Amho H$s H$m`, Ago dmQy> cmJVo. H$mhr g_mOH§$Q>H$m§_wio H$m`Xm d
Ý`m``§ÌUm§Mr An{H$Vu hmoVo. Ë`m ~XZm_ hmoVmV. H$m`ÚmV ÌwQ>r AgVmV. nU cmoH$_VmÀ`m AmYmao Ë`mV ~Xc H$aVm òVmo.
hr KQ>ZmXþéñVr hmo`.
(3) Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$
ì`º$scm OÝ_V:M {_iUmao h¸$ åhUOo Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$ hmo`. _J Vo {Vcm _mhrV Agmo dm Zgmo. OÝ_ {OVH$m Z¡g{J©H$
{VVHo$M h¸$hr Z¡g{J©H$ AgVmV. CXm. OJÊ`mMm h¸$. Om°Z cm°H$ `m {~«{Q>e VÎdkmÀ`m _Vo H$mhrhr H$ê$Z Amnco ApñVËd
{Q>H${dUo hm Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$ hmo`. _yc OÝ_mcm Amco H$s Ë`mMm hm h¸$ Ë`mcm ~Omdy XoUo hr BVam§Mr O~m~Xmar AgVo. H$maU
Ë`m§À`m chmZnUr Ë`m H$mimVrc _moR>çm§Zr Vr nma nmS>cocr AgVo åhUyZM Vo {Od§V AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ~mcH$m§Mr {OdrV
ajm, Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mMm h¸$ BVam§Zr Ë`m§Zm {_idyZ {XcmM nm{hOo. ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r BVam§Mo h„o, AmH«$_Uo ñdrH$mê$Z
àg§Jr AmH«$_H$mcmM Zï> H$aUo hm Z¡{VH$ d Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$ Amho, Ago cm°H$ åhUVmo.
(4) _yc^yV h¸$
ApñVËdmMm h¸$ ~Omdë`mZ§Va ì`º$s Á`m OrdZnÕVrV OJVo Vr nÕVr {Vcm AÝ` H$mhr h¸$ XoVo. Amncr cmoH$emhr
nÕVr Amho. Vr AmnUmg nwT>rc _yc^yV h¸$ XoVo.

(A) OJÊ`mMm h¸$: cmoH$emhrgh hþHy$_emhr, cîH$aemhr B. H$moUË`mhr OrdZnÕVrVrc h¸$.
(~) ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$: gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm hm h¸$ \$º$ cmoH$emhrVM {_iVmo. AÝ` OrdZnÕVrV Vmo ZgVmo.
(H$) H$ama H$aÊ`mMm h¸$: ì`º$s, g_mO `m§Zm Ho$di cmoH$emhrVM {_iVmo.
(S>) {ejUmMm h¸$: hm hr cmoH$emhrVM {_iUmam h¸$ Amho. n«mW{_H$ gº$sMo, BVa ì`º$sda Adc§~yZ!
(5) _mZdr h¸$
_mZdr h¸$ hr Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V, {deofV: Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va éOcocr Zdr g§H$ënZm AgyZ _mZdr AË`mMmam§Mo Oo
^rfU AZw^d OJmZo KoVco Ë`mVyZ hr g§H$ënZm CX`mg Amcr. _mZdr h¸$m§Mr g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§§S>Ur gd©àW_ Om°Z cm°H$ `m
{~«{Q>e VÎddoÎ`mZo Ho$cr. ""gd© _mUgo OÝ_V:M ñdV§Ì d g_mZ AgyZ àËòH$mcm gmaImM gÝ_mZ Amho. nañnam§er dV©Z
H$aVmZm àËòH$ _mUgmZo gXgX²{ddoH$~wÕrMm Adc§~ H$amdm'' Ago `wZmoÀ`m OmhraZmå`mV åhQ>co Amho. ""gXgX²{ddoH$~wÕr''
hm eãX Jm§YrOtMm AgyZ _hmË_m Jm§YtZr åhQ>co hmoVo H$s, "gd© Ý`m`mc`m§À`m n{cH$S>o EH$ Ý`m`mc` Amho d Vo Amho
gXgX²{ddoH$~wÕrMo.
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va AmH$mamg Amcoë`m g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoH$S>o (`wZmo) _mZdr h¸$m§{df`rMr O~m~Xmar Amcr. AmOhr
`wZmoH$S>oM Vr AgyZ OJâmV H$moR>ohr _mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Pmë`mg `wZmoV Ë`mMr MMm© hmoVo. _mZdr h¸$m§gmR>r `wZmoMr ñdV§Ì
g{_Vr AgyZ {VMr ZwH$VrM \o$aaMZm Pmcr. `m \o$aaMZog A_o[aHo$Mm Amjon hmoVm. Ë`mg§~§YmVM "_mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ' ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. _mZdmcm Agcocm _yc^yV h¸$ åhUOo OJÊ`mMm h¸$ hmM _mZdr h¸$ g_Ocm OmVmo. gm_m{OH$ gwajm
hm `m Zì`m g§H$ënZoMm Jm^m AgyZ ì`º$scm Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ BË`mXr h¸$ AgUo, hr _mZd åhUyZ Z¡g{J©H$M
~m~ Amho, Ago _mZdr h¸$ gm§JVmo.
(H$) H$V©ì` :
H$V©ì` ho B§p½ce_Yrc Duty Mo ^mfm§Va hmo`. h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì` `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV, Ago åhQ>co OmVo.
`m g§H$ënZm ñdV§Ì, doJù`m AmhoV nU Ë`m EH$_oH$m§da Adc§~yZ AmhoV. EH$sMm {dMma Xþgè`m {edm` H$aVm òV Zmhr.
Ë`m§À`mV \$aH$ H$aVm òVmo. nU Ë`m doJù`m H$aVm òV ZmhrV. h¸$ ~OmdUo åhUOoM H$V©ì` H$aUo Am{U H$V©ì` H$aUo åhUOoM
h¸$ ~OmdUo. gmoß`m ^mfoV EH$mMm h¸$ Vo Xþgè`mMo H$V©ì` AgVo.
h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì` `m§Mm g§~§Y
""_cm ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$ Amho, Vmo BVam§Zr _cm ~Omdy {Xcm nm{hOo.'' Aer Anojm AmnU H$aVmo. Ë`mdoir BVam§Zr "_mÂ`m
ñdmV§Í`mda A{VH«$_U H$ê$ Zò' Aer Anojm AgVo. A{VH«$_U Z H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo H$V©ì` ~ZVo. AmVm "BVam§Zr _mÂ`m g§X^m©V
_cm h¸$ ~OmdyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r H$V©ì` Ho$co nm{hOo ho Ogo AmnU cjmV R>odVmo Vgo BVam§Zmhr h¸$ Amho d Vo Ë`mZ§Va ~OmdÊ`mMr
g§Yr {_imdr åhUyZ _r _mPo H$V©ì` Ho$co nm{hOo.' WmoS>Š`mV _mÂ`m h¸$mgmR>r BVam§Mo H$V©ì` Am{U Ë`m§À`m h¸$mgmR>r _mPo
H$V©ì` Ago Ë`mMo ñdén ~ZVo.
nU g_Om ì`º$s Ho$di ñdV:Mm h¸$ ~OmdV Agoc Am{U Ë`mM doiog BVam§Zm _mÌ ñdV:À`m h¸$m§da A{VH«$_U H$é XoV
Zmhr nU H$V©ì`m~m~V CXmgrZ Agoc Va Vr BVam§À`m h¸$mda A{VH«$_U H$arV Amho, Agm AW© hmoVmo. hr hwHy$_emhr hmoVo.
àËòH$mZo Amnco H$V©ì` Ho$ë`mg àËòH$mcm h¸$m§Mo ñdmV§Í` {_iVo AÝ`Wm Zmhr. h¸$ Cn^moJUo `mMmM AW© H$V©ì` H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar R>odUo.
AmVm "H$V©ì` H$a' Ago åhUÊ`mMr doi AmnU BVam§Zm AmUy XoVm H$m_ Zò. "h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì` `m§Mo nañnamdc§~rËd
cjmV KoVm' h¸$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr åhUOoM H$V©ì`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr' Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. Ho$di H$V©ì` H$aUo Am{U h¸$ Z
~OmdUo ho gwÕm MwH$sMo Amho. EH$mMr {Z{_©Vr hr Xþgè`mMr {Z{_©Vr AgcrM nm{hOo VaM Ë`m ZmÊ`mÀ`m ~mOy hmoVrc. Ho$di
h¸$ nU H$V©ì` ZH$mo. Ago Agoc Va Vo ZmUo, OrdZmÀ`m ~mOmamV H$go MmcUma? ZmhrM MmcUma! Duty `m B§J«Or eãXmdê$Z
Á`m Zr{VemómMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Ë`mcm Deontological Ethics Ago Zmd Amho. H$mÝQ> d BVa AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr
`m Zr{VemómÀ`m {dMmaàUmcrMm AmYma KoVcm Amho.

(S>) gX²JwU :
gX²JwU Am{U XþJw©U ho eãX "gV²'dm "Xþa²' hm CngJ© cmJyZ V`ma Pmco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm AZwH«$_o AW© Mm§Jcm JwU Am{U dmB©Q>
JwU. EImXm JwU Mm§Jcm qH$dm dmB©Q> H$gm R>admd`mMm? Va Ë`mMo {ZH$f Agy eH$VmV. Oo Amncm hoVy nyU© H$aVrc Ë`mg
gX²JwU åhUmdo Am{U Oo H$arV ZmhrV, AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm XþJw©U åhUmdo, Ago åhUVm òB©c. nU Z¡{VH$
gX²JwU `m {ZH$fm§Zwgma R>aV ZmhrV. gX²JwUm§À`m H$m`m©Zwgma Ë`m§Mo XmoZ àH$ma H$aVm òVrc:
(1) ~m¡{ÕH$ gX²JwU: emór` kmZ, H$cm{Z{_©Vr, `mo½` A`mo½` H$m`, ho ~wÕrnyd©H$ R>a{dUo.
(2) Z¡{VH$ gX²JwU: Am¡Xm`©, g§`_, ào_, ghH$m`©, Ý`m`, namonH$ma BË`mXr. Á`mMr àoaUm Z¡{VH$ Amho Vo JwU Z¡{VH$ gX²JwU
hmoV. àcmo^Z Am{U AZmda BÀN>m `m§À`mV Zoh_rM Vrd« g§Kf© Mmcy AgVmo. Ë`mV {ddoH$mÀ`m ~mOyZo OmUo hmM Ý`m`
AgVmo, Ago A°[añQ>m°Q>c åhUVmo.
{Z{üVVmdmX d A[Z{üVVmdmX
Z¡{VH$ {ZdS H$aVmZm ì`º$s {H$VnV "ñdm`Îm' AWdm "ñdV§Ì' AgVo `m _wÔçmda eVH$mZweVHo$ MMm© gwê$ Amho. Am{U `m
àýmÀ`m ì`m{_lVo_wio R>mog Aer ^y{_H$m KoUo AdKS> hmoD$Z ~gVo. `m àýmdarc dmX hm {Z{üVVmdmX {dê$Õ A{Z{üVVmdmX
Agm gwê$ amhVmo. _Zwî`mMm àËòH$ {ZU©` hm Ë`mÀ`m AZw^dm§da qH$dm Vmo H$ê$ eH$V Agcoë`m {ZarjUm§daM Adc§~yZ Amho
Ago åhUUmè`m§Mm EH$ JQ> Amho. Va XþgarH$S>o _Zwî` {ZU©` KoV AgVmZm Amdí`H$ Agcocr gdm©V _hÎdmMr Jmoï> AZw^d
ZgyZ ~wÕr qH$dm {ddoH$ Amho, Ago åhUUmè`m§Mm Xþgam JQ> Amho.
{Z{üVVmdmX (Determinism) - àËòH$ _mZdr H¥$Vr hr nyd©{Z`mo{OV AgVo. Hw$R>crhr H¥$Vr H$YrM "{dZmH$maU' KSy>
eH$V Zmhr d {Vcm {Z{üV Aer EH$ nyd©{nR>rH$m AgVo, Ago _mZUmam hm {gÕm§V Amho. H¥$Vt_mJo, KQ>Zm§_mJo {Z{üV Aer
`moOZm AgVo - `m A{Y^m¡{VH$ J¥{hVH$mda {Z{üVVmdmX AmYmacocm Amho. emóewÕ {dícofU H$aVmZm àËòH$ KQ>Zo_mJo
H$mhrVar H$m`©H$maU ^md AgVmo - ho J¥{hV Yacoco AgVo. {dkmZ `mM YmaUoda AmYmacoco Amho. åhUyZM KQ>Zm/H¥$Vt_mJMo
H$maU emoYyZ H$mT>Uo ho {dkmZmMo C{Ôï> AgVo. {Z{üVVmdmXmMo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV.
CXm. \«$m°B©S> Amnë`m _mZgemór` {dícofUmMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm Ago åhUVmo H$s àËòH$ OU _mZ{gH$ KQ>H$m§_wioM
Hw$R>crhr H¥$Vr H$aV AgVmo. ho _mZ{gH$ KQ>H$ H$mhr A§er Amnë`mcm _m{hV AgVmV nU ~hþVm§er Vo An[a{MVM AgVmV.
X¡ddmX XodmMo ApñVËd _mÝ` H$aVmo, d àËòH$ _mZdr H¥$Vr hr EH$m B©ídar `moOZoMm ^mJ Amho Ago gm§JVmo. åhUOoM Xod EH$Va
gd© _mZdr H¥$Vr OmUVmo d Vmo Ë`m§Zm {Z{üV {XeoZo KS>dyZ AmUVmo Ago Ë`mV _mZco Amho.
O¡{dH$ {Z{üVVmdmX Ago åhUVmo H$s àËòH$ H¥$Vr d dmJUyH$ hr ì`º$sÀ`m OZwH$s` KQ>H$m§daVr AmYm[aV AgVo.
EH§$XarVM {Z{üVVmdmXmÀ`m _Vo "_wº$ BÀN>m' qH$dm "{ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í`' Ago H$mhrhr ZgVo. Oo H$mhr KS>Vo, Vo AJmoXaM
R>acooco AgVo. Am{U åhUyZM EImÚm KQ>ZogmR>r g§~§YrV ì`º$scm O~m~Xma R>a{dco OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
A{Z{üVVmdmX (Indeterminism) - _mZdr H¥$VtdaVr ~mø KQ>H$m§Mm à^md Oar Agcm, Am{U H$mhr KQ>H$ ho _mZdr
Hw$dVrÀ`m n[cH$S>rc Oar Agco - Var _mZdmcm {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` Amho d Ë`mÀ`mV {ZdS>Ê`mMr Hw$dVhr AmhoM Ago
_mZUmam hm {gÕm§V Amho. {ZgJm©V AmT>iUmè`m {Z{üVVmdmXmcm _mZd hm AndmX Agë`mMo hm {gÕm§V gm§JVmo.
A{Z{üVVmdmXmcm H$m`©H$maU^md _mÝ` Amho, _mÌ åhUyZ _mZdmÀ`m {ZdS> ñdmV§Í`mMo ApñVËd ZmH$maco OmD$ eH$V Zmhr
Ago `m {gÕm§VmMo åhUUo Amho.
A{Z{üVVmdmXmcm nwadUr åhUyZ Z{OH$À`m ^{dî`mV CX`mcm Amcoë`m Quantum Mechanics `m emómMm AmYma
KoVcm OmVmo. {Z{üVVmdmXmgmo~V "_wº$ BÀN>m' `m g§H$ënZoMr gm§JS> KmcÊ`mgmR>r "gm¡å` {Z{üVVmdmX' `m g§H$ënZoMr MMm©
nwT>o Amcr. _mZdmcm {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` Amho, _mÌ EImXr ì`º$s ñdV…À`m ñd^md d Mm[aÍ`mcm AZwgê$ZM {ZU©` KoVo åhUOoM
Vmo {ZU©` A§eV… {Z{üVM AgVmo Ago "gm¡å` {Z{üVVmdmX' åhUVmo.
{Z{üVVmdmX Am{U {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` `m XmoZ g§H$ënZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _Ü`_ _mJ© emoYUmam {gÕm§V åhUOo "AmË_-
{Z{üVVmdmX'. AmË_-{Z{üVVmdmXmV H$m`©H$maU^mdmcm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. AmË_ {Z{üVVmdmXmZwgma àËòH$ Jmoï>rcm/
KQ>Zocm H$maU Amho Vgo _mZdr H¥$VtZmhr AmhoM. nU _mZdr H¥$VtMo H$maUM {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` ho Amho. ì`ŠVr `m {gÕm§VmZwgma
ñdm`Îm AgVo d {VZo H¥$Vr Z H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dë`mghr Ë`m_mJMo H$maU ho _wº$ BÀN>m qH$dm {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` hoM AgVo. _mZdr

H¥$Vr `m hoVy§Zr Oar ào[aV Agë`m Var _mZd hoVy§Zm ~m§Yrc _mÌ ZgVmo, Vmo ñdV…Mo {ZU©` ñdV… KoD$ eH$Vmo.
g_mamon H$aVmZm Ago cjmV ¿`m`cm hdo H$s {Z{üVVmdmX Am{U A{Z{üVVmdmX `m§À`mVrc Hw$R>crhr EH$ ~mOy ñdrH$maë`mg
Ë`mMm ì`º$sÀ`m O~m~XmarH$S>o ~KÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda à^md nSy> eH$Vmo. VgoM _mZdr H¥$Vr hr OJm~ÔcMo Agcoco kmZ,
AZw^d Am{U _ycV… Agcoco {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` `m gdmªÀ`m EH${ÌV à^mdmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. AZoH$Xm Á`m Jmoï>tda H$moUVmhr
_mZdr Vm~m ZgVmo Aem Jmoï>r R>a{dVmZm _mÌ _Zwî` H$moÊmË`m {dMmaà[H«$òVyZ {ZU©` KoVmo ho R>a{dUo AdKS> H$m_ Amho. _mZdr
H¥$Vr hr g§W doJmZo KS>Umè`m {ZU©`à{H«$òMo àm{V{ZYrH$ ê$n Amho. `mMr gwédmV hr _mZ{gH$ KS>m_moS>rVyZ hmoVo; Va eodQ> hm
~mø KQ>H$m§darc n[aUm_mV hmoVmo.


6
Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V I - à`moOZdmXr Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V
à`moOZdmX
EImÚm H¥$VrÀ`m n[aUm_mdê$Z Ë`m H¥$VrMr Z¡{VH$Vm R>a{dUmè`m {ZVremómVrc {gÕm§Vmcm à`moOZdmX> Ago åhUVmV.
à`moOZdmXmÀ`m Jmä`mer "ì`ŠVr H$m` H$aVo' - åhUOoM Ë`mÀ`m H¥$Vr AmhoV. Am{U Ë`m H¥$VtMo _yë`_mnZ ho g_moa òUmè`m
n[aUm_m§À`m Mm§Jco-dmB©Q>nUmda AmYm[aV AgVo. dada nmhVm `m {gÕm§VmÛmao Z¡{VH$ _yë`_mnZmMm EH$ WoQ> {ZH$f g_moa
R>odcm OmVmo. na§Vw "Mm§Jco' n[aUm_ H$moUVo ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r _wimV "Mm§Jco' åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` ho _m{hV AgUo hr EH$ nyd©AQ>
Amho. "Mm§Jco' åhUOo H$m` - ho ì`º$scm AJmoXaM _m{hV Agë`mMo hm {gÕm§V J¥{hV YaVmo. hr ~m~ _mÝ` Ho$ë`mg nwT>Mm
àý Agm nSy> eH$Vmo H$s _J "Mm§Jco n[aUm_' Zo_Ho$ H$moUVo? ~hþg§»`m§Zm AmZ§X XoVrc Vo H$s gmYmaUV… OmñVrV OmñV
AmZ§XmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVrc Vo? qH$dm Mm§Jë`m n[aUm_m§Mr H$mhr doJirM ì`m»`m Agmdr? _wimVM "Mm§Jco' åhUOo H$m` ho
_m{hV Zgoc Va EImÚm H¥$VrMm n[aUm_ hm ~amo~a Amho qH$dm H$go ho R>a{dVm òV Zmhr.
H¥$Vr hrM ñd`§^y AgVo, åhUOo H¥$VrM _wimV Mm§Jcr qH$dm dmB©Q> AgVo - {VMo _yë`_mnZ Ago ñdV§ÌarË`mM ìhmdo -
Ago _mZUmè`m H$V©ì`dmXr (Deontolagical) {gÕm§VmÀ`m CcQ> _m§S>Ur à`moOZmdmXr {gÕm§V H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVmo.
à`moOZdmXr {ZVremómMo à_wI CXmhaU åhUOo Cn`wº$VmdmX. OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$m§Mo OmñVrV OmñV H$ë`mU
gmYUmar H¥$Vr hr ~amo~a, Va AmZ§X Zmhrgm hmoB©c Ago n[aUm_ gmYUmar H¥$Vr hr MyH$ Ago hm {gÕm§V _mZVmo. na§Vw n[aUm_m§-
dê$Z H¥$VrMo Z¡{VH$ _yë` R>aVo EdT>oM gaigmoQ>nUo åhUyZhr MmcV Zmhr. H$maU H¥$Vr H$aVmZm ì`º$scm Ano{jV Agcooco
n[aUm_M eodQ>r gmÜ` hmoVrc Ago Zìho. nyU©V… doJio qH$dm Ano{jV n[aUm_m§~amo~a AmUIr H$mhr n[aUm_hr eodQ>r g_moa
òD$ eH$Vrc; Aem n[apñWVrV _yë`_mnZ Zo_Ho$ Hw$R>ë`m n[aUm_m§dê$Z H$am`Mo Agm àý CX²^dy eH$Vmo. VgoM ì`ŠVrZo dmB©Q>
hoVyZo EImXr H¥$Vr Ho$cr - na§Vw {VMo n[aUm_ _mÌ AZno{jV[aË`m Mm§Jco Pmco - Va Vr H¥$Vr "Mm§Jcr' R>aVo H$m`?
EImXo {d{eï> H¥$Vr Ho$ë`mZo "OmñVrV OmñV' Mm§Jco hmoV Zgoc, na§Vw VwcZmË_H$[aË`m ~{KVë`mg n[apñWVr nydunojm
gwYmaV Agoc Va Vr H¥$Vr Mm§Jcr H$s dmB©Q>? g_moa Amcoco n[aUm_ ho H$mhr A§er dmB©Q> d H$mhr A§er Mm§Jco AgVrc Va
Aem n[apñWVrV H$m` R>adco nm{hOo? Ago àý `m {gÕm§VmÀ`m _m§S>UrH$S>o ~{KVë`mg CX²^dy eH$Vrc. Aem àým§daVr
^mî` H$aVmZm H$mhtMo åhUUo Ago AgVo H$s H¥$Vr H$aUmè`mÀ`m hoVy§nmgyZ A{cá hmoD$Z H¥$VrMo _yë`_mnZ ìhm`cm hdo. VgoM
H$mhtÀ`m _Vo ì`ŠVrMo hoVy ho Zoh_r _yë`_mnZmer g§~§{YV AgmdoV.
H$V©ì`dmXr {gÕm§Vmer VS>OmoS> H$aVmZm à`moOZdmXr "{Z`_' `m g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoVmV. Ago Ho$ë`mZo n[apñWVrOÝ`
{ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mMr JaO g§nyZ ~§YZm§_wio d {Z`_m§À`m _mJ©Xe©Zm_wio Bï> n[aUm_m§àV nmohMVm òB©c Ago à`moOZdmXr åhUVmV.
na§Vw {Z`_ OmMH$ ZgmdoV VgoM A{Zï> n[aUm_m§Mr eŠ`Vm Agë`mg {Z`_m§_Üò ~Xc H$aÊ`mg dmd Agmdm Aer AQ>hr
KmcVmV. Á`m à`moOZdmÚm§Zm {Z`_m§Mr hr ~¡R>H$ _mÝ` Amho, Ë`m§Zr Vr ì`º$sÀ`m {ZU©`j_Vocm nyaH$ AemM ñdê$nmV _mÝ`
Ho$cocr Amho.
H$V©ì`dmÚm§À`m _Vo à`moOZdmXr {gÕm§V ho _mÝ` H$aÊ`mg VmoH$S>m nS>Vmo H$s H$mhr H¥$Vr `m Am§V[aH$M Mm§Jë`m qH$dm dmB©Q>
AgVmV. H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo ì`º$sMo Mm[aÍ`, {VMo {hVg§~§Y d Üò` ho {VÀ`m H¥$Vr Am{U gd`ter {ZJS>rV AgVmV ho
à`moOZdmX Ü`mZmV KoV Zmhr. Oa \$º$ n[aUm_m§da cj H|$ÐrV Ho$co Joco Va ì`º$s d {VZo nma nmS>cocr H¥$Vr `m§À`mV Iyn
_moR>r V\$mdV amhÿZ OmB©c Aer Q>rH$m ~Zm©S>© {dë`åg `m VÎdkmZo Ho$cr Amho.
Z¡{VH$VoMo {gÜXm§V g‘OyZ KoÊ¶m~amo~aM AmnU Ë¶m§Mm Ho$g ñQ>S>rMo à{VgmX XoÊ`mgmR>r H$gm Cn`moJ H$aVm òVmo ho nmhUma
AmhmoV. àH$aU 6 d 7 _Üò AmnU H$mhr à_wI Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V d Ë`mda AmYm[aV Ho$g ñQ>arO Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

(1) à`moOZdmXr {gÕm§V Ah§H|$ÐdmX, gwIdmX Am{U gmd©{ÌH$ gwIdmX
kmZ, Y_© Am{U ZrVr `m VrZ Jmoï>rV \$aH$ Ho$cm nm{hOo, hr ~m~ àW_ J«rH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr cjmV AmUyZ {Xcr. gmYmaUnUo
Agm g_O Amho H$s kmZr qH$dm Ym{_©H$ ì`º$s Mm§Jco dmJV AgVo. VWm{n hr VWmH${WV Ym{_©H$Vm qH$dm kmZrnUm `m§Mm
Mm§JwcnUmer H$mhrhr g§~§Y Zmhr, Ago ì`dhmamV {XgyZ òVo. H$maU ~wÕr_mZ _mUgo nÕVreranUo A{YH$ à_mUmV AZ¡{VH$
H¥$Ëò H$é eH$VmV. "Z¡{VH$Vm' ho Y_© d kmZ `m XmoÝhrnojm loð> Amho, ho J«rH$m§Zr {gÕ Ho$co. Ë`m_wio nmíMmË` Zr{VemómV
ZrVrMm {dMma EH$ "ñdV§Ì kmZemIm' åhUyZ hmoD$ cmJcm. Zr{Vemó hr J«rH$ - nmíMmË` VÎdkmZmV ñdV§Ì emIm Pmcr.
Ë`m_wio nmíMmË` {dMmad§V doJdoJio {gÕm§V _m§Sy> eH$co. nmíMmË`m§Zr _m§S>coë`m H$mhr {gÕm§VmMo ñdén AmVm AmnU nmhUma
AmhmoV Vo nwT>rcà_mUo. Ë`mMo dJuH$aU nwT>rc XmoZ ^mJmV Ho$co Amho.
à`moOZ åhUOo hoVy. à`moOZdmXr {gÕm§VmZwgma Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm Mm§Jco, `mo½`, ~§YZH$maH$ AgUo `mMm A§{V_ AW© "{Ocm
gmYmaUnUo Z - Z¡{VH$ g_Ocr OmVmV Vr _yëò H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV g_mOmV A_cmV AmUUo. g_mOmV Oo H$mhr dmB©Q>
Amho Ë`mÀ`m VwcZoV Mm§Jë`mMo à_mU OmñV Agco nm{hOo, `mda â {Xcm Jocm nm{hOo EdT>oM. åhUyZM "EImXr H¥$Vr AWdm
{Z`_ Oa EHy$UmV Mm§Jë`mMo à_mU dmT>{dV Agoc Va Am{U VaM Vmo {Z`_ qH$dm H¥$Vr Mm§Jcr åhUmdr AÝ`Wm gai Vr
dmB©Q> g_Omdr. Vr H¥$Vr _J Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm Mm§Jcr Zgochr. hm Ñï>rH$moZ ì`º$ H$aUmao Mma {gÕm§V AmhoV:
(1) Ah§H|$ÐdmX/ñd-gwIdmX
(2) gwIdmX
(3) gmd©{ÌH$ gwIdmX
`mMo ñdén AZwH«$_o nwT>rcn«_mUo :
(1) Ah§H|$ÐdmX -
ì`º$sZo Ho$di ñdV:H$arVmM OmñVrV OmñV gwI {_idmdo, Ago hm {gÕm§V gm§JVmo. "_mPo gwI hoM _mPo na_ H$V©ì` Amho,
VoM àmáì` Amho.' Ago hm gwIdmX gm§JVmo. åhUyZ Ë`mg "Ah§H§o$ÐdmX' Ago åhQ>co Amho. ì`º$sZo ñdgwImcm _hÎd XoÊ`mcmM
Z¡{VH$ _hËd Amho, Ago g_OUo hm Ah§ Amho. EH$Xm ñdV:À`m gwImcm _hËd {Xco nm{hOo, ho _mÝ` Pmco Va àËòH$ OU Ver
H¥$Vr H$aoc. àËòH$OU gwImH$S>o OmB©c. åhUOoM gd©OU gwIr hmoVrc. ì`º$sMo gwI åhUOo g_mOmMo gwI, Ago g_rH$aU
hm gwIdmX _m§S>Vmo.
ñdV:À`m gwImH$S>o Xþc©j H$ê$Z BVam§À`m Xþ:ImH$S>o cj XoV am{hë`mg H$moUrhr gwIr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Aem H¥$VrMm
n[aUm_ åhUOo EHy$U gwI {Z{_©VrMo à_mU A{Ve` H$_r hmoVo. àËòH$mZo Amnë`m gwImgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdo hm gwIdmX àW_
E{nŠ`wag, Wm°_g hm°ãO (1588 Vo 1679), ZrËeo Am{U Omogo\$ ~Q>caZo (1692 Vo 1752) _m§S>cm.
""_mPo gwI hoM g_mOmMo gwI. g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r _r _mPoM H$ë`mU H$amdo.'' ho VH©$emó A{Ve` M_ËH$marH$
Amho. H$maU hm gwIdmX Z hmoVm ñdmW©dmX hmoVmo. àËòH$OU ñdmWu Pmcm Va EHy$U gm_m{OH$ gwImMr {Z{_©Vr hmoUma Zmhr,
`m Amjonmda ~Q>ca åhUVmo, ""gwIdmX åhUOo ñdV:Mo gwI, ñdV:~ÔcMo ào_'' hm Ho$di eãXmW© Amho.
gm_mÝ` _mUgo g_OVmV Vgm ñdmW© `m gwIdmXmV ZmhrM. CcQ> àm_m{UH$nUm d {Z:ñdmW© ho YmoaU Ah§H|$ÐdmXmV Ano{jV
Amho. àËòH$ ì`º$s Oa IamoIaM ñdV:À`m gwImÀ`m {Z{_©VrV Jw§Vcr Va gd© g_mO gwIr hmoB©c Vo H$go hmoB©c nwT>rcà_mUo:
"_r' Ago åhUVmZm ì`º$sZo Ho$di "_r ñdV: EH$Q>r ì`º$s' Ago Z åhUVm `m "_rnUmV _mPo Hw$Qw>§~r`, {_Ì `m§Mm g_mdoe
Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ë`m gdmªMo gwI åhUOo _mPo gwI Ago åhQ>co nm{hOo. _J gmh{OH$M _r _mÂ`m gwImMr ~amo~a H$miOr H$aoZ.'
Aem[aVrZo "_mPo nUmMr' ì`már dmT>{dUo hr Ah§_H|$ÐdmXmMr AQ> Amho. Vr AQ> nmiUo hr Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar Amho. Am{U
Á`mdoir gd© _mZd g_mO hoM _mPo Hw$Qw>§~ hmoB©c Voìhm _r gd© g_mOmgmR>r gwI {_idrZ, H$moUmcmhr Xþ:I XoUma Zmhr.
darc H$maUm§_wio Ah§H|$ÐdmX Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm `mo½` Amho. ho ì`º$sJV YmoaU Zìho. {gÕm§V gd© H$mimVrc gd© g_mOmgmR>r
AgVmV. åhUyZ Ah§H|$ÐdmX hm ñdmW© Zmhr Va gmd©O{ZH$ ñdénmMo {Z:ñdmWu gm_m{OH$ YmoaU Amho, Ago ~Q>ca åhUVmo.

(2) gwIdmX :
gwIdmX åhUOo gwI hoM g_mOmMo EH$_od Üò` Agco nm{hOo Agm gm§JUmam dmX hmo`. gwIdmXmMm _w»` àH$ma åhUOo
gmd©{ÌH$ gwIdmX. gmd©{ÌH$ gwIdmXmcmM Cn`wº$VmdmX åhUVmV.
àñVmdZm
"OJr gd© gwIr Agm H$moU Amho? {dMmar _Zm VyM emoYwZr nmho' Ago åhUyZ g§V am_Xmgm§Zr gwÕm gwImMm emoY KoÊ`mMo
gwM{dco. gwI åhUOo H$m`? H$m` {_i{dco åhUOo gwI {_i{dco? hr EH$ J§^ra g_ñ`m Amho. {VMm gImoc H$m` nU CWi
{dMma gwÕm Z H$aVm cmoH$ gwImÀ`m _mJo cmJVmV, hrM EH$ J§^ra Jmoï> Amho. ~hwXm Á`mnmgyZ gwI àmá hmoVo Ë`m dñVwcmM
Vo gwI g_OVmV. CXm "em§V AI§S> Pmon åhUOo gwI' Ago AgVmZm "gw§Xa _D$ {~N>mZm åhUOo gwI' g_Oco OmVo. nU
{~N>mZm {dH$V {_iVmo Pmon Zìho. gwI ho gmÜ` d gwI XoUmar dñVy ho gmYZ AgVo nU gmYZmcmM gmÜ` g_OÊ`mMr MyH$
cmoH$ H$aVmV.
~ao gwImMr àËòH$mMr H$ënZm hr {^Þ AgVo. H$moUmcm ImÊ`m{nÊ`mV, Hw$Umcm ZwgË`m Jßnm _maÊ`mV, H$mhtZm n¡emV Va
H$mhtZm ZwgVo ~gyZ amhÊ`mV gwI dmQ>Vo. àËòH$mcm gwI hdo AgVoM. nU hdo AgVoM Agohr Zmhr. CXmhaUmW© Hw§$Vr, VwH$mam_
Xþ:ImMr _mJUr H$aVmV. Jm¡V_ ~wÕ Xþ:I ZmH$maVmoM, Vgo gwIhr ZmH$maVmo. gm°H«o$Q>rgÀ`m _Vo gwIr Sw>H$amnojm Xþ:Ir _mUyg
~am dmQ>Vmo. gwI ho dñVwV: EH$m ^mdZocm {Xco Jococo Zmd Amho. H$éUm, ào_, {VañH$ma `m Oem ^mdZm AmhoV Ver gwI hr
gwÕm EH$ ^mdZm Amho. nU gwI, g_mYmZ Am{U AmZ§X `mVhr \$aH$ Amho. `m {VÝhr ^mdZmM AmhoV nU gwImMm XOm© Cƒ
AgVmo Va g_mYmZ Am{U AmZ§X Cƒ AgVmV Ago Zmhr. {edm` AmZ§X hm {dH¥$V gwÕm Agy eH$Vmo. åhUyZ gwImMr ì`m»`m
nwT>rcà_mUo XoVm òVo.
"{d{eï> ñdénmMr d Bï> BÀN>oMr nyVu H$aUo åhUOo gwI'. nU òWo EH$ Jmoï> cjmV KoVcr nm{hOo. hdo AgUo d Bï> AgUo
`mV \$aH$ Amho. Oo Bï> AgVo Vo gwI-g_mYmZ XoVoM, Ago Zmhr. ImoH$cm Amcm Amho Am{U BVam§gmR>r Ja_ H$m§XmÔr Vicr
OmV Amho. Ôr ImÊ`mZo g_mYmZ òB©c nU Bï> Zgoc. åhUyZ "Oo Bï> Agoc Am{U g_mYmZhr XoB©c Ë`mcm gwI åhUVm òB©c.'
åhUyZ Bï> g_mYmZmMr nyVu åhUOo gwI ^mdZm Aer `mo½` ì`m»`m XoVm òB©c.
{_cMm gmd©{ÌH$ gwIdmX
Oo. Eg. {_c åhUOo Ooao_r ~|W_ `m Cn`wº$VmdmXr VÎdkmMm {_Ì Ooåg {_cMm _wcJm. Oo. Eg. {_c ~|W_Mm {dÚmWu.
1826 _Üò Ë`mMm OÝ_ c§S>Z ehamV Pmcm.
Ho$di {Vgè`m dfu Ë`mcm J«rH$ ^mfm CËH¥$ï>nUo {c{hVm-dmMVm òV hmoVr. Mm¡Ï`m dfu Ë`mcm c°Q>rZ AdJV Pmcr.
gmVì`m dfu ßcoQ>moMo g§nyU© VÎdkmZ Ë`mcm nmR> hmoVo. OJmVrc dmXJ«ñV Am{U OJmÀ`m B{VhmgmdaM {dcjU n[aUm_ H$aUmam
"Cn`wº$VmdmX' hm {gÕm§V {_cZo Ho$di 15 ì`m dfu _m§S>cm. 20 ì`m dfu 'Systems of Logic' `m ZmdmMm ghm hOma
nmZm§Mm J«§W Ë`mZo {c{hcm. 1873 gmcr h°~rZm°Z `m N>moQ>çmem IoS>çmV Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm. Vmo H$moR>ohr VH©$emómMm AWdm
VÎdkmZmMm n«mÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_mcm ZìhVm. ho {_cMo WmoS>Š`mV M[aÌ. Ë`mMm {gÕm§V nwT>rcà_mUo.
{_cZo Amnë`m gwIdmXmg "Cn`wº$VmdmX' Ago Zmd {Xco. àËòH$ ì`º$scm gwIM hdo AgVo. hm Ë`mMm {gÕm§V Amho. hm
{gÕm§V XmoZ J¥hrV VÎdm§da AmYmacocm Amho Vr Aer:
(1) àËòH$ _mUgmcm \$º$ gwIM hdo AgVo.
(2) _mUyg Á`mMr BÀN>m H$aVmo Ë`mMrM Vmo BÀN>m H$aVmo Am{U Vmo Á`mMr BÀN>m H$aVmo, Ago Oo Amho Vo Ho$di gwIM AgVo.
gwImMr ì`m»`m {_c nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmo:
""Omo Oo BpÀN>Vmo Vo Ë`mMo gwI
BÀN>m H$emMr H$amdr?
gwImMr?
gwI åhUOo H$m`?
_mUyg Á`mMr BÀN>m H$aVmo Vo!''

{_cMm hm `wº$sdmX ZdrZ H$mhrM gm§JV Zmhr. VoM VoM gm§JVmo. {edm` hr ì`m»`m XmofnyU© Amho. Oo {gÕ H$amd`mMo VoM Vmo
J¥hrV YaVmo. AmVm ho Iao H$s _Zwî` Á`mMr BÀN>m H$aVmo Vo àmá Pmco H$s Ë`mg àmárMo gwI {_iVo. nU ho Iao gwImMo H$maU
ZgVo. H$maU gwImMm {dMma H$aÊ`mnydu Am{U gwI {_imë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Iao gwI {_imco Amho H$m? Agm àíZ {Z_m©U
hmoVmo. CXm. ^wHo$cr ì`º$s AÞmMr BÀN>m H$m H$aVo? AÞ àmárMo gwI AZw^dVo nU òWo hmoUmè`m gwImMo H$maU àmá Pmcoco
AÞ ho AgVo H$m? gwI {_idm`Mo åhUyZ ì`º$s OodVo Ago Zmhr, Va Oodm`Mo AgVo åhUyZ ì`º$s OodVo. Vr JaO AgVo
nU _mUyg AÞ gwImÀ`m àmárgmR>r OodVmo Agm {ZîH$f© {_c H$mT>Vmo. H$maU Ë`m§Mm {gÕm§V gm§JVmo H$s, _mUgmcm gwIM hdo
AgVo. AÞ gwI XoVo nU gwI ho H$mhr AÞmMo gwI Zmhr ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOo. Oo hdo AgVo Vo gwI Am{U gwI åhUOo Oo
hdo AgVo Vo hm EH$ MH«$ì`yh Amho. {_c Ë`mV AS>H$cmM nU Ë`mMo AZw`m`r gwÕm \$gco. Vmo "Mm§Jco' d gwI EH$Ì H$aVmo.
gwI Mm§Jco AgVo
nU Mm§Jco åhUOo H$m`?
Mm§Jco åhUOo gwI.
qH$dm
Oo Mm§Jco AgVo VoM gwIXm`r AgVo.
åhUyZ _mUyg gwImMr BÀN>m H$aVmo.
_mUyg Á`mMr BÀN>m H$aVmo Vo gwI.
nU BWo Z¡{VH$ noM Agm Amho H$s, "gwImMr BÀN>m Mm§Jcr AgVo.' `m {dYmZmV gwI Am{U BÀN>m Aem XmoZ ñdV§Ì
g§H$ënZm AmhoV. {_c Ë`m EH$M g_OVmo. ~ao, AmVm ahñ`_`Vm Aer Amho H$s, gwI ho Zoh_r {hVH$maH$M AgVo Ago Zmhr.
CXm. AmOmanUmV Imì`m cmJUmè`m Jmoù`m, Am¡fYo H$Sy> AgVmV. B§OoŠeZ_wio ~moMVo - gwOVo. AmVm `m H$mhr gwIg§doXZm
ZìhoV. VmnmV Md H$Sy> cmJVo. H$mhrVar doJio Imdo åhUyZ VocH$Q>-VwnH$Q> Im„o Va gwI {_iVo. nU Vo {hVH$maH$ AgVo
H$m? `mMm AW© "gwI åhUOo {hV' Agm Zmhr. Am{U Oo {hVH$maH$ Amho Vo gwIH$maH$ AgVoM Ago Zmhr. Am{U Zr{Vemó
Va {hVmMr H$miOr H$aVo åhUyZ gwI hr H$mhr Zr{Vemór` g§H$ënZm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
_J Ago Agoc Va "àËòH$mcm gwIM hdo AgVo.' `m {_cÀ`m åhUÊ`mMm H$m` AW© Cacm? A{hVH$maH$ Agoc Va AmnU
IaoM gwImÀ`m _mJo YmdVmo H$m? {edm` gdmªZm gwIM hdo AgVo Ago Zmhr. VwH$mam_ {dÇ>cmH$S>o Xþ:I _mJVmo. B. gd© BÀN>m
gwImÀ`mM AgVmV Ago H$go g_Omd`mMo? AndmX H$am`Mm Va _J {Z`_ H$emcm H$am`Mm? Ago {XgVo H$s, {_c Ë`mÀ`m
{gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmao EH$ doJioM Zr{Vemó _m§S>Vmo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo "_mUgo gwImMrM BÀN>m H$aVmV' hr gai {XgUmar Jmoï>
Amho. Ë`mcm nwamdm H$emcm hdm? _J Zr{Vemó gm§JVo H$s, gwI hr Zr{Vemór` g§H$ënZm hmoUo H$R>rU Amho. åhUyZ {_cÀ`m
gwIdmXmda Amjon KoVm òVrc Vo Ago,
gwIdmXmda Amjon
(1) n{hcm Amjon Agm H$s EImÚm Jmoï>rMr BÀN>m Ho$cr OmVo åhUyZ {VMr BÀN>m H$aUo `mo½` Amho Ago {gÕ hmoV
ZgVo. H$emMr BÀN>m H$aUo `mo½` Amho? hm Zr{Vemór` àíZ Amho. Xþ:ImMrhr BÀN>m H$aVm òVo. nU {_c _mUgmZo
gwImMrM BÀN>m H$amdr, Aer O~aXñVr H$aVmo.
(2) Xwgam Amjon Agm H$s, EH$Xm gwI hoM Mm§Jco AgVo, ho n¸o$ Pmco H$s, "{OVHo$ OmñV gwI {VVHo$ OmñV Mm§Jco'
Ago åhUVm òVo. nU ì`dhmamV Vgo {XgV Zmhr. doJdoJio VocH$Q>-VwnH$Q> nXmW© VwSw>§~ ImD$Z cmoiV nS>Ê`mnojm
EImXr ì`º$s ZmQ>H$mcm OmB©c, dmMZ H$aoc. H$mìàgmnojm D$gmMm ag JmoS> AgVmo. AmdS>Vmo, gwI XoVmo åhUyZ Iyn
Iyn ß`mdm Va Z§Va Oo KS>oc Ë`mMo H$m`? {_ccm Amjonm§Mr OmUrd hmoVr. åhUyZ Vmo gwImV àH$ma H$ê$ BpÀN>Vmo.
gwImMo n«H$ma
Cƒ gwI d ZrM gwI. Vmo åhUVmo, "gwIr Sw>H$amnojm Xþ:Ir gm°H«o$Q>rg ~am' _mUyg d Sw>¸$a `mVrc \$aH$ {_c _mÝ` H$aVmo.
VgmM \$aH$ Vmo gwImVhr H$é BpÀN>Vmo nU gwI hr ^mdZm Agë`mZo ^mdZoMo àH$ma H$aVm òV ZgVmV. hmhr Amjon cjmV
KoD$Z {_c Ë`mMm `wº$sdmX gwYmarV ñdénmV nwT>rcà_mUo _m§S>Vmo.

gwI hoM _mZdmMo C{Ôï> AgVo.
gwI Cn`wº$ dmQ>Vo.
Oo Cn`wº$ AgVo _mUyg Ë`mMrM BÀN>m H$aVmo.
gwImMr BÀN>m Cn`wº$ Amho.
åhUyZM gwI Cn`wº$ AgVo.
Aem [aVrZo gwIm{df`r Vmo Cn`wº$VmdmX _m§S>Vmo. gwI Cn`wº$ ^mdZm Amho. Agm Vmo Xmdm H$aVmo. åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m gwIdmXmg
"Cn`wº$VmdmX' Ago åhUVmV. àËòH$mcm åhUOoM gdmªZm gwI hdo AgVo. Agm Xmdm Ë`mV Amho. åhUyZ Ë`mg "gmd©{ÌH$
gwIdmX' Agohr åhQ>co Amho.
AmnU H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© Zr{V{Z¶‘{df¶H$ Mm¡H$Q>tMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§Vm§Mm Ho$g ñQ>S>rH$aVm Cn`moJ AmnU
¶m Mm¡H$Q>tMm Am{U {dMmagaUtÀ¶m ‘XVrZo H$mhr case studies Mo {díbofU H$aUma AmhmoV. Ë¶m AmYr AmnU ¶m
Zr{V{Z¶‘{df¶H$ Mm¡H$Q>tMm nwÝhm EH$Xm AmT>mdm KoD$¶mV -
(1) Cn`wº$VmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Utilitarian Approach)
(2) h¸$m{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Rights Approach)
(3) Ý`m`m{Yï>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Justice Approach)
(4) gm_m{`H$ H$ë`mUdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Common Good Approach)
(5) gX²JwUm{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (The Virtue Approach)
case studies Mo {díbofU H$aV AgVmZm ¶mn¡H$s EH$m AWdm EH$mnojm A{YH$ Ñï>rH$moZm§Mm dmna H$aVm ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.¶m
Ñï>rH$moZm§Mm EH$Ì dmna A{YH$ à^mdr nÕVrZo H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gdm©V AmYr ¶m àË¶oH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZm‘Yrb ~maH$mdo g‘OmdyZ KoUo
OmñV n[aUm‘H$maH$ R>aVo. ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm dmna H$aV AgVmZmM Aemhr H$mhr ~m~tMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo, Á¶m gd©
Ñ{ï>H$moZm§H$[aVm g‘mZ bmJy AmhoV, Ogo H$s - Omo Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmnU case studies Mo {díbofU H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm dmnaV AgVmZm
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {H$‘mZ Am§V[aH$ d Z¡{VH$ gwg§JVr (Internal and Moral Coherence) AgUo Ano{jV Amho. EImÚm Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm
dmna Oar R>a{dH$ gmÀ¶m‘Ü¶o Cn¶wº$ Agob, Var XoIrb àË¶oH$M àíZmgmR>r Vmo V§VmoV§V bmJy nS>ob ¶mMr h‘r XoVm ¶oV Zmhr.
Ë¶m‘wio ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm ImobmV OmdyZ {dMma H$aUo H«$‘àmá Amho. AmnU AmVm Cn¶wº$VmdmXmVrb ~maH$ì¶m§Mm {dMma H$aUma
AmhmoV. daVr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo Ooao‘r ~oÝW‘ ¶m B§p½be VÎdkmZo Cn¶wº$VmdmXmMm {dMma àW‘V: g‘moa AmUbm. OmñVrV OmñV
bmoH$m§gmR>r OmñVrV OmñV gwI (maximum good for maximum people) ¶m VÎdàUmbrMm Ë¶mZo nwañH$ma Ho$bm. nwT>rb
case studies Mo {díbofU Amnë¶mbm Cn¶wº$VmdmXmZwgma H$aVm ¶oVo H$m ho AmnU nmhUma AmhmoV.
àH$aU 1 (Case 1) -
S>m°. A~H$ ho Cƒ{dÚm{d^y{fV d gm‘m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$sMr CÎm‘ OmU AgUmao S>m°³Q>a AmhoV. OmUrdnyd©H$ KoVboë¶m
{ZU©¶mVyZ Vo gaH$mar XdmImÝ¶mV Jobr H$mhr df} H$m¶©aV AmhoV. g§nyU© AmR>dS>m Ë¶m§Zr ñdV:À¶m H$m‘mg PmoHy$Z KoVbo Amho.
~mbH$m§‘Yrb OÝ‘V: AgUmao em[aarH$ ì¶§J Xÿa H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m eó{H«$¶m§‘Ü¶o S>m°. A~H$ nma§JV AmhoV. ‘mÌ OmñVrV OmñV
é½Um§da CnMma H$aVm ¶mdo ¶mH$[aVm Ë¶m§Zm e{Zdma d a{ddma ¶m gwQ>rÀ¶m {XdergwÕm H$m‘ H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Pmbo Amho. ¶m‘wio
Ë¶m§Zm ñdV:À¶m XmoZ ‘wbm§gmo~V doi KmbdUo e³¶ hmoV Zmhr. e{Zdma d a{ddma H$m‘ Z Ho$ë¶mZo S>m°. A~H$ ¶m§À¶m {‘iH$VrV
’$ma ‘moR>m ’$aH$ nS>Uma Zmhr, VgoM Ë¶m§Mr ‘wbo A{YH$ AmZ§Xr hmoVrb. ‘mÌ ¶m‘wio eoH$S>mo ~mbH$m§Zm CnMma {‘iÊ¶mg {db§~
hmoB©b AWdm CnMma {‘iUmaM ZmhrV. `m n[apñWVrV H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm {XgyZ òVo?
à{VgmX (Response) -
S>m°. A~H$ ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§Zm OmñV g‘mYmZ H$moUË¶m àH$mao doi Kmbdë¶mda {‘iVo ho H$mhr à‘mUmV {ZpíMV H$aUo Amdí¶H$
Amho. VgoM Ë¶m§À¶m H$moUË¶m {ZU©¶m‘wio {H$Vr OUm§À¶m g‘mYmZmV dmT> hmoVo ho XoIrb bjmV KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Oa Ë¶m§Zr
Amnë¶m H$m‘mVyZ A§J H$mTy>Z KoVbo Va eoH$S>mo ‘wbo gwÑT> earam‘wio {‘iUmèçm g‘mYmZmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVrb. Oa Ë¶m§Zr
Amnë¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m {Xdgm§‘Ü¶o AWdm Vmgm§‘Ü¶o dmT> Ho$br Va Ë¶m§Mr ñdV:Mr XmoZ ‘wbo {nË¶mÀ¶m ghdmgmVyZ {‘iUmè`m

AmZ§XmnmgyZ d g‘mYmZmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVrb. Cn¶wº$VmdmXmÀ¶m ‘m§S>UrZwgma S>m°. A~H$ ¶m§Zr e{Zdma d a{ddma ¶m gwQ>rÀ¶m
{XdergwÕm H$m‘ H$aUo OmñV ì¶º$s¨À¶m AmZ§Xmbm H$maUr^yV R>aUmar Jmoï> Amho, d åhUyZ Ë¶m§Zr VgoM H$aUo OmñV ¶mo½¶ Amho.
na§Vw ¶m àH$maÀ¶m ‘m§S>UrV H$mhr BVa g‘ñ¶m AmhoV H$m? AmnU {ZpíMVM Aem Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$ê$ eH$Vmo, Á¶m‘wio S>m°.
A~H$ ¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mbm àmYmÝ¶ XoÊ¶mV ag dmQ>ob. ¶m‘Ü¶o Ho$di ‘wbm§Zm hì¶m AgUmèçm OmñV doimMm gh^mJ Zmhr
Va S>m°. A~H$ ¶m§Zm {nVm åhUyZ dmQ>Umèçm "Z¡{VH$ O~m~XmarMm' XoIrb gh^mJ Amho. ‘mÌ Cn¶wº$VmdmX Ë¶m§Zm Aem àH$mao
Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmarda AmYm[aV {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMr ‘w^m XoV Zmhr. Ooao‘r ~oÝW‘ ¶m§À¶mM eãXmV gm§Jm¶Mo Pmë¶mg, 'àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sMo
g‘mYmZ ho BVa H$moUË¶mhr ì¶º$sÀ¶m g‘mYmZmBVHo$M ‘hÎdmMo Amho.' åhUyZM Cn¶wº$VmdmX H$moUVrhr Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar, Or
^mD$, dS>rb, ~hrU ¶m Am{U BVa ZmË¶mVyZ ¶oVo Ë¶mg doJio àmYmÝ¶ XoV Zmhr.
Cn¶wº$VmdmXmÀ¶m Oar H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm Agë¶m VarXoIrb Cn¶wº$VmdmXmMr Mm¡H$Q> AZoH$ {R>H$mUr CÎm‘àH$mao g‘ñ¶m
gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r dmnaVm ¶oVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb g‘mZVoÀ¶m VÎdmMm nwañH$ma H$aUmar, àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sbm EH$M XOm© XoUmar
Aer hr Mm¡H$Q Amho. EH§$Xa g‘mOmÀ¶m ^ë¶mgmR>r AmnU Oo {ZU©¶ KoVmo Vo AZoH$Xm Cn¶wº$VmdmXmda AmYm[aV AgVmV.
AemàH$mao àË¶oH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ‘m§S>UrVrb ~maH$mdo g‘OmdyZ KoD$Z Ë¶mVrb Jw§VmJw§V C‘oXdmamZo CbJSy>Z XmIdUo JaOoMo Amho.
AmnU Cn¶wº$dmXm~amo~aM h¸$m{Yð>rV Ñï>rH$moZmda AmYm[aV H$mhr CXmhaUo d Ë¶m§Mm gImob Aä¶mg H$aUma Amho. VgoM
EH$mnojm A{YH$ {dMmagaUtMo EH$Ì {díbofU H$aÊ¶m{df¶r H$mhr ~m~r OmUyZ KoUma Amho.


7
Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V II - H$V©ì`dmXr Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V
àñVmdZm
`m {gÕm§VmMm _yi {dMma Ag§ gm§JVmo H$s, H$mhr H¥$Vr `m _ycV…M MwH$sÀ`m AgVmV. Aem H¥$VtMo n[aUm_ {H$Vrhr
"Mm§Jco' Agco Var H¥$VtMo _yi ñdê$n ho A`mo½`M AgVo. Aem H¥$VrMr "Z¡{VH$ JaO' Oar àñWm{nV H$aVm Amcr VarXoIrc
Vr H¥$Vr MwH$sMrM R>aVo Ag§ _mZUmam hm {dMmaàdmh Amho.
à`moOZdmXr {dMmam§_Üò H¥$VrMo à`moOZ, Üò`, A§{V_ n[aUm_ `mcm gdmªV OmñV _hËd Amho. Aem {dMmamà_mUo Á`m
H¥$VrVyZ Mm§Jco n[aUm_ gmYco OmVmV, Aem H¥$Vr "Mm§Jë`m' qH$dm "`mo½`' _mZë`m OmVmV.
H$V©ì`dmXr ì`º$sgmR>r H$m` H$amdo d H$m` H$ê$ Zò ho nyU©V… "H$V©ì`mda' Am{U Á`m ì`º$sgmR>r H¥$Vr H$am`Mr Amho {VÀ`m
JaOoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. ì`º$s Ooìhm JaOoMr ZgVmZmhr EImXr "Mm§Jcr' H¥$Vr H$aVo, Voìhm Ë`m H¥$Vrcm "H$V©ì`mVrV' H¥$Vr
Ago g§~moYco OmVo.
H$V©ì` H$m H$amdo? Agm àý nS>ë`mg H$V©ì` MwH${dë`mZo ZwH$gmZ hmoB©c qH$dm {ejm hmoB©c Ago CÎma òD$ eH$Vo.
na§Vw Agm {dMma Ho$ë`mg ho cjmV òB©c H$s àñVwV CÎma hogwÕm n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mVyZ nwT>o Amco Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo
à`moOZdmXr R>aVo. H$V©ì` ho n[aUm_m§À`m ^rVr_wio Zmhr Va H$V©ì`mÀ`m OmUrdoVyZ H$amdo Ago H$V©ì`dmX gm§JVmo. åhUOo
"A_yH$ EH$ Q>mim`Mo Agoc Va' - qH$dm "A_yH$ EH$ hdo Agoc Va' - Aer AQ> Ë`mcm Agy Zò Va H$V©ì` ho ñdV§Ì
Agmdo, Ago H$V©ì`dmX åhUVmo.
Båå`mZwEc H$mÝQ>À`m _Vo Or ì`º$s "Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mo' nmcZ H$aVo Vr "Mm§Jcr' ì`º$s hmo`. Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ ho H$V©ì`
_mZmdo Ago H$mÝQ> gm§JVmo. Am{U Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ ho ZmVog§~§Ym§er d ì`º$sJV JwUm§er g§~§YrV Zgmdo. H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
EH$_mÌ CÔoe Agmdm Vmo åhUOo H$V©ì`. g§~§YrV H¥$Vr H$aVmZm _mÂ`mEodOr Xþgar Hw$R>crhr ì`º$s AgVr Va hr H¥$Vr nma
nmS>Uo hoM {VMo H$V©ì` Agco AgVo - h§r ^mdZm åhUOoM Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mr d¡pídH$Vm hmo`.
_mÌ Ago Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ ~ZdUo, Oo ñWiH$mimÀ`m \$aH$m{edm`hr cmJy H$aVm òVrc, ho \$maM OmoI_rMo H$m_ Amho. VgoM
H$V©ì`mMr ì`m»`m {Z{üV H$aUo ho gwÕm gmono Zìho. VarXoIrc H$mhr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$ Ago Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ ~Zdy eH$Vmo H$m hm
àý Z¸$sM CaVmo. Ago {ZVm§V Amdí`H$ Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mH$[aVm H$moUVo {ZH$f dmnaco OmD$ eH$VmV, `mMm gImoc
{dMma H$mÝQ>Zo Ho$cm. H$mÝQ>Zo {ZVm§V Amdí`H$VmdmXmÀ`m _m§S>UrV Ë`mÀ`m H$V©ì`m~ÔcÀ`m g§H$ënZm§Mmhr g_mdoe Ho$cm.
H$V©ì`dmXmÀ`m _moR>çm d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>UrVrc {ZVm§V Amdí`H$VmdmX hm {dMma AmnU àm_w»`mZo Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. H$mÝQ>Zo
Ho$cocr _m§S>Ur cjmV KoV AgVmZmM ZmJar godm§_Üò H$V©ì` Am{U {ZVm§V Amdí`H$ ZrVr_yë`m§Mo H$m` ñWmZ Amho `mdahr
D$hmnmoh H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
AmnU à`moOZdmXr Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. gwI ho àmáì` d {hVH$maH$ AgVo, Agm Xmdm Vo H$aVmV. gwI hdo
AgVo, _mUyg gwImMr BÀN>m H$aVmo Ago à`moOZdmXr {gÕm§V gm§JVmo. AmVm ì`º$sMo H$V©ì` qH$dm g_mOmMo H$V©ì` H$m` Agmdo
hmhr EH$ _hÎdmMm àíZ Amho. H$V©ì` åhUOo H$m`? Vo H$go H$amdo? Am{U H$m H$amdo? `m{df`r B_°Ý`wEc H$mÝQ> `m§Mo qMVZ
_hÎdmMo Amho. H$mÝQ> H$V©ì`mda â XoVmo Am{U H$V©ì`dmXr Zr{VemómMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmo.

B‘°Ý`wAc H$mÝQ> (1724- 1804)
_yiÀ`m O_©Z Agcoë`m H$mÝQ> Zo {ZVr{Z`_ {df`H$ AZoH$ _hÎdmÀ`m g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§S>Ê`m_Üò _mocmMr â KmVcr. _Zwî`mZo
ñdV…Vrc newdV BÀN>m Amnë`mcm {_imcoë`m Vm{H©$H$ {dMmamÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ZîQ> H$amì`mV, Agm n«_wI {dMma H$mÝQ>Zo
_m§S>cm. ho H$aV AgVmZmM g§VwcrV g_mO ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$aVm Cƒ Z¡{VH$ d Zr{V{Z`_ {df`H$ Mm¡H$Q (Moral
and ethical framework) {Z{íMV H$amdr. H$mÝQ> Mo Z¡{VH$ {dMmamÀ`m joÌmVrc _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ åhUOo Cn`wº$VmdmXmMo
Ë`mZo Ho$coco I§S>Z hmo`.
H$mÝQ> hm nmíMmË` VÎdkmZm_Yrc AË`§V _hÎdmMm VËdk Amho. Ë`mg "VËdkmZmMm _wHw$Q>_Ur' Ago åhQ>co Amho. H$mÝQ>Mm
Aä`mg Ho$ë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr {df`mMm Aä`mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. BVHo$ H$mÝQMo qMVZ ì`mnH$ d _yc^yV Amho. Ë`mMm OÝ_
O_©ZrVrc H$mo{Z½O~J© `m N>moQ>çmem ehamV 1724 gmcr Pmcm d VoWoM 1804 cm Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm.
H$mÝQ>Zo AÜ`mË_, B©ída, {ZgJ©, g_mO `m gd© joÌmV A{Ve` AmíM`©H$maH$ g§emoYZ, coIZ Ho$co. AË`§V {eñV{à` OrdZ
OJUmam H$mÝQ Ë`mÀ`m Am`wî`mV Jmdm~mhoa \$º$ EH$XmM Jocm hmoVm. H$mÝQ> BVH$m {eñV{à` hmoVm H$s Ë`mÀ`m {\$aÊ`mÀ`m
doioZwgma cmoH$ Amnco KS>çmi cmdrV AgV.
nmíd©^y_r
H$mÝQ>À`m H$mimV `wamonmVrc VËdkmZ d {dkmZmV àM§S> Jm|Yi hmoVm. H$mÝQ>Zo hm Jm|Yi {_Q>{dcm. kmZmMm _mJ© EH$Va
~wÕr Amho qH$dm AZw^d Amho Aer XmoZ Q>moHo$ A{VaoH$snUo _m§S>cr OmV hmoVr. Ë`m§À`mV Ë`mZo g_Ýd` Ho$cm. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo
Amnco kmZ AZw^dmVyZ gwê$ hmoVo Am{U ~wÕrV g§nVo. `m ~wÕrcm H$mÝQ> "{ddoH$eº$s' Ago Zmd XoVmo Vmo g_Ýd` H$aVmo. åhUyZ
Ë`mg "g_Ýd`r' Ago åhUVmV. Am{U ~wÕrcm, {ddoH$mcm _hËd XoVmo åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m VËdkmZmg "{ddoH$dmX' Ago åhUVmV.
H$mÝQ>À`m _Vo {d{dY {ZgJ© d gm_m{OH$ {df`m§Mo kmZ AZw^dmZo hmoVo Va J{UV, ^y{_Vr, gm¢X`© H$cm `m§Mo kmZ {ddoH$mZo
hmoVo. gd©M AZw^d àmá kmZ {ZpíMV AgVoM Ago Zmhr Va {ddoH$mZo àmá kmZ {ZpíMV gË` ñWc H$mc ì`º$s {Zanoj AgVo.
hr kmZ joÌmVrc Ë`mMr {ddoH$dmXr ^y{_Ho$Mr _m§S>Ur Vmo Zr{VemómÀ`m joÌmVhr H$aVmo. Ë`mV Vmo H$V©ì`mcm A{Ve` _hËd XoVmo
åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m Zr{Vemómg "H$V©ì`dmXr Zr{Vemó' Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§VmMo ñdén VrZ KQ>H$mV gm§JVm òVo:
(A) gV g§H$ën
(~) H$V©ì`
(H$) {Zénm{YH$ AmXoe
H$mÝQ>cm g_Om, AmnU Ago {dMmaco H$s "gwI åhUOo H$m`?' Va Ë`mMo CÎma BVam§nojm doJio Agoc. gmYmaUV: gwI
àËòH$mcm {à` AgVo, åhUyZ Mm§Jco AgVo. Agm EH$ T>mo~i {ZîH$f© H$mT>cm OmVmo. H$mÝQ> Agm àíZ {dMmaVmo H$s gwImMr
BÀN>m Z¡{VH$ AgVo H$m? IamoIaM gwI Mm§Jco AgVo H$m? gwImMm Mm§JwcnUm Zo‘H$m H$emda Adc§~yZ Amho. H$maU g‘Om
CXm. {V{H$Q> Z H$mT>Vm àdmg H$aUo, ImD$Z {nD$Z H±$Q>rZ dmë¶mMr ZOa MwH$dyZ ngma hmoUo, XamoS>o KmcUo hr gJir H¥$Ë¶o
gwIXm¶r AgVmV. nU AZ¡{VH$ AgVmV åhUyZ gwI Zoh‘rM Mm§Jco AgVo Ago Zmhr. Mm§JwcnUm {ddoH$mZo R>admdm cmJVmo.
{ddoH$eº$s AmnUmg J{UVr kmZmgmaIo ñWiH$mi ì¶º$s {Zanoj gË¶kmZ XoVo. Vgo gwImMo ‘yë¶ ZgVo. Mm§JwcnUm hm
{ddoH${Zð> Agoc Va gwI gwÕm {ddoH${Zð>M Agco nm{hOo.
H$emda Var Adc§~yZ Agcoco gwI ho gwI AgVoM Ago Zmhr. åhUyZ Vo Ü¶o¶ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ‘mUgmMo Iao Ü¶o¶ ñWi
H$mi ì¶º$s {Zanoj gwI ho Agco nm{hOo. Aem {Zénm{YH$ Am{U Mm§Jë¶m gwImcm "ew^ gwI' åhUVm ¶oB©c Aem gwImMr
BÀN>m hr Iar åhUVm ¶oB©c. åhUyZ ì¶º$sZo gVV Aem [Zanoj gwImMr BÀN>m H$amdr Ë¶mcm H$mÝQ> "gV² g§H$ën' Ago åhUVmo.
gV² g§H$ënmZo {Zénm{YH$ gwI {‘iVo. Ë¶mMo ñdén nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(A) gV g§H$ën
Ë¶mÀ¶m "Z¡{VH$ VÎdm§Mr AmYma^y‘r' (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals - 1785) ¶m J«§WmV Vmo hr
MMm© H$aVmo. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo ì¶º$sZo "H$V©ì¶ H$aUo' hmM gËg§H$ën Amho. gV g§H$ën hmM Iam g§H$ën Amho. Ë¶m{edm¶ Xþgar
H$moUVrhr Jmoï> {dZmAQ> Mm§Jcr Agy eH$V Zmhr. Vo åhUVmV, "There is nothing it is possible to think of anywhere

in the world or indeed anything at all outside it, that can be held to be good without limitation. except-
ing only a good will" (Ak 4:393) ~w{Õ‘Îmm, eº$s, g§nÎmr, {H$Vu, én, ¶m¡dZ Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r Mm§Jë¶m AmhoV Iè¶m.
nU Ë¶m H$emda Var Zoh‘r Adc§~yZ AgVmV. gËg§H$ën Agm H$emda Var AWdm H$emdahr Adc§~yZ ZgVmo. Vmo {Zê$nm{YH$
(unconditional) AgVmo. gËg§H$ënmMo ñdén g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r H$m§Q> BÀN>m Am{U g§H$ën ¶mV ’$aH$ H$aVmo.
BÀN>m Am{U g§H$ën
BÀN>m hr empãXH$, ‘mZ{gH$ AgVo Va g§H$ënmcm H¥$VrMr OmoS> AgVo. ""àË¶oH$OU gwIr ìhm, ‘moR>o ìhm, ehmÊ¶mgmaIo
dmJm, gd}Ì gw{IZ… gÝVw'' ho Amerdm©X g§H$ën ZgVmV. Ho$di BÀN>m AgVmV. {ZaW©H$ AgVmV. Ë¶m§Zm H¥$VrMr OmoS> {Xcr
VaM Ë¶m BÀN>oMo énm§Va g§H$ënmV hmoVo. BÀN>m g’$c hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Oo Oo H$amdo cmJoc Am{U Oo Oo H$aUo e³¶ Amho Vo gd©
H$aÊ¶mMr ‘ZmnmgyZMr V¶mar AgUo, Z§Va àË¶j H¥$Vr H$aUo åhUOo g§H$ën CXm. {h‘mc¶ nhmdm {H$§dm {ZXmZ H$igy~mB©Mm
S>m|Ja nhmdm, hr BÀN>m Am{U àË¶j Vr {Z‘m©U H$aUo S>m|Ja MT>Uo, qhS>Uo hm g§H$ën hmo¶.
WmoS>³¶mV àË¶j H¥$Vr{edm¶ Ho$di empãXH$ nmVirda Ho$cr OmVo Vr BÀN>m Am{U Ë¶m BÀN>ocm àË¶j H¥$VrMr OmoS> XoD$Z
Vr gmjmV {gÕ H$aUo åhUOoM g§H$ën. (BÀN>m + H¥$Vr = g§H$ën) ho Pmco g§H$ënmMo ñdén.
AmVm EImXm g§H$ën ew^ g§H$ën H$gm hmoVmo? Va H$m§ÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo ew^Ëd hm JwU g§H$ënmV ¶oVmo Voìhm Vmo gV²g§H$ën hmoVmo.
nU Vo ew^Ëd, Mm§JwcnUm hm H$moUË¶mhr ~mhoaÀ¶m KQ>H$mda Adc~y§Z AgVm H$m‘m Z¶o. Mm§JwcnUm hm Ë¶m g§H$ënmMm A§V©^yV
KQ>H$ Agcm nm{hOo. X¶m, H$éUm, ghmZw^yVr, n«o‘, ‘mZdVm B. àoaUm§Zr g§H$ën ¶wº$ Agmdm; Ago H$mÝQ>cm åhUmd¶mMo Zmhr.
¶m àoaUm AWdm g§H$ën H$Yrhr ew^ ZgVmV. ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ àd¥Îmr ‘mZgemór¶ {Z¶‘m§da Adc§~yZ AgVmV, ‘mÂ¶mda Zmhr.
‘cm EImÚm{df¶r H$éUm dmQ>oc qH$dm Zmhr dmQ>Uma. Vr Zmhr dmQ>cr Va H$moUr ‘mÂ¶mV Vr {Z‘m©U H$é eH$V Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio
H$éUm dmQy>Z X¶onmoQ>r ^rH$ {Xcr OmVo. nU {^H$mè¶mg [^H$ XoUo hm ew^ g§H$ën Zmhr. H$maU {^H$mè¶mMm EH§$Xa AdVma nmhÿZ
qH$dm H$Q>H$Q> ZH$mo åhUyZ ^rH$ {Xcr OmVo. H$éUm gJù¶m§Zm dmQ>ocM Ago hr ZgVoM. hr EH$ Jmoï>.
Xþgao Ago H$s, Ë¶mdoionwaVm Ë¶m {^H$mè¶mMm àíZ gwQ>oc. nU Vmo nwÝhm ^rH$ ‘mJoc Ë¶mMo H$m¶? Ë¶mcm nwÝhm ^rH$ ‘mJmdr
cmJVo Ë¶mMo H$m¶? ‘wimV {^H$mar AgUo ho gwÑT> {ZamoJr, g‘¥Õ AW©ì¶dñWoMo d g‘mOmMo cjU Agy eH$V Zmhr. ¶oWo àíZ
Agm Amho H$s, Hw$Umcmhr ^rH$ ‘mJmdr cmJUma Zmhr. àË¶oH$OU ñdm{^‘mZmZo OJoc Agm g‘¥Õ g‘mO H$gm {Z‘m©U H$aVm
¶oB©c? Ë¶m {Z{‘©VrV ‘mPm gh^mJ H$gm Agoc? hm ‘yc^yV ew^g§H$ënZmH$S>o ZoUmam àíZ Amho. Vmo gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMm Amho.
X¶m, H$éUm, ào‘ ¶m Jmoï>rMo gwI gwÕm gmnoj AgVo. H$moUË¶m Var AQ>tda, CnmYtda Adc§~yZ AgVmV. Ë¶m Ë¶m
ì¶º$snwaVo Vo ‘¶m©{XV AgVo. H$emda Var Adc§~yZ AgUo, hr g§H$ënmMr ew^ hmoÊ¶mMr AQ> ZgVo. lmÕ H$aUo, dmT>{Xdg
H$aUo, AmB©d{S>cm§À¶m ZmdmZo XoUJr XoUo ho Mm§Jcoo g§H$ën ZmhrV, ew^ g§H$ën ZmhrV. Vo CnmYr¶wº$ AmhoV. Ë¶m‘wio Vo ‘¶m©{XV
hmoVmV. gmnoj hmoVmV. Vr AQ> nyU© hmoUma Zgoc Va Vmo g§H$ën hr dmñVdmV ¶oV Zmhr. Vmo Zï> hmoVmo.
‘J H$moUVm g§H$ën ew^ R>aVmo? Ë¶mMo CÎma H$mÝQ> nwT>rcà‘mUo XoVmo - kmZ ho Ogo ñWc, H$mc-ì¶º$s {Zanoj gË¶ AgVo,
Ver Mm§JwcnUmMr àoaUm gwÕm ñWc, H$mc-ì¶º$s {Zanoj Mm§Jcr Agcr nm{hOo Am{U OJmV Aer àoaUm EH$M Amho. Vr
åhUOo H$V©ì¶! WmoS>³¶mV EImXm g§H$ën ew^ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r EH$‘od AQ> åhUOo Vmo g§H$ën nwam H$aUo ho ‘mPo H$V©ì¶ Agco
nm{hOo. ‘J H$V©ì¶mMo ñdén H$m¶? Va Vo nwT>rcà‘mUo.
(~) H$V©ì¶
g§H$ën Mm§Jcm hmoÊ¶mgmR>r, ew^ hmoÊ¶mgmQ>r A{Zdm¶© AgUmar AQ> åhUOo àË¶j H¥$Vr [H§$dm H$V©ì¶. ¶m g§H$ënZoMo XmoZ
KQ>H$ AmhoV.
(1) H¥$VrMr ^mdZm/àoaUm
(2) Ë¶mZwgma àË¶j Ho$cocr H¥$Vr
AmVm ""ZwgVoM OJmMo Mm§Jco ìhmdo'' Ago åhUyZ MmcV Zmhr. Ë¶mZwgma AmnU ñdV… H$m¶ H$aVmo? ho ‘hÎdmMo AgVo.
ZwgVo g§H$ën MmcUma Zmhr Va WoQ> H¥$Vrhr Ho$cr nm{hOo. VaM {Vcm H$V©ì¶ åhUVm ¶oB©c. Aem [aVrZo H¥$VrMr àoaUm ho {VMo
n{hco d¡{eï>ç AgVo. Am{U H$V©ì¶mMo Xþgao d¡{eï>ç åhUOo àË¶j H¥$Vr. ¶m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r Owië¶m. VaM Vmo g§H$ën H$V©ì¶
g§H$ën åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo Am{U Ë¶mcmM ew^ g§H$ën åhUVmV.

H$V©ì¶ H$m H$amdo? H$maU Vo H$V©ì¶ H$aUo ho ‘mPo H$V©ì¶ Amho åhUyZ.
H$V©ì¶mgmR>r H$V©ì¶ Ho$co nm{hOo VaM Vmo g§H$ën hmo¶.
EH$Xm Oa H$V©ì¶mgmR>r H$V©ì¶ H$amd¶mMo R>a{dco H$s, ‘J ""‘r H$V©ì¶ H$m H$é? ‘mÂ¶m {R>H$mUr H$V©ì¶~wÕr Zmhr, ‘r
H$m¶ H$é? '' Ago H$moUmcmM åhUVm ¶oV Zmhr. åhUyZ H$V©ì¶ H$aUo, hoM ‘mPo H$V©ì¶ ~ZVo. "H$V©ì¶mgmR>r H$V©ì¶' ¶m EH$mM
^mdZoVyZ Omo g§H$ën ào[aV hmoVmo VmoM gËg§H$ën hmo¶. H$V©ì¶ H$emgmR>r H$amd¶mMo? Agm àíZ {dMmaUo hmñ¶mñnX AgVo.
H$V©ì¶ H$amd¶mMo AgVo åhUyZ H$amd¶mMo AgVo. Vo ‘mPo H$V©ì¶ AgVo! àË¶oH$OU Amnmnco H$V©ì¶ H$aV AgVmo. {dÚmWu,
{ejH$, amOH$maUr, g‘mOH$maUr, ^mD$, ~{hU, {‘Ì B. àË¶oH$ ì¶º$s àË¶oH$doir H$moUË¶mVar H$V©ì¶mcm ~m§{Yc AgVmVM.
(H$) H$mÝQ>À¶m VrZ AmXoem§Mm {gÕm§V
H$mÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo ew^ g§H$ënm§Mo ñdén "H¥$VrMr àoaUm A{YH$ àË¶j H¥$Vr' Aem XmoZ g§H$ënm§Mo AgVo. Ë¶mcmM Vmo H$V©ì¶
Ago åhUVmo. Vo {Zanoj AgVo. ¶mMm AW© hr H$V©ì¶~wÕr {Zénm{YH$ AgVo. H$emdahr Adc§~yZ ZgVo. H$mhrVar {‘idm¶Mo
åhUyZ H$V©ì¶ H$amd¶mMo ZgVo Va H$V©ì¶mgmR>r H$V©ì¶ H$amdm¶Mo AgVo. VmoM gV²g§H$ën hmo¶. nU A‘wH$ EH$ H¥$Vr hr H$V©ì¶
Amho, ho R>admd¶mMo H$go? hm àíZ ¶oVmo.
Vw‘Mm g§H$ën gV² g§H$ën Agcm nm{hOo, ho Iao. ""H$V©ì¶ H$am'' qH$dm {d{eï> H¥$Vr ho Vw‘Mo H$V©ì¶ Amho, Ago H$moU
gm§JVmo? hm n«íZ gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$mÝQ>cm ""Z¡{VH$ AmMaUmMo na‘VÎd' (The Supeme Priniciple of Morality) emoYyZ
H$mT>md¶mMo hmoVo. Vo VÎd Ago ‘m§S>Vmo. ""Ho$ìhmhr H$mhrhr Pmco Var Aer H¥$Vr H$a H$s Ë¶m H¥$Vr‘mJrc VÎdo hm gmd©{ÌH$
{Z¶‘ ìhmdm Aer BÀN>m Vy H$é eH$erc'' ¶m AmXoemcm "{Zénm{YH$ AmXoe' (Categorical Imperative) åhUVmV. ¶m
AmXoemMrM Vmo g{dñVa ‘m§S>Ur H$aVmo. Vr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vmo gm§JVmo H$s "H$V©ì¶ H$a' Ago ~mhaoMr H$moUr ì¶º$s gm§JV Zmhr Vgo
gm§{JVco Va Vo H$V©ì¶ CaV Zmhr H$go? ho ñnï> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vmo AmXoemMo VrZ àH$ma gm§JVmo…
(1) gmonm{YH$ AmXoe (Hypothetical imperative)
EImXo C{Ôï> qH$dm ñdmW© gmYÊ¶mgmR>r Omo AmXoe {Xcm OmVmo, Vmo gmonm{YH$ AmXoe. Mm§Jcm Aä¶mg H$am, Vo H$V©ì¶ Amho
¶m AmXoem‘mJo narjoV gw¶e ho gmÜ¶ AgVo. nhmQ>o {’$am¶cm Om, àH¥$Vr ZrQ> amIm, ¶m AmXoem‘mJo Amamo½¶ gwYmaUo ho C{Ôï>
AgVo. Mm§Jcm ñd¶§nmH$ {eH$ Mm§Jcm Zdam {‘ioc hr gJir H$V©ì¶o hr gmonmYrH$ H$V©ì¶o AgVmV Ë¶mMo Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶ eyÝ¶
AgVo.
(2) {ZpíMVmW©H$ AmXoe (Assertoric imperative)
¶m AmXoemV C{Ôï> AgVo. nU "Oa... Va' Mr AQ> ZgVo. åhUOo ¶oWo AmXoemMr Amdí¶H$Vm Am{U ~§YH$Vm ZgVo. CX-
mhaUmW© gwI ho C{Ôï> AgVo. nU åhUyZ gwI {‘id Agm AmXoe {Xcmhr OmVmo. gwIdmX VoM gm§JVmo. cmoH$ H¥$Vrhr H$aVmV.
nU gwI {‘idM, Ago åhUy eH$V Zmhr, H$maU H$mhrOUm§Zm Vo ZH$mo hr Agy eH$Vo. CcQ> Z¡{VH$ AmXoemV ‘mÌ ~§YH$Vm,
A{Zdm¶©Vm AgVo. H$maU Ë¶mV C{Ôï> ZgVo. Agm AmXoe åhUOo H$mÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo "H$V©ì¶ H$a' Am{U Vmo {ddoH$~wÕr XoVo. Ë¶mgmR>r
Vmo {Vgam àH$ma ‘m§S>Vmo.
(3) {Zénm{YH$ AmXoe (Categorical imperative)
hm AmXoe åhUOoM “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, that it
should become a universal law’’ hmM {gÕm§V åhUOo "{Zénm{YH$ AmXoemMm {gÕm§V' hmo¶. ¶m {gÕm§VmMr A{YH$
‘m{hVr Kody. Ë¶mMo ñdén nwT>rcà‘mUo nmhVm òB©c.

H$mÝQ>Mm {Zénm{YH$ AmXoemMm {gÕm§V
(1) AmMaUmMm {Z¶‘
""Ho$ìhmhr H$mhrhr Pmco Var Aer H¥$Vr H$a H$s Ë¶m H¥$Vr‘mJrc VÎdo hm gmd©{ÌH$ {Z¶‘ ìhmdm Aer BÀN>m Vy H$é
eH$erc.''
“Act only on that principle which can be a Universal Law.’’
hm {Z¶‘ Iam Va ‘yc^yV "Always act on that maxim which you can wish at the same time to be a Law
universal" ¶m AmXoemMoM EH$ énm§Va Amho. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘Vo g§H$ënmMo ñdén Ago Agmdo H$s H¥$VrMm {Z¶‘ hm gmd©{ÌH$,
gmd©O{ZH$ ìhmdm. H$mÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo, H¥$Vr H$aVm§Zm H$V©ì¶ ~OmdVm§Zm Ë¶m‘mJrc VÎd hm Ho$di ñdV…cmM cmJy AgVm H$m‘m
Z¶o. Vo gdmªZm cmJy hmoB©c Ago ì¶mnH$ d AmXe© Agco nm{hOo. CXm. {Xcoco dMZ nmimdo ho VÎd'' ‘cm BVam§Zr {Xcoco dMZ
Ë¶m§Zr nmimdo'' Ago Agy Z¶o; Va ""àË¶oH$mZo {Xcoco dMZ nmimdo'' Ago gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMo Agmdo. VaM Vmo AmMaUmMm
{Z¶‘ hmoB©c. dMZ nmim hm H$V©ì¶mË‘H$ AmXoe {ddoH$~wÕr {dZm AQ> XoVo åhUyZ H$mÝQ> ¶m AmXoemcm {Zénm{YH$ AmXoe Ago
åhUVmo. Ë¶mgM Vmo "ZrVrMo na‘ VÎd' Agohr Zmd XoVmo.
(2) {ZgJ© {Z¶‘mMo VÎd
""Aem [aVrZo H¥$Vr H$a H$s VwÂ¶m H¥$Vr‘mJrc VÎd OUy H$mhr VwÂ¶m g§H$ënm‘wio {ZgJ© {Z¶‘ ~ZUma Amho.''
“Act as if the maxim of your action will become through your wish a Natural Law’’
n{hcm AmMaUmMm {Z¶‘ BV³¶m H$mQ>oH$moanUo A‘cmV AmUmdm H$s OUy H$mhr Vmo {ZgJ© {Z¶‘M ~Zmdm! H$maU {ZgJ©
{Z¶‘ An[adV©Zr¶ Am{U AZw„§KZr¶ AgVmo. Vgm H$V©ì¶mMm {Z¶‘ Agmdm. H$mÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo ì¶º$sMo dV©Z Aem VèhoMo AmMaU
Agmdo H$s Ë¶mMm AmXe© gd© H$mimVrc gd© XoemVrc cmoH$m§Zr OUy H$mhr {ZgJ© {Z¶‘ ñdrH$maVmo, Vgm {dZmAQ> ñdrH$mamdm.
"H$V©ì¶ H$a' hm {ddoH$~wÕrZo {Xcocm AmXoe Agm {ZgJ© {Z¶‘ ~Zcm VaM Vmo gVg§H$ën hmody eH$Vmo, AÝ¶Wm Zmhr.
(3) gmÜ¶‘yë¶Ëd
""H$moUË¶mhr ‘mUgmcm, ‘J Vr ñdV… Agmo qH$dm BVa Hw$Urhr, Ho$di gmYZ åhUyZ Z dmJ{dVm Vmo ‘mUyg EH$ gmÜ¶ Amho
Ago dmJ{dco nm{hOo''
“Do not use any person including yourself as only means’’
àË¶oH$ ‘mUyg hm Amnco gmÜ¶ Agcm nm{hOo, Vmo gmYZ AgVm H$m‘m Z¶o. Ë¶mg gmYZ g‘Oy Z¶o. Oa "" ‘r BVam§Zm gmYZ
g‘Ocmo Va BVa cmoH$hr ‘cm VgoM gmYZ g‘OyZ dmJdVrc. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr ‘cm gmÜ¶ g‘Omdo, Ago ‘cm dmQ>V Agoc
Va ‘rhr Ë¶m§Zm gmÜ¶M ‘mZco nm{hOo, gmYZ Zmhr'' H$mÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo, ‘mPr ñdV…Mr H¥$Vr d BVam§Mr H¥$Vr ¶mH$S>o AmnU {^Þ
ZOaoZo Z nmhVm ì¶mnH$ Ñï>rZo nm{hco nm{hOo. ‘r {OVH$m ‘hÎdmMm Amho Ago ‘cm dmQ>Vo, {VVHo$M BVa OZhr ‘cm {VVHo$M
‘hÎdmMo dmQ>co nm{hOoV VaM ‘r hr BVa OZm§Zm ‘hÎdmMm dmQ>oZ, AÝ¶Wm Zmhr. H$maU hm {Z¶‘ gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMm AgVmo.
(4) gmÜ¶ ‘yë¶m§Mo gwì¶dpñWV OJ
""gmÜ¶ ‘wë¶mÀ¶m EH$m gwì¶dpñWV OJmMm EH$ KQ>H$ g‘OyZ àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sZo AmMaU H$amdo.''
“Always act as a member of Kingdom of Ends’’ (Autonomy of Morality)
H$mÝQ>À¶m ‘Vo, darc VrZ AmXoe nmico Va Oo OJ {Z‘m©U hmoB©c Vo gmÜ¶ ‘yë¶m§Mo OJ hmo¶.'' ‘r gmÜ¶ AgoZ BVa OZhr
gmÜ¶ AgVrc.'' Ago gm§JUmao ho ñdV§Ì Zr{VVÎdM Amho. n[anyU© Z¡{VH$ OJmV g§Kf© ZgVmo. ¶mMo H$maU ‘r Hw$Umcmhr gmYZ
‘mZrV Zmhr Am{U ‘cmhr Hw$Ur gmYZ ‘mZrV Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘mÂ¶mda Hw$Ur ~§YZ KmcrV Zmhr AZ² ‘r hr à{VH$ma åhUyZ Ë¶m
ì¶º$sda ~§YZo cmXV Zmhr. Aem OJmMr aMZm hr gmh{OH$M gwì¶dpñWV AgVo. Vo gmÜ¶‘yë¶mMo amÁ¶ AgVo.
(5) {Zénm{YH$ Mm§JconUm dm g§nyU© H$ë¶mU
ho Mma AmXoe gmÜ¶‘yë¶m§Mo OJ {Z‘m©U H$aUmao Amho. Vo Oa {Z‘m©U Pmco Va H$V©ì¶ H$aUmar ì¶º$s Ë¶m OJmMr ZmJ[aH$
hmoVo. àË¶oH$OU Aer ZmJ[aH$ Pmcr Va OJmV Ho$di gËg§H$ën Agoc. àË¶oH$OU Mm§Jco dmJoc, àË¶oH$mMo H$ë¶mU

àË¶oH$OU gmYoc ‘r ‘mPo H$V©ì¶ Ho$co AmVm Vy VwPo H$V©ì¶ H$a Ago Hw$Urhr Hw$Umcm gm§JUma Zmhr H$maU àË¶oH$OU Amnmnco
H$V©ì¶ H$arV amhrc. OJmV gd©OU gwIrhr AgVrc.
gmYmaUV… Ago KS>Vo H$s H$moUVohr gwI H$moUË¶mVar AQ>r nmië¶m VaM {‘iVo. Ë¶m‘wio gËg§H$ënmer gwg§JV Agoc Va
gwI Mm§Jco AgVo. XþO©Zmcm gwI {‘imco Va Vo Mm§Jco ZgVo. Vr ^¶mZH$ Jmoï> hmoB©c. gwI g‚mZmcm {‘imdo Ago dmQ>V Agoc
Va Vmo gËg§H$ënmerM OmoS>cm Jocm nm{hOo. gX²JwU Am{U gwIr OrdZ hoM Iao H$ë¶mU AgVo. ZrVr ‘mUgmcm hdr AgVo
Vr gwIr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Zìho Va gX²JwUr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Ago H$mÝQ> åhUVmo. WmoS>³¶mV gmonm{YH$ AmXoe d {Zénm{YH$ AmXoe Ago
H$V©ì¶mMo ‘w»¶ XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. nU gmonm{YH$ AmXoe ho H$V©ì¶ Zìho. Iao H$V©ì¶ {Zénm{YH$ AmXoemÀ¶m ñdénmV AgVo. Vo
AmXoe {ddoH$~wÕr XoVo Am{U Vr àË¶oH$mOdi AgVo.
AmnU Cn`wº$VmdmXr _m§S>UrMm d Ë`mda AmYm[aV EH$m àH$aUmMm gImoc {dMma Ho$cm. AmVm AmnU H$mÝQ>À`m ZrVr
{df`H$ Mm¡H$Q>rMm d Ë`mda AmYm[aV EH$m àH$aUmMm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV. ho H$aV AgVmZmM Cn`wº$VmdmX d H$mÝQ> Zo
_m§S>cocm {Zê$nm{YH$ AmXoe AWdm {ZVm§V Amdí`H$VmdmX (Categorical Imperative) `m§À`m Vrc {damoYm^mg AmnU
nmhUma AmhmoV.
Cn`wº$Vm dmXmVrc _w»` ÌwQ>r, åhUOo Ë`mVrc g§»`mË_H$ _wÚm§Zm {Xcoco _hÎd d JwUmË_H$ Am{U Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§H$S>o
Ho$cocm H$mZmS>moim EoaUrda AmUÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ H$mÝQ>Zo Ho$co. Z¡{VH$VoMm H$moUVmhr AmYma Zgcocr g_mOì`dñWm
Ho$di g§»`mË_H$ ~imda àJVr H$é eH$V Zmhr d åhUyZM Z¡{VH$ _yëò OmonmgUo ho g_mO{hVmgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ Agë`mMo
Ë`m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$co. `mM ÌwQ>rMm AmUIr Imocda Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mVrc OmñV ~maH$mì`m§H$S>o cj XoV Om°Z am°ëg `m§Zr
(Distributive Justice) g_Ý`m` dmQ>n `mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr.
àH$aU 2 (Case 2) -
gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ {d^mJ (PWD) Amnë`m d[að> A{YH$mè`m§Zm Amdí`H$ gm_J«r {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>rMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco
AgVmV, Acr ZmdmÀ`m d[að> A{^`§Í`mZo `m g§YrMm nwaonya dmna H$aV ñdV…À`m KamÀ`m ~§mYH$m_mgmR>r Amdí`H$ g_mJ«r
H$m`m©c`mÀ`m A{YH$mamVyZ d n¡emVyZ _mJdcr. _hoe Omo AcrÀ`m {d^mJmV H$m_ H$aUmam H${Zð> A{^`§Vm Amho Á`mcm
`m gdmª~m~V Hw$UHw$U hmoVr, Ë`mda Acr Am{U H$m°ÝQ´>°ŠQ>a `m§À`mVrc g§^mfUmZo {e¸$m_moV©~ Pmco. _hoeZo `m~m~V àË`j
Acrer qH$dm ActÀ`m d[að>m§er g§nH©$ H$aUo Q>miyZ gai _Ü`dVu AÝdofU emIoH$S>o VH«$ma Ho$cr. _mÌ ñdV…Mo Zmd Jwá
R>odÊ`mÀ`m AmQ>rda Ë`mZo Aem àH$maÀ`m H$mù`m H¥$Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr AÝdofU {d^mJmg {Xcr. H$mcmVam§Zo `mMm n[aUm_
åhUyZ Acrcm Mm¡H$erg gm_moao Omdo cmJco. AcrZo `mMm amJ Amnë`m H${Zð> A{YH$mè`mda H$mT>V gd© H${Zð> A{YH$mè`m§Zm
Mm¡H$er gmR>r ~mocmdco. `mdoiog _hoeZo Amnë`mcm `m~m~V H$moUVrhr _m{hVr Zgë`mMo gmqJVco. _mÌ Kar Joë`mZ§Va Aem
àH$mao ImoQ>o ~mocm`cm cmJë`m~ÔcMr I§V Ë`m§Zo nËZrOdi ~mocyZ XmIdcr. darc àH$aUmV H$moUVo Z¡VrH$ d {ZVr{Z`_
{df`H$ _wÔo CnpñWV hmoVmV? {d{dY Z¡{VH$ {dMmagaUtMm Cn`moJ H$éZ MMm© H$am.
à{VgmX (Response 2)
Cn`wº$VmdmXr _m§S>Ur hr Aemn«H$maMo Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm àíZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r A{Ve` _hÎdmMr R>é eH$Vo. {ZU©`mMo JwUmË_H$
_yë` J¥hrV Z YaÊ`mMo Cn`wº$VmdmXr _m§S>UrMo A§J cjmV KoVë`mg Ë`mVrc _`m©Xm Amnë`m cjmV òVmV. na§V,w Cn`wº$VmdmXr
Mm¡H$Q> hr gmd©{ÌH$ H$ë`mUH$mar ñdénmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mV d Ë`§mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV A{Ve` _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V.o
darc àH$aUm_Üò _hoe Zo A{^`§Vm Acr `m§À`m {ZU©`mMo I§S>Z H$aV AgVmZm dmnacoë`m X¥{ï>H$moZ hm nyU©V… Cn`wº$Vm
dmXmÀ`m ~mOycm PwH$Umam {ZU©` Amho. gaH$mar {ZYrVyZ IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy§Mm Ho$di d[að> A{^`§Vm Acr `m§À`m d¡`{º$H$
\$m`ÚmH$aVm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmUo ho OmñV cmoH$m§À`m \$m`ÚmMm {dMma YwS>H$mdyZ Ho$coco H¥$Ë` Amho Ë`mM {ZYrMm Cn`moJ OmñV
cmoH$m§À`m \$m`ÚmH$aVm d åhUyZ Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m AmZ§XmH$aVm Ho$cm Omdm hm _hoeMm AmJ«h Cn`wº$VmdmXr {dM-
magaUrcm YéZ Amho. àemgH$s` A{YH$mar åhUyZ AmnU A{YH$m{YH$ cmoH$m§À`m gwImgmR>r H$m`©aV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho
`m ~m§YrcH$sVyZ ñdV… ImoQ>o ~mocyZ _hoeZo `m {ZU©`mMr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr Amho.
na§Vw H$mÝQ>À`m CÀM Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§À`m _moOnÅ>rda _hoeMm {ZU©` VnmgyZ nm{hë`mg _hoeZo ñdV…À`m Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo

AY…nVZ H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© pñdH$macocm {XgyZ òVmo `mMdoir _hoeZo ì`mdgm{`H$ OrdZmVrc Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Zm ImOJr OrdZmVrc
Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§nojm A{YH$ _hÎd {Xë`mMo OmUdVo åhUyZM H$_r XOm©Mm dmQ>Umam d¡`{º$H$ {ZU©` EH§$Xa gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ`mMm
{dMma H$aVm Cƒ Z¡{VH$VoMm AmXe© g_moa R>odUmam Agy eH$Vmo.
Aem àH$mao H$mhr àH$aUm_Üò EH$m nojm OmñV Z¡{VH$ {dMmagaUr§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {Xcoë`m àH$aUm§Mo AmH$cZ d {dícofU
Ho$co Omdy eH$Vo. H$mÝQ> Zo _m§S>coë`m Cƒ Z¡{VH$ {dMmam§Mo _yë` H$moUË`mhr àemgH$s` à{H«$`m§H$aVm A{Ve` _hÎdmMm Amho.
Ë`m§Mm dmna BVa cmoH$emhr à{H«$`m§er OwidyZ KoVmZm H$gm H$aVm òdy eH$Vmo ho Aem àH$aUm§gmR>r à^mdrarË`m _m§S>Vm òdy
eH$Vo.


Z¡{VH$ {gÕm§V III -

8 Om°Z am°ëg - Ý¶m¶mMr ‘yc^yV g§H$ënZm
àñVmdZm
g_Vm ho XrK©H$mcrZ B{Vhmg Agcoco Z¡{VH$ VgoM amOH$s` VÎd Amho. àmMrZ MrZ_Yrc _mo PrÀ`m VÎdkmZmV, {¼ñVr
Y_m©À`m AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV, 1381 À`m B§½c§S> _Yrc eoV_Owam§À`m CR>mdmVrc _mJÊ`m§V, gVamì`m eVH$mVrc
"coìhcg©' À`m Midir_Üò, Am{U Z{OH$À`m H$mimVrc \o|«$M amÁ`H«$m§VrV g_VoMo ho VÎd A{^ì`º$ Pmcoco AmT>iVo.
g_VoMr g§H$ënZm H$mhrer ì`m{_l ñdénmMr Amho. g_VoÀ`m VÎdmMr gd©gmYmaU _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm AmYma^yV _mZcocr ~m~
åhUOo Hw$R>ë`mhr g§X^m©Vrc dmJUyH$sV AWdm dmQ>mKmQ>rV A{Y_mÝ`Vm {_imdr `mH$[aVm Hw$R>coM A§J^yV d¡{eîQ>ç EImÚm
ì`º$s AWdm JQ>mH$S>o Agy eH$V Zmhr. VgoM AQ>r{da{hV g_VoMr g§H$ënZm \$maer ì`mdhm[aH$ R>aV Zmhr. g_VoMr _m§S>Ur
H$aVmZm gm_m{OH$ {OdZmÀ`m Hw$R>ë`m joÌm§_Üò {VMr àñVwVVm Amho ho R>a{dUo JaOoMo Amho. OrdZmÀ`m n«ËòH$ joÌm_Üò
g_VoMo VËd cmJy Ho$co OmD$ eH$Vo H$m? Am{U Oa Zmhr, Va Hw$R>ë`m joÌm§gmR>r Vo cmJy Ho$co Omdo ho {ZX}{eV H$aUo Amdí`H$
Amho H$m? g_VoMr gdmªZm gmaIrM Amdí`H$Vm Am{U JaO Amho H$m? g_VoZo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo
åhUyZ g_Vocm VÎd åhUyZ _hËd àmá hmoVo H$m? Ago Agë`mg g_Vm d Ý`m` hr XmoZ dooJir VÎdo AmhoV H$m? H$s g_Vonojm
Ý`m`mcm OmñV _hÎd {Xco Joco nm{hOo? g_mOmV {df_Vm Amho, Vr H$m d H$er? Aem AZoH$ A§Jm§Zr g_Vm `m VÎdmMm
{dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo. {df_VoMo ApñVÎd {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r g_VoÀ`m VËdmMr nÕVera _m§S>Ur H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
EImXm VéU IoimSy> Am{U EH$ åhVmar ~mB© `m§À`mV em[a[aH$ j_Vm d Amhmam§À`m JaOm§Zwgma àM§S> Ag_mZVm AmT>iyZ
òB©c, n§aVw H$m`ÚmnwT>o Vo XmoKohr g_mZ AgmdoV. XmoKm§Zmhr JaO nS>oc Voìhm Amamo½`godm {_imì`mV VgoM Ë`m§Zm g_mZ
_Vm{YH$ma Agmdm. åhUOoM Vo qcJ, d`, emar[aH$ j_Vm, Am{U Amhmam§À`m JaOoZwgma Oar {df_ nmVirda Agco Var
ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ Vo g_mZ AmhoV. nU A_`m©X Am{U AQ>r{dahrV g_mZVm cmJy H$am`Mr R>a{dë`mg Ë`m XmoKm§Zm g_mZ Amhma
d ì`m`m_mMr ~§YZo Kmcmdr cmJVrc. Ago Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m XmoÝhr ì`º$s¨da AÝ`m` hmoB©c.
darc CXmhaUmV gwgyÌVm `mdr `mH$[aVm H$mhtÀ`m _Vo g_Vonojm g_Ý`mæ`VoMr JaO AgVo. ""àËòH$mÀ`m j_VoZwgma
àËòH$mÀ`m JaOoà_mUo'' ho g_Ý`mæ`VoMo à{gÕ KmofdmŠ` Amho. `mMm AW© g_VoMm {dMma amOH$s` d H$m`Xoera ~m~tgmR>r
àm_w»`mZo H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ý`m`mÀ`m _yc^yV g§H$ënZo_Üò XoIrc AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. ì`º$sMr
gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr, {VMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ d ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ñWmZ `m gd© Jmoï>tVyZ CX²^dcoë`m \$aH$m§H$S>o cj Z XoVm Ý`m`
hr gdmªZm g_mZ {_iUmar Jmoï> Agmdr Ago _mZco OmVo. `mVyZ AZoH$doim cmoH$m§À`m JaOm Oar d¡{dÜ`nyU© Agë`m Var
Ë`m§Zm h¸$ _mÌ g_mZ n«_mUmV {Xco OmVmV. `mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Ag_mZ dmJUyH$s_mJo Oar Ý`m`mMr Anojm Agcr, Var
dmJUyH$ _mÌ Ag_mZ AgVo ho ZmH$mê$Z MmcUma Zmhr.
AZoH$Xm Ý`m`nyU© dmJUyH$ åhUOo H$m` ho ì`º$sÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmda Adc§~yZ AgVo; Ago Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m©_YyZ
{XgyZ òVo. CXmhaUmW© ^maVr` ór qH$dm X{cV ì`ŠVr qH$dm {deofV… X{cV {ó`m§Zm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoUo åhUOo H$m` ho Ë`m§À`m
gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. AgoM g§X^© nmíMmË` OJm_Üò Jwcm_, Xmg, {ó`m `m§À`m ~m~VrV ~Km`cm {_iVmV.
_mÌ B{VhmgmÀ`m EH$m diUmda, {deofV… à~moYZH$mimZ§Va gd© ì`º$s¨gmR>r à{Vð>oMo d gÝ_mZmMo g_mZ _mnX§S> Agm {dMma
A{YH$ R>iH$nUo g_moa Amcm. gm_m{OH$ H$ama Am{U ì`º$sMo Z¡g{J©H$ h¸$ `m§À`mVrc MM}Mo n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ago ~Xc
{Xgy cmJco. égmoZo åhQ>ë`mà_mUo {df_Vm hr _yimVM _mc_Îmm§Zm g§ñWmË_H$ XOm© XoÊ`mVyZ ApñVÎdmV òVo. {deofV… Ooìhm
_mc_Îmm§À`m _mcH$s h¸$m§Mo Ag_mZ dmQ>n hmoVo Voìhm {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm§À`m _mcH$s hŠH$mZ§Va, _mc_ÎmoÀ`m `m g§ñWmË_H$ énmg
A{YH$M ~iH$Q>r {_iVo.

à~moYZ H$mimVrc g_VoMo VËd ho _wimVM gd© _mZdm§Zr EH${ÌVnUo AZw^dm`À`m _mZdVoÀ`m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV Amho.
hm {dMma \o«§$M amÁ`H«$m§VrXaå`mZ {deof H$ê$Z _m§S>cm Jocm. AWm©VM d¡Mm[aH$ nmVirda, gd© _mZdVogmR>r {hVmÀ`m g_VoMr
g§H$ënZm Oar _mÝ` Ho$cr Var, dmñVdm_Üò g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aV AgVmZm AZoH$ n¡cy§Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. ì`º$sÀ`m
dU©, qcJ, d§e `mda AmYm[aV AgUmar g_Vm Am{U amOH$s` d H$m`Xoera g_Vm `m _wimVM g_VoÀ`m XmoZ {d{^Þ ~mOy
AmhoV. `m gdmªMr gm§JS> KmcV AgVmZm AZoH$ ~mOy§Zr {dMma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `mVrc g_Ý`m` dmQ>n (Distributive Jus-
tice) `m EH$m AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMr AmnU AmVm AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.
AmnU Oo. Eg. {‘c, Ooao‘r ~|W‘ ¶m§gma»¶m 18 ì¶m eVH$mVrc Cn¶wº$VmdmXr {dMmad§Vm§Zr ‘m§S>coë¶m Z¡{VH$ Mm¡H$Q>tMm
Aä¶mg Ho$cm. ¶mM~amo~a B‘°Ý¶wAc H$mÝQ> ¶m VËH$mcrZ AmXe©dmXr {dMmad§VmZo EHy$UM Cn¶wº$VmdmXmMo Ho$coco I§S>Zhr
nm{hco. AR>amì¶m eVH$mV ‘m§S>co Jococo ho {dMma AmOhr {d{dY Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm n[apñWVrMo {dûcofU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r A{Ve¶
‘hÎdmMo R>aVmV. Zr{V{Z¶‘ {df¶H$ Mm¡H$Q>tMm {dMma H$aV AgVmZm ¶m gd© VËdkm§~amo~aM d¡Mm[aH$ VmpËdH$ ‘m§S>Ur gd©àW‘
H$aUmao gm°H«o${Q>g, ßcoQ>mo Am{U A°[añQ>m°Q>c ¶m§Mo Z¡{VH$ àým§~ÔcMo {dMma AmOhr ¶m joÌm‘Ü¶o ‘hÎdmMo ¶moJXmZ XoV AmhoV.
¶m{edm¶ eVH$m§à‘mUo àým§Mo g§X^© ~XcVmV d åhUyZ g‘H$mcrZ amOH$s¶/Z¡{VH$ {dMmad§Vm§Mr ‘m§S>Ur XoIrc ‘hÎdmMr
R>aVo. {dgmì¶m eVH$mVrc Zr{V{Z¶‘{df¶H$ Mm¡H$Q>r Amnë¶mcm ¶m àým§Mo g§X^© g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mg ‘XVrMm hmV XoVmV. {dgmì¶m
eVH$mVrc A{Ve¶ Aä¶mgnyU© d gImoc amOH$s¶ VmpËdH$ ‘m§S>Ur H$aUmam nmümV¶ {dMmad§V åhUOo Om°Z am°ëg. AmVm
AmnU Om°Z am°ëg ¶m g‘H$mcrZ {dMmad§VmZo ‘m§S>coë¶m {dMmam§Mm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV.
Om°Z ~moS>}c am°ëg (B. g. 1921 - B. g. 2002)
gZ 1921 _Üò OÝ‘coë¶m Om°Z am°ëgZo Amnë¶m H$ma{H$XuMm ‘hÎdmMm H$mi hm°d©S>© {dÚmnrR>mV ì¶VrV Ho$cm. {àÝgQ>Z
{dÚmnrR>, Am°³g’$S>© {dÚmnrR> Aem XO}Xma nmümË¶ {dÚmnrR>m‘YyZ {ejU KoVcoë¶m am°ëgZo gm‘m{OH$ àý gmoS>dUmao
àË¶j d¡Mm[aH$ {cImU H$aÊ¶m~amo~aM VËdkmZm‘Ü¶o ârd A‘yV© ‘m§S>Ê¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ {Xco. ^maVm‘Yrc {dgmì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m
CÎmamYm©V H$irMo R>acoco amOH$s¶ VmpËdH$ g§Kf© g‘OyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r am°ëgZo ‘m§S>coco {dMma Cn¶wº$ R>aVmV. Om°Z am°ëg ¶m§Mo
à‘wI H$m¶© "Ý¶m¶' (Justice) ¶m g§H$ënZo^modVr Pmcoco {XgVo. ¶mM {df¶mda Ë¶m§Mr nwñVHo$ d emoY{Z~§Y à{gÕ AmhoV.
am°ëg ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m d¡Mm[aH$ à¶moJercVoVZy (thought expriment) ‘yc^yV pñWVr (original position) ¶m g§H$ënZoda AmYm[aV
g¡Õm§{VH$ ‘m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho. ¶m ‘m§S>Ur‘Ü¶o am°ëg Ago J¥{hV YaVmo H$s, AmnU gdmªZr AkmZmMm ~waIm (veil of ignorance)
nm§Kaë¶mg, åhUOoM Amnë¶mcm ¶m OJm{df¶r d Ë¶mVrc Ag‘mZVo{df¶r Oo kmZ Amho Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o cj Z XoVm Oa AmnU Zì¶mZo
g‘mOì¶dñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMm {dMma Ho$cm Va Vr g‘mOì¶dñWm Ý¶m¶r ~Zoc. ¶m‘Ü¶o AemàH$mao AkmZmMm ~waIm nm§Kaë¶mZ§Va Á¶m
A‘yV© pñWVrV ‘Zwî¶ Agoc Ë¶m pñWVrcm am°ëgZo ‘yc^yV pñWVr (original position) Ago åhQ>c.o ‘yc^yV pñWVrV H$moUmcmM Amnë¶m
^{dî¶mVrc Am{W©H$ AWdm gm‘m{OH$ ñVamMr H$ënZm Zgë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$OU Aer n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZerc am{hc
Á¶m‘YyZ gdmªV VimJmimVrc ì¶º$sÀ¶m h¸$m§Mo XoIrc g§nUy © g§ajU hmoBc© . åhUOoM AmnU ñdV: Ë¶m {R>H$mUr Agë¶mg Amnë¶mcm
Á¶m {H$‘mZ h¸$m§Mr d g§YtMr Anojm Agoc Vo h¸$ d g§Yr gdmªZmM {‘imë¶m nm{hOoV Aem {dMmam§da hr g‘mOì¶dñWm AmYmacocr
Agoc. ¶mMmM AW© gdmªÀ¶m Ý¶m¶mMo {hV OnUmar Aer hr ì¶dñWm Agoc. åhUyZM ‘yc^yV pñWVr d AkmZmMm ~waIm ¶m d¡Mm[aH$
à¶moJmVyZ OÝ‘mcm Amcocr g¡Õm§{VH$ ‘m§S>Ur hr g‘mZ Ý¶m¶mMo dmQ>n H$aUmar Agoc.
Ý¶m¶{df¶H$ {dícofUmMr ‘m§S>Ur am°ëgZo àW‘V: 'Justice as Fairness' ¶m {Z~§YmÛmao Ho$cr. Amnë¶m VÎdkmZmMr
‘m§S>Ur H$aVmZm am°ëg åhUVmo H$s, ‘yipñWVrVrc ‘mUgo {ddoH$erc AgVmV, Ë¶m§Zm Mm§Jco dmB©Q> nmaIÊ¶mMr j‘Vm AgVo,
VgoM Ý¶m¶mMr ‘yc^yV OmUrd AgVo. Amnë¶m ñd{hVmgmR>r H$moUVm ‘mJ© ñdrH$mamdm ¶mMr Ë¶m§Zm {ddoH$s OmU AgVo. VgoM
¶m AdñWoVrc ì¶º$s H$moUVrhr gÎmm AWdm kmZ Zgë¶mZo EH$‘oH$m§da O~aXñVr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. gdmªÀ¶m JaOm Am{U
{hVg§~§Y BVHo$M Zìho Va j‘Vm g‘mZ nmVirda AgVmV. ¶m gdmªMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ñdV:Mr doJir AmoiI (Identity)
AgUmè¶m ì¶º$s ¶mVyZ OÝ‘ KoVrc. ¶m gJù¶m {dMmam§Mm n[anmH$ am°ëgÀ¶m A Theory of Justice ¶m J«§WmVyZ g‘moa ¶oVmo.
am°ëgZo Ë¶mÀ¶m Aä¶mgnyU© ‘m§S>Ur‘YyZ XmoZ à‘wI VÎdo ‘m§S>cr. Ë¶mVrc n{hco VÎd g‘mZ ñdmV§Í¶ (Liberty Principle)
d Xþgao VÎd {df‘VoMo VÎd (Difference Principle) åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. ¶m XmoZ VÎdm§Mr d Ë¶mVrc ~maH$mì¶m§Mr am°ëgZo
g§nyU© XIc KoVcr Amho. Ë¶mÀ¶m n{hë¶m VÎdmZwgma àË¶oH$ ì¶º$scm ‘yc^yV ñdmV§Í¶mMm g‘mZ h¸$ Agcm nm{hOo. VgoM

BVa ì¶º$s¨Zmhr VgmM ‘yc^yV ñdmV§Í¶mMm h¸$ Agcm nm{hOo. EH$mMo ñdmV§Í¶ Xþgè¶mÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mer gwg§JV AgUo Ano{jV
Amho. Va Ë¶mÀ¶m Xþgè¶m VÎdmà‘mUo g‘mOmV AmT>iUmè¶m Ag‘mZVoMo qH$dm {df‘VoMo ¶mo½¶ {Z¶moOZ Ho$co Joco nm{hOo.
am°ëgÀ¶m ‘Vo Oa {df‘Vm gdmªÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmMr Agoc Am{U Oa {df‘Vm A{YH$manXo Am{U gm‘m{OH$ XOm© ¶m‘wio {Z‘m©U
hmoV Agoc Va Aer gd© A{YH$manXo Am{U gm‘m{OH$ XOm© {‘idUo gdmªZm Iwco Agco nm{hOo. ¶m Ë¶mÀ¶m VÎdm§Mm ^maVr¶
gm‘m{OH$ - amOH$s¶ dVw©imda ‘yV© d A‘yV© Aem XmoÝhr ñdê$nmV {Z{üV à^md Amho. hm à^md Z¸$s H$moUVm d Amnë¶m
amoOÀ¶m Am¶wî¶mer H$gm {ZJS>rV Amho ho nmhÿ.
Om°Z am°ëg ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bb
o r d¡Mm[aH$ VÎdo Aä¶mgyZ AmnU ‘yb^yV pñWVr d AkmZmMm ~waIm ¶m à¶moJerb d¡Mm[aH$ g§H$ënZm§er
AmoiI H$éZ KoVbr. AWm©V ¶m d¡Mm[aH$ à¶moJm§Mm Amnë¶m ^modVmbÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ - amOH$s¶ dmVmdaUmer Iyn OdiMm g§~Y§
Amho. àñVwV boImV AmnU am°ëg ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bëo ¶m AZoH$ VÎdm§Mm, Á¶m§Mm ‘w»¶ AmYma VÎdkmZ Amho, gm‘m{OH$ n[aUm‘ H$m¶
Amho ho VnmgUma AmhmoV. am°ëg ¶m§Zr XmoZ à‘wI {dMma ‘m§S>y Z, Ë¶mAmYmao ¶m {df¶mVrb A{YH$ {dñV¥V ^mî¶ àñVwV Ho$bo. ¶mVrb
EH$ åhUOo g‘mZ ñdmV§Í¶mMo VÎd Va Xþgao {df‘VoMo VÎd. Ë¶mnwT>o OmD$Z a°mëg Ý¶m¶m~ÔbÀ¶m {ddoMZmV Ago åhUVmo H$s, Ý¶m¶
hm Ho$di g‘mZ g§Yr {‘iÊ¶mda Adb§~Zy ZgVmo Va, Ë¶m g§YrÀ¶m ñdê$nmda Am{U BVa AZoH$ Jmoï>tdahr Adb§~Zy AgVmo. ho
ñnï> H$aV AgVmZm a°mëgZo g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ dmQ>n - distributive justice ¶m d¡Mm[aH$ ‘m§S>Urda gImob Aä¶mg gmXa Ho$bm. ¶m
‘m§S>UrMm ‘w»¶ Jm^m åhUOo, g‘mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo Am{U g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ dmQ>n Pmbobo AgUo ¶mVrb ‘yb^yV ’$aH$ XmIdyZ
XoUo hm hmo¶. g‘mOmVrb Cno{jV d Xþb{© jV ì¶º$s¨Zm Ý¶m¶ {‘idyZ XoUo d Ë¶m§À¶m H$[aVm g§Yr CnbãY H$aUo ¶m XmoZ g§nUy V© :
{^Þ Jmoï>r AmhoV. ^maVmÀ¶m g§X^m©V Amnë¶mbm ho AmajUmÀ¶m VaVyXt~Ôb VnmgyZ nmhVm ¶oV.o qH$~hþZm ^maVmVrb AmajUmMr
VaVyXhr EH$ àH$maMr a°mpëgAZ ‘m§S>Ur JUbr OmD$ eH$Vo. ~maH$mB©Zo {dMma Ho$ë¶mg Amnë¶m ho bjmV ¶oVo H$s, Ho$di {ejU
gdmªZm Iwbo H$aUo hr à{H«$¶m Ý¶mæ¶ R>aV Zmhr. H$maU H$s, R>am{dH$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWo‘Ü¶o àdoe KoÊ¶mgmR>r Or {H$‘mZ nmÌVm
{dÚmÏ¶m©H$S>o AgUo Ano{jV Amho Vr JmR>Uo AZoH$ Eo{Vh{gH$ d g‘mOemór¶ H$maUm§‘i w o e³¶ hmoD eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZM g§Yr
CnbãY H$aÊ¶mZo àíZ gwQ>V ZmhrV. Aem n[apñWVrV {H$‘mZ Anojm§‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aUo hr à{H«$¶m A{YH$ Ý¶m¶nyU© ~ZVo. åhUyZM
AemàH$mao e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mr {H$‘mZ nmÌVoMr AQ> ~XcUo hm EH$ ì¶dhm¶© d Ý¶mæ¶ ‘mJ© R>aVmo. $¶mM~amo~a Or ì¶º$s OÝ‘V:
A{YH$ gj‘ AgVo, {VÀ¶mda AÝ¶m¶ hmoV Agë¶mMr AmoaS> Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. ¶mMo àË¶wÎma åhUyZ a°mëg åhUVmo H$s, ¶m j‘Vm
{‘idÊ¶mgmR>r ì¶º$sZo H$moUVohr ‘yb^yV l‘ KoVbobo ZgVmV. Am{U åhUyZM Oo AmnU ñdV: H$‘mdbobo Zmhr Ë¶mda AmYm[aV
Amnbo ‘yë¶m§H$Z Ho$bo Omdo hr ‘mJUr amñV Zmhr. AemàH$mao R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUr OÝ‘ KoVë¶mZo Oo gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^m§S>db
Amnë¶mH$S>o O‘m Amho Ë¶mda AmY[aV ’$m¶Xm {‘imdm hr Anojm hr Ý¶mæ¶ Zmhr. AemàH$mao {‘iUmèçm ’$m¶Úm§Zm a°mëgZo Natu-
ral Lottery Ago g§~moYbo Amho. g‘mOemór¶ àíZm§Mm ‘mJmodm AemàH$mao VÎdkZmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ KoVbm OmD$ eH$Vmo ¶mMo ^mZ
C‘oXdmamH$S>o CÎma {b{hV AgVmZm AgUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho. AmajUmgma»¶m A{Ve¶ g§dXo Zerb d Ho$di g‘mOemór¶ dmQ>Umèçm
‘wÚmMr hr VÎdkmZmer OmoS>bb o r ~mOy gd© C‘oXdma§Zr bjmV KoUo A{Ve¶ Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m KQ>H$m§er g§~{§ YV Case study
Mo CÎma {b{hV AgVmZm AemàH$mao VÎdkmZmer OmoS>bb o r, g‘mOemór¶ {díbofUm§hZÿ doJir Aer ‘m§S>Ur H$aVm ¶oUo Amdí¶H$
Amho. ¶mH$aVm {d{dY VÎdkm§À¶m {d{dY {df¶mdarb ‘m§S>Ê¶m, ‘Vo d Ë¶mVrb ~maH$mdo g‘OyZ KoUo A{Ve¶ JaOoMo R>aVo.
‘mÌ gd© d¡Mm[aH$ ‘m§S>Ê¶m§Mr AmoiI Pmë¶mda XoIrb, Case study gmR>r àË¶j narjo‘Ü¶o Zo‘Ho$ d gd©g‘mdoeH$
CÎma H$go {bhmdo ho {dñVmamZo nmhUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶mVrb gdm©V H$irMm ‘wÔm åhUOo {Xboë¶m n[apñWVrVrb Zo‘H$s Z¡{VH$
{ÛYm H$moUVr Amho ho AmoiIVm ¶oUo. AWm©V Ho$di àíZ Z¸$s H$moUË¶m Z¡{VH$ AWdm Zr{V{Z¶‘ {df¶H$ ‘wÚm~Ôb Amho ho
g‘Oë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mVyZ ‘wÔogyX, Am§V[aH$ gwg§JVr Agbobm à{VgmX {Z‘m©U H$aUohr EH$ A{Ve¶ Jw§VJw§VrMr d H$m¡eë¶nyU© ~m~
Amho. Ago boIZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EHy$UM ¶mH$S>o Q>ßß¶mQ>ßß¶mZo nmhUo Amdí¶H$ R>aVo. ¶m gd© Q>ßß¶m§Mr AmnU AmoiI H$ê$Z
KoUma AmhmoV. Ë¶mM~amo~a {d{dY Case study KoD$Z Ë¶mÀ¶mgmR>r à{VgmX d n¶m©¶r à{VgmX H$go {Z‘m©U H$am¶Mo ho XoIrb
nmhUma AmhmoV.


9 nmümË` Z¡{VH$ VÎdk

(Western Moral Philosophers)
ßcoQ>mo (427-347 B.g.nyd©)

gm°Ho«$Q>rgMm {eî` Agcoë`m ßcoQ>moZo Ë`mÀ`m ñdV…À`m H$ma{H$XuV d òUmè`m H$mimV AWoÝg d gd© OJmcm MH$sV H$ê$Z
gmoS>co `mM~amo~a A°arñQ>m°Q>c gmaIm VÎddoÎmm ~ZdÊ`mMo H$m_hr Ë`mZo Ho$co. A{Ve` _moR>çm à_mUmV gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr d
{dMma{Z{_©Vr H$aUmè`m ßcoQ>moMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo g¡Õm§{VH$ H$m_ The Republica `m_YyZ Ho$co Joco Amho. The Republica
_Yrc EH§$XarV {ddoMZmV {ZVr{Z`_m§{df`r (Ethics) Imcrc XmoZ à_wI _wÔo ñnï> Ho$co AmhoV.
(1) {ZVr{Z`_ gmnoj ZgVmV.
(2) {ZVr{Z`_ Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVmV d Ý`m` {_idÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òVrc Q>ßno g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {ZVr{Z`_m§À`m
Mm¡H$Q>rMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
ßcmoQ>moÀ`m _Vo, àemgZ Ý`mæ` Amho H$s Zmhr ho R>a{dÊ`mMr gdm©V _hÎdmMr _moOnÅ>r åhUOo Ë`mVrc KQ>H$ ì`º$s Ý`mæ`
AmhoV H$s Zmhr ho VnmgUo. H$moUË`mhr ì`dñWoVrc àËòH$ KQ>H$mZo Amnmncr O~m~Xmar CÎm_[aË`m nma nmS>ë`mg g_Vmoc
gmYUo ghOM eŠ` hmoVo. ho {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ßcoQ>moZo nwT>rc Mma JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Zm _hÎd {Xco.
(1) Y¡`© (2) hþemar (3)~§YZm§Mm ñdrH$ma (4) Ý`m`
`mnwT>o OmD$Z Ë`mZo Ago _m§S>co H$s, darcn¡H$s n{hë`m VrZ JwU d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm CÎm_ {dH$mg Pmë`mg Ë`m§Mr n[a{UVr
Mm¡Ï`mV åhUOoM Ý`m`mV hmoVo. åhUyZM àemgZ d KQ>H$ ì`º$s `m§Zr `m 4 JwU d¡{eîQ>çm§_Yrc Amncr O~m~Xmar AmoiIyZ
dV©Z Ho$ë`mg AmnmoAmnM Ý`m` d g_Vmoc ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoB©c.
A°[añQ>m°Q>c (384-322 BCE)
A°[añQ>m°Q>c ßcoQ>moMm {eî` hmoVm. Ë`mZo {Z{V{Z`_ {df`H$ Ho$coco à_wI H$m_ åhUOo Nicomachean ethics. ßcoQ>moà_
mUoM gXJwUm§da AmYmarV {ZVr{Z`_m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> _m§S>Umè`m A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo Virtue ethics _Ü¶o H$mhr ~Xc gwM{dco. ñdV…À`m
d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Ur_Yo A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo gXJwUm{Y{ï>V gd`r ê$OdÊ`mda d OmongÊ`mda â {Xcm. H$mhr _mZdr gX²JwU AmË_gmV
H$aÊ`mMr YS>nS> Ho$cr nmhrOo Aer hr _m§S>Ur Amho `m_Yrc gdm©V à_wI J¥{hVH$ åhUOo _mUyg hm g_mO{à` àmUr Amho.
åhUyZM gmd©{ÌH$ d emídV AmZ§X {_i{dÊ`mH$arVm gX²JwU d {dMma{Zð>m `m gd`tda AmYmarV g_mOì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo
A°[añQ>m°Q>ccm _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo.
Wm°_g h°mãO (1588-1679)
B§½c§S>À`m A{Ve` ApñWaVmnyU© dmVmdaUm_Üò {ddmXmñnX VmËdrH$ d d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm°ãO n«{gÕ Amho.
Ë`m§Zo Amnë`m Leviathan `m nwñVH$m_YyZ {Zanoj Am{U Z¡{VH$ Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$cr. Á`m_Üò EH$m ì`º$sÀ`m qH$dm
KamÊ`m§À`m gÎmmñWmZmcm _hÎdmMo d¡Mm[aH$ A§J Ë`mZo àmá H$ê$Z {Xco.
hm°ãO `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m _m§S>UrV Agm {dMma _m§S>cm H$r, Ooìhm _Zwî` gwg§ñH¥$V d g_mOmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhmV ZìhVm, åhUOoM
Ooìhm Vmo Ë`mÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ AdñWoV OrdZ OJV Agoc Voìhm n«ËòH$mZoM BVa àËòH$m{déÕ `wÕ nwH$maë`mgmaIr pñWVr {Z_m©U
hmoUo An[ahm`© hmoVo. Oar EH$àH$mao _Zwî` H$m`Úm§nmgyZ d {Z`_m§nmgyZ _wº$ Agcm Var Ë`mMo Am`wî` g§Kf©_`, {h§gmnyU©,
X`Zr` d AënOrdr hmoVo. Aem `mVZm_` n[apñWVrVyZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Zr EH$Ì òdyZ ñdoÀN>oZo Ë`m§À`m g_whmcm
amOm~amo~arc gm_m{OH$ H$amamV ~m§YyZ KoVco. Am{U ñdV…Mo ñdmV§Í` H$mhr à_mUmV amOmcm ~hmc H$ê$Z Ë`m~Xë`mV

gwa{jVVm {_i{dcr. `m {dMmam§Mo ñdê$n cmoH$emhrdmXr Zgco Var XoIrc nmíMmË` OJmVrc CXma_VdmXr amÁ` àemgZmMr
nmio_wio hm°ãO À`m {dMmagaUrV Jw§Vcocr AmhoV.
S>o{dS> øw_ (1711-1776)
18 ì`m eVH$mVrc _wiÀ`m ñH°$mQ>c§S>_Yrc EH$ _hÎdmMo VÎdqMVH$ S>o{dS> øw_ `m§Mo _hÎdmMo H$m_ åhUOo - A trea-
tise on Human Nature. Á`m_YyZ Ë`m§Zr Ý`m`, dmñVd, ^mfm Am{U {ZVr{Z`_ `m§Mm nam_e© KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.
Ë`m§À`m _m§S>UrVrc à_wI {dMma åhUOo Vm{H©$H$VoÀ`m hÅ>mcm Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm {damoY hmo` Am{U Ë`m§À`m {ZVr{Z`_{df`H$
H$m_m_YyZ Ë`m§Mo Vm{H©$H$Vooer Agcoco eÌwËdmMo ZmVo ñnï> hmooVo. øw_ `m§À`m _Vo Z¡{VH$VoMm OÝ_ EImÚm _wë`mÀ`m Z¡{VH$Vo~Ôc
Mm§Jcm AWdm dmB©Q> Agm eoam Xody eH$V Zmhr _mÌ ^mdZm, Mm§JwcnUm AWdm dmB©Q>nUm R>ady eH$VmV. Vm{H©$H$Vm Ho$di
_m{hVrMo {dícofU H$ê$ eH$Vo na§Vw A§Vr_V… ^mdZmM Mm§Jco Am{U dmB©Q> `mMm {ZdmS>m H$aVmV. Ooìhm Vm{H©$H$Vm hr newdV
BÀN>m§Zm cJm_ KmcUmar d åhUyZ Z¡{VH$ Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$cr OmV hmoVr Ë`mM H$mimV øw_ `m§Zr A{Ve` YmS>gr d {ddmXmñnX
Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$cr. Ë`m§À`m_Vo Vm{H©$H$Vm hr newdV B©ÀNm§Mr Jwcm_ AgVo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo àËòH$ _Zwî`mMm ñd^md BVa _Zwî`m§er
^md{ZH$ nmVirda OmoSy>Z KoÊ`mÀ`m j_Vm§Zr {gÕ AgVmo d åhUyZM BVam§Mo ^co ìhmdo EH§$Xa gm_mB©H$ H$ë`mU gmÜ` ìhmdo
AemàH$mao dmJÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUmè`m ^mdZm àËòH$ ì`º$sV {ZgJ©V…M AgVmV.
B_°Ý`wAc H$mÝQ> (1724-1804)
_Zwî`mZo ñdV…Vrc newdV BÀN>m Amnë`mcm {_imcoë`m Vm{H©$H$ {dMmamÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ZîQ> H$amì`mV, Agm n«_wI {dMma
H$mÝQ>Zo _m§S>cm. ho H$aV AgVmZmM g§VwcrV g_mO ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$aVm Cƒ Z¡{VH$ d Zr{V{Z`_ {df`H$ Mm¡H$Q
(Moral and ethical frame work) {Z{íMV H$amdo. H$mÝQ>Mo Z¡{VH$ {dMmamÀ`m joÌmVrc _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ åhUOo Cn`wº$Vm
dmXmMo Ë`mZo Ho$coco I§S>U hmo`. Cn`wº$Vm dmXmVrc _w»` ÌwQ>r åhUOo Ë`mVrc g§»`mË_H$ _wÚm§Zm {Xcoco _hÎd d JwUmË_H$
Am{U Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§H$S>o Ho$cocm H$mZmS>moim EoaUrda AmUÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ H$mÝQ>Zo Ho$co. Z¡{VH$VoMm H$moUVmhr AmYma Zg-
cocr g_mOì`dñWm Ho$di g§»`mË_H$ ~imda àJVr H$é eH$V Zmhr d åhUyZM Z¡{VH$ _yëò OmonmgUo ho g_mO{hVmgmR>r
AË`mdí`H$ Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$co. `mM ÌwQ>rMm AmUIr Imocda Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mVrc OmñV ~maH$mì`m§H$S>o cj
XoV Om°Z am°ëg `m§Zr Distributive Justice {Z`{_V Ý`m` dmQ>n `mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr.
Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {_c (1806-1873)
19 ì`m eVH$mVrc B½c§S>_Yrc à^mdr VÎdmqMVH$ amOH$s` d {ZVr{Z`_{df`H$ VÎdkmZm{df`r {_c `m§Zr {dnwc coIZ
Ho$co. `m§Mr XmoZ _hÎdmMr `moJXmZo åhUOo
(1) On liberty (2) Utilitarianism
`m_Yrc On Liberty _Üò {_c `m§Zr ì`{º$À`m ñdm`ÎmVm d ñdmV§Í` `m§Mo ajU H$aUmar _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Va Utilitari-
anism _Yo Ë`m§Zr Amncr Z¡{VH$ {dMmam§Mr Mm¡H$Q> ñnï Ho$cr. Ooa_r ~|W_ `m§À`mM H$m_mMm dmagm nwT>o ZoV _rc `m§Zr Ago
åhQ>co H$s, OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$m§Mo OmñVrV OmñV ^co ìhmdo hr g_mOñdmñWmgmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~ Amho. Ago Agco Var
~|W_ `m§À`m _Vm§nmgyZ ’$maH$V KoV _rc `m§Zr Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$cr H$s gd© gwIo AWdm AmZ§X gmaImM AZw^d XoUmar ZgVmV.
_rcÀ`m _Vo, H$mhr gwIm§Mo _wë` BVa gwIm§À`m _wë`mno§jm A{YH$ AgVo VgoM OmñV _m¡ë`dmZ gwIo hr Ë`m_mJrc Vm{H©$H$Vm
gm_m{OH$ ^md{ZH$ _hÎd `mgma»`m Jmoï>tda Adc§~yZ AgVo. `m_YyZ _rcZo Cn`wº$Vm dmXmVrc à_wI ÌwQ>tMo MmoI CÎma {Xco
Á`m_Üò Cn`wº$VmdmX hm Ho$di AmZ§X XoUmè`m newdV BÀN>m§da ~oVcocm Amho Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo.
{ZËeo (Nietzsche) (1844-1900)
{ZËeo `m O_©Z VÎdqMVH$mZo nma§nm[aH$ Z¡{VH$Voda H$S>mSyZ {Q>H$m Ho$cr. A{Ve` d¡{dÜ`nyU© VmpËdH$ {dMma _m§S>Umè`m
{ZËe|Zr Ë`m§À`m {dMmamVyZ AemàH$mao nm§anm[aH$ Z¡{VH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVco H$ƒo Xwdo _m§S>Ê`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. `m_YyZ Ë`m§Zr nma§nm[aH$
Z¡{VH$Vm hr EH§$XarVM H$inmMo {Z`_ nmiyZ amhm`cm ^mJ nmS>Umar {Z{V_Îmm Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo nma§nm[aH$ Z¡{VH$Vm hr
_mUgmÀ`m Xw~©cVocm àmYmÝ` XoV, g_yhmMm ^mJ hmoD$Z amhÊ`mMo \$m`Xo _m§S>V AgVo. `m gdmªVyZ àËòH$ _Zwî`mH$S>o Ag-

cocr d¡`{º$H$ gÎmm d Ë`mMo doJionU `mcm A{Ve` H$_r _hÎd {Xco OmVo. nma§nm[aH$ {Z{V_Îmm hr ì`º$s¨Zm A{Ve` _moR>çm
à_mUmda Adc§{~Ëd pñdH$mam`cm cmdUmar d Ë`m§Zm Amier ~ZdUmar {Z{V_Îmm Amho. Aem àH$maMr _m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr
åhUyZM {ZËeoÀ`m _Vo, ì`{º$Zo ñdV…H$S>o Agcocr j_Vm VnmgÊ`mH$aVm g_yhmnmgyZ doJio hmodyZ AmnU à`moJerc ì`º$s
åhUyZ H$moU AmhmoV `mMm emoY KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho Ago _m§S>co. hr à`moJercVm _Zwî`mcm ñdV…Vrc gm_Ï`© d j_Vm `m§Mr
OmUrd H$ê$Z XoB©c d Ë`mcm g_yhmÀ`m _mÝ`Voda d A_mÝ`Voda Adc§~yZ amhmdo cmJUma Zmhr Aer {ZËeo `m§Mr H$ënZm hmoVr.
Om°Z am°ëg (1921-2002)
am°ëg ho Bå`mÝ`wAc H$mÝQ> `m§Zr _m§S>coë`m {dMmagaUrMo nwañH$V} AmhoV. g_mO OrdZmdarc d amOH$s` n[aKmdarc
Cn`wº$Vm dmXmMm à^md H$_r H$aÊ`mV d Ë`mVrc ÌwQ>r XmIdyZ XoÊ`mV am°ëg `m§Mm _hËdmMm dmQ>m Amho. 20 ì`m eVH$mVrc
amÁèmómVrc à_wI _m§S>Ê`m_Üò am°ëg `m§Zr `moJXmZ {Xco Amho. Ë`m§Zr _m§S>coë`m _wi pñWVr (Original Position) À`m
{dMmagaUrZwgma _Zwî`mZo Oa Aem _wipñWVr déZ CËH«$m§Vrcm gwê$dmV Ho$cr OoWo àËòH$ ì`º$s ñdV…Mo {hV OmongÊ`mgmR>r
H$m_ H$aV Agoc Va g_mO åhUyZ gdmªMo {H$_mZ gwI cjmV KodyZ g_mZVoda AmYmarV ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoUo `mM _m§S>Urcm
‘least well off’ Ago g§~moYco OmVo. AWm©V Aer ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmZm AmOÀ`m `wJmVrc _Zwî`mcm AkmZmMm
~waIm (Veil of ignorance) nm§Kamdm cmJoc.


10
^maVr` Z¡{VH$ {dMma - I
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V d {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m XeH$mV AZoH$ ^maVr` {dÛmZ-{dXþfr {d{dY
ì`mgnrR>m§da EH$Ì òD$ cmJco. Ë`mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mV `m gdmªZm {deof ag AgUo.
B§J«Om§À`m Owc_r amOdQ>r{déÕ EH$Ì òÊ`mMr JaO gdmªZm dmQy> cmJcr. Ë`mAmYr ^maVmMr EH$ amï´> (Nation) åhUyZ
n[a{MV AmoiI hr H$mhr à_mUmV Yyga hmoVr. `mM H$mcI§S>m_Üò ^maVr` Zr{V_Îmo{df`r d Z¡{VH$ {dMmagaUt{df`r
XoIrc ânya D$hmnmoh KSy>Z Amcm. AWm©V Amnë`mcm ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOo H$s VËH$m{cZ gm_m{OH$-amOH$s`
n[apñWVrMr N>m`m OrdZmÀ`m gd©M A§Jm§da hmoVr. Ver Vr Z¡{VH$ {dMmaàUmctdahr hmoVr. àñVwV àH$aUmV amOm am__mohZ
am°°`, X`mZ§X gañdVr, {ddoH$mZ§X, AaqdX Kmof, adtÐZmW R>mHy$a, {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mo {dMma {Xco AmhoV. `m_Üò Ë`m§À`m
amOH$s`-gm_m{OH$ YmaUm d Ë`mVyZ {dH${gV Pmcoë`m Z¡{VH$ g§H$ënZm ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. àËòH$ ì`º$sMm OrdZ
H$mcI§S>, Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` YmaUm d EH§$Xa Z¡{VH$ {dMmagaUrÀ`m n[aàoú`mVrc Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ `mVyZ {Z{üV ñnï> hmoB©c.
amOm am__mohZ am°` (1772 Vo 1833)

^maVr¶ à~moYZMo àVrH$, {dídY‘m©Mm àdV©H$, d¥ÎmnÌ ì¶dgm¶mMm ‘w{º$XmVm, nyd©-npíM‘ocm d ^yV-^{dî¶mcm OmoS>Umam
goVy, ‘mZdVoMm nwOmar, Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ghOrdZmMm CX²JmVm - Aem {H$Ë¶oH$ {deofUm§Zr amOm am‘‘mohZ am°¶ ho Zmd AmYw{ZH$
^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV AOam‘a R>aco Amho. am°¶ ¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ d amOH$s¶ {dMmam§Zm ì¶mnyZ CaUmè¶m ‘mZdVmào‘m‘wio
d A‘¶m©X g{hîUwVoÀ¶m àoaUm§‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m g§nyU© d¡Mm[aH$ {dñVmamV EH$ AI§S> gwg§JVr d {Z{üV VËdkmZmMr ÑT> ~¡R>H$
AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ho ’$maM WmoS>çm {dMmad§Vm§À¶m coIZmV {XgVo.
Ë¶m§À¶m EH$m M[aÌco{IHo$Zo (gmo’$s S>m°ÝgZ H$m°coQ>) am‘‘mohZm§Mo d¡Mm[aH$ {dídmVrc ñWmZ AË¶§V ¶Wmo{MV eãXm§V
d{U©co Amho. Ë¶m åhUVmV, ^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV am‘‘mohZm§Mo ñWmZ EH$m àM§S> ~iH$Q> goVyMo Amho. hm goVy ^maVmÀ¶m A‘mn
B{Vhmgmcm AZ§V ^{dVì¶mer OmoS>Vmo. "àmMrZ Om{Vì¶dñWocm AmYw{ZH$ ‘mZdVoer, A§YlÕm§Zm {dkmZmer, cmoH$emhr
na§nam§Zm hþHy$‘emhr na§nam§er, J{VéÕ ê$T>tZm àdmhr àJVrer d ~hþB©ídadmXmcm EHo$ídadmXmer OmoS>Umè¶m EH$m CÎmw§J
H$‘mZrerM amOm am‘‘mohZ am°¶ ¶m§Mr VwcZm Ho$cr OmD$ eHo$c.' "am‘‘mohZ ¶m§Zr d¡{XH$ Y‘©, Bñcm‘ Y‘©, Am{U {¼ñVr Y‘©
¶m§À¶mVrc OrdZmcm Cn¶moJr AgUmè¶m à‘wI d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU Pmco nm{hOo Aer MmcZm {Xcr. AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ Am{U
Am{Y^m¡{VH$ ¶m§Vhr g‘Ýd¶ H$aÊ¶mMm AmXoe {Xcm. nmíMmË¶ Am{U nm¡añË¶ ¶m§À¶m ^m¡{VH$ {dMmam§Mmhr g‘Ýd¶ CnXo{ecm.'
"‘mÌ nm¡dm©Ë¶ ^yVH$mimnmgyZ Ë¶m§Zr gwê$ Ho$cocr dmQ>Mmc Ho$di nmpíM‘mË¶ g§ñH¥$Vrn¶ªV ¶oD$ZM Wm§~cr Zmhr Va {Vcmhr
Amocm§Sy>Z nm¡dm©Ë¶ d nmpíM‘mÎ¶hr Zgcoë¶m, nU Ë¶m Xmohm|nojmhr ^ì¶{Xì¶ Aem gä¶VoH$S>o Vr {ZKmcr hmoVr.'
adtÐZmWm§À¶m nwT>rc eãXm§V g‘mamon H$aUo AË¶§V Am¡{MË¶nyU© R>aoc Ago dmQ>Vo: "am°¶ ¶m§Zr ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJmMm àma§^
Ho$cm. hm Xoe ñdËdmMr OmUrd {dgacm hmoVm Am{U Ë¶m‘wio AVm{H©$H$VoMo AmoPo Ë¶m§À¶m {eamda ¶oD$Z nS>co hmoVo. n[apñWVrZo
Vmo Jwcm‘ ~Zcm hmoVm. gm‘m{OH$ Mmcr[aVr, amOH$maU, Y‘© d H$cm ¶m gd© joÌmV OwÝ¶m na§naoMm daMî‘m Pmcm hmoVm.
Aemdoir am°¶ ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§Mo M¡VÝ¶erc ì¶{º$Ëd d VS>OmoS> Z H$aUmam ñdmV§Í¶dmX ¶m§À¶m ¶moJmZo Amnë¶m XoemÀ¶m gO©ZercVoMo
‘hÎd OmUco Am{U Ë¶mcm ñdËdmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mMm H$ï>àX ‘mJ© ñdrH$macm.'

X`mZ§X gañdVr (1824 Vo 1883)

ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr ho doXmon{ZfXo d Y‘©emómXr àmMrZ J«§Wm§Zr PnmQ>coco ì¶{º$‘Îd åhUyZ ^maVmÀ¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$
B{VhmgmV {Mañ‘aUr¶ amhVrc. gm‘m{OH$ e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ ¶m {VÝhr joÌmV Ë¶m§Zr H$m¶© Ho$co.
qhXr ^mfocm gd© ^maVr¶m§Mr g§nH©$^mfm åhUyZ ñdrH$maÊ¶mV, Amnë¶m AZw¶m¶m§da ñdXoerMo g§ñH$ma H$aÊ¶mV, ñdV:
gyV H$mVyZ, H$mnS> {dUyZ Vo n[aYmZ H$aÊ¶mV, Añn¥í¶VmXr gm‘m{OH$ d¡JwÊ¶m§Mm à{VH$ma H$aÊ¶mV, h[aOZm§Zm ewÕ H$ê$Z
qhXÿ Y‘m©V nwZ:à{dï> H$aÊ¶mV, lr‘§Vm§Zr Jar~m§~Ôc {dídñVmMr ^y{‘H$m ¿¶mdr Agm {dMma ‘m§S>Ê¶mV Am{U IoS>çm§‘Yrc
àemgZì¶dñWm H$mogië¶m~Ôc hihiÊ¶mV - ñdm‘r X¶mZ§Xm§Zr nwT>o ~è¶mM dfmªZr Amcoë¶m Jm§Yr {dMmam§MoM gyVmodmM
H$ê$Z R>odco hmoVo AgoM åhUmdo cmJVo.
{dídmVrc ‘mZd‘mÌmcm ‘wº$sMm, ‘mojmMm ‘mJ© doXmYmao {Xgmdm Aer X¶mZ§Xm§Mr Anojm hmoVr. ‘mZd‘mÌm§Zr ñdrH$macoë¶m
VËdm§Mm g‘Ýd¶ gmYyZ, ¶wJmZw¶wJo nmicm OmB©c Aem {dídY‘m©Mr à{Vð>mnZm H$aUo, Ë¶m AÝd¶o ‘mZdm‘mZdm§‘Yrc g§Kf©,
ñnYm© d VoT> Zï> H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ H$aUo ho Ü¶o¶ Ë¶m§Zr ñdrH$maco hmoVo. AWm©V Ë¶m§Mm hm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Ñ{ï>H$moU am‘‘mohZm§à‘mUo
AZoH$ Xoem§À¶m amOH$s¶ g§YrH$aUmÀ¶m g§H$ënZoV Am{dîH¥$V Z hmoVm Ho$di doXàgmamÀ¶m H$jm {dídmË‘H$ H$aÊ¶mBVnVM
‘¶m©{XV am{hcm.
Ë¶m§Mo doXàm‘mÊ¶ AmOÀ¶m AmYw{ZH$-d¡km{ZH$ ¶wJmV ‘mÝ¶ hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr Am{U Xþgao Ago H$s Ë¶m§À¶m ¶m Ho$di
doX{Zð>o‘wio Ë¶m§Zm nmíMmË¶ gm‘m{OH$ d amOH$s¶ {dMmad§Vm§À¶m coIZmVrc {dMmam§Mo ñdmJV H$aUo Z O‘ë¶m‘wio CcQ> Ë¶m§À¶m
{dMmamV Ë¶m‘wio EH$ Ý¶yZM {Z‘m©U Pmco Amho, amOH$s¶ OrdZmV {ZdS>UwH$m qH$dm H$m¶ÚmMo loð>Ëd qH$dm {ó¶m§Mo h¸$ Aem
H$mhr AmYw{ZH$ g§H$ënZm§Mo AmoPaVo C„oI gañdVtÀ¶m {cImUmV ¶oV Agco Var d¡Mm[aH$ÑîQ>çm Vo ‘hmOZ gÎmocmM A{YH$
Odi hmoVo. doXm§Zm na‘oídaà{UV d {ÌH$mc à‘m{UV ‘mZUmao X¶mZ§X à~moYZmÀ¶m EHy$U {dkmZ{Zð> ~w{Õàm‘mÊ¶dmXr d Bh-
dmXr àdmhmer g‘ag hmoD$ eH$co ZmhrV. Ë¶m§Mo amOH$s¶ {dMma Am{U AmXe© Ë¶m§À¶m Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV pñWa‘yc hmoD$ eH$co
ZmhrV. ^maVmVrc AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s¶ {dMmam§À¶m {dH$mgmVrc EH$ Q>ßnm EdT>oM Eo{Vhm{gH$ ‘hÎd Ë¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Zm Caco.
{ddoH$mZ§X (1863 Vo 1902)
Ym{‘©H$ joÌmVrc ¶m g§Ý¶ñV amï´>^º$mÀ¶m {dMmam§Mm n„m AË¶§V àM§S> d g‘mdoeH$ Amho. amï´>ào‘mnmgyZ ‘mZd‘mÌm{df¶rÀ¶m
ào‘mn¶ªVMr CÎmw§J Pon Ë¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Zr KoVcocr Amho. Y‘©VÎdm§Mm àgma ¶m XoemV d Xoem~mhoa H$arV AgVmZm AZoH$
gm‘m{OH$ amOH$s¶ g§H$ënZm§Zm Ë¶m§Zr AmH$ma {Xcm. ¶m XoemVrc amï´>dmXmÀ¶m C^maUrV Va {ddoH$mZ§Xm§À¶m {dMmam§Mo ‘hÎd
nm¶mê$n Amho. ¶moJr AaqdX Am{U cmoH$‘mÝ¶ {Q>iH$m§Zr nwT>o Omo amï´>dmXmMm {gÕm§V ‘m§S>cm Ë¶m Y‘m©Mo AË¶wƒ d {dewÕV‘
AmXe© ho Jmä¶mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr hmoVo. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr§Zr Z§VaÀ¶m H$mimV gË¶-AqhgoÀ¶m VËdkmZmcm Oo Ym{‘©H$ AmYma {ZdS>co
Vo Ë¶m§Zm ñdm‘r {ddoH$mZ§Xm§À¶m {eH$dUwH$sVyZ {‘imco. gË¶mJ«hrgmR>r gË¶{à¶Vm, {Z^©¶Vm, AqhgH$Vm BË¶mXr JwUm§Mm Omo
AmXe© Ë¶m§Zr C^m Ho$cm Ë¶mVhr ñdm‘tÀ¶m {dMmam§À`m AÜ¶¶ZmVyZ d¥qÕJV Pmë¶mMo ñdV: Jm§YrZtM åhQ>co Amho. hr à‘wI
ZoË¶m§Mr Oar CXmhaUo gmoS>cr Var Ag§»¶ gm‘mÝ¶ VéUm§À¶m ‘Zmdahr amï´>^º$sMm g§Xoe H$moaÊ¶mMo ‘hmZ H$m¶© amï´>mÀ¶m ¶m
{eënH$mamZo Ho$coco {XgyZ ¶oVo. doXmÝVmVrc {dMma H$m¶m}ÎmoOH$ d CËgmhdY©H$ AmhoV. doXF$Mm§À¶m KZJ§^ra ‘§ÌmoƒmamZo g§~§Y
XoemV ZdOrdZ {Z‘m©U hmoB©cM Aem AmË‘{dídmgmZo doXmÝVmÀ¶m {ejUmcm ñdm‘tZr Oo ‘hÎd {Xco hmoVo Vo ¶wdH$m§Zr {Xcoë¶m
à{VgmXmdê$Z amñVM {gÕ Pmco.
H$mhr nmíMmË¶ coIH$ {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm ¶m XoemVrc g‘mOdmXmMo àdV©H$ ‘mZVmV. g‘mOdmXr {dMmagaUr ¶m XoemV ê$T>
hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m AZoH$ df} AmYr {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr H$mhr g‘mOdmXr {dMma àòwV Ho$co hmoVo hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. nmíMmË¶ Xoem§Vrc
gm‘m{OH$ H«$m§Vr{df¶rÀ¶m gm{hË¶mer Ë¶m§Mm OdiyZ n[aM¶ hmoVm. XrZX{cVm§~Ôc Ë¶m§Zm {dcjU H$Ud d H$iH$i hmoVr.
J[a~m§Zm A{YH$ Jar~ d lr‘§Vm§Zm A{YH$ lr‘§V hmoVmZm nmhÿZ Ë¶m§Zr hihi ì¶º$ Ho$cr hmoVr, X{cV-godH$m§Zr J[a~rV amhÿZ
H$m¶© H$amdo. lr‘§Vmda Adc§~yZ amhÿ Z¶o Agohr Ë¶m§Zr gm§{JVco hmoVo. eyÐm§À¶m hmVr gd©loð> gÎmm {ZH$Q>À¶m ^{dVì¶mV OmB©c
H$moUrM Vr à{H«$¶m Wm§~dy eH$Uma Zmhr. g‘mOnwéfmÀ¶m nm¶mer cmoiU KoUmè¶m ¶m dJmªZm Ë¶m§À¶m hmoV Agcoë¶m emofUmMr
OmUrd hmoD$ cmJcr AgyZ CƒdUu¶ Ë¶m§Zm ¶mnwT>o ’$ma H$mi Xm~yZ R>ody eH$Uma ZmhrV. OZVoÀ¶m ¶m A’$mQ> AXå¶ e³VtMm

{dñ’$moQ> {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr Amnë¶m A§VíMjy§Zr nm{hcm hmoVm. g‘mOmV ¶m {ZåZdJmªZm Amnco C{MV ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mgmR>r
Ë¶m§Mr YS>nS> hmoVr.
gÎmm Am{U gm‘Ï¶© ‘yR>â, Z am~Umè¶m§À¶m hmVr amhÿZ cmImo H$ï>H$è¶m§Zm Xmñ¶ËdmV R>odUmè¶m nmíMmË¶ gm‘«mÁ¶emhrMr
{ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm MrS> hmoVr. Aem amï´>m‘Ü¶o AgUmar KQ>ZmË‘H$ emgZo, ñdmV§Í¶ d g§gXm hm Ë¶m§Zm {Zdi XoImdm dmQ>V Ago.
EH$sH$S>o ¶m g§ñWm§Mm CXmo CXmo H$arV AgVmZm g§~§Y OJmcm Amnë¶m ñdmWu EH$m{YH$maemhr ‘hÎdmH$m§joÀ¶m Q>mMoImcr {MaSy>
nmhUmè¶m n{ü‘r amï´>m§À¶m dmJÊ¶mVrc A§V{d©amoY {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm OmUdcm hmoVm.
na§Vw Varhr {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm AmOÀ¶m ê$T> AWm©Zo g‘mOdmXr åhUVm ¶oB©c H$s Zmhr, ¶m~Ôc e§H$m Amho. Vo ñdV: ¶m{df¶r
åhUVmV, ""‘r g‘mOdmXr Amho H$s Zmhr, ‘cm ‘mhrV Zmhr, ‘cm EH$M Jmoï> ‘m{hV Amho H$s, Im¶cm ‘wirM Kmg Zgë¶mnojm
AYm© Kmg ~am!' g‘mOdmXmcm Vo n[anyU© ì¶dñWm ‘mZm¶cm V¶ma {XgV ZmhrV. g‘mOdmXmcm g§Yr Úm¶cm Ë¶m§Mr haH$V
Zmhr, H$maU Ë¶mM ì¶º$s¨Zr {MaH$mc Xþ:I dm {MaH$mc gwI AZw^{dÊ¶mnojm gwIXþ:ImMo ’o$admQ>n hmoUo Ë¶m§Zm Ho$ìhmhr A{YH$
{hVH$a dmQ>Vo. na§Vw ‘m³g©À¶m {dMmamVrc dJ©H$ch, dJ©{dhrZ g‘mO, B{VhmgmMm ^m¡{VH$ AÝd¶mW©, Y‘©{damoY BË¶mXr
g§H$ënZm {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm nQy> eH$ë¶m ZgË¶m. Iao Va Ë¶m§À¶m doXmÝVr AmXem©V {dídmË‘H$ ào‘, AÝ¶moÝ¶ ghmæ¶, ghH$mar
gwg§dmX BË¶mXr - Ë¶m g§H$ënZm ~gyM eH$V ZmhrV.
¶wamonmV gwê$ hmoD$ KmVcoë¶m gm‘m{OH$ H«$m§VrMo {Z{üV AmH$cZ {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm Pmco hmoVo Agohr åhUUo A{Ve¶moº$ hmoBc © . Omo
qH$dm Oo dJ© øm H«$m§VrMo ZoVË¥ d H$aVrc Ë¶m§Mr Zo‘H$s ^y{‘H$mhr Ë¶m§Zm ñnï>nUo H$icr hmoVr Ago åhUVm ¶oUma Zmhr. ¶oD$ KmVcoë¶m
¶m H«$m§VrÀ¶m g§X^m©V g‘mOdmX, AamÁ¶dmX, dm ZmpñVdmX BË¶mXr amOH$s¶ àdmhm§À¶m ^y{‘H$m§Mr, C{Ôï>mM § r d H$m¶m©Mr ga{‘gi
{ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr Ho$cocr AmT>iVo. g‘mOn[adV©ZmÀ¶m ~m~VrV l{‘H$m§Mo gm‘Ï¶© Ë¶m§Zm OmUdco nU ¶wamonmVrc H$m‘Jma dJm©À¶m dm
BVa Miditer {ZH$Q>Mm g§nH©$ Zgë¶m‘wio g‘mOdmXr H«$m§VrV ¶m dJmªZr nma nmS>md¶mÀ¶m {ZUm©¶H$ ^y{‘Ho$Mo ¶WmW© AmH$cZ
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{ZåZ nmVir ¶m‘wiho r ^maVmVrc H$m‘JmadJmªÀ¶m {ZH$Q>À¶m ^{dVì¶mVrc amOH$s¶ ^y{‘Ho$~Ôc {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zm AmË‘{dídmg dmQ>cm
Zgmdm. Varhr Ë¶m§Zr ¶m XoemMo ^mdr ZoVo d amÁ¶H$V} eyÐ AgVrc ho gm§{JVco hr ~m~ ‘hÎdmMr CaVoM.
‘m³g©-co{ZZàUrV g‘mOdmXr amÁ¶ d {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Mo eyÐ-amÁ¶ ¶mV gH¥$VXe©Zr gmYå¶© Agco Var Ë¶m A§{V‘ gmÜ¶mn¶ªV
nmoMÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘mJmª~Ôc ‘m³g©-co{ZZ ¶m§À¶m {dMmamV Omo ñnï>nUm Amho Vmo {ddoH$mZ§Xm§À¶m {dMmamV Zmhr. ‘mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m
{dH$mgmVrc eyÐ-amÁ¶ hm nwT>Mm Q>ßnm Amho EdT>oM {ddoH$mZ§X åhUVmV. ‘mÌ H$m‘Jma-l{‘H$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm Ë¶mgmR>r ~m§YÊ¶mEodOr
‘Ü¶_dJu¶ gw{e{jV ¶wdH$m§Zm Vo OZgm‘mÝ¶m§H$S>o OmÊ¶mMm d Ë¶m§Zm {eH$dÊ¶mMm g„m XoVmV. nU Ë¶m {ejUmMm hoVy
naH$s¶m§Mr gÎmm CcWyZ nmS>Uo dm d[að> dJm©Mo Xmñ¶Ëd PwJmê$Z XoUo Amho Ago ‘mÌ Vo åhUV ZmhrV. amï´>r¶ nwZé‚mrdZmMm
{ddoH$mZ§Xm§Mm H$m¶©H«$‘ hm Agm YagmoS>rMm d VS>OmoS>rMm Amho. ‘Ü¶oM Vmo Wm§~Vmo.
H$mhr coIH$ Ë¶m§Mo dU©Z "‘mZdVmdmXr' Ago H$aVmV. nU BWohr cjmV KoVco nm{hOo H$s AmO ‘mZdVmdmX ¶m g§koer
{ZJS>rV Agcoë¶m Ame¶mnojm {^Þ Ame¶ {ddoH$mZ§Xm§À¶m g§X^m©V {Vcm XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë¶mÑï>rZo ’$ma Va Ago åhUVm
¶oB©c H$s {ddoH$mZ§X ho "AmÜ¶pË‘H$ ‘mZdVmdmXr' hmoVo. "Iao nmhVm Oo {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr AmMaUmV AmUco d {eH$dco Ë¶mcm
g‘mOdmX d ‘mZdVmdmX åhUVmM ¶oUma Zmhr. H$maU ¶m C^¶ VËdkmZm§Zr gd© AmËå¶mMo EH$Ëd Am{U ‘Zwî¶‘mÌmMo EH$OrdËd
‘wirM nwañH$m[acoco {XgV Zmhr, ¶mCcQ> ñdm‘tZr ‘mÌ Aer doXmÝVr {eH$dUyH$ {Xcr H$s àË¶oH$ ì¶º$s hr à{jánUo B©ídar
Amho Am{U àË¶oH$ ‘mUgmZo ñd~m§Ydm§Mr godm H$amdr H$maU Ë¶m§À¶m R>m¶rhr Ë¶mM AmËå¶mMo dmñVì¶ Amho.
l{‘H$m§Mo S>moio CKS>ë¶mZ§Va nwT>o H$m¶? ¶m àíZmMm {dMmaM Ë¶m§Zr Ho$cocm Zmhr. OmJ¥V OZVmM nwT>Mm ‘mJ© emoYy eHo$c
Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>Vo. {Z{üV Aem H$m¶©H«$‘mA^mdr Ë¶m§Mo ho {dMma n[aUm‘eyÝ¶ R>aco hr dñVwpñWVr ZmH$maVm ¶oV Zmhr.
{ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr {dMmag¥ï>rcm {Xcocr gdm©V ‘moR>r XoUJr åhUOo d¡pídH$VoMm AmXe© hr hmo¶. "Ë¶m§Mo ì¶dÀN>oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ç
åhUOo Ë¶m§À¶m Ñï>rMr g‘mdoeH$Vm d g‘J«Vm. Ë¶m§Mo {dMma d¡pídH$ AmhoV. Vo H$‘mcrMo d¡pídH$ AmhoV. Ë¶m§Mo ào‘ d¡pídH$
Amho, Ë¶m§Mm g§Xoe d¡pídH$ Amho. Ë¶m§Mo OrdZH$m¶© d¡pídH$ Amho. d§e, amï´>r¶Ëd, Y‘©, g§ñH¥$Vr, qcJ dm d¶ BË¶mXr {Zanoj
g§nyU© ‘mZd‘mÌm§Mo Vo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV. ‘mZd‘mÌmÀ¶m gd© àH$mam§H$S>o d loUtH$S>o Ë¶m§Mo cj AgVo, ‘mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m
{d{dY ~mOy Vo cjmV KoVmV Am{U ‘mZdr ApñVËdmÀ¶m ‘yc^yV g‘ñ¶m§Mo qMVZ H$aVmV.

AaqdX Kmof (1872 Vo 1950)

^maVr¶ OZVog‘moa g§nyU© ñdamÁ¶mMm AmXe© R>odÊ¶mMo d {Vcm nmaV§Í¶mVrc Z¡{VH$ AY:nVZmMr n{hcr OmUrd H$ê$Z
XoÊ¶mMo ^maVr¶ amï´>dmXmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo gdm©V ‘hÎdmMo H$m¶© AaqdXm§Zr Ho$co Amho. amï´>dmXmMo àUoVo åhUyZ cmc, ~mc Am{U nmc ho
{ÌHy$Q> nwT>o Xoeâ à{gÕ Pmco. AaqdXm§MrM Ver BÀN>m hmoVr. H$moUrVar MidirMr Ywam nwT>o Ý¶mdr ¶m hoVyZoM Vo Ë¶mVyZ {Zd¥Îm
Pmco d A{YH$ ‘ycJm‘r qMVZmgmR>r nm±S>oMarÀ¶m Aml‘mV {ZKyZ Joco. VarnU B{Vhmgmcm ¶mMr Zm|X ¿¶mdrM cmJoc H$s, ¶m
{ÌHw$Q>mBVHo$M qH$~hþZm WmoS>o A{YH$M H$m¶© ^maVr¶ amï´>dmXmgmR>r AaqdXm§Zr Ho$co Amho. amï´>dmX hr Ë¶m§À¶m AmËå¶mMr gd©loð>
àoaUm hmoVr; ^m¡{VH$ nmVirdê$Z CMcyZ ñdmV§Í¶Am§XmocZmcm Ë¶m§Zr CƒVa AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ nmVirda ZoD$Z ~gdco. Ho$di
Am{W©H$ g§nÞVm d {dH$mg dm amOH$s¶ ñdmV§Í¶ ¶m AWm©ZoM ^maVmcm ñdV§Ì ìhm¶Mo Zmhr Va "‘wº$s' À¶m gdmªJrU AWm©Zo
Ë¶mZo ñdV§Ì ìhmdo. e¥§Icm~Õ ‘mVoMr ‘yVu OZ‘mZgmV q~~dyZ Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m e¥§Icm VmoS>Ê¶mMo, Ë¶m VmoS>VmZm àg§Jr àmUmn©Uhr
H$aÊ¶mMo ¶eñdr AmdmhZ AaqdXm§Zr Ho$co. Midircm Ë¶m§Zr Iè¶m AWm©Zo "amï´>r¶' Ho$co. amÁ¶H$Ë¶m©À¶m H¥$noda Adc§~yZ Z
amhVm d Ë¶m§Zr nwT>çmV Q>mH$coë¶m gwYmaUm§À¶m H$mhr VwH$S>çm§~Ôc H¥$Vk Z amhVm ñdV:À¶m nm¡éfmda {^ñV R>odÊ¶mMm g§Xoe
AaqdXm§Zr amï´>mcm {Xcm. Ë¶m§Mr ì¶m»¶mZo d coIZ AË¶§V AmoOñdr Am{U àoaH$ Agm¶Mo. MidirMm EHy$U Z¡{VH$ XOm©M
Ë¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImcr C§Mmdcm.
Ë¶m§À¶mda Am{U BVahr Ohmc ZoË¶m§da {H$Ë¶oH$Xm Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo H$s, nyU© ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m C{Ôï>mdaM Ë¶m§Zr gmao
cj d gmè¶m eº$s H|$ÐrV Ho$ë¶m‘wio gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d BVa gwYmaUm§H$S>o Ë¶m§Mo Xþc©j Pmco. AaqdXm§Mo ¶m Q>rHo$cm Ago
CÎma Amho H$s, amï´>dmÚm§Zr amOH$s¶ ñdmV§Í¶mda â {Xcm Am{U amï´>mÀ¶m BVa JaOm§H$S>o Xþc©j Ho$co ¶mMo H$maU Ë¶m§Zm amï´>mÀ¶m
Am{W©H$ nwZa©MZoMo, {ejUmMo d gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo ‘hÎd nQ>co ZìhVo Ago Zmhr, Va amï´>dmÚm§Zr ho AmoiIco hmoVo H$s,
^maVmcm BVa amï´>m§er ~amo~arZo Oa dmJmd¶mMo Agoc Va Ë¶mgmR>r AmYr Ë¶mcm amOH$s¶ ñdmV§Í¶ nXamV nmSy>Z KoVco nm{hOo.
BVa gwYmaUm ømZ§Va AmnmoAmnM e³¶ hmoVrc.
AaqdX ho AmXe©dmXr {dMmad§V hmoVo. Vo åhUVmV, Am‘À¶m VÎdmZwgma AmXe©M dñVw‘mÌmVyZ A{^ì¶º$ hmoVmV. ‘mZd‘mÌm§À¶m
OrdZm~Ôc, amOH$maUm~Ôc Am{U amï´>mMr àJVr d OrdZ ¶m ~m~VrVhr hoM Iao Amho. AmXe©M ^m¡{VH$ g§ñWm§Zm OÝ‘ XoV
AgVmV. ^maVmÀ¶m ^yVH$mim{df¶r d ^{dî¶H$mcrZ ^y{‘Ho${df¶r Ë¶m§Zr Oo {dMma ‘m§S>co AmhoV Ë¶m§‘YyZhr Ë¶m§Mm hm AmXe©dmX
S>moH$mdVmo. ^maVmZo AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ {dMma Am{U AmMma ¶m~m~V Zoh‘rM ‘mZd‘mÌmMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co Amho. Ë¶m‘wio gmh{OH$M
‘mZd‘mÌmÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm Omo nwT>Mm Q>ßnm Amho Ë¶mÀ¶mn¶ªV ^maVM OJmcm KoD$Z OmD$ eHo$c. ‘mZd‘mÌmÀ¶m AmÜ¶mpË‘H$
CËH«$m§VrgmR>r ^maVmZo ñdV§Ì ìhmdo, ñdV:À¶m ^m¡{VH$ dm amOH$s¶ {dH$mgmgmR>r Zmhr Ago AaqdX ¶m AmXe©dmXmVyZ åhUVmV.
AWm©V Vo AmXe©dmXr Agco Var ñdßZa§OZmV a‘Umao {dMmad§V H$YrM ZìhVo; AmXem©À¶m CÎmw§J {eIamda EH$ S>moim
{Iicocm AgVmZmM Ë¶m§Mm Xþgam S>moim O{‘ZrdaÀ¶m dmñVdmcm Ý¶mhmirV hmoVm Am{U amOH$s¶ {gÕm§V ‘m§S>Umar Ë¶m§Mr
coIUr Ë¶mMdoir àË¶j amOH$s¶ H$madmB©Mr ê$naofmhr nwadrV hmoVr. amOH$s¶ Ü¶o¶m§~amo~aM Vr àmá H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mJ©hr gm§JV
hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zr gm§{JVcoco ho ‘mJ© nwT>o AZoH$ ZoË¶m§Zr AZwgaco. gw^mfM§Ð ~mog ¶m§Zm gaH$mar godm gmoSy>Z ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mgmR>r
à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mMr àoaUm AaqdXm§À¶mM {eH$dUwH$sVyZ {‘imcr. ~mog ¶m§Zr ñdV:M Ago {c{hco Amho H$s, "AaqdX Kmof ¶m§Mo
gwà{gÕ CXmhaU ‘mÂ¶m Ñï>rg‘moa gX¡d Amho. Vo CXmhaU Á¶m Ë¶mJmMr Anojm ‘mÂ¶mH$Sy>Z H$aVo Vmo H$amd¶mg ‘r V¶ma Amho
Ago ‘cm dmQ>Vo.'
¶m XoemÀ¶m amOH$s¶ OrdZmcm Ë¶mV àË¶j gh^mJr hmoD$Z Or XoUJr AaqdXm§Zr {Xcr Amho, Vr ¶m XoemÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶cT>çmVrc
EH$ A{dñ‘aUr¶ gmoZao r nmZ åhUyZ Zoh‘rM AOam‘a amhrc. Ë¶m§Mo amOH$maU ho Xoe^º$sMo amOH$maU hmoV,o gÎmoÀ¶m amOH$maUmcm
Ë¶mV dmdM ZìhVm. ‘mV¥^‘y rgmR>r OmñVrV OmñV {Z:ñdmW© godm H$er H$aVm ¶oBc © , ‘moR>çmV ‘moR>m Ë¶mJ H$gm H$aVm ¶oBc
© Am{U
A{YH$m{YH$ gmogÊ¶mMr g§Yr H$er {‘idVm ¶oBc © ¶mgmR>r Mmccocm hm à¶ËZ hmoVm. AW©H$maU d gwemgZ ¶mda AaqdXm§Zr Amnco
YmoaU AmIco Zmhr Va "ñd¶§emgZ AgÊ¶mMm àËòH$ amï´>mcm ‘yc^yV h¸$ Amho.' ho Ë¶m§À¶m YmoaUmMo ‘w»¶ gyÌ hmoV.o
AÜ¶mË‘mcm Ë¶m§À¶m {dMmamV ‘Ü¶dVu ñWmZ Amho. na§Vw Ë¶m§Mo AÜ¶mË‘ ncm¶ZdmXr AÜ¶mË‘ ZgyZ H¥${VàdU AÜ¶mË‘
Amho. ~S>moÚmcm Jm¶H$dmS>m§À¶m godoV Agë¶mnmgyZ Vo nm±S>oMarÀ¶m Aml‘mVrc {dOZdmgmV ¶oB©n¶ªV Vo {H«$¶meyÝ¶ H$YrM
ZìhVo. g{H«$¶ amOH$maUmnmgyZ ~mhoa nS>ë¶mZ§Vahr Ë¶m§Zr ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m nwZ‘y©ë¶m§H$ZmMo d ^maVr¶ gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmaemÀ¶m

WmoadrMo {Zê$nU H$ê$Z ¶m amï´>mMm ñdm{^‘mZ OmJdÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Mmcy R>odcm. g{H«$¶ amOH$maUmV AgVmZm Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>coë¶m
AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ amï´>dmXmer gwg§JV AgoM Ë¶m§Mo ho H$m¶© hmoVo. Y‘© Am{U amOH$maUmMo XmoÝhr àdmh Ë¶m§À¶m Am¶wî¶mV g‘m§Va dmhV
am{hco hmoVo. {d{eï> H$mcI§S>mV Ë¶m§À¶mn¡H$s EImXm àdmh Xþgè¶mnojm A{YH$ R>iH$ Pmcm Agoc, nU Ë¶m§n¡H$s H$moUVmM
àdmh H$YrM nyU©nUo Zm{hgm ‘mÌ Pmcm Zmhr.
EH$ gË¶ AmO AWm©VM ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co nm{hOo H$s, àmMrZ ^maVr¶m§À¶m gË¶ dm H$pënV AmXemªZm d B{VhmgJV nÕVtZm
nwZé‚mr{dV H$ê$ nmhUmam lr. AaqdX d AÝ¶ amï´>dmÚm§Mm amï´>dmX hm {Z{üVM OrUm}ÕmadmXr hmoVm. Ë¶m§Mm amï´>dmX g§Hw${MV
Zmhr Ago XmI{dÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§À¶m g‘W©H$m§Zr AZoH$ IQ>mQ>mon Ho$coco AmT>iVmV. S>m°. H$aU qgJ ¶m§Zr AgmM à¶ËZ Ho$cm
Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m åhUÊ¶mMm Ame¶ Agm Amho H$s, ^maVr¶ amï´>mMr {dídmÀ¶m g§X^m©V Or O~m~Xmar d Xm{¶Ëd Agë¶mMo
AaqdXm§Zr gm§{JVco Amho Ë¶mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, Ë¶m§Mm amï´>dmX VH©$g§JVnUo Am§Vaamï´>dmXmV n[ad{V©V hmoVmo Am{U Ë¶m§Mo
C{Ôï> g§nyU© ‘mZd‘mÌmMo Eo³¶ d CËWmZ ho hmoVo. {dídmÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r Amnë¶m amï´>mZo ñdV§Ì Pmco nm{hOo, ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m
Midirg B©ídar AZwJ«h Amho - hr ^y{‘H$m Ver ZdrZ Zmhr. ^maVmV nmc-AaqdXm§Zr Vr àW‘ ‘m§S>cr Agcr Var àË¶oH$
A{VaoH$s amï´>dmXr OJâ hrM ^y{‘H$m KoV Amcm Amho Am{U {VMo àMmaH$s ‘yë¶ {H$Vrhr ‘moR>o Agco Var Vr Ajae: Iar
AgVo Ago ‘mZÊ¶mMo H$maU Zmhr.
ñdV: AaqdX H$Xm{MV H$S>do à{VJm‘r, nwamU‘VdmXr, JVmZwJ{VH$ d gm§àXm{¶H$ d¥ÎmrMo ZgVrchr qH$dm ^maVr¶ na§naoVë¶m
nU amï´>mÀ¶m VËH$mcrZ JaOm§er {dg§JV AgUmè¶m H$mhr Jmoï>r {Q>H${dÊ¶mMm AmJ«h Ë¶m§Zr Yacocm Zmhr ho Oar Iao Agco Var
Ë¶m§Zr AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ JyT>dmXmMr Or ‘whÿV©‘oT> ¶m XoemÀ¶m amï´>dmXmÀ¶m {dH$mg‘mJm©da amo{dcr {VMo Xþîn[aUm‘ ¶m amï´>mcm AmOhr
^moJmdo cmJV AmhoV ho gË¶ CKS>çm S>moù¶m§Zr ‘mÝ¶ H$am¶cm hdo.
Á¶m Pw§Oma (Militant) amï´>dmXmMo OZH$Ëd A{Zdm¶©V: AaqdXm§da ¶oVo Ë¶mMo ho J¥hrV VÎd hmoVo H$s ^maVmMo EH$ AdVmaH$m¶©
Amho. ^maVr¶m§À¶m {R>H$mUr Img AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ OmUrd Amho. Ë¶m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ AgyZ Vr npíM‘oÀ¶m ^m¡{VH$
g§ñH¥$Vrnojm loð> Amho. dmñV{dH$ nmíMmÎ¶ g§ñH¥$Vr hr Ho$di Eo{hH$ dm BhdmXr Amho. hm g‘O EH$m§{VH$ AgyZ VX²Zwf§JmZo
Ë¶m g§ñH¥$Vrda H$aÊ¶mV Amcocr Q>rH$mgwÕm EH$m§Jr R>aVo. AaqdXm§gma»¶m ~w{Õ‘mZ {dMmad§VmcmgwÕm nmíMmË¶ amÁ¶H$V} d
Ë¶m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr ¶m§Mm {dMma ñdV§Ì d n¥WH$nUo H$aUo gmYco Zmhr. H$iV ZH$iV ¶m XmoZ Jmoï>tMr gm§JS> Ë¶m§À¶mhr ‘ZmV n¸$s
~gcr hmoVr. Ho$di nmíMmË¶ amOdQ>rMmM {Y¸$ma H$ê$Z Vo Wm§~V ZmhrV Va amÁ¶H$Ë¶m© amï´>mÀ¶m g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZhr Vo ’$Q>Hy$Z
amhVmV. AaqdX, nmc Am{U Z§VaÀ¶m gd©M amï´>dmÚm§da naH$s¶ amOdQ>rZo {Z‘m©U Ho$coë¶m n[a{ñWVrV {dH${gV Pmcoë¶m ¶m
amîQ´>dmXmMm EdT>m n[aUm‘ Pmcm hmoVm H$s Ë¶mÀ¶m nJS>çm‘wio Ë¶m§Zr ¶m XoemÀ¶m ^yVH$mcrZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m A§YwH$ d JyT> Aem
^mJm§Mohr {dícofU Ho$co d Ë¶m§À¶m AmYmamda cmoH$emhr d nwamoJm‘r g‘H$mcrZ amîQ´>r¶ MidirMr C^maUr Ho$cr. ¶m‘wio
amîQ´>r¶ MidirV Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ g‘yhm§À¶m EH$sH$aUmVyZ amîQ´>¡³¶mMr dmT> hmoÊ¶mAmS>
AS>Wio {Z‘m©U Pmco. amOH$maU Y‘m©‘wio H$cw{fV hmoD$Z JyT>dmXr ~Zco. amîQ´>dmX Am{U Y‘© ¶m§Mo Ho$di gmhM¶©M Zìho
Va amîQ´>mdmXmcm AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ JyT>dmXmMo A{YîR>mZ XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Pmë¶m‘wio MidirMm gm‘m{OH$ nm¶m ì¶mnH$ H$aUohr
AdKS> hmoD$Z ~gco. ‘wgc‘mZ cmoH$ ¶m amîQ´>dmXr MidirÀ¶m ‘w»¶ àdmhmer g‘ag hmoD$ eH$co ZmhrV, ¶mMo ho EH$‘od d
{ZUm©¶H$ H$maU Zgco Var AË¶§V ‘hÎdmMo H$maU hmoVo ho gË¶ ZmH$maVm ¶oUma Zmhr. "amîQ´>dmX Oa ¶eñdr ìhm¶Mm Agoc Va
Ë¶mgmR>r g§nyU© amîQ´>mMo gm‘Ï¶© OmJ¥V d g§K{Q>V H$amdo cmJoc' ¶m Om{UdoVyZ ‘mJmg dJ©, gZmVZr qhXÿ, Bñcm‘r Y‘©g‘yh,
XþH$mZXma, H$mamJra dJ©, eoVH$ar, Am{Xdmgr ^Q>³¶m Q>moù¶m, qhXÿ gä¶VoÀ¶m H$jo~mhoaMo AZoH$ d§e ¶m gdmªZm amîQ´>m¡KmV
gm‘mdyZ KoÊ¶mMr JaO AaqdXm§Zr à{Vnm{XV Ho$cr Amho. nU Ë¶mgmR>r amîQ´>dmXr MidirZo cmoH$m§À¶m go³¶yca {hVg§~§Ym§da
Cô amhUo AË¶mdí¶H$ AgVo ho Ë¶m§À¶m cjmV Amco Zmhr. OmVr, O‘mVr, Y‘© dm àXoe ¶m§Zm Z Ow‘mZVm EH$m amîQ´>r¶ËdmV
gd© ^maVr¶m§Zr {dg{O©V hmoUo Aem go³¶yca amîQ´>dmXmcmM e³¶ Pmco AgVo. AaqdX Am{U nmc dJ¡a|Zr Amncr Midi
qhXÿ Y‘m©À¶m nm¶mda aMÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$cm, amîQ´>r¶ OmJaUmMo Ë¶m§Zr qhXÿËdmÀ¶m nwZéÁOrdZmer AÛ¡V H$pënco. ¶m Ë¶m§À¶m
H¥$Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr ‘wpñc‘ OZVocm amîQ´>r¶ MidirnmgyZ VmoSy>Z Q>mH$co Am{U 1906 gmcr ‘wpñc‘ crJÀ¶m ñWmnZoÛmao emgZmcm
¶m Midirg Iri KmcÊ¶mg dmd {_imcm.
¶mn¡H$s amOH$s¶, gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H$m¶©H«$‘mÀ¶m AmYmao amîQ´>r¶ MidirMr C^maUr H$aUo A{YH$ {hVH$a R>aco

AgVo. Vgo H$aÊ¶mVyZ gd© Y‘mªÀ¶m ^maVr¶ OZVoMo Eo³¶ gmYco AgVo. Aer g‘W©, Y‘©{Zanoj, AmYw{ZH$, g§K{Q>V cmoH$emhr
MidiM O‘mVdmXr CR>mdm§À¶m {déÕ EH$ à^mdr à{V~§YH$ eº$s åhUyZ Cn¶moJr nSy> eH$cr AgVr. Y‘©gwYmaUm§À¶m àma§{^H$
AdñWoV Á¶m Midir Pmë¶m Ë¶m CJdË¶m amîQ´>dmXmcm nyaH$ R>aë¶m hmoË¶m d Aem àH$mao Ë¶m§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm nwamoJm‘r
^y{‘H$m nma nmS>cr hmoVr. ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmtda hëcm MT>dyZ Ë¶m§Zr gwYmaUoÀ¶m n[a^mfoV amîQ´>dmXmcm AmH$ma {Xcm hmoVm.
OwÝ¶m g‘mOmÀ¶m ImcÀ¶m nmVirdarc Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmda AmYmacoë¶m Y‘m©cm à‘mU ‘mZyZ Ë¶m§Zr amîQ´>dmX
cmoH$emhr VÎdmda, OrdZ{df¶rÀ¶m ^mdZmË‘H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmda d ~w{Õàm‘mÊ¶mÀ¶m VÎdkmZmda C^maÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$cm hmoVm.
nU nwT>o ‘mÌ OgOer amîQ´>r¶ OmUrd {dñVmacr d amîQ´>r¶ Midi ~iH$Q> d Pw§Oma Pmcr Voìhm COì¶m amîQ´>dmÚm§Zr àmMrZ
qhXþËdmÀ¶m Ym{‘©H$ JyT>dmXmMm Omo AmYma KoVcm Ë¶m‘wio ‘mÌ hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwamoJm‘r à{H«$¶m I§{S>V Pmcr. amîQ´>r¶ Midi
EH$sH$S>o ~hþdJu¶ d ~hþYm{‘©H$ hmoV AgVmZm XþgarH$Sy>Z Pmcocm hm AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ amîQ´>dmXmMm à¶ËZ Midircm n[aUm‘r
KmVH$ R>acm. Vmo amîQ´>r¶ Om{UdoMm Am{dîH$ma Z R>aVm {VÀ¶mdarc OmMH$ {Z~ªY ‘mÌ Pmcm. Ë¶mVyZ H$mhr amîQ´>{damoYr
’w$Q>raVmdmXr e{º$àdmh {ZnOco d ’$mo’$mdco.
Á¶m§Mm Eadr ¶m Midircm nmqR>~m {‘iy eH$cm AgVm Ago H$mhr amîQ´>^º$ ¶m qhXþËd{ZîR> JyT>dmXm‘wio MidirnmgyZ
Xþamdco. ¶mMr gmj n§. Odmhacmc Zohê§$Zr Amnë¶m AmË‘d¥ÎmmV Ë¶m§À¶m d{S>cm§{df¶r Ho$coë¶m {dYmZmVyZ {‘iy eH$Vo. Vo
åhUVmV H$s, "Ym{‘©H$ amîQ´>dmX hm Ë¶m§À¶m ñd^mdmV ~gUmam ZìhVm. àmMrZ ^maVmÀ¶m nwZéÁOrdZmMr Ë¶m§Zm JaO dmQ>V
ZìhVr...gm‘m{OH$ÑîQ>çm nmhVm 1907 gmcr ^maVr¶ amîQ´>dmXmMo Pmcoco nwZéÁOrdZ ho {ZpíMVM à{VJm‘r hmoVo.'
¶m gJù¶m e³¶VmM AaqdXà^¥Vr ¶m àdmhmÀ¶m àdV©H$m§À¶m cjmV Amë¶m ZmhrV. Ë¶m§À¶m à^mdmImcr ^maVr¶
amîQ´>dmXmZo ¶wamonr¶ amîQ´>m§‘Yrc amîQ´>dmXmnojm AJXrM {Zamir dmQ> MmoImicr. ¶wamonr¶ amîQ´>dmXmV Am‘ycmJ« BhdmXmMr
OmoS> Ako¶dmXr VÎdkmZmer ~g{dÊ¶mV Amcr hmoVr. ^maVr¶ amîQ´>dmÚm§À¶m àXrK© ¶mXrV EH$hr Zmd BhdmXr, Ako¶dmXr
dm g§XohdmXr VÎdkmMo gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr. amOH$maU, g§ñH¥$Vr d VÎdkmZ ¶m {VÝhr joÌm§Vrc H$moUË¶mM ^maVr¶ {dMmad§VmZo
nma§n[aH$ Y‘©H$ënZm dm B©ídaH$ënZm Ë¶mÁ¶ R>a{dcr Zmhr dm Amìhm{ZV Ho$cr Zmhr. hm AaqdXàUrV amîQ´>dmXmMm H$Qy> dmagm
åhUyZ {MaH$mc Zm|Xdmdm cmJoc.
ho Ago H$m KS>co Agmdo? ^m¡{VH$VoMm BVH$m Xþñdmg ¶m XoemV H$m KS>cm Agmdm? EH$ ñnîQ>rH$aU Ago {XgVo H$s ¶m
XoemVrc amîQ´>dmXmMm {dH$mg Á¶m {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrV Pmcm VrM ¶mcm H$maUr^yV Amho. naH$s¶ amOdQ>rÀ¶m à{VH$ma{damoYmVyZ
¶oWrc amîQ´>dmXmZo ‘yi Yaco. AmYw{ZH$ ^m¡{VH$VoMr gm§JS> ¶wamonr¶ g§ñH¥$Vrer KmVcr Jocr. ^maVmV amÁ¶H$V} åhUyZ Amcoco
{~«{Q>e ho Ë¶m g§ñH¥$VrMo à{V{ZYr ‘mZco Joco. Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶mcm qOHy$Z Jwcm‘ Ho$co Aem ^mdZoVyZ OmUVm AOmUVm amîQ´>dmXr
ZoË¶m§À¶m ‘ZmV amÁ¶H$Ë¶mª{df¶r d Ë¶m§À¶m g§ñH¥$Vr{df¶r AT>r {Z‘m©U Pmcr. Vr H$YrM nyU©nUo gwQy> eH$cr Zmhr. VÎdkmZ,
amOH$maU d g§ñH¥$Vr ¶m gd© joÌm§‘Ü¶o ^maVmZo nmíMmÎ¶m§Mo AZwH$aU H$ê$ Z¶o Va Amnë¶m ñdV…À¶m nm¶mda Cô amhmdo,
Amnë¶m nyd©g§{MVmVyZ àoaUm ¿¶mdr Aer àd¥Îmr ~imdcr. ho nyd©g§{MV Amdí¶H$V… Ym{‘©H$-AÜ¶mpË‘H$ hmoVo. Ë¶mMmM Ë¶m§Zr
Aml¶ KoVcm d AmYw{ZH$ ^m¡{VH$Vocm - EdT>oM Zìho Va AmÚ§V ~w{Õàm‘mÊ¶mcm à¶ËZnyd©H$ Xÿa R>o{dco. n[aUm‘ Agm Pmcm
H$s, "é{T>‘mÝ¶ Y‘m©cm amîQ´>r¶ MidirMm AmË‘m ‘mZë¶m‘wio d àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$Vrcm AmYw{ZH$ "nmíMmÎ¶' g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m
VwcZoV H$pënV loîR>Ëd à{Vnm{Xë¶m‘wio [Á¶mcm AmYw{ZH$ ‘mZgemñÌk {Z…g§e¶ "ânmB©H$maH$ ^«‘' (Compensatory
Dilusion) AgoM Zmd XoVrc] amîQ´>r¶ MidirÀ¶m d amOH$s¶ Om{UdoÀ¶m Iè¶mIwè¶m {dH$mgmcmM ~mYm Amcr.
lr. Ho$. nr. H$éUmH$aZ² ¶m§Zr åhQ>ë¶mà‘mUo AaqdXm§À¶m amOH$s¶ VÎdkmZmMo ho d¡{eîQ>ç hmoVo H$s Ë¶m§Zr "B{Vhmg Am{U
amOH$maU ¶m§Zm doXmÝVr ñnîQ>rH$aU {Xco. à~wÕVm, {ddoH$ Am{U CXma‘VdmX ¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Mm hm ñnîQ> AñdrH$ma hmoVm.
AaqdXm§À¶m amOH$s¶ VÎdkmZmVrc ÑpîQ>H$moZ hm AJXr AemñÌr¶ ZgcmM Va Vmo {ZXmZ J¡a-emñÌr¶ (Zm°Z gm¶§{Q>{’$H$)
{ZpíMVM hmoVm. Ë¶mV JyT>dmX A§J^yV hmoVm. Ë¶m§À¶m amOH$s¶ qMVZmV Ë¶m‘wio H$mhr à‘mUmV Aà~wÕVm d à{VJm{‘Ëd
(Obscurantism) A{Zdm¶©V… Amco Amho.
adtÐZmW R>mHy$a (1861 Vo 1941)

adtÐZmW R>mHy$a ¶m§Mo amOH$s¶ {dMma AZoH$ Ñï>tZr AmJio R>aVmV. EH$ Va Ë¶m§Mm AmdmH$m àM§S> ‘moR>m Amho. ¶m XoemÀ¶m
ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m gdmªJrU g§H$ënZonmgyZ Va Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ghOrdZmÀ¶m g‘mdoeH$ g§H$ënZon¶ªV AZoH$ {df¶m§Zm ¶m {dMmamV

ñWmZ Amho. Xþgao åhUOo Ë¶m§À¶m ¶m g§nyU© {dMmamV Zrajra{ddoH$ Amho. npíM‘r g§ñH¥$VrMr Wmoadr Ë¶m§À¶m ZOaoAmS> Pmcocr
Zmhr. a{e¶Z gmå¶dmXmda Q>rH$m H$aVmZmhr Ë¶m§Zm a{e¶mÀ¶m à^mdr d AZwH$aUr¶ e¡j{UH$ àJVrMm {dga nS>cocm Zmhr,
Ë¶mMà‘mUo gyVH$VmB©VyZ ñdamÁ¶ {‘iUo Ae³¶ Amho hm {dMma ‘m§S>rV AgVmZmM ‘hmË‘m Jm§YtÀ¶m ‘hmË‘Vo~ÔcMm Ë¶m§À¶m
‘ZmVrc AmXa ¶pËH¨${MVhr CUmdcm Zmhr.
"cmoH$emhrÀ¶m Mmcy à¶moJmV amï´> A{YH$m{YH$ gm‘Ï¶©dmZ hmoV AgVmZm Am{U ì¶º$s {dH$c hmoV AgVmZm {XgVo; nU
ì¶{º$ËdmMm Am{U amï´>ËdmMm gm§Ym H$YrM OmoS>Vm ¶oUma Zmhr H$m? ‘mUgmda {dídmg Amho Vmon¶ªV Ë¶m àíZmMo CÎma {Z{üVnUo
ZmpñVnjr XoddV Zmhr.'
Ë¶m§Mr amï´>^mdZodarc Q>rH$m {ZXm}f ZìhVr. amï´>H$ënZoVrc Xmofm§Mo d C{Udm§Mo {ddaU VËg§~§YrÀ¶m {ddoMZmV Amco-
coM Amho. nU EH$ Jmoï> Ë¶m§À¶m~Ôc {Z{d©dmXnUo åhUVm ¶oB©c H$s, ^maVmÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ dñVwpñWVrda gd©ñneu {dXmaH$
àH$mePmoV Q>mH$Umè¶m ‘yc^yV {dMmad§Vm§n¡H$s Vo hmoVo. nU ¶mhrnojm ‘hÎdmMr Jmoï> Aer H$s Ho$di Xmof d C{Udm XmIdyZM
adtÐZmW Wm§~V ZmhrV Va Vo Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMo AZoH$ Cnm¶hr gwMdVmV. ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmMo Ë¶m§Zr Ho$coco g‘mOemór¶ {dícofU
Am{U Ë¶mAmYmao, ^maVmVrc àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ ’$º$ gm‘m{OH$ nwZa©MZoVyZM hmoD$ eH$Vo, AÝ¶ H$moUË¶mM ‘mJm©Zo Zìho, hm
Ë¶m§Zr H$mT>cocm {ZîH$f© hm Va Ë¶m§À¶m amOH$s¶ {dMmam§Mm Jm^mM ‘mZmdm cmJoc.
Jm§Yr Am{U {Q>iH$ ¶m§À¶mVrc ‘V{^ÞVoMr H$ënZm darc {ddoMZmdê$Z AmcrM Agoc. Jm§YtÀ¶m AghH$ma H$m¶©H«$‘
ZH$mamË‘H$ Amho, Ë¶mVyZ nyd©-npíM‘ Agm {dJ«h dmT>Vmo, AghH$mamcm ñdmWu ^mdZonmoQ>r cmoH$ nmqR>~m XoVmV dJ¡ao H$maUm§gmR>r
R>mHw$am§Zr Ë¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mda Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. Jm§Yr§À¶m MaIm H$m¶©H«$‘mg§~§Yrhr Ë¶m§Zr à{VHy$c ‘V Zm|X{dco Amho. ¶mg§~§Yr
Jm§YtMr ^y{‘H$m VnmgUo {df¶ n[anyVuÀ¶m Ñï>rZo {hVmMo Amho. Jm§YtÀ¶m ‘Vo ^maVmgmR>r AghH$mamcm EH$‘od n¶m©¶ Amho
Vmo qhgoMm. Vmo CKS>M Ë¶mÁ¶ Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo AghH$mam‘wio nyd©-n{ü‘ {dJ«h Z dmT>Vm CcQ> nañna{dídmg, AmXa d
ghH$ma ¶m§Mm ‘mJ© ‘moH$im hmoUma Amho. gº$sMm ghH$ma d AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m ZmdmImcr eó~imZo cmXcoco emofU
¶m{déÕ H$amd¶mÀ¶m ¶wÕmMo Zmd AghH$ma Amho. Vmo H$m¶©H«$‘ Ho$di ZH$mamË‘H$ Agë¶m‘wio Hw$MH$m‘r R>aV Zmhr. Ma»¶mÀ¶m
H$m¶©H«$‘mZo cmoH$m§Mr {dMmaeº$s H$‘Hw$dV Ho$cr ho Jm§YtZm ‘mÝ¶ Zmhr. XrK© {dMmamÝVr cmoH$m§Zr Ma»¶mMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm."emofU
Zï> ìhm¶Mo Agoc Va MaIm àË¶oH$mZo MmcdcmM nm{hOo. MaIm åhUOo earal‘mMr à{Vð>m XmI{dUmao {MÝh Amho.' - Aer
Jm§YtMr ^y{‘H$m hmoVr.
"Jm§YtÀ¶m amï´>r¶ MidirZo {~«{Q>em§~Ôc d¡a {eH${dco OmVo Agohr åhUUo gË¶mg Yê$Z Zmhr. d¡a naH$s amOdQ>r{déÕ
AgyZ Vo naH$s ‘mUgm§{déÕ Zìho hm Va Jm§YtÀ¶m {eH$dUwH$sVrc Jm^m hmoVm Am{U Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m MidirV H$Q>mjmZo hr
{eH$dU nmicr.' nmaV§Í¶m~Ôc adtÐZmWm§Zm MrS> hmoVr nU ñd¶§nyU© IoS>r {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z gwQ>H$m hmoB©c Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo.
Ë¶m§Mm hm ‘mJ© Jm§YtZm ‘wirM A‘mÝ¶ ZìhVm. amï´>r¶ MidirÀ¶m ‘¶m©Xm Vohr AmoiIyZ hmoVo. ZwgVr amOH$s¶ Midi hm ¶m
XoemÀ¶m ‘wº$sMm nwaogm VaUmonm¶ Zmhr ¶m~Ôc Ë¶m§Mo Xþ‘V ZìhVo. R>mHw$am§à‘mUoM gdmªJrU H$m¶©H«$‘ Ë¶m§Zrhr AmIcm hmoVm.
"àË¶j MidirV ‘mÌ Ë¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mVrc H$mhr ^mJm§Mm A{VaoH$ Pmcm Am{U H$mhr ^mJ ZmdmnwaVm am{hcm ho XþX£d Amho.
Ë¶m§Mr O~m~Xmar Jm§Ytda {H$Vr, Ë¶m§À¶m AZw¶m¶m§da {H$Vr Am{U n[apñWVrda {H$Vr? Ë¶m§Mo d¡¶{º$H$ AmMaU nm{hco Va Ago
dmQ>Vo H$s, Ë¶m§À¶m AZw¶m¶m§‘wio Am{U n[apñWVr‘wio ‘¶m©Xm Amcr.' Jm§YtÀ¶m H$ënZm OZVog nocë¶m ZmhrV.
amï´>r¶Ëd Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶Ëd ¶m§À¶mH$S>o nmhÊ¶mMo R>mHy$a Am{U Jm§Yr ¶m§Mo Ñ{ï>H$moU {Zamio hmoVo. "Jm§YtZm dmQ>o H$s Oa
naV§Ì XoemV amï´>r¶Ëd hr Am§Vaamï´>r¶ËdmMr n{hcr nm¶ar Amho; (Va) naV§Ì XoemVrc amï´>r¶ Midi Am§Vaamï´>r¶Ëdmcm
Amdí¶H$ Amho. amï´>r¶ MidirZo ñdV§Ì Pmcocr ‘mUgo BVa XoemVrc ‘mUgm§er g‘^mdZoZo dmJy eH$VmV. emofH$ Am{U emo{fV
øm§À¶m‘Ü¶o EH$ Hw$Qw>§~H$ËdmMr ^mdZm Agy eH$V Zmhr. CcQ> Q>mJmoam§Zm XoemÀ¶m naXmñ¶mMr AVmoZmV MrS> ¶oD$Zhr, "‘mUyg
{VVH$m EH$' ¶m doXmÝVmÀ¶m {eH$dUwH$sVyZ "amï´>' Am{U "amï´>r¶ Midi' ¶m H$ënZmM Ë¶m§Zm ’$maem nQ>oZmV. AmYrM amOH$maU
hm Ë¶m§Mm ñd^md ZìhVm. VemV doXmÝVmVrc {díd ‘mZdmMm Ü¶mg Ë¶m§Zr KoVcocm!
adtÐZmW d Jm§Yr ho XmoKohr Am§Vaamï´>dmXr hmoVo. nU Ë¶m§À¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ËdmV ’$aH$ hmoVm. amo‘m§ amocm± ¶m§Zr Vmo ’$aH$ ñnï>
Ho$cm Amho. "Jm§Yr Ym{‘©H$ ^mdZoÀ¶m Ûmao {dídd¥ÎmrMo AmhoV; Q>mJmoa ~m¡{ÕH$[aË¶m {dídd¥ÎmrMo AmhoV.' nwT>o Ë¶m§Zr åhQ>co Amho
H$s, Jm§YtMo ‘Z {demc hmoVo, nU Ym{‘©H$ ‘mUgmMo H$‘©H$m§S> Ë¶mÀ¶m AmS> ¶mdo Ver Jm§YtMr JV hmoVo. adtÐZmW ~w{ÕÛmam

‘mUgo EH$ ‘mZVmV Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m Xe©ZmV AS>Wim ¶oV Zmhr.
Á¶mdoir Jm§YtÀ¶m MidirV amï´>dmXmZo Cƒm§H$ JmR>cm hmoVm Voìhm CXma‘VdmXr Q>rHo$Mm à^md A{YH$ nS>m¶cm hdm
hmoVm. "amï´>dmXmZo ñdmV§Í¶mMr Midi à~i hmoVo, nU Ë¶mcm CXma‘VdmXmMm cJm‘ doimodoir {dMmad§Vm§Zr KmcmdmM cmJVmo.
‘hmamï´>mnwaVo ~mocm¶Mo Va {MniyUH$a-{Q>iH$ ¶m§À¶m amï´>dmXmMr KmoS>Xm¡S> Mmcy AgVmZm AmJaH$am§Zr Or H$m‘{Jar Ho$cr Vr,
^maVr¶ nmVirda Am{U n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va Q>mJmoam§Zr Ho$cr Ago åhUmd¶mg haH$V Zmhr.'
{dZmo~m ^mdo (1895 Vo 1982)
H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À¶m ‘Vo gdm}X¶ ho amOH$s¶ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ ’o$aaMZoMr C^maUr AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ AmXe©dmXmÀ¶m nm¶mda
H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m à^mdr Aem ~m¡{ÕH$ à¶ËZmMo Zmd Amho. Jm§YtÀ¶m H$ënZm§Mm ‘oi AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrc dmñVì¶mÀ¶m JaOm§er
KmcÊ¶mMm Ë¶mV à¶ËZ Amho. J«m‘rU ñd¶§emgZ d nj{da{hV cmoH$emhr ¶m g§H$ënZm åhUOo gdm}X¶mZo amOH$s¶ {dMmam§À¶m
d H$m¶m©À¶m joÌmV {Xcoco ‘m¡{cH$ ¶moJXmZ R>aVrc. ¶m XoemÀ¶m EH$gÎmmH$ na§naocm H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶H$ënZoMr OmoS>
{‘imë¶m‘wio BWo A{VH|$ÐrH¥$V amÁ¶ì¶dñWoMm ’$ma ‘moR>m YmoH$m g§^dV Agë¶mMm Bemam gdm}X¶ VÎdkmZmZo Ho$cm Amho.
gdm}X¶mMo VÎdkmZ ^maVr¶ na§naoVrc H$mhr C‘Úm Am{U CXmÎm gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Xme©{ZH$ ‘yë¶m§da AmYmacoco Amho.
amYmH¥$îUZ ¶m§Zr åhQ>ë¶mà‘mUo "^maVr¶ OrdZ‘mJm©V A§V^y©V Agcoë¶m na§nam gdm}X¶mZo AYmoao{IV Ho$ë¶m AmhoV. Hw$Qw>§~mMm
{dñVma åhUOo g‘mO hr H$ënZm gdm}X¶mZo nwÝhm EH$Xm CMcyZ Yacr Amho. Oo nm{W©d {‘iH$VtZm {MH$Qy>Z ~gUma ZmhrV
Ë¶m§ZmM AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ ñdmV§Í¶ àmá hmoB©c Ago AmdmhZ Am‘À¶m Ym{‘©H$ ghOàoaUocm gdm}X¶mZo Ho$co Amho.' gdm}X¶mÀ¶m
amOH$s¶ {dMmamVrc Vn{ecm~m~V ‘VôXm§Zm OmJm Amho. na§Vw ì¶º$sMo ñdV:darc emgZ IwaoIwao H$aÊ¶mg§~§YrMm gdm}X¶mMm
‘ycJm‘r d H«$m§{VH$mar {ZJ«h hm Zoh‘rM àoaH$ R>aUma Amho. Ë¶mMm Ñ{ï>H$moU {Z{üVM CXmÎm Am{U àoaUmXm¶r Amho.
AmOÀ¶m ¶m XþX£dr OJmV àË¶oH$mMmM CÕma Amdí¶H$ Pmcm Amho. H$maU àË¶oH$mMoM nVZ Pmco Amho. lr‘§Vm§Mo nVZ ’$ma
nydu Pmco AgyZ J[a~m§Mo CËWmZ H$Yr PmcoM Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m C^¶Vm§À¶m CÕmamMr JaO Amho. lr‘§Vm§Mo nVZ Xþhoar Amho.
Vo Z¡{VH$ Amho VgoM AmÜ¶mpË‘H$hr Amho. Ë¶m§Mr ‘mc‘Îmm BVam§À¶m emofUmda Am{U åhUyZ AgË¶mda d qhgoda C^r Amho.
gdm}X¶ A§Ë¶moX¶mnojm ì¶mnH$ Amho. "A§Ë¶moX¶m'V BVa gdmªMm CX¶ Pmcm Agë¶mMo gy{MV hmoVo. dñVw{ñVr Ver Zmhr. "AmYr
gdm©Mm CX¶ ìhmdm Ë¶mVM ‘mPmhr CX¶ Amho. gdm©Mm CX¶ Omon¶ªV hmoV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV ‘mÂ¶m CX¶mMr ‘cm BÀN>m Zmhr....
gdmªÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r Ë¶mJ H$aÊ¶mg V¶ma Agco nm{hOo Am{U Ë¶m Ë¶mJmV hmoUmè¶m ~mø Xþ:ImZo Am§V[aH$ gwImMm AZw^d
Amcm nm{hOo.' Agm AË¶§V CXmÎm {dMma gdm}X¶mÀ¶m ‘wimer Amho.
OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ^maVmVrc hm H«$m§{V¶k AZoH$m§Zm A{V‘m¡ë¶dmZ dmQ>Vmo. doXmÝV d Aqhgm hr VÎdo OwZrM
Agcr Var gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H«$m§VrgmR>r Ë¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ ¶m H«$m§{V¶kmZoM Ho$cocm AmT>iVmo. ‘mZd g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m CÕmamMm
‘mJ© ^m§S>dcXmar cmoH$emhrÀ¶m g¡VmZr gmYZm§À¶m AmYmao AmH«${‘cm OmD$ eH$V Zmhr, gË¶mJ«hr H«$m§{VemómVyZM Vmo CncãY
hmoD$ eH$Vmo Aer {Zð>m ^maVmV àW‘ Jm§YtZr {Z‘m©U Ho$cr. g§nÎmrMo gm‘m{OH$ ñdm{‘Ëd d O{‘Zrqgh gd© CËnmXZ gmYZm§da
g‘mOmMr ‘mcH$s àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mVyZM gË¶mJ«hr cmoH$emhrg AZwê$n Ago dmVmdaU Cô amhÿ eH$Vo. emgZ‘wº$ g‘mO qH$dm
AmË‘amÁ¶ ¶m g§H$ënZm Zoh‘rH$[aVmM A‘yV© d AmXem©Ë‘H$ amhUma Agë¶m Var Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mo ‘yë¶ CUmdV Zmhr. "g‘mOmVrc
gd© ì¶dhmam§da Amncm à^md JmO{dUmao EH$ AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ Ü¶o¶' åhUyZ Ë¶m§Zm ‘hÎd amhrcM. {dH|$ÐrV g‘mOdmXmÀ¶m
ñdê$nmV Ë¶m A‘yV© Ü¶o¶mXem©Mo n[apñWVrgmnoj ‘yV© ñdê$n AmH$mamg ¶oUo hr gwÕm ‘mZd‘mÌmgmR>r ’$ma ‘moR>r {gÕr R>aoc.
"AmMm¶© {dZmo~m d lr O¶àH$me ¶m§Zr ¶m H«$m§{VH$m¶m©cm Amnco OrdZ g‘n©U Ho$co AgyZ Ë¶m H«$m§VrÀ¶m ¶kHw§$S>mVrc A¾r
MoV{dcm Amho. ¶m A{¾Hw§$S>mVyZM ^maVmV g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z ¶oUma Amho Am{U Ë¶m gË¶mJ«hr g‘mOdmXmÀ¶m àH$memV
‘mZdmcm X§S>hrZ g‘mOmMo AWdm AmË‘amÁ¶mMo Ü¶o¶ ‘yV© ñdê$nmV AmUÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© {Xgy cmJUma Amho.' Agm AmemdmX
AmMm¶© OmdS>oH$am§Zr ì¶º$ Ho$cm Amho.
na§Vw hm AmemdmX gdmªZmM ‘mÝ¶ Zmhr. gdm}X¶mÀ¶m ‘yc^yV VÎdm§nmgyZ AmOn¶ªVÀ¶m Ë¶mÀ¶m AZw^dmn¶ªV AZoH$
Jmoï>tda gS>oVmoS> Q>rH$m Pmcocr AmT>iVo. amÁ¶, nj, {ZdS>UwH$m qH$dm BVa g§c¾ Jmoï>t~ÔcÀ¶m {dn¶©ñV J¥hrVm§da
gdm}X¶mMo VÎdkmZ AmYmacoco AgyZ, Omo n¶m©¶ Ë¶mV gwM{dÊ¶mV Amcm Amho Vmo AJXrM Aì¶dhm¶© Zgcm Var Á¶m hoVy§Zr
Vmo ñdrH$mamd¶mMm Ë¶m§ZmM Vmo hmñ¶mñnX R>a{dÊ¶mg H$maUr^yV R>aÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm ZOaoAmS> H$ê$Z MmcUma Zmhr. amÁ¶m~Ôc

d emgZm~Ôc gdm}X¶mr VÎdkmZmMo AZoH$ nyd©J«h AmhoV. X{jU Am{’«$Ho$Vrc emgZ, {~«Q>re emgZ qH$dm ZmPr, ’$m{gñQ>
amOdQ>r ¶m§À¶m AZw^dm§À¶m AmYmao ñdV: Jm§YtMrM YmaUm amÁ¶g§ñWo~Ôc à{VHy$c Pmcr hmoVr. {dZmo~m-O¶àH$mem§Zr VmoM
dmagm nwT>o Mmc{dcm. "emgZ hr H¥${Ì‘[aË¶m cmXcocr dñVy ZgyZ ‘mUgmÀ¶m ‘yc^yV JaOm§Zm {‘imcocm Vmo Z¡g{J©H$ à{VgmX
Amho ¶m Jmoï>tMm Ë¶m§Zm {dga nS>cocm {XgVmo.' ‘mZdr ñd^mdmVrc H$mhr àd¥ÎmtMm Am{dîH$ma amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m ê$nmZo hmoV
AgVmo. g‘wXm¶mÀ¶m gm‘y{hH$ Om{Udm {Z{üVVoÀ¶m {d{eï> nmVircm Amë¶m H$s amÁ¶g§ñWm gmH$ma hmoVo. H$mhr ‘yë¶o d H$mhr
A{YH$maàUmcr AdVaVmV. Ë¶m àUmctÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r emgZmMr Amdí¶H$Vm ^mgë¶m‘wio, g‘mO emgZ {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z
Ë¶mg d¡Ym{ZH$ loð>Ëd àXmZ H$aVmo. ¶m AWm©Zo emgZ hr g‘mOmMr g|Ðr¶ dmT> ‘mZmdr cmJoc. ì¶º$s¨À¶m B©hm§‘Yrc A§V{d©amoY
Zï> hmoD$Z gdm}X¶dmÚm§Zm A{^àoV Agcocr gm‘wXm{¶H$ B©hm Oar ApñVËdmV Amcr d Vr gmd©^m¡‘ Pmcr Varhr Ë¶m§À¶m
H$ënZoVrc emgZ‘wº$s ApñVËdmV ¶oUma Zmhr; H$maU gJù¶mM ì¶º$s Ë¶m gm‘wXm{¶H$ BhoZwgma dmJUo e³¶ Zmhr.
amÁ¶g§ñWoMo ñdê$n darcà‘mUo cjmV KoVë¶mg amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m H$m¶©H$jm {dñVmaë¶m~Ôc AñdñW hmoÊ¶mMo à¶moOZM
CaV Zmhr. g‘mOmMm O~m~Xma d CÎmaXm¶r KQ>H$ Agcocr amÁ¶g§ñWm gm‘m{OH$ B©honojm {^Þ Aer emgH$s¶ B©hm ~miJyM
eH$Uma Zmhr. Xþgao Ago H$s amÁ¶g§ñWoMr Ho$di Bï>VmM Zìho Va Amdí¶H$Vmhr ñd¶§{gÕ Amho. ‘moR>‘moR>mcr g‘mOmon¶moJr
H$m‘o cmoH$m§Mr cmoH$m§Zr H$aUo Ho$di Ae³¶ Amho.
amÁ¶g§ñWm Zr{V‘ÎmoMo nmofU H$ê$Z eH$V Zmhr; H$maU {VMr gmYZo ~cà¶moJmMr AgVmV. Vr ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m Am§V[aH$
ApñVËdmcm ñne© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV, Aer VH«$ma gdm}X¶dmXr H$aVmV. amÁ¶g§ñWoMr hr ‘¶m©Xm ‘mÝ¶ H$ê$Zhr Vr Z¡{VH$
{dH$mgmcm AZwHy$c n¶m©daU {ZpíMVM H$ê$ eH$Vo hr dñVwpñWVr ZmH$maVm ¶oÊ¶mOmoJr Zmhr. Mm§Jë¶m OrdZmÀ¶m AmS> ¶oUmè¶m
AS>Wù¶m§À¶m dmQ>oVrc AS>Wim amÁ¶g§ñWm hmoV AgVo ho H$go ZmH$maUma? ~hþ‘VmMo emgZ ho A{Zdm¶©V: nmedr ~imda
AmYmacoco emgZ AgVo hm gdm}X¶mMm AmUIr EH$ J¡ag‘O Amho. gJio {ZU©¶ 51 {déÕ 49 AgoM AgVmV hoM ‘wimV
~amo~a Zmhr. ~è¶mM àH$aUm§V MM}VyZ d {dMma{d{Z‘¶mVyZ ‘VôX Zmhrgo H$ê$Z EH$dm³¶Vm (Consensus) {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMm
à¶ËZ Ho$cm OmV AgVmo. ~hþ‘Vmcm gdm}X¶mZo gwMdcocm gmd©{ÌH$ EH$dm³¶VoMm n¶m©¶ ‘mÌ A{YH$M Ymo³¶mMm Amho. H$maU
Ë¶mVyZ gdªH$f hþHy$‘emhr AdVê$ eH$Vo. Iar cmoH$emhr gË¶m{Y{ð>V AgVo, g§»¶oer dm ~hþ‘Vmer {VMm g§~§Y ZgVmo - ¶m
J¥hrVmYmao gdm}X¶ Z¡{VH$ amÁ¶ì¶dñWoMr C^maUr H$ê$ nmhVmo. d¡km{ZH$ gË¶m§Mm Iao-ImoQ>onUm ~hþ‘VmÀ¶m nmqR>ã¶mda Adc§~yZ
ZgVmo. Vr ñd¶§{gÕ AgVmV ho Iao Agco Var amOH$s¶ d Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m§~Ôc Ago I{MVM åhUVm ¶oUma Zmhr. Zr{VVÎdo
hr g‘mOgmnoj d n[apñWVrgmnoj AgVmV. åhUyZ amOH$s¶ d Z¡{VH$ gË¶o hr nXmW©{dkmZmVrc gË¶m§à‘mUo gmd©{ÌH$ ‘mZyZ
MmcUma ZmhrV. n[aUm‘r gdm}X¶dmÚm§Mm hm {gÕm§V EH$ Va AamOH$mV AWdm namonH$mar hþHy$‘emhrV AWdm ‘hmOZemhrV
n[ad{V©V hmoD$Z ‘yR>â ì¶º$s ñdV:À¶m loð>Va hþemarÀ¶m ~imda dm ñdV:cm gË¶mMm gmjmËH$ma Pmë¶mMm Xmdm H$ê$Z gÎmoMr
gyÌo ñdV:H$S>o KoVrc. Ë¶mVhr namonH$mar hþHy$‘emhrMr H$ënZm gdm}X¶mV ~gV Zgë¶m‘wio AamOH$mMmM EH$‘od n¶m©¶ CaVmo.
~hþ‘Vm~Ôc gdm}X¶mMm Agm J¡ag‘O hmoÊ¶mMo H$maU Ë¶m VÎdkmZmcm Iar cmoH$emhr CXma‘VdmXm{edm¶ ApñVËdmV ¶oD$M
eH$V Zmhr hr dñVwpñWVr H$icrM Zmhr. Aën‘VmV AgUmè¶m§~ÔcMm AmXa Ë¶m§À¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMo d g§ajUmMo CÎmaXm{¶Ëd
BË¶mXr O~m~Xmè¶m ~hþ‘VdmÚm§da CXma‘VdmXmÀ¶m à^mdmVyZ ¶oV AgVmV. CXma‘VdmXmdmMyZ cmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV ¶oD$
eH$V Zmhr, VÛVM cmoH$emhrVyZ CXma‘VdmXmMo nmofU Am{U {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. cmoH$emhr ~hþ‘Vmcm gm¡å¶ H$ê$Z
CXma‘VdmXr hmoÊ¶mg {eH${dVo, amOH$s¶ nj, {ZdS>UwH$m, H$m¶Xo, nmo{cg, cîH$a BË¶mXt~ÔcÀ¶m gdm}X¶r H$ënZm§Mo ‘yihr
AemM J¡ag‘Om§‘Ü¶o XmI{dVm ¶oB©c.
gdm}X¶àUrV J«m‘àYmZ g‘mOmÀ¶m g§H$ënZoV AZoH$ Xmof, C{Udm d ÌwQ>r AmT>iVmV. àË¶oH$ IoS>o ho {dñVmacoco gwIr Hw$Qw>§~
Amho ho åhUUo dñVwpñWVrcm Yê$Z Zmhr. AmOMo àm{V{Z{YH$ ^maVr¶ IoS>o JQ>~mOrZo d OmVr¶VoZo {dXrU© Pmcoco AmT>iVo.
Oar Ago jUâ H$pënco H$s JQ>~mOr d OmVr¶Vm Zmhrer Pmcr Var J«m‘ñdamÁ¶mg A{^àoV Agcocr EH$dm³¶Vm JmdmÀ¶m
H$ma^mamV ¶oD$ eHo$c Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. gdm}Îm‘ Am{U gwk ‘mUgm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mda gdm}X¶r AmXemªMr {^ñV Amho. AS>MU
Aer Amho H$s, Aem ‘mUgm§Mo JwUY‘© H$moUVo? Ë¶m§Zm {ZdS>Ê¶mMo {ZH$f H$moUVo? gdm}Îm‘ d gwk H$moU ¶mg§~§Yr Zoh‘rM
‘VôXm§Zm OmJm amhUma. ì¶{º$nmVirdarc hm ‘VôX An[ahm¶©V: qhgmMmamV n[ad{V©V hmoUma, hþHy$‘emhrMm ‘mJ© ¶mVyZ {Zd}Y
hmoUma. njnÕVrMm hm ‘moR>mM ’$m¶Xm AgVmo H$s, Vr amOH$s¶ ‘VôXm§Zm ì¶{º$nmVirÀ¶m da CMcVo. VÎdm§À¶m d gm‘y{hH$

{hVg§~§YmÀ¶m joÌmV Ë¶m g§Kfm©cm KoD$Z OmVo. gdm}X¶dmÚm§À¶m ho cjmVM Amcoco {XgV Zmhr.
J«m‘rU nmVirda n§MmMr {ZdS> EH$ doi e³¶ hmoB©c Ago ‘mZco Var daÀ¶m nmVù¶m§da Vr AJXrM Ae³¶ hmoV OmUma.
H$maU nañna-n[aM¶mMo à‘mU da da Omdo VgVgo H$‘r H$‘r hmoV OmUma ho AJXr CKS> Amho. Aemdoir Amnë¶m‘YyZ daÀ¶m
nmVirdarc à{V{ZYtMr ¶mo½¶ {ZdS> Vo H$er H$aUma? EH$‘wIr {ZdS> hr Zoh‘r Mm§Jcr Jmoï> AgVo, Ago ‘mZÊ¶mMo H$maU
Zmhr. {H$Ë¶oH$Xm ‘Z di{dÊ¶mÀ¶m ZmdmImcr gº$s Am{U X§S>ocr H$ê$Zhr à{VñnY©H$m§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ ñnY}VyZ ‘mKma KoUo Ooìhm
^mJ nmS>co OmVo Voìhm Va hr EH$‘wIr {ZdS>UyH$ A{Zï>M ‘mZcr nm{hOo. H$maU Vem {~Z{damoYmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Umao ‘V¡³¶ ho
gdmªMo ‘V AgÊ¶mnojm H$mhtMo gdmªda cmXcoco ‘V AgÊ¶mMrM e³¶Vm ‘moR>r AgVo. OmVr¶ CVa§S>rZo d ga§Om‘r loð>H${Zð>VoZo
{dXrU© Pmcoë¶m J«m‘rU ì¶dñWoV Va ¶mMo ’$ma J§^ra n[aUm‘ g§^dVmV. nma§n[aH$ ‘V¡³¶mMm AmYma ‘w»¶Ëdo ~hþOZg‘mOmMo
AkmZ hm hmoVm. Ë¶mcm nS>coco VS>o nmíMmÎ¶ {ZdS>UyH$ ì¶dñWo‘wio nS>co ZgyZ kmZmoX¶m‘wio d à~moYZm‘wio nS>V AmhoV hr
dñVwpñWVr Ü¶mZmV KoVcr AgVm, OwÝ¶mcm H$dQ>miyZ nma§n[aH$ ‘V¡³¶mgmR>r AmJ«h YaÊ¶mnojm ¶m Zì¶m àdmhm§Zm gm‘moao OmUo
d Ë¶m§Mo ñdmJV H$aUoM A{YH$ {hVH$a R>aUma Amho.
àm‘m{UH$ ‘VôX AgUo {ZamoJr g‘mOmgmR>r Zoh‘rM Bï> AgVo. gwIr OrdZmMo AZoH$ n¶m©¶r ‘mJ© Agy eH$VmV. Voìhm
àË¶oH$ àíZmÀ¶m gmoS>dUwH$sMm EH$M EH$ ¶mo½¶ ‘mJ© Agmdm ¶m AmJ«hm‘YyZ hþHy$‘emhr ¶m AamOH$ ¶m§n¡H$s EH$mÀ¶m {XeoZo
{dcjU JVrZo dmQ>Mmc hmoÊ¶mMrM e³¶Vm {XgVo. ‘V¡³¶ hmoB©n¶ªV- {df¶ {H$Vrhr ‘hÎdmMm d VmVS>rMm Agcm Var -
{ZU©¶ ñW{JV R>odÊ¶mMr {d{MÌ gdm}X¶r gyMZm åhUyZM AñdrH$maUr¶ R>aVo, n§Mm¶V {dg{O©V H$ê$Z Xþgar n§Mm¶V Zo‘Ê¶mMr
Am{U {VÀ¶m‘m’©$V ‘V¡³¶ {‘i{dÊ¶mMr qH$dm ZmUo’o$H$sVyZ ‘V¡³¶ gmYÊ¶mMr gyMZm Va A{YH$M Aì¶dhm¶© Amho. J§^ra
‘VôXmÀ¶m àg§Jr ZmUo’o$H$sgma»¶m nÕVr H$moUË¶mM njmcm ‘mÝ¶ hmoD$ eH$Uma ZmhrV. {dgO©ZmZ§Va nwÝhm EH$‘VmZo
{ZdS>UwH$m hmoÊ¶mMrhr e³¶Vm CaUo Ae³¶ Amho. ñW{JVrH$aUmÀ¶m Cnm¶mcm ‘¶m©Xm Amho. ¶mdê$Z EH$M Jmoï> {gÕ hmoVo H$s,
gÜ¶mÀ¶m {ZdS>UwH$sÀ¶m d ~hþ‘V-{ZU©¶mÀ¶m nÕVrcm g‘mYmZH$maH$ Agm n¶m©¶M Zmhr. ¶m ‘mJmªZr {H$‘mZ H$m‘H$mO e³¶
Var hmoVo. n¶m©¶r ‘mJmªZr Vohr hmoUma Zmhr.
AmOÀ¶m g‘mOmV ì¶º$s¨Zm OodT>o ñdmV§Í¶ Cn^moJVm ¶oVo VodT>o Vo Ë¶m§Zm gdm}X¶r g‘mOmV cmÛma Zmhr Ago Q>rH$mH$mam§Zm
dmQ>Vo. amÁ¶mÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmVyZ gwQy>Z ì¶º$s d g‘yh ñd¶§ñ’y$V© nwT>mH$mamZo H$m¶©àdU hmoD$Z AmË‘m{dîH$ma gmYVrc d Ë¶mVyZ
ñdmV§Í¶ AZw^dVrc Ago gdm}X¶r VÎdkmZ Amho. nU ho J¥{hVH$ ^moigQ>nUmMo Amho. AZw^dmMm Ë¶mcm AmYma Zmhr. XÿañW
H|$ÐgaH$manojm OdiÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~ d J«m‘ nmVirdarc A{YgÎmm ‘mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m gd© joÌm§da A{YH$ OmMH$ {Z~ªY A{YH$
à^mdrnUo Q>mHy$ eH$VmV. J«m‘n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m hmVr {d{Y{df¶H$, H$m¶©H$mar d Ý¶m¶{df¶H$ Aem {Ì{dY gÎmm EH$dQ>ë¶mZ§Va
Va {VMr ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m OrdZmdaMr nH$S> H$‘mcrMr KÅ> hmoB©c. {VÀ¶m EH$dQ>coë¶m gÎmo{déÕ ì¶º$scm ~MmdmMr OmJmhr
{e„H$ CaUma Zmhr. ¶mV "‘V¡³¶m'À¶m VÎdmMr â nS>ë¶mZ§Va, Ë¶m§Mr gÎmm AmOÀ¶m amÁ¶g§ñWoÀ¶m gÎmonojm {H$VrVar nQ>tZr
gº$sMr, A‘¶m©X Am{U ‘Z:nyV hmoB©c. Aën‘V-~hþ‘VmÀ¶m dV©‘mZ ì¶dñWoV EH$àH$maMm g‘Vmoc amhÿZ OZVog‘moa àË¶oH$
àíZmÀ¶m gJù¶m ~mOy ¶oVmV. "‘V¡³¶m' À¶m amOH$maUmV gJio {damoYr gya XS>nco OmÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AJXrM A{Zdm¶© Amho.
‘mUgmZo ‘ycV: Mm§Jco AgUo hm gdm}X¶ VÎdkmZmMm {dídmg Ym{‘©H$-Z¡{VH$ lÕoVyZ Amcocm Amho. gd© ‘mUgo EH$mM
B©ídamMo A§e AmhoV, Voìhm Vr Mm§Jcr AgUma hr Vr lÕm Amho. ñdm^m{dH$M ZmpñVH$ ì¶º$scm ho nQ>Uma Zmhr. Voìhm ¶m {ddmÚ
VÎdkmZmË‘H$ nm¶mda gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ d Am{W©H$ ‘hÎdmMo g§X^© Agcocr g§nyU© ì¶dñWm AmYm[aV H$aUo Adm§ÀN>Zr¶
Amho. X¡dr A§emÀ¶m AmYmao ‘mUgmMo Mm§JwcnU Ogo ‘m§S>Vm ¶oVo Vgo Ë¶m§À¶m O¡{dH$ (~m¶m°cm°{OH$c) ñd^mdmÀ¶m AmYmao
Ë¶mMo ZrMnUhr à{Vnm{Xco OmD$ eH$Vo. ‘mZdr ñd^md n[anyU©Ëdmg OmD$ eH$Vmo dm ‘mZdr g§~§Ym§‘Yrc g§Kf© CUmdy eH$Vmo
ho ‘mZUmao gdm}X¶r {dMmad§V ho {dgaVmV H$s ‘wimer ‘Zwî¶ hm O¡{dH$ àmUr Amho. n[anyU© AqhgogmR>r n[anyU© {Z:ñdmW©~wÕr
Amdí¶H$ AgVo. Ah§^md nyU©nUo {dgaÊ¶mMr hr eyÝ¶mdñWm Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm {H$Vrhr loð> XOm©Mr Agcr Var Vr Ordemór¶ÑîQ>çm
{dg§JV Amho. AmË‘g§ajU hm Omo {ZgJm©Mm n{hcm {Z¶‘ Amho Ë¶mÀ¶mVM Vr ~gV Zmhr. AmË‘g§ajU hr OrdZmMr gd©loð>
àoaUm Amho. Omon¶ªV ‘mZdr eara Amho Vmon¶ªV Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘yc^yV ghOàoaUm d ^mdZm AmhoV. Ë¶m Ë¶mÀ¶m O¡{dH$ ApñVËdmÀ¶m
A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ hmoV. Ë¶m ghOàoaUm d ^mdZm åhUOo - AmË‘g§ajU, g¥OZ Am{U n[aJ«hd¥Îmr. ¶m Omon¶ªV AmhoV Am{U
‘mUgmÀ¶m {ddoH$mda Ë¶m§Zr ‘mV H$aÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Omon¶ªV Amho Vmon¶ªV ‘mUyg ~imMm dmna H$arVM amhUma.

Xþgar Jmoï> Aer H$s ~imMm dmna hr Zoh‘r dmB©Q>M Jmoï> AgVo Agohr Zmhr. àg§Jr Vr Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì¶ qH$dm ^mdmË‘H$
Mm§Jcr Jmoï>hr R>ê$ eH$Vo. eº$s dm ~i ¶m Jmoï>r ñd¶‘od Mm§Jë¶mhr ZmhrV dm dmB©Q>hr ZmhrV. Ë¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ ~amhr g§^dVmo,
VgmM dmB©Q>hhr g§^dVmo. gdm}X¶dmÚm§Zr amÁ¶g§ñWoMo g‘rH$aU ~cà¶moJmer KmVco Agco Var ¶m eº$sg§~§YmMo Iao ñdê$n
g‘OmdyZ KoVco Zmhr. eº$s åhUOo Ho$di emar[aH$ AWdm nmedr eº$s Zìho. {Vcm AZoH$ ~mOy AmhoV. gÎmmào‘mcm Oa
AÝ¶ EImÚm C{Ôï>mMr OmoS> {‘imcr Zmhr Va Vr gÎmm H$YrM cm^Xm¶H$ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. emgZmMr X§S>eº$s H$mhr hoVy§À¶m
nyVugmR>r AgVo. Ooìhm gÎmoMm hì¶mg Ho$di gÎmogmR>rM AgVmo, Ooìhm gÎmm hrM ñd¶‘od gmÜ¶ ~ZVo Voìhm Vr Adm§ÀN>Zr¶
R>aVo.
qhgmMmam~Ôc AË¶§V à{VHy$c YmaUm Agcoë¶m gdm}X¶dmÚm§À¶m cjmV ho ¶oV Zmhr H$s qhgm hr Oer emar[aH$ Agy
eH$Vo VÛVM Vr ‘mZ{gH$hr Agy eH$Vo. Á¶m njm{déÕ gË¶mJ«h H$amd¶mMm Ë¶mÀ¶mda XS>nU AmUUo hm gdm}X¶{dMmamZwgma
gË¶mJ«hmMm hoVy Agy Z¶o. gË¶mJ«hmV emar[aH$ eº$s dm XS>nU Zgco Var ‘mZ{gH$ XS>nU ¶oUma ho CKS> Amho. AZoH$ CXmhaUo
XoD$Z ho {gÕ H$aVm ¶oB©c. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í¶m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì à{V{Z{YËdmMr ‘mJUr Ho$cr AgVm Ë¶m{déÕ Jm§YtZr Ho$coco
CnmofU (1932), qH$dm ‘moamaOtZr lr‘Vr Jm§YtZm JwOamVoV {ZdS>UwH$m KoUo ^mJ nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r 1975 À¶m gwê$dmVhrg Ho$coco
CnmofU EdT>r CXmhaUo nwaoer AmhoV. "hoVy§'Mm {ZH$f ôm§Ji Amho. H$maU Iao hoVy H$YrM {ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm ¶oV ZmhrV; hoVy§nojm
n[aUm‘m§ZmM Aem àg§Jr àmYmÝ¶ àmá hmoVo Agm AmOdaMm AZw^d Amho. Voìhm gË¶mJ«hmMm hm "AqhgH$' ‘mJ© àË¶jmV
{H$VnV AqhgH$ amhmVmo? Agm àíZ Q>rH$mH$mam§Zm nS>Vmo.
Q>rH$mH$mam§À¶m ‘Vo, gË¶mJ«hmMo gdm}X¶r ‘mJ© ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda hmoUmè¶m àMmaV§ÌmhÿZ ’$mago {Zamio ZmhrV. cmoH$‘Vmcm
^mamdyZ Q>mH$Uo Am{U VogwÕm Ë¶m§À¶m {ddoH$mcm ~w{Õ{Zð> AmdmhZo H$ê$Z Zmhr Va Ë¶m§À¶m ^mdZocm A{ddoH$s AmdmhZo H$ê$Z
gmYUo ho àMmaV§Ì d gË¶mJ«h ¶m Xmohm|‘Yrc gmYå¶© Amho. àMmaV§Ìmnojmhr gË¶mJ«hmMm A{YH$M Xþén¶moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
åhUOo Iè¶m AWm©Zo AqhgH$ Á¶m§Zm åhUVm ¶oB©c Ago ‘mJ© VrZM; ‘Z di{dUo, {dMma ‘m§S>Uo Am{U ñdV:À¶m AmMaUmVyZ
AmXe© Cô H$aUo. ‘Z di{dÊ¶mMr ^mfm H$er AgVo ¶mdê$Zhr Ë¶m ‘mJm©Mr qhgH$-AqhgH$Vm R>ê$ eH$Vo. nX¶mÌm§À¶m doir
O‘rZXmam§Zm AmdmhZ H$aVmZm {dZmo~m Or ^mfm dmnaV AgV Vr Zoh‘rM AqhgH$ hmoVr Ago AmT>iV Zmhr. ^yXmZ Z H$aÊ¶mMo
g§^mì¶ n[aUm‘ gm§JVmZm Vo gmå¶dmXr H«$m§VrÀ¶m ~mJwc~wdm§Mo ^¶ KmcV, H$mimMr nmdco AmoiIÊ¶mMo AmdmhZ H$aV.
O‘rZXmar-ga§Om‘emhrMo {Xdg g§nco AgyZ J[a~m§Mr gÎmm Amcr Amho Voìhm gmdY amhÊ¶mMm Bemam H$aV. ¶m gJù¶m§‘Ü¶o
A{Zdm¶©V: gº$sMm ^mJ ¶oV AgVmo ¶mMr Ë¶m§Zm OmUrd Zgo.
^yXmZ Am§XmocZmVrc ñdßZa§OZmMm d Aì¶dhm¶©VoMm ^mJ qghmdcmoH$ZmVyZ ñnï> hmoVmo. VocJ§UmVrc geó gmå¶dmXr
CR>mdm§Zm n¶m©¶ XoÊ¶mÀ¶m à¶ËZm§VyZ gwê$ Pmcocr Midi àma§^r IynM H«$m§{VJ^© dmQ>cr, nU OgOgm H$mi Jocm VgVer {VMr
AH$m¶©j‘Vm d n[aUm‘eyÝ¶Vm CKS> hmoV Jocr. nwT>o gd©godmg§KmV ’y$Q> nS>cr Am{U MidirVhr Omo‘ Cacm Zmhr. 44 cmI
EH$a O‘rZ ^yXmZmV {‘imcr, nU {Zå‘r åhUOo 22 cmI EH$a O‘rZ cmJdS>r¶mo½¶ ZìhVr Agohr Omhra Pmco Amho. "gËnmÌ
ì¶º$s¨Zm O‘rZ dmQ>cr Jocr H$m¶?' ¶mMo CÎma gd©godm g§KmMoM lr‘Z²Zmam¶U ¶m§Zr ZH$mamWu {Xco Amho. O{‘ZrMo dmQ>n nwaoem
à‘mUmV Pmco Zmhr, O{‘ZrMm àíZ gwQ>cm Zmhr H$s gdmªJrU H«$m§Vrhr Pmcr Zmhr. gaH$mar ¶§ÌUonmgyZ ho Am§XmocZ ñdV§Ì
R>odÊ¶mMm àma§^rMm ‘ZmoX¶hr nwT>o {Q>H$cm Zmhr. ^«ï> gaH$mar ¶§ÌUoÛmao ^yXmZmÀ¶m O{‘ZrMo dmQ>n gwê$ Pmco VoìhmM {dZmo~m§Zm
hì¶m Agcoë¶m gdmªJrU n[adV©ZmMr H$ënZm g§nwï>mV Amcr. "Am§XmocZmMo ê$nm§Va ‘oimì¶mV Pmco d gd©godm g§K hm n[adV©Z
KS>dyZ AmUUmam H«$m§{VH$mar g§K Z ~ZVm ‘R> ~Zcm.' ^yXmZmVyZ J«m‘XmZ Pmco, nU Ë¶mVyZ Ano{jVnUo cmoH$eº$s OmJr Pmcr
Zmhr. ^yXmZmZo O{‘ZrÀ¶m ‘mcH$sVrc {df‘Voda Zo‘Ho$ ~moQ> R>odco Agco Var Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Ym§Mm hm àíZ Ho$di XmZà{H«$¶oZo
gwQ>Umam ZgVmo. Ho$di Z¡{VH$ AmdmhZo dm öX¶n[adV©ZmMo ‘mJ© Hw$MH$m‘r R>aVmV. {~hmamV {Xcoë¶m O{‘ZrMo d J«m‘XmZmMo
à‘mU ‘moR>o AgyZhr {VWcm O{‘ZrMm àíZ nyd©dVM AgyZ J«m‘ñdamÁ¶m‘wio {VWcr cmoH$emhr ’$ma àJë^ dm ~iH$Q> Pmcr
Ago åhUdV Zmhr. gË¶mJ«h d g§Kf© {dZmo~m§Zr ~mX R>a{dë¶m‘wio ^yXmZ ho Am§XmocZ Z CaVm H$‘©H$m§S> Pmco.
Am°W©a H$moñcaZo hr ^rVr ~è¶mM {Xdgm§nydu ì¶º$ Ho$cr hmoVr. 1960 À¶m gw‘mamg Ë¶mZo {c{hco hmoVo: ^yXmZmcm Joë¶m ghm
dfmªnmgyZ {‘iV Agcoco W¸$ H$ê$Z gmoS>Umao ¶e ¶mMoM {ZXe©H$ Amho H$s, ^yXmZ gä¶ Am{U Z‘« Aem ^maVr¶ AmËå¶mÀ¶m
H$mhr ‘yc^yV JaOm ^mJdrV Amho. H$m¶‘ ^wHo$ë¶m§À¶m H$mhr VmËH$m{cH$ JaOm Vo nyU© H$arV Amho. nU Ë¶mMm g§nyU© Mm§JwcnUm

O‘og Yê$Zhr Aer e§H$m ¶oVoM H$s, ñdV:À¶m nm¶mda Cä¶m Agcoë¶m nU X[aÐr Aem hOmamo IoS>çm§‘Yrc ho X¶mÐ©VoMo
gm‘«mÁ¶ (Kingdom of Kindness) A§{V‘V: ^maVr¶ cmoH$m§À¶m ‘hÎdmH$m§jm V¥á H$aÊ¶mg nwaogo R>aoc H$m¶? dm°qe½Q>ZnmgyZ
ãcm{XdmoñQ>m°H$n¶ªV ngacoco ¶§Ì¶wJ, Ë¶m§À¶mV hm¶S´>moOZ ~m±~Mr ^¶mZH$Vm Agcr Am{U AZmH$f©H$ nm{W©dVm Agcr Varhr
‘mUgmcm {ZpíMVM H$mhr Var XoD$ eH$Vo. Ë¶mgmR>rM AmH«$mnmgyZ noqH$Jn¶ªVMo gd© eoVH$ar-H$m‘Jma Ë¶mcm KÅ> nH$Sy>Z
AmhoV. hr ñnYm© {H$Vrhr doS>onUmMr dmQ>cr Var {VÀ¶mVyZ ~mhoa amhm¶cm ^maVr¶ eoVH$ar {H$Vr H$min¶ªV V¶ma hmoB©c ho
e§H$mñnXM Amho.
¶m Am§XmocZmVyZ {dH$mgmMm n¶m©¶r AmamIS>m nwT>o Amcm Zmhr, àgma‘mÜ¶‘m§Zr Am§XmocZmH$S>o J§^ranUo nm{hco Zmhr.
~w{ÕOrdr KQ>H$ Ë¶m~m~V CXmgrZ am{hco BË¶mXr C{Udm gdm}X¶mÀ¶m MidirMo g‘W©H$hr ‘mÝ¶ H$aVmV. nU Ë¶m§Zm Ago
dmQ>Vo H$s, CÎm‘ g§KQ>H$mMr OmoS> Oa {dZmo~m§Zm {‘imcr AgVr Va ¶m C{Udm§dahr ‘mV H$aUo Ae³¶ ZìhVo. {dZmo~m Agm‘mÝ¶
à{V^md§V hmoVo. Vo {dMma d àoaUm XoD$ eH$V hmoVo. nU Vo ‘wimV AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. g§KQ>Zm~m§YUr H$aUo Ë¶m§À¶m
ñd^mdmVM ZìhVo. ho Iao Amho H$s AqhgH$ g§KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n doJio AgUo ^mJ Amho, nU g§KQ>Z àË¶oH$ H$m¶m©gmR>r cmJVoM.
g{ƒXmZ§X åhUVmV, ""{dZmo~m EH$ ‘m³g© AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zm ^maVr¶ g§X^m©V EH$m co{ZZMr JaO Amho.'' Vr JaO nyU© Pmcr
Zmhr. {dZmo~m§À¶m {dMmam§Zm d AmXemªZm gmH$ma H$aUmam aUZr{VHw$ec d ì¶dhma{ZnwU g§KQ>H$ AZw¶m¶r Ë¶m§Zm cm^cm Zmhr.
O¶àH$mem§Mo ì¶{º$‘Îd CÎmw§J hmoVo nU Vo cmoH$Zm¶H$M hmoD$ eH$V hmoVo. cmoH$g§KQ>H$ hmoUo Ë¶m§Zmhr e³¶ ZìhVo.


11 ^maVr` Z¡{VH$ {dMma - II

Jm§YtMr Z¡{VH$ {eH$dU
àH$aU AmoiI
ZrVrMm g§~§Y Zoh‘r gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dhmamer AgVmo. ‘mUgm‘mUgm§‘Yco nañnag§~§Y R>a{dUmar, gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zm nm¶m^yV
AgUmar Or VÎdo AgVmV Ë¶m§ZmM Zr{V‘yë¶o Ago åhUVmV. ‘Zwî¶mMo neyhÿZ Agcoco doJionU, Ë¶mMr ñd¶§{gÕ à{Vð>m, gd©
‘mZdm§Mr g‘mZVm Am{U ‘mZdOmVrMo ‘yc^yV Eo³¶ øm VÎdm§Mo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc ‘mZdVmdmXr {dMmam§Zm A{Yð>mZ Amho.
‘mZdVoMr à{Vð>m hmM Jm§YrÀ¶m VÎd{dMmam§Mmhr H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho. {dœmMo {Z¶m‘H$ VÎd ho Z¡{VH$ Amho Am{U øm Z¡{VH$Mo ñ’w$aU
hm ‘Zwî¶mMm ì¶dÀN>oXH$ {deof Amho Aer Jm§Yr§Mr ÑT> lÕm hmoVr. hr lÕm hmM Ë¶m§À¶m VÎdàUmcrMm Iam AmYma hmoVm.
{dœmVrc KS>m‘moS>tMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aUmao EH$‘od gd}H$f e{º$VÎd Oa Z¡{VH$ Agoc, Va OJmVrc ^ë¶m~wè¶m àdÎmtÀ¶m g§Kfm©V
eodQ>r gË¶mMmM O¶ hmoUma ho CKS> Amho. Jm§YrOtÀ¶m n[a^mfoV hr eº$s åhUOoM gË¶ {H$§dm na‘oída hmo¶. {dœemgZmÀ¶m
Z¡{VH$VoMo VÎd, ‘Zwî¶‘mÌmÀ¶m gX²^mdZoda d A§V…eº$sda AT>i {dœmg, OrdZmVrc gd© VèhoÀ¶m A-{edmer d AÝ¶m¶mer
PJS>Ê¶mMr àoaUm Am{U gmYZ ew{MVoMm AmJ«h ho Jm§YrOtÀ¶m ‘mZdVmdmXr VÎd{dMmam§Mo Mma ‘w»¶ n¡cy hmoV.
Jm§Yr {dMmam§Mr ‘wio
nmümÎ¶ d nm¡añË¶ g§ñH¥$VtMm g§J‘
Jm§YtÀ¶m {dMmamV qhXÿY‘m©Vrc AÜ¶mË‘dmX Am{U nmümË¶ g§ñH¥$VrVrc Eo{hH$ {Zð> ‘mZdVmdmX ¶m§Mm {‘cm’$ Pmcocm
Amho. qhXÿ Y‘m©Mo Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Zmda ÑT> g§ñH$ma hmoVo. na§Vw nmümÎ¶ g§ñH¥$Vrer g§nH©$ Amë¶mda ¶m OwÝ¶m g§H$ënZm§‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr
hiyhiy Zdm BhdmXr Ame¶ AmoVcm. ^maVmVrc {MX²dmXr VÎdkm§Zr Amnë¶m {dMmamMm Xoh Am{U AmË‘m, àH¥$Vr Am{U nwéf,
^m¡{VH$ Am{U AmÜ¶m{Ë‘H$ ¶m§Mr nyU©nUo ’$maH$V Ho$cocr Amho. ¶m VÎdkmZmÀ¶m n«^mdm‘wio Jm§YtZr ‘mooj hoM ‘mZdr OrdZmMo
na‘gm’$ë¶ ‘mZco. ‘mÌ ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ g§Vm§à‘mUo Ë¶m§Zr ^m¡{VH$ d AmYm{Ë‘H$ ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ‘yc^yV {damoY H$pëncm Zmhr. gm‘mÝ¶
‘mUgm§À¶m àmW{‘H$ JaOm ^mJë¶m{edm¶ Vr AÜ¶mË‘mH$S>o diV ZmhrV. Voìhm Ë¶m§À¶m Ñï>rZo ""Am{W©H$ hoM AmÜ¶m{Ë‘H$
hmo¶'' Ago Vo {ZjyZ gm§JVmV. g‘mOmnmgyZ Xÿa amZmdZmV OmD$Z B©œaqMVZmV ‘¾ Pmë¶mZo ‘mUgmMr AmÜ¶m{Ë‘H$ àJVr hmoV
Zmhr. ^modVmcÀ¶m OrdZmer g‘ag hmoD$Z cmoH$m§Mo àý gmoS>{dUo, Ë¶m§À¶m OrdZmVrc Z¡{VH$ nmVir C§MmdUo hmM B©œ^º$sMm
Iam ‘mJ© Amho Agm Jm§YràUrV ‘mZdVmdmXmMm dmñV{dH$ Ame¶ Amho. ¶mM ^y{‘Ho$dê$Z Y‘©{Zð> AgyZhr XoemnwT>rc gdm}
V ‘hÎdmMm Agm Omo amOH$s¶ àý Vmo gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zr ¶oWrc amï´>r¶ MidirMr C^maUr Ho$cr. earañdmñÏ¶m~Ôc
Ë¶m§Mm AmJ«h Agcm Var gwImgrZVocm Ë¶m§Mm {damoY hmoVm. ‘mUgm§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m ^m¡{VH$ JaOm dmT>dV ZoÊ¶mg CÎmoOZ XoUmè¶m
AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJàYmZ g§ñH¥$VrMm Ë¶m§Zr {ZfoYM Ho$cm Amho. ñdV…À¶m jwÐ ñdmWm©À¶m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z g‘mOmÀ¶m H$ë¶mUmgmR>r
Omo Amnco OrdZgd©ñd doMVmo Ë¶mcmM Cƒ àH$mamMm AmÜ¶m{Ë‘H$ AmZ§X {‘iVmo. VmoM Iè¶m AWm©Zo Y‘©{Zð> AgVmo Aer
Jm§YtMr YmaUm hmoVr.
gdm£^yVr EH$M AmË‘m hr doXmÝV Xe©ZmVrc EH$ ‘yc^yV g§H$ënZm Amho. AmË‘m gd© MamMam§‘Ü¶o ^ê$Z am{hcocm Agë¶m‘wio
‘mZd Am{U ‘mZdoVa g¥ï>r ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ¶oWrc VÎdodoÎ¶m§Zr Û¡V H${ënco Zmhr. Jm§YtZr ‘mÌ ‘mZd Am{U BVa àmUr ¶m§À¶mVrc
ôXmda Amnco cj H|${ÐV Ho$co. neyMm AmË‘m Zoh‘r {Z{ÐV AgVmo. ‘mZdmnwT>o ‘mÌ ew^mew^, H$m¶m©H$m¶©, Ý¶m¶mÝ¶m¶ hr Û§Ûo
C^r R>mH$VmV; d ñdV…Mr ~wÕr Am{U A§V…àoaUm ¶mZwgma Ë¶mcm Ë¶m§VyZ {ZdS> H$amdr cmJVo. {H$Vrhr XþamMmar ‘Zwî¶ Agcm
Var Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘ZmVrc Z¡{VH$ àoaUm A{O~mV Zmhrer hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ‘mÌ ZrVr hr Ho$di ~mø AmMaUmda Adc§~yZ ZgVo.
Zr{V{Zð>m hr A§V…H$aUmMr EH$ àd¥Îmr Amho. àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sMm {ZU©¶ñdmV§Í¶mMm hm OÝ‘{gÓ h¸$ ‘mÝ¶ H$aÊ¶mVM gm‘m{OH$
àJVrMr Jwé{H$„r Amho Ago Jm§Yr ‘mZrV AgV. ‘mUgmÀ¶m ‘ZmV gË¶ Am{U AgË¶, ñdmW© Am{U ghmZw^yVr; ä¶mS>nUm
Am{U AmH«$‘H$Vm ¶m àd¥ÎmtMm gXmo{XV PJS>m Mmccocm AgVmo. na‘oœamMm gmjmËH$ma ‘mUgmcm ñdV…À¶m öX¶mVM hmoVmo ho
Iao. nU ñdV…Mr ’$gdUyH$ H$ê$Z ¿¶md¶mMr Zgoc Va Amnë¶m ~wÓrdaMr {dH$mamMr nQ>co Zmhrer H$ê$Z Vr ewÕ amIÊ¶mMr
àË¶oH$mZo IQ>nQ> Ho$cr nm{hOo. ñdoÀN>oZo H$mhr d«Îmo nËH$ê$Z Am{U à{VHy$c n[apñWVrVhr Ë¶m§Mo {ZYm©anyd©H$ nmcZ H$ê$Z ñdV…
À¶m ‘Zmcm Ë¶mZo {eñV cmdcr nm{hOo. Aem {Z‘©‘: d {Za§hH$ma d¥ÎmrÀ¶m pñWVàk ‘mUgmcmM H$moUË¶mhr n[apñWVrV
g‘mO{hV H$moUVo ho H$iyZ ¶oB©c Am{U H$V©ì¶~wÜXrZo Amncr O~m~Xmar Ë¶mZo nma nmS>cr Va gm‘m{OH$ àJVr KSy>Z ¶oB©c Agm
Jm§YtÀ¶m {eH$dUyH$sMm ‘{WVmW© Amho.
qhXÿ Y‘©J«§W d ^maVr¶ na§nam ¶m§À¶m~Ôc Jm§YrÀ¶m ‘ZmV AmXamMr ^mdZm hmoVr. na§Vw Y‘©J«§Wm§Mo qH$dm na§naoMo {ZandmX
n«m‘mÊ¶ Ë¶m§Zr H$YrM nËH$aco Zmhr. àË¶oH$ Y‘mªMm CX¶ na‘oœar àoaUoVyZM Pmcocm Amho Ago ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co, Var na‘oœamMm
g§Xoe ‘mZdr ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZM AmnUmn¶ªV ¶oD$Z nmohmoMVmo. {H$Vrhr ‘moR>m ‘hmnwwéf Agcm Var Vmo AnyU©M Agë¶mZo Ë¶mMr
{eH$dUhr AnyU©M amhmUma ¶mV e§H$m Zmhr. àË¶oH$ Y‘©J«§WmV Ë¶m Ë¶m H$mimVrc Zr{VH$ënZm§Mm Am{dîH$ma Pmcocm AgVmo.
{dœmMo emgZ H$aUmao VÎd Z¡{VH$ Amho ho Iao nU H$moUË¶mhr XoemVrc gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV Vo nyU©nUo ‘yV©ñdê$nmV AdVacoco
AgVo Ago Zmhr. åhUyZM Amnë¶m A§V…H$aUmVrc M¡VÝ¶mÀ¶m àH$memV Ym{‘©H$ g‘OwVr, AmMma-{dMma Am{U Zr{V{Z¶‘
¶m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z Ë¶m§À¶m‘Yrc AZrVrcm d AÝ¶m¶mcm {damoY H$aUo ho àË¶oH$ Y‘©{Zð> ‘mUgmMo H$V©ì¶ hmo¶ Ago åhUyZ
Jm§YtZr gm‘m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. Y‘mªÀ¶m AmYmao AÝ¶m¶mMm g§K{Q>V à{VH$ma H$aÊ¶mMr gm‘mÝ¶ cmoH$m§Zm {eH$dU
XoUmao Jm§Yr ho ^maVmVrc n{hco Y‘©gwYmaH$ hmoV.
Aem àH$mao Jm§YtÀ¶m {dMmagaUrV naVÎdm{^‘wIVm d BhdmX, ì¶{º$ñdm§VÍ¶ d d«VJ«hU, na§nao~Ôc AmXa d n[adV©ZdmX
Aem nañna{damoYr H$ënZm§Mm g‘Ýd¶ Pmcocm Amho. hm g‘Ýd¶ Ë¶m§Zr ~w{Ó{Zð> {M{H$ËgH$ nÕVrZo Ho$cocm Zgë¶m‘wio Ë¶mV
Vm{H©$H$ {dg§JVrhr AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ~mcnUrÀ¶m g§ñH$mam§VyZ H$mhr H$ënZm Ë¶m§À¶m ‘ZmV éOë¶m hmoË¶m. naXoemV AgVmZm Zdo
{dMma d Zì¶m H$ënZm Ë¶m§Zr Oem J«hU Ho$ë¶m Vgm OwÝ¶m g§H$ënZm§Mm Ë¶m§Zm A{^àoV AgUmam AW© hiyhiy ~XcV Jocm.
Varhr gË¶ Am{U Aqhgm ¶m ‘yë¶m§Mo ~w{Ónwañga AZwg§YmZ amIë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶m {dMmam§V EH$ A§V…g§JVr Amho. EH$m gyÌmV Vo
Jw§’$co Jococo AmhoV. ho A§V…gyÌ Amnë¶m hmVr cmJco Va Ë¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Vrc A§V…g§JVr Amnë¶m Ü¶mZmV ¶oB©c.
Y‘©, gË¶ d ZrVrÀ¶m g§H$ënZm
àË¶oH$ ‘mUgmÀ¶m ‘ZmV CnOV ZrVrMr ‘ycV… àoaUm AgVo. ‘Zwî¶ {H$Vrhr n{VV Agcm Var Ë¶mÀ¶m A§V…H$aUmVyZ hr
àoaUm g‘yi Zï> hmoV Zmhr. hr àoaUmM na‘oœamer Amnco ZmVo OmoSVo. ‘mZdmÀ¶m öX`mVrc ¶m Z¡{VH$ ^mdZoMm CJ‘ OS>
{dœmV Amho Ago ‘mZVm ¶oUma Zmhr, H$maU ZrVr-AZrVr hm ôX {ZgJm©V AmnUmg {XgV Zmhr. ‘mZdmÀ¶m A§V…H$aUmVrc
M¡VÝ¶m§em‘wioM Ë¶mcm {ZU©¶ ñdmV§Í¶ AgVo Am{U Ë¶mVyZM Zr{V-AZrVrMm àý CËnÞ hmoVmo. ‘Zwî¶‘mÌmVrc øm M¡VÝ¶mMm
{dœ{Z¶m‘H$ M¡VÝ¶merM {ZH$Q>Mm g§§~§Y Agcm nm{hOo. ho M¡VÝ¶ åhUOoM na‘oœa. na‘oœamMo ho emgZ Z¡{VH$ Amho åhUyZM
‘mZdmÀ¶m öX`mV Z¡{VH$ ^mdZm§Mo ñn§XZ hmoVo. ñdV…À¶m ‘ZmVrc ¶m M¡VÝ¶‘¶ Z¡{VH$ àoaUocm à{VgmX XoD$Z Ë¶mà‘mUo Am-
MaU H$aUo åhUOoM Y‘©nmcZ hmo¶.
Y‘m©er EH${Zð> amhUmè¶m ‘mUgmMo A§V~m©ø OrdZ COiyZ {ZKVo. ñdV…Mo ewÕrH$aU H$aÊ¶mMr, ñdV…À¶m ‘Zmo{dH$mam§da
Vm~m {‘i{dÊ¶mMr Ë¶mÀ¶m‘wio Ë¶mcm Vi‘i cmJyZ amhmVo. Amnë¶m OrdZmVrc OS>ËdmMm {Zamg hmoD$Z öÚñW M¡VÝ¶VÎdmMr
à{MVr Amë¶mIoarO hr àoaUm Ë¶mcm ñdñW ~gy XoV Zmhr. ‘mUgmÀ¶m ‘ZmVrc H$m‘, H«$moY, cmo^, ^rVr Amig ¶m§À¶mer
{VMm PJS>m Mmccocm AgVmo. Á¶m gË¶mMm ñdV…cm ‘Zmo‘Z àË¶¶ Amcocm Agoc Ë¶mÀ¶m n[anmcZmgmR>r {H$Vrhr qH$‘V
Úmdr cmJcr, àg§Jr àmUmn©U H$amdo cmJco Var Vo H$aÊ¶mg ¶m àoaUoVyZM ‘Zwî¶mMr V¶mar hmoVo. ‘mUgmÀ¶m ‘ZmVrc CƒVa
{dH$gZerc Z¡{VH$ OrdZmMr hr àoaUm hmM Y‘m©Mm Jm^m hmo¶. ¶m Y‘m©Mm àË¶oH$mZo ñdV…À¶m OrdZmV AZw^d ¿¶md¶mMm
AgVmo. Ho$di ewîH$ VÎdMMm©, ÔZnyOZ, Zm‘g§H$sV©Z, AÞmoXH$ì¶dhmamVrc {d{Y{ZfoY åhUOo Y‘© Zìho.
ñdV…À¶m H$m¶mdmMm‘mZmZo OrdZmVrc Z¡{VH$VoMo g§JmonZ d g§dY©Z H$arV AgVmZmM ‘mZdmcm B©ídar ¶moOZoer g§dmX
gmYVm ¶oVmo. Y‘© ho g‘mOOrdZmMo Ho$di EH$ A§J Zìho. g‘mOmÀ¶m EH§$Xa ì¶dhmamMo CÞ¶Z H$aUmao Vo EH$ ì¶mnH$ VÎd
Amho. d¡¶{º$H$ d gm‘m{OH$ ZrVrer Ë¶mMm {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y Amho. åhUyZ Y‘m©Mr ì¶dhmamnmgyZM ’$maH$V H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr.

CcQ> ñdV…cm àVrV Pmcoco gË¶ àË¶j gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dhmamV CVa{dÊ¶mgmR>r åhUOoM na‘oídamMo amÁ¶ ¶m n¥ÏdrVcmda
AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Ah{Z©e YS>nS> H$aUo hrM Iar Y‘©gmYZm hmo¶. Y‘m©À¶m Zmdmda AmVmn¶ªV AZoH$ AZmMma, H«$m¡¶©, AÝ¶m¶,
Owcy‘, {nidUyH$ ¶m§gma»¶m AZW©H$maH$ Jmoï>r KS>coë¶m AmhoV ho Iao Amho. nU ‘Zmcm AmdmhZ H$aUmè¶m H$moUË¶mhr CXmÎm
^mdZoMm {H$Ë¶oH$Xm Xþén¶moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. hm Xmof AWm©VM Ë¶m ^mdZoMm Zìho, Va ‘mZdmVrc newd¥ÎmrMm Vmo n[anmH$ hmo¶ Agm
Jm§YtÀ¶m Y‘© H$ënZoMm Ame¶ Amho.
OJmMo Z¡{VH$ emgZ H$aUmao ho Oo na‘oídar {Z¶‘ AmhoV Ë¶m§À¶m ‘wimer Agcoco VÎd åhUOoM gË¶ hmo¶. ho gË¶ emoYyZ
H$mTy>Z Ë¶mà‘mUo dV©Z H$aUo hrM B©ída^º$s. ^º$s Am{U ZrVr ¶m§À¶m EH$Voda ^maVmVrc OwÝ¶m gmYwg§Vm§Zrhr â {Xcocm Amho.
na‘oída gV², {MV² d AmZ§X‘¶ Amho hm {h§Xÿ VÎdkmZmVrc EH$ ‘yc^yV {dMma Amho. na§Vw na‘oída gË¶ Amho. Ago åhUyZ
Jm§Yr {VWoM Wm§~co ZmhrV. gË¶ hmM na‘oída Agm AmJ«h Yê$Z Ë¶m§Zr OwÝ¶m Y‘©{dMmam§À¶m nwT>o EH$ nmD$c Q>mH$co Amho.
‘mZdOmVrÀ¶m Eo{hH$ gwIg§dY©ZmgmR>r Ah{Z©e Vi‘irZo H$m¶© H$aUmao g§emoYH$ d g‘mOgwYmaH$ {Za{Zamù¶m Xoem§V AmnUmg
AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. gË¶emoYZmMrM Ë¶m§Zm AmM Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶m ~wÕrcm Z nQ>Umao na‘oídamMo ApñVÎd Vo ‘mÝ¶ H$arV ZmhrV.
Varhr OJmV Ý¶m¶mMo d ZrVrMo gm‘«mÁ¶ ñWm{nV ìhmdo ¶m X¥ï>rZo Ë¶m§Mr YS>nS> Mmccocr AgVo. Vo {ZarœadmXr Agë¶mZo
Y‘©hrZ ‘mZco OmVmV. na§Vw na‘oídamMm Zm‘On H$aUmè¶m Y‘©‘mVªS>m§nojm g‘mO{hVmgmR>r H$iH$irZo, {Zð>mnyd©H$ H$m¶© H$aUmao
ho g‘mOgwYmaH$M Iao Y‘©{Zð> hmoV Ago Jm§YtZr dma§dma AmdOy©Z gm§{JVco Amho. ^maVmVrc X[aÐr cmoH$m§À¶m {hVmMr qMVm
~miJUmao Mmcªg² ~«°S>cmgmaIo AZrídadmXr ho B©ída^º$M hmoV Ago Ë¶m§Mo åhUUo hmoVo.
Y‘© Am{U ZrVr
na‘oída hm gË¶ñdê$n Amho Am{U Ë¶mV {edVÎdhr A§V^y©V Amho. {edm¶ Vmo gd©e{º$‘mZ Amho. ‘J Vmo OJm‘Ü¶o
A{edmMo ApñVÎd H$m {Q>Hy$ XoVmo hm Ym{‘©H$ VÎd{dMmamVrc EH$ Hy$Q>àý Amho. Ë¶m ~m~VrV ~wÓrMo g‘mYmZ H$ê$ eHo$c
Agm ¶w{º$dmX AÚmn nwT>o Amcocm Zmhr. A{edmMo OJmVrc ApñVÎd H$moUË¶mhr VH©$g§‘V nÓVrZo CcJSy>Z XmI{dVm ¶oV
Zmhr. Vgo H$aÊ¶mMr BÀN>m YaUo åhUOo na‘oídamMr ~amo~ar H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUo hmo¶. åhUyZ A{edmÀ¶m, nmnàd¥ÎmrÀ¶m
CËnÎmrMr ‘r‘m§gm H$aÊ¶mV ‘mUgmZo ì¶W© doi XdSy> Z¶o. na‘oída nmnnwÊ¶mMm OZH$ Agcm Var Vmo nmnmnmgyZ nyU©nUo ‘wº$
Amho. na‘oída ñdV… H$mhrM H$aV Zmhr. A{edmMo {Z‘yc©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>rM Ë¶mZo ‘Zwî¶mcm Z¡{VH$ àoaUoMo daXmZ {Xcoco Amho.
{Vcm ñ‘ê$Z OJmVrc AgË¶mer, A{edmer, AZrVrer PJS>m H$aÊ¶mVM ‘Zwî¶mÀ¶m B©ída{Zð>oMr Iar H$gmoQ>r Amho. Amnë¶m
ñdV…À¶m OrdZmVrc ¶m PJS>çmcmM Jm§YtZr "gÎ¶mMo à¶moJ' ho Zmd {Xco Amho.
A{edmer PJS>m H$aÊ¶mMr gmYZm hr ^maVr¶ AÜ¶mË‘dmXr ‘yë¶gaUrV Jm§YtZr KmVcocr ‘m¡{cH$ â hmo¶. {díd Û§ÛmË‘H$
Amho. nmnnwÊ¶, ew^mew^ ¶m ‘mZdr ‘ZmÀ¶m H$ënZm AmhoV, Am{U na‘oída ¶m Û§Ûm§À¶m AVrV Amho hm {hÝXÿ Y‘m©Vrc EH$
à‘wI {gÓmÝV Amho. ^maVr¶ VÎddoË¶m§Zr g‘mOì¶dñWm hr {ZgJ©aMZoBVH$sM emídV d An[adV©Zr¶ ‘mZcr Amho. ‘mZdmÀ¶m
‘ZmVrc Ah§H$ma, ñdmW©, ^moJcmcgm, Xm¡~©ë¶ d ^rVr ¶m§VM ‘mZdr Xþ…ImMo ‘yi Amho. åhUyZ B§{Ð¶mÀ¶m ghOàd¥ÎmtZm cJm‘
KmcyZ, ewÓ ~wÕrZo d {Z‘©‘ d {Zah§H$ma d¥ÎmrZo àmá H$V©ì¶o nma nmS>Uo hmM nmn‘wº$ hmoÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© Amho Aer JrVoMr {eH$dU
Amho. ‘mZdmÀ¶m ‘ZmVrc A§VJ©V PJS>çmda ¶oWrc VÎddoÎ¶m§Zr Amnco cj H|${ÐV Ho$co Amho.
na§Vw Y‘©g§ñWm d emgZ g§ñWm ¶m§À¶m {Z~ªY hr AZ¡{VH$Vm Agy eHo$c ¶m {dMmam§Mm ¶oWrc VÎdqMVH$m§À¶m ‘Zmcm H$Yr
ñne©M Pmcm Zmhr. MmVwd©Ê¶©ì¶dñWm B©œaàUrV d gZmVZ Amho hr H$ënZm OZ‘mZgmV Imocda éOcocr Agë¶m‘wio gVr,
~mchË¶m, Añn¥í¶Vm BË¶mXr A‘mZwf Mmct{dê$Õ Z¡{VH$ nmVirdê$Z PJS>m H$aÊ¶mMm àý ¶oWo H$Yr CnpñWVM Pmcm Zmhr.
dU©loð>ÎdmMm A§hH$ma, OÝ‘{gÕ CƒZrM^md ¶m ^mdZm Iè¶m Y‘©^mdZocm {dKmVH$ AmhoV ¶mMr ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^{º$‘mJu
g§Vm§Zmhr OmUrd Pmcr hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m AZw¶m¶m§Zm gd© ‘mUgm§H$S>o g‘Ñï>rZo nmhmÊ¶mM CnXoe Ho$cm. ‘mÌ
Ë¶m§Zrhr Amnco H$m¶© Ym{‘©H$ joÍmmnwaVoM ‘¶m©{XV R>odco. gm‘m{OH$ MmcrarVt‘Ü¶o ‘ycJm‘r n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mMr Ë¶m§Zmhr
Amdí¶H$Vm dmQ>cr Zmhr. åhUyZ dmaH$ar Midir‘YyZ ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ dU©ì¶dñWoda H$mhrM AmKmV Pmco ZmhrV.

lÕm Am{U ~wÕr

‘mUgmMo h¸$ Am{U H$V©ì¶o H$moUVr? ‘m‘gm‘mUgm§‘Yrc g§~§Y H$moUË¶m VÎdm§Zr {Z¶{‘V ìhmdoV? gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶mMr
ì¶m»¶m H$er H$amdr øm àýmMm Ho$di BhdmXr nÕVrZohr {dMma hmoD$ eH$Vmo. AmYw{ZH$ gm‘m{OH$emóo§ ¶mM nÕVrZo ì¶{º${hV
d g‘mOH$ë¶mU ¶m§Mr {MH$sËgm H$arV AgVmV. Jm§YtMm Ñ{ï>H$moU ¶m BhdmXr VÎdkmÀ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moUmhÿZ AJXr {^Þ Amho.
‘mZdmÀ¶m ^m¡{VH$ CËH$fm©nojm Ë¶mMm AmÜ¶m{Ë‘H$ {dH$mg ho g‘mOOrdZmMo C{Ôï> Agco nm{hOo Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. ‘mÌ
Ë¶m§À¶m AmÜ¶m{Ë‘H$VoMm Ame¶ ~ìh§er Z¡{VH$M Amho. Y‘mªMr Ë¶m§Zr ZrVrer gm§JS> KmVcr Amho. BhdmXr VÎdk AZw^dmMo
{dûcofU H$aVmZm Ho$di ~wÕrda {dg§~yZ amhVmV, Jm§Yr ~wÓrMo ‘hÎd H$‘r coIrV ZmhrV. d¡¶{º$H$ d gm‘wXm{¶H$ H¥$Vt‘YyZ
gË¶mMm emoY KoÊ¶mMr Ë¶m§Mr YS>nS> Mmccocr hmoVr. Hw$R>crhr H¥$Vr XmoÝhr ~mOy§Mm gmamgma {dMma H$ê$Z, {VMo VmËH$m{cH$
d XÿaJm‘r n[aUm‘ cjmV KoD$ZM H$amdr cmJVo. H¥$VrÀ¶m n[aUm‘mMo ‘moO‘mn d¥ÕrM H$ê$ eH$Vo. na§Vw gd©M àý ~wÓrZo
gmoS>{dVm ¶oV ZmhrV.
Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m§Mm {ZU©¶ H$aVmZm ~wÕr nwîH$iXm VmoH$Sr nS>Vo. ~wÕr hr {edmà‘mUo A{edmMo A‘§Jc hË¶ma åhUyZhr
{H$Ë¶oH$Xm dmnacr OmVo. Á¶m§Mo ~wÕrZo g‘W©Z H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr Aem H¥$Vr OJm‘Ü¶o ’$maM WmoS>çm AmT>iVrc. {OWo ~wÕr
Hw§${R>V hmoVo {VWo lÕoMm àm§V gwê$ hmoVmo. lÕm hm öX¶mMm JwU Amho. nU H$mhr cmoH$ g‘OVmV Ë¶mà‘mUo lÕm d ~wÓr hr
nañna{damoYr ZmhrV. BVHo$M ZìhoVa ‘mZdr OrdZmVrc Ë¶m§Mo {d{eï> ñWmZ Ü¶mZmV KoD$Z Ë¶mMm gå¶H²$ Ñï>rZo Cn¶moJ
H$ê$Z KoVë¶mg Vr {Z{üVM nañnanyaH$ R>aVrc. lÕocmhr ~wÕrMo nmR>~i Amdí¶H$ Amho. lÕm Am§Yir Agoc Va Vr Zï>
Pmë¶m{edm¶ amhUma Zmhr. ‘mUgmMr lÕm {OVH$s CËH$Q> Agooc {VVH$s Ë¶mÀ¶m ~wÕrcm Yma MT>Vo. àmW©Zm Am{U Vnü¶m©
¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo Or ‘mUgo ñdV…Mo OrdZ ewÕ H$aVmV, Ë¶m§À¶m VH©$nyV AZw^dmMm dmna H$aUo hrM dmñV{dH$ lÕm hmo¶. {edm¶
¶m A’$mQ> {dœmV ‘mZd hm Zoh‘r Xþ~imM amhUma. Z¡{VH$ PJS>çmV Ho$di ñdV…À¶m gm‘Ï¶m©da Vmo {Q>Hy$ eH$V Zmhr. ~wÕrÀ¶m
Omoamda AhmoamÌ A§V~m©ø PJS>m H$aÊ¶mMr eº$s Ë¶mcm {‘iV Zmhr. Aemdoir na‘oœa Amnë¶m nmR>rer Amho. hr lÕm Ë¶mÀ¶m
‘ZmV CËgmh {Z‘m©U H$aVo. Ë¶mMo Zr{VY¡¶© {Q>H$dyZ YaVo. ZrVrcm Y‘©lÕoMm AmYma Zgoc Va {VMr pñWVr dmiyda ~m§Ycoë¶m
‘Zmoè¶mà‘mUo hmoB©c.
^m¡{VH$ Am{U Z¡{VH$
^m¡{VH$ Am{U Z¡{VH$ ¶m§À¶m nañnag§~§Ym~m~V Jm§YtÀ¶m {dMmamV AgmM g¡cnUm Amho. {dœmMo {Z¶‘ {ZandmX AgVmV
Aer ^m¡{VH$ emóm§Mr lÕm Amho. ^m¡{VH$emóo Á¶m àH$maÀ¶m KQ>Zm§Mo {dûcofU H$aVmV Ë¶m§À¶mer VwcZm H$aVm gm‘m{OH$
OrdZmVrc KQ>Zm AJXr doJù¶m nmVirda AgVmV. Ë¶m‘wio ^m¡{VH$ d gm‘m{OH$ emóm§‘Yrc {Z¶‘m§Mm EH$‘oH$m§er H$mhr
g§~§Y AgV Zmhr. ZrVrMm CJ‘ ‘mZdr g‘mOm‘Ü¶o hmoVmo. åhUyZ Zr{V‘r‘m§gm hr g‘mO{dkmZmerM {ZJS>rV AgVo. {ZgJm©V
ZrVrhr Zmhr Am{U AZrVrhr Zmhr. ^m¡{VH$ KQ>Zm§Zm Zoh‘r ^m¡{VH$ H$maUo AgVmV. Z¡{VH$ VÎdm§À¶m AZwamoYmZo Ë¶m§Mm CcJS>m
hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Aer ^m¡{VH$emókm§Mr ^y{‘H$m AgVo. qhXÿ Y‘m©Zo ‘mÌ {ZgJ©aMZm d g‘mOì¶dñWm hr XmoÝhr B©œa{Z{‘©V d
emœV AmhoV Am{U Ë¶mV EH$M {Z¶m‘H$ VÎd AZwñ¶yV Amho Ago ‘mZco Amho.
Jm§YtÀ¶m ‘Zmda AIoan¶ªV AÜ¶mË‘dmXmMmM nJS>m hmoVm. åhUyZ ^m¡{VH$ g¥ï>rVrc KS>m‘moS>tVyZhr Z¡{VH$VoMm n«Ë¶¶ ¶oV
AgVmo, Am{U Z¡{VH$ ì¶dhmamMohr {Z¶‘ {ZgJ©{gÕM AgVmV. Aem àH$maMr {dYmZo (Spiritual law in the natural
world and natural law in the spiritual world) Ë¶m§À¶m {cImUmV OmJmoOmJ AmT>iVmV. "B©emdmñ¶q‘X gd©'- ¶m
OJmVrc gd© nXmWmª‘Ü¶o EH$M na‘oœa ^ê$Z am{hcocm Amho Aer Jm§YtMrhr lÕm hmoVr. åhUyZM {dfmar gmn, qhò ídmnXo
¶m§nmgyZ AmnUm§g CnÐd hmoV Agoc Va Ë¶mcm Amnco ‘Zmo{dH$maM H$maUr^yV AmhoV. Á¶m ‘mUgmZo Amnë¶m ‘Zmo{dH$mam§da
nyU©nUo {dO¶ {‘i{dcm Agoc Ë¶mcm qhò ídmnXmnmgyZ ^rVr ~miJÊ¶mMo H$mhrM H$maU Zmhr, Ago Ë¶m§Zr AZoH$Xm à{VnmXZ
Ho$co Amho.
{~hma‘Ü¶o 1934 gmcr ‘moR>m ^yH§$n KSy>Z ¶oD$Z hOmamo ‘mUgo ‘¥Ë¶‘wIr nS>cr. Voìhm Aem àH$maÀ¶m g§H$Q>m‘mJohr H$mhr
na‘oídar ¶moOZm Agcr nm{hOo, hm ^yH§$n åhUOo Añn¥í¶Vogma»¶m nmnmgmR>r na‘oídamZo AmnUm§g {Xcoco n«m¶{üV hmo¶, Agm
A{^àm¶ Jm§YtZr àJQ> Ho$cm hmoVm. adtÐZmW Q>mJm|amZr Jm§YtÀ¶m ¶m {dYmZmcm Amjon KoVcm. Añn¥í¶Vogma»¶m ‘mZdr ê$T>r
{H$Vrhr AZ¡{VH$ Agë¶m Var ^y§H$nmgma»¶m Ho$di ^m¡{VH$ KQ>Zm§Zm Ë¶m H$maUr^yV hmoVmV, Ago åhUUo gË¶ Am{U Ý¶m¶

¶m XmoÝhr Ñï>tZr g‘W©Zr¶ Zmhr. B{VhmgmÀ¶m Ama§^mnmgyZ AmVmn¶ªV ‘mZd OmVtMo nmnm§Mo AZoH$ S>mo§Ja aMco AmhoV. na§Vw
Ë¶m§À¶m ^mamZo JwéÎdmH$f©UmÀ¶m {gÕmÝVmcm H$mhr ~mYm Amcocr Zmhr. Añn¥í¶VoÀ¶m nmnmcm na‘oída ^yH§$nmMr {ejm XoVmo
Ago ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co Va ñn¥í¶ qhXÿÀ¶m AnamYmgmR>r Añn¥í¶m§Zm, ‘wgc‘mZ d {¼üZ Aem naY{‘©¶m§Zm, {ZanamY ~mcH$m§Zm d
{Zînmn OZmdam§Zm ^yH$nm§‘Ü¶o gagH$Q> âSy>Z Q>mH$Umam na‘oœa EImÚm H«y$a ‘mZdr g‘«mQ>mhÿZ A{YH$ nmedr d¥ÎmrMm Amho, Ago
AZw‘mZ H$mT>mdo cmJco, Aem Q>mJmoam§Mm ¶w{º$dmX hmoVm.
Jm§YrOtZr Q>mJmoam§À¶m ¶m Amjonmcm {Xcoco CÎma ‘wirM g‘mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr. na‘oída hr H$mhr EImXr ì¶º$s Zìho. Vmo
Am{U Ë¶mMo {Z¶‘ EH$M AmhoV. na‘oída M‘ËH$ma KS>{dVmo qH$dm {dídmÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§V hñVjon H$aVmo Ago ‘mZUo MyH$ Amho,
ho Jm§YtOtZmhr ‘mÝ¶ hmoVo. na§Vw gd© {dídmÀ¶m ‘mJo EH$M {Z¶m‘H$ VÎd Agë¶mZo Z¡g{J©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dhmam§À¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo
gyÌhr EH$Ì Agco nm{hOo. Aer Jm§YrMr YmaUm hmoVr. emñÌohr {ZgJm©À¶m {d{dYVoVyZ EH$VoMm emoY KoV AgVmV. nU
{ZgJm©Mr hr {d{dYVm doJdoJù¶m nmVù¶m§da {d{dY ñdê$nm§V {d{dY A§Jm§Zr àJQ> hmoV AgVo. ‘mÌ {ZgJm©V Oer ì¶dñWm
Amho Vgm AñVmì¶ñVnUmhr Amho. BVHo$M H$m¶ nU {dê$nVm d {dH¥$VrXoIrc Amho. {d{eï> nmVirdarc {d{eï> ñdê$nmV
{XgUmè¶m dñVy qH$dm KQ>Zm ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o H$moUVo gm‘mÝ¶Îd Amho ¶mMm emoY emók KoV AgVmo. hm àË¶oH$ {Z¶‘ R>amdrH$
joÌmnwaVm ‘¶m©{XV AgVmo. AZoH$ {Z¶‘m§Zm EH$m gyÌmV ~m§YUmao {gÕmÝVhr emók ~m§YV AgVmV. ‘mÌ ^m¡{VH$ d ‘mZdr
g¥ï>rVrc gd© {Z¶‘m§Zm EH$m gyÌmV ~m§YUmam YmJm emókm§Zm AÚmn gmnS>cocm Zmhr. {dídmÀ¶m nmR>rer H$moUrVar ¶moOZmnyd©H$
~Zdcocm EImXm AmH¥${V~§Y Amho, ho ‘mZÊ¶mghr nwaogm nwamdm Zmhr.
Jm§YtZmhr Z¡{VH$ ì¶dhmamMm ^m¡{VH$ g¥ï>rda hmoUmam n{aUm‘ H$m¶©H$maU^mdmZo {gÕ H$aVm Amcocm Zmhr. na‘oídar {Z¶‘
A~w{ÓJå¶ AmhoV. ^yH§$nmgmaIr g§H$Q>o Amcr åhUyZ na‘oída Hy«$a Amho Ago g‘OÊ¶mMo H$maU Zmhr. ‘mZdmMr Aer narjm
KoÊ¶mV Ë¶mMm Xþgamhr H$mhr hoVy Zgoc H$emdê$Z, Aem JyT>dmXr nÕVrZo Jm§YtZr Amnë¶m {dYmZm§Mo g‘W©Z Ho$co Amho. emór¶
{M{H$ËgoEodOr Ho$di A§V…àoaUoda Adc§~yZ am{hë¶mZo Jm§§YtZm dma§dma Agm JyT>dmXmMm Aml¶ ¿¶mdm cmJcm Amho.
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12
^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm (Emotional Intelligence)
AmnU AZoH$Xm g^modVmcr Aem ì`º$s ~KVmo Á`m A{Ve` "~w{Õ_mZ' d "hþema' AgVmV, _mÌ Am`wî`mVrc gmYr
AmìhmZo ñdrH$maUo Ë`m§Zm A{Ve` AdKS> OmVo. AZoH$Xm "~w{Õ_Îmm' narjo_Üò JwU {_idyZ XoD$ eH$V Zmhr AWdm H$m_mÀ`m
{R>H$mUr nwaoer "~w{Õ_Îmm' AgyZhr \$maer àJVr gmYVm òV Zmhr. `m Am{U Aem AZoH$ doJdoJù`m KQ>Zm§_YyZ AmnUmg
ho nmhVm òVo H$s, "~w{Õ_mZ' ì`º$s hr "èñdr' ì`º$s AgVoM Ago Zmhr. qH$~hþZm Ë`m§À`m AnèmMo J_H$ ho Ë`m§À`m
~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m AgÊ`mer qH$dm ZgÊ`mer OmoS>coco ZgyZ doJù`mM KQ>H$m§er g§~§{YV AgVo.
^md{ZH$ ~w{Õàm_mÊ`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _yi Amnë`mcm S>m{d©ZÀ`m g¡Õm§{VH$ H$m_m_Üò AmT>iyZ òVo. S>m{d©ZZo ho gdm©V
àW_ _m§S>co H$s, ^md{ZH$[aË`m ì`º$ hmoVm òUo ho VJ Yê$Z R>odÊ`mgmR>r (Survival) Amdí`H$ AgVo.
AZoH$ dfmªÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va emókm§Zm ho cjmV Amco Amho H$s, Ho$di ~w{Õ_Îmm VnmgyZ ~KUo (Or ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMÊ`m/~wÕçm§H$
- Intelligence test/Intelligence quotient `m_YyZ Vnmgcr OmD$ eH$Vo) `m_YyZ EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m j_Vm§Mr nyU© nmaI
hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. gd©gm_mÝ`V: "~w{Õ_Îmm' `m eãXm_YyZ Á`m àH$maÀ`m j_Vm§Mr Anojm Ho$cr OmVo Ë`mn{cH$S>o OmD$Z _mZdr
^mdZm§da AmYm[aV ~w{Õ_mnZmMr ZdrZ àUmcr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm (Emotional Intelligence)
hm VwcZoZo ZdrZ Agm g§emoYZmMm d Aä`mgmMm {df` Amho. na§Vw `m {dMmamMo ~rO Amnë`mcm S>m{d©ZÀ`m g§emoYZmVXoIrc
{XgyZ òVo.
^md{ZH$ ~wÕçm§H$ (Emotional Quotient) OmñV AgUmè`m ì`º$s H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr A{YH$ èñdr hmoVmV, Ago
AZoH$ nmhÊ`m§A§Vr {gÕ Pmco Amho.
~w{Õ_ÎmoMo àH$ma d Ë`mg§~§YrMr d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Ur
Joë`m eVH$mn`ªV "~w{Õ_Îmm' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$jm Ho$di ñ_aUeº$s, AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mMm doJ AWdm g_ñ`m gmoS>dUyH$
åhUOoM Cognitive Abilities (g§kmZmË_H$ j_Vm) BWdaM é§Xmdë`m hmoË`m. _mÌ, 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV
H$mhr emókm§Zr ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo ñdê$n Ho$di g§kmZmË_H$ (Cognitive) ZgyZ Ë`mnojm nwîH$iM {dñV¥V Agë`mMo {gÕ Ho$co.
^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm B{Vhmg
1920 - ES>dS>© Wm°Z©S>mB©H$ `m§Zr gd©àW_ "gm_m{OH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm' Aer g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr.
1940 - S>opìhS> doíca, IQ Mo OZH$, `m§Zr hþemar Ho$di ~w{Õ_Îmoda Adc§~yZ Zgë`mMo _V _m§S>co.
1966 - ë`yZZ (Leunen) `m§Zr EI (Emotional Intelligence) da AmYm[aV emoY{Z~§Y à{gÕ Ho$cm.
1974 - Šcm°S> ñQ>m`Za `m§Zr "^md{ZH$ gmjaVm' `m {df`mdarc coI à{gÕ Ho$cm.
1983 - hm°dS>© JmS>©Za `m§Zr Multiple Intelligence darc {cImU à{gÕ Ho$co.
1990 - nrQ>a g°cmodo d O°H$ _oà `m§Zr Amncr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr.
1995 - S>°{Z`c Jmoc_Z `m§Zr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmoda AmYm[aV nwñVH$ à{gÕ Ho$co.
darc VŠË`m_Üò ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmodarc g§emoYZmMm B{Vhmg _m§S>cm Amho. `m_Yrc H$mhr g¡Õm§{VH$ Mm¡H$Q>r `m H$mimÀ`m
_moOnÅ>rda OmñV Iè`m CVaë`m AmhoV. Ogo H$s, hm°dS>© JmS>©Za `m§Zr Ho$coco H$m_ Frames of Mind : The theory of
multiple intelligence. `m_Üò Ë`m§Zr _Zwî`mH$S>o EH$mnojm A{YH$ àH$maÀ`m "~w{Õ_Îmm' Agë`mMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr.
EHy$U gmV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~w{Õ_Îmm§Mo Ë`m§Zr à_wIV: d¡`{º$H$ (Intrapersonal) Am{U Am§Vad¡`{º$H$ (Interper-
sonal) àH$ma nmS>co. VgoM S>°{Z`c Jmoc_Z `m§Zr Emotional Intelligence : Why it can matter more than IQ ho

nwñVH$ 1995 _Üò à{gÕ Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m `m A{Và{gÕ nwñVH$mZ§Va Emotional Intelligence AWdm ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm
hr g§km A{YH$ àM{cV Pmcr.
^mdZm§Mo _hÎd
S>m{d©ZZo åhQ>ë`mà_mUo, emókm§Zr Ago {gÕ Ho$co Amho H$s, ^mdZm§_mJo Ordemór` H$maU AgVo. ^mdZm EH$àH$mao ho
{ZX{e©V H$aV AgVmV H$s, EImXr Jmoï> _mZdmÀ`m JaOoZwgma nyU© hmoV Amho AWdm Zmhr. Ooìhm Amnë`mcm hdr AgUmar
Jmoï>/dñVy Amnë`mcm {_iV Zmhr qH$dm nwaoem à_mUmV {_iV Zmhr Voìhm Amnë`m_Üò ZH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
`m_Üò amJ, {^Vr, {Zamem `m Am{U `mgma»`m ^mdZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ì`º$sÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m ^mdZm§da Agcoë`m {Z`§ÌUm_YyZ
qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m A^mdmVyZ ì`º$scm AZoH$ {d{dY n[aUm_m§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJVo. ho n[aUm_ gm_m{OH$, _mZ{gH$ qH$dm emar[aH$
XoIrc Agy eH$VmV.
^mdZm ho earamMo g§dmXr _mÜ`_ _mZco OmVo. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Xþc©j H$aUo ho earamgmR>r {dKmVH$ R>ê$ eH$Vo. Cƒ ^md{ZH$
~wÕçm§H$ AgUmè`m ì`º$s Á`mà_mUo A{YH$ èñdr AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m A{YH$ {ZamoJr, AmZ§Xr d BVam§~amo~arc
ZmVog§~§YmV A{YH$ gwIr AgVmV.
Cƒ ^md{ZH$ ~wÕçm§H$ AgUmè`m ì`º$s¨_Üò AZoH$ ^mdZm§Mm {ZamoJr g_Vmoc AmT>iVmo. Ogo H$s -
ñd-{Z`§ÌU, _¡Ìr, OmJéH$Vm, g_mYmZ, AmZ§X, n[anyU©Vm, ñdm`ÎmVm, ñdmV§Í`, BÀN>m, àe§gm, _mZ{gH$ em§VVm B.
`m CcQ> Á`m ì`º$s¨Mm ^md{ZH$ ~wÕçm§H$ H$_r AgVmo, Ë`m§Zm Imcrc ^mdZm§À`m {_lUmcm gm_moao Omdo cmJVo.
EH$Q>onUm, {^Vr, [aH$m_nU, XS>nU, {Zamem, ~m§{YcH$s, Adc§{~Ëd, amJ, {MS>{MS>, Amig, ApñWaVm B. åhUyZM
Amnë¶m EH§$Xa AmZ§Xr d JwUmdÎmmnyU© Am`wî`mH$[aVm Cƒ ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm {Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m gJù`mVyZ
^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr EH$ ì`m»`m Imcrcà_mUo Ho$cr OmD$ eH$Vo -
ì`º$sMr ^mdZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z KoD$Z g§dmX gmYÊ`mMr, cjmV R>odÊ`mMr, dU©Z H$aÊ`mMr, ~moY KoÊ`mMr,
g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr, AmoiIÊ`mMr, ^mdZm g_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mMr Am§V[aH$ j_Vm åhUOo ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.
^mdZm d _|Xÿ
ho g_OyZ KoUo A{Ve` Amdí`H$ Amho H$s, ^md{ZH$, ~w{Õ_Îmm ho gd©gm_mÝ` ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m {déÕ j_Vm _moOUmao _mnH$
Zmhr. ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_Îmm d gd©gm_mÝ` ~w{Õ_Îmm `m§Mm AZmoIm {_cm\$ ì`º$sMr EHy$U ~w{Õ_Îmm R>adV AgVmo.
Amnë`m gdmªZmM H$Yr Zm H$Yr ñdV:À`m ^mdZm§da Vm~m Zgë`mMm AZw^d Amcm Amho. `m_mJrc EH$ H$maU_r_m§gm
åhUOo ^mdZm§Mm Am{U _|XÿMm Jw§VmJw§VrMm Agcocm g§~§Y. n§Mo{Ð`m§H$Sy>Z {_imcocm H$moUVmhr g§Xoe hm _|XÿVrc thalamus
(W°c°_g) H$S>o nmR>{dcm OmVmo d VoWyZ Ë`mMo amgm`{ZH$ g§XoemV "^mfm§Va' Ho$co OmVo. AemàH$mao ~hþVoH$ gd© g§Xoe _|XÿÀ`m
dñVw{Zð>nUo {dMmaà{H«$`m H$aUmè`m H|$ÐH$mH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVmV. _mÌ Aem g§Xoem§_Üò ^mdZm§Mo {_lU Agë`mg ho g§Xoe
amygdala (A{_½S>ocm) `m _|Xÿ_Yrc ^md{ZH$ H|$ÐmH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVmV. `mMdoiog g§XoemVrc ~hþVoH$ ^mJ hm _|XÿVrc
dñVw{Zð>nUo {dMma H$aUmè`m H|$ÐH$mH$S>o nmR>{dcm OmVmo d H$mhr ^mJ gai A{_½S>ocmH$S>o OmVmo. _|Xÿcm `m g§Xoemda nyU©nUo
dñVw{Zð>nUo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Z XoVmM hm g§Xoe amygdala (A{_½S>ocm) H$S>o OmVmo. åhUOoM H$mhr g§Xoem§gmR>r à{VgmX
hm Ho$di cJoMM {_iUmam ^md{ZH$ à{VgmXM AgVmo.
_|Xÿ Am{U ^mdZm `m§À`mVrc {dH$mg hm A^©H$mÀ`m Q>ßß`mnmgyZM hmoV AgVmo d _mZdr Am`wî`mÀ`m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda
^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm ñVa ~XcV AgVmo. BWo cjmV KoÊ`mgmaIm _hÎdmMm _wÔm åhUOo AmnU Amnë`m ^mdZm§Zm Xÿa cmoQ>Ê`mMm
qH$dm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Xþc©j H$aÊ`mMm AWdm Ë`mnmgyZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo MyH$ Amho. Amnë`m ^mdZm `m
gVV Amnë`m ~amo~a AgVmV. Amnë`m ^mdZm§Mr _yio Amnë`m CËH«$m§Vr_Üò d Ordemóm_Üò XS>cocr AmhoV. Amnë`m
^mdZm§{df`r _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo d Ë`mda `mo½` {Z`§ÌU {_idUo ho Amnë`mgmR>r JaOoMo Amho.
AZoH$ g§ñWm§Zm d àemgH$m§Zm ho CÎm_[aË`m C_Oco Amho H$s, Ho$di IQ (Intelligence Quotient) ì`º$sÀ`m èmMr
AWdm JwUdÎmoMr h_r XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
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13
d¥Îmr AWdm Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Attitude)
d¥Îmr åhUOo H$m¶?

H$moUË¶mhr gm‘m{OH$ g‘ma§^m‘Ü¶o AWdm ‘oimì¶m‘Ü¶o hmoUmè¶m g§^mfUm§Mr Oa AmnU ~maH$mB©Zo XIc KoVcr Va
Amnë¶mcm Ago cjmV ¶oVo H$s, ~hÿVoH$ g§^mfUo ì¶º$s¨Zm H$m¶ AmdS>Vo, H$m¶ AmdS>V Zmhr, gm‘m{OH$ KQ>Zm, à{gÕ ì¶º$s
¶m§À¶m~ÔcÀ¶m g§{‘l ^mdZm ¶m gdmªZr g§^mfUo ~Zcocr AgVmV. ¶m gd© g§^mfUm§‘YyZ, XodmU-KodmUt‘YyZ Amnë¶mcm
Ë¶m ì¶º$s¨À¶m d¥Îmr~Ôc AWdm ÑpîQ>H$moZm~Ôc ‘m{hVr {‘iV AgVo. ho Ñ{ï>H$moZ, d¥Îmr (Attitude) A{Ve¶ H$irMr ^y{‘H$m
~OmdUmar AgVmV. H$moUVrhr ì¶º$s OJmH$S>o d ^modVmcÀ¶m n[apñWVrH$S>o H$er nmhVo ¶mMr CÎmao Ë¶m ì¶º$sÀ¶m d¥Îmr‘Ü¶o
XS>cocr AgVmV. ì¶º$s H$em àH$mao {dMma H$aVo. BVam§Mo {dMma H$em àH$mao à^m{dV H$aVo ¶m Am{U Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r d¥Îmrda
Adc§~yZ amhVmV. {df¶mMm AmdmH$m BVH$m ‘moR>m AgVmZm d¥Îmr åhUOo H$m¶ ho g‘OyZ KoUo ’$m¶ÚmMo Amho.
d¥Îmr (Attitude) åhUOo H$m¶ ¶mÀ¶m {d{dY ì¶m»¶m AmOn¶ªV H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV. gd©gmYmaUV… d¥Îmr åhUOo EH$
‘mZgemór¶ ñnï>rH$aU AgUmam Agm {d{eï> H$c Amho. Á¶m‘YyZ ì¶º$s g^modVmcÀ¶m ì¶º$s¨Mo n[apñWVrMo {dícofU H$aV
AgVo d Ë¶mAmYmao Ë¶m ì¶º$s~Ôc AWdm n[apñWVr~Ôc Mm§Jco qH$dm dmB©Q> J«h ~ZV AgVmV. d Ë¶mda AmYmarV {ZU©¶
AmnU KoV AgVmo. EImÚm ì¶º$s~ÔcMr AWdm n[apñWVr~ÔcMm Amnë¶m ñ‘¥VrVrc gmam§e d Ë¶m~ÔcMo AmnU H$aV
Agcoco J«h ¶m§À¶mVrc Xþdm åhUOo XoIrc d¥Îmr hmo¶. gmoß¶m ^mfoV gm§Jm¶Mo Va gH$mamË‘H$ AWdm ZH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm {Z‘m©U
H$aÊ¶mMr à{H«$¶m hr Ë¶m ì¶º$sÀ¶m d¥Îmrda Adc§~yZ AgVo. ¶m gd© ì¶m»¶m§‘Yrc gyú‘ ’$aH$ ~mOycm R>odë¶mg EH$ Jmoï>
Amnë¶m cJoM cjmV ¶oVo Vr åhUOo d¥Îmr d Ë¶mda AmYmarV {ZU©¶ KoUo AWdm H$m¡c R>a{dUo ¶mV OmoS>cocm ‘yc^yV g§~§Y
åhUyZM d¥Îmr Amnë¶m {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶oda àË¶j n[aUm‘ H$aV AgVo. EImXm gm‘m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘wÔm, dñVy AWdm
ì¶º$s ho AmdS>Uo AWdm Z AmdS>Uo ho A§er ì¶º$sÀ¶m d¥Îmrda Adc§~yZ AgVo. ¶mdê$Z d¥Îmr (Attitude) åhUOo EImÚm
Jmoï>rMo AmH$cZmË‘H$, ^mdmË‘H$ Am{U AmMaUmË‘H$ Ho$coco ‘yë¶‘mnZ hmo¶.
d¥Îmr XmoZ nmVù¶m§da H$m¶©aV AgVo. EH$ åhUOo d¥Îmt‘Yrc Vrd«Vm d Xþgao åhUOo d¥ÎmrVrc nañnaVm. CXmhaUmW©, emoco
{gZo‘mVrc O¶ d drê$ ¶m XmoKm§Mm n¡em~Ôc gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmoVm, Jã~aÀ¶m àVr ZH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmoVm Am{U
YÞmo ¶m KmoS>r{df¶r VQ>ñW Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmoVm. ¶m‘YyZ XmoZ JmoîQ>t‘Yrc nañnaVm ñnï> hmoVo. åhUOoM H$moUmMm H$moUm~Ôc qH$dm
H$em~Ôc Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho ¶m g§H$ënZm ñnï> hmoVmV. d¥ÎmtÀ¶m Vrd«VoV XoIrc ’$aH$ AgVmo. Ogo H$s, {gZo‘mÀ¶m gwédmVrcm
n¡emÀ¶m AmdS>r~Ôc Agcocm Vrd« gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Z§Va H$‘r hmoD$Z Ë¶mMr OmJm R>mHy$a ~ÔcÀ¶m gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmZo
d Jã~a ~ÔcÀ¶m Vrd« ZH$mamË‘H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmZo ì¶mncr OmVo.
VgoM H$mhr d¥Îmr ¶m ì¶º$sÀ¶m dmJÊ¶m-~mocÊ¶mVyZ àË¶j (explicit) gmH$maV AgVmV Va H$mhr d¥Îmr ¶m Iyn Vrd«
Agë¶mVarXoIrc AàË¶j (implict) Agy eH$VmV. åhUyZM EImÚm ì¶º$sMr d¥Îmr qH$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZ OmUyZ ¿¶m¶Mm Agoc
Va àË¶j àým§Zm {Xcr Jococr àË¶j CÎmao nwaoer AgVmVM Ago Zmhr. EImÚm R>am{dH$ ‘wÚm~ÔcMr Vrd« d¥Îmr ì¶º$sZo CKS>
Z H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dë¶mg Ë¶m d¥Îmr AmoiIUo AdKS> R>ê$ eH$Vo.
d¥Îmr - g§emoYZmMm B{Vhmg
d¥Îmr (Attitude) ¶m {df¶mda {dgmì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrnmgyZM A{Ve¶ nÕVeraarË¶m Aä¶mg Pmcm Amho. ¶m
g§emoYZmV à‘wI â KmcUmao d Ë¶mMr emóewÕnÕVrZo gwédmV H$aUmao Jm°S>©Z Am°cnmoQ>© (Gordon Allport) ¶m§Zhr Ago
åhQ>co Amho H$s, gm‘m{OH$ ‘mZgemómÀ¶m g‘H$mcrZ Aä¶mg emIoVrc d¥Îmrdarc g§emoYZ ho gdm©V doJio d gdm©V ‘hÎdnyU©

‘mZco Joco nm{hOo. cwB©g WñQ>©Z Am{U aoZ{gg² cm¶H$Q>© (Louis Thurstone Am{U Rensis Likert) ¶m§Zr d¥Îmr gmaIm
gm‘m{OH$ gmnoj KQ>H$ g§»¶mË‘H$ nÕVrZo ‘moOÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$cm. ¶mVyZM cm¶H$Q>© ñHo$c (Likert's Scale) Mm CX¶ Pmcm.
AmOÀ¶m H$mimVXoIrc ¶m V§ÌmMm dmna AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Ho$cm OmVmo.
d¥ÎmrMo ‘mnZ H$aV AgVmZm Vo àË¶j AWdm AàË¶j nÕV dmnê$Z Ho$co OmVo. àË¶j nÕVr‘Ü¶o Á¶m ì¶º$s¨Mr d¥Îmr
AWdm Ñ{ï>H$moZ OmUyZ ¿¶m¶Mm Amho Ë¶m§Zm àË¶j àý {dMmaco OmVmV. CXm. Eo{ÀN>H$ J^©nmV~Ôc Amnco ‘V H$m¶? qH$dm
‘¥Ë¶yX§S>mÀ¶m {ejo~Ôc Amnco ‘V H$m¶? Aem nÕVrZo d¡{dÜ¶nyU© àý {dMmaë¶mZ§Va d Ë¶m§Mr CÎmao {d{dY n[a‘mUm§Mm dmna
H$ê$Z Vnmgë¶m Z§Va ì¶º$sMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ cjmV ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. d¥Îmr {df¶mMo gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimVrc gd© à‘wI g§emoYZ ho àË¶j
‘mnZ nÕVrZwgma Pmco Amho. ‘mÌ AàË¶j nÕVrZo Ho$cr OmUmar à‘wI Q>rH$m åhUOo ì¶º$sZo {Xcoco ‘V AWdm ‘VmMm H$m¡c
nyU©V… àm‘m{UH$ AgocM Ago Zmhr. AmnU ‘mhrV Agcoco nyd©J«hXþ{fV ‘V ZH$mamË‘H$arË¶m ñdrH$maco OmUma Amho ¶mMr
ì¶º$scm H$ënZm Agë¶mg, Vr ì¶º$s doJù¶mM ‘Vmcm nmqR>~m XoB©c. Aem àH$maMr {ZarjUo Or g§^mfUo, Am§Vad¡¶{º$H$
g§nH©$ ¶m§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Ho$cr OmVmV Ë¶m‘Ü¶o CÎma XoUmar ì¶º$s H$m¶‘M g‘mOmMo gä¶-Agä¶VoMo {Z¶‘, gm‘m{OH$-
amOH$s¶ dmVmdaU ¶m§Mm {dMma H$ê$ZM ‘V Zm|X{dV AgVo.
AàË¶j ‘mnZ nÕVr‘Ü¶o ì¶º$sÀ¶m Á¶m ÑpîQ>H$moZm§{df¶r OmUyZ ¿¶m¶Mo Amho Ë¶mg§~§Yr AmYmarV H$mhr MmMÊ¶m V¶ma
Ho$ë¶m OmVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o EImÚm eãXm{df¶r, ’$moQ>mo{df¶r ì¶º$sMo ‘V H$m¶ Amho ho g§JUH$s¶ àUmcrZwgma R>a{dco OmVo.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ì¶º$scm àý {dMmaÊ¶mMr nÕVXoIrc AàË¶j, g§JUH$sH¥$V AgVo. VgoM àým§Mo ñdê$n Ago AgVo H$s àýmMm
amoI ghO ñnï> hmoUma Zmhr. AemàH$mao {‘imcoë¶m ‘m{hVrMo {Z¶moOZ d {dícofU H$ê$Z ì¶º$sÀ¶m d¥Îmr~Ôc {ZîH$f© H$mT>cm
OmVmo. Aem àH$maÀ¶m MmMÊ¶m§Zm Implicit Association Test (IAT) Ago åhUVmV. ¶m MmMÊ¶m§Mm dmna XoIrc Iyn
‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Ho$cm OmVmo.
d¥Îmr - KQ>H$, aMZm Am{U H$m¶©
KQ>H$, aMZm Am{U H$m¶© ho d¥Îmr Aä¶mgmMo à‘wI VrZ ñV§^ ‘mZco OmVmV. ho VrZhr ñV§^ nañnamdc§~r AgyZ, Ë¶m
{VÝhrMm EH${ÌV {dMma H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. AmVmn¶ªV AmnU Ago nm{hco H$s d¥Îmr qH$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amnco EImÚm
dñVy~ÔcMo, ì¶º$s~ÔcMo AWdm àg§Jm~ÔcMo ~aodmB©Q> ‘V R>adV AgVo. d¥Îmr~Ôc A{YH$ {dñV¥V ‘m{hVr XoUmar AZoH$ àmê$no

(Models) AmhoV. Ë¶mVrc gdm©V ‘hÎdmMo ‘mZco OmUmao àmê$n åhUOo Multi-Component Model. ¶m àmê$nmZwgma
d¥ÎmrMo (Attitude) VrZ ‘w»¶ ^mJ AgVmV.
d¥Îmr (Attitude)

  
AmH$cZmË‘H$ ‘m{hVr ^mdZmË‘H$ ‘m{hVr dV©ZmË‘H$ ‘m{hVr
Cognitive information Affective information Behavioural information
ho VrZ KQ>H$ d Ë¶m§Mm Amnë¶m d¥Îmrda d Ë¶mVyZ KoVë¶m OmUmè¶m {ZU©¶m§da hmoUmam à^md åhUOoM Multi-Component
Model hmo¶. ¶mn¡H$s AmH$cZmË‘H$ (Cognitive) KQ>H$ {dMma, g§H$ënZm d d¡{eîQ>ço ¶m§Zm àmYmÝ¶ XoUmam AgVmo. AmnU
ho EH$m CXmhaUmÛmao g‘OyZ KoD$. CXm. amHo$ecm H$ma {dH$V ¿¶m¶Mr Amho d åhUyZ Vmo {d{dY H$maÀ¶m ‘m°S>oëg~Ôc ‘m{hVr
{‘idV Amho. Ogo H$s, ‘m¶c|O, H$maMr gwa{jVVm, XþéñVrgmR>rMo g§^mì¶ IM© d Ë¶m§Mr dma§dm[aVm B. åhUOoM H$ma~ÔcÀ¶m
‘m{hVrMo Ho$coco {dícofU hmo¶. gH$mamË‘H$ d ZH$mamË‘H$ ~m~tMr VwcZmXoIrc ¶mV Ano{jV Amho.
^mdZmË‘H$ (affective) KQ>H$ hm ‘w»¶Ëdo Ë¶m dñVy-ì¶º$s-n[apñWVr g§X^m©Vrc ^mdZm§da Adc§~yZ AgVmo. ^mdZmXoIrc
Amnë¶m d¥Îmtda ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUV AgVmV. a§J, g§JrV Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r ^mdZm R>a{dV AgVmV. CXm.
hm°Q>oc‘Ü¶o AZoH$Xm cmc-Ho$ear-{ndir Aer a§Jg§JVr gmH$macocr AgVo. hr a§Jg§JVr ^wHo$Mr ^mdZm C{Ô{nV H$aVo.
Ë¶mM~amo~a Mmcy AgUmao ‘§X, AmëhmXXm¶H$ g§JrV VmU hcH$m H$aVo. ¶m gdmª‘wio hm°Q>oc{df¶rMo Amnco ‘V gH$mamË‘H$ hmoD$
eH$Vo. Á¶m dñVygmR>r (åhUOo ImÚnXmW©) AmnU n¡go ‘moOco AmhoV, Ë¶mVrc AZoH$ ÌwQ>tH$S>o Amnco cj XoIrc OmV Zmhr.
dV©ZmË‘H$ (behavioural) KQ>H$ hm d¥Îmr{df¶H$ {ZU©¶ KoVmZm H$irMm R>ê$ eH$Vmo. EImXr ì¶º$s nwZ…nwÝhm EH$mM
H§$nZrMr CËnmXZo dmnaVo. AemàH$maMo dV©Z ^yVH$mimV cm^Xm¶r R>aco Agë¶mg VrM CËnmXZo dmnaÊ¶mH$S>o Amncm H$c
AgVmo. VgoM EImÚm CËnmXZm~Ôc Amncm nydm©Zw^d Mm§Jcm Zgë¶mg AmnU Vr dñVy nwÝhm A{O~mV dmnaV Zmhr. CXm.
gmoZr ‘mo~mB©c Va KoV ZmhrM; na§Vw gmoZrÀ¶m BVa CËnmXZm§{df¶rgwÕm Amncm dmB©Q> J«h ~ZVmo. ¶mCcQ> ~OmO H§$nZrMr dmhZo
Hw$Qw>§~m‘Ü¶o dfm©Zwdf} dmnacr OmVo AgVrc Va AmnU ~OmOMr JmS>r KoUo ng§V H$aVmo. dV©ZmË‘H$ KQ>H$ {OVH$m dñVy§H$aVm
cmJy Amho, {VVH$mM ì¶º$s¨H$aVmXoIrc cmJy AgVmo.
darc gd© KQ>H$ nmhVm, Vo Iyn p³cï> AmhoV Ago dmQ>V Agco Var, ~maH$mB©Zo {dMma Ho$ë¶mg Amnë¶m AmOy~mOycm Vo
H$m¶‘ {XgV AgVmV, ho cJoM cjmV ¶oB©c. AZoH$ doim EImXo ‘V R>adV AgVmZm AmnU ’$m¶Úm-VmoQ>çm§Mm gImoc {dMma
H$ê$Z Vo R>adV AgVmo. CXm. c°nQ>m°n IaoXr H$aÊ¶mAmYr AmnU A{Ve¶ ImocmV OmD$Z, {d{dY H§$nÝ¶m, Ë¶m§Mr {d{dY c°nQ>m°n
‘m°S>oc ¶m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z H$moUVm ~«±S> Amnë¶mcm ng§V Amho ho R>adVmo. VgoM H$mhr doim AmnU ^mdZm§À¶m à{VgmXmdê$Z
ÑpîQ>H$moZ R>adVmo. Ogo H$s, "‘cm ¶m H$mnS>mMm ñne© Iyn AmdS>cm' qH$dm "¶mdarc H$cmHw$ga ‘cm Iyn ^mdcr'. ¶m gd©m§Mm
^mdZmË‘H$ KQ>H$m§V g‘mdoe hmoVmo. dV©ZmË‘H$ KQ>H$ ho Ë¶m {df¶mdarc Vw‘À¶m nydm©Zw^dmVyZ ~ZVmV. EImÚm CnhmaJ¥hmV
Ooìhm Vwåhr AmYr Jocm hmoVmV Voìhm Vwåhmcm CÎm‘ godm {‘imcr, åhUyZ Vwåhr nwÝhm nwÝhm VoWo OmVm. Am{U ¶m à{H«$¶o‘YyZ
Ë¶m CnhmaJ¥hm{df¶r Vw‘Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ gH$mamË‘H$ ~ZVmo. AZoH$ doim EImÚm JmoîQ>r{df¶rÀ¶m d¥Îmr EH$mnojm OmñV KQ>H$m§da
gwÕm Adc§~yZ Agy eH$VmV. d¥ÎmrÀ¶m aMZoH$S>o nm{hë¶mg Amnë¶m Ago cjmV ¶oVo H$s, Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~ZdV AgVmZm ì¶º$s Ë¶m
Jmoï>rH$S>o g‘Vmoc A§JmZo nmhVo H$m ¶mMm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.
d¥Îmr ‘mZdr Am¶wî¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo H$m¶ ^y{‘H$m ~OmdVmV ¶mda S>°{ZAc H°$Q²>P (Daniel Katz) ¶m ‘mZgemókmZo H$m‘
Ho$co Amho. d¥ÎmtMo H$m¶© nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(i) kmZmMo {Z¶moOZ
(ii) Cn¶wº$Vm
(iii) "ñd'Mo ga§jU
(iv) VÎdm§Mm ñdrH$ma

EH§$XarVM d¥Îmr AWdm Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo H$m¶© Amnë¶m ghO cjmV ¶oV Zgco Var ‘mZdr Am¶wî¶mMm Iyn ‘hÎdmMm ^mJ
ì¶mnUmao Amho. daVr {Xcoë¶m 4 ‘wÚm§{df¶r A{YH$ gImoc MMm© H$aUo e³¶ Amho. ‘mÌ Ë¶m AmYr ZmJar godoV d¥ÎmrMo d
Ë¶mÀ¶m AmH$cZmMo H$m¶ ‘hÎd AgVo ho g‘OyZ KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. d¥Îmr Am{U dV©Z ¶m‘Ü¶o A{Ve¶ OdiMm nañna g§~§Y
Amho. ¶m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r EH$‘|H$mda à^md nmSy> eH$VmV. EImÚm Jmoï>r~ÔcMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xccm H$s dV©Z ~XcVo hr ~m~ cjmV
KoVë¶mg AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àemgZmV d H$m‘H$mOm‘Ü¶o ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUUo e³¶ hmoVo. CXm. EH$m àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mè¶mcm
Amnë¶m ghH$m¶m©Zr ‘mZdr h¸$m§~Ôc A{YH$ OmJê$H$ d g§doXZerc Agmdo Ago dmQ>V Agoc Va d¥Îmr {H§$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$go
~ZVmV d H$go ~Xcco OmD$ eH$VmV ¶mÀ¶m kmZmMm ’$m¶Xm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. A{YH$mè¶mg Ano{jV Agcoco dV©ZmV ~Xc Ho$di
{Z¶‘ ~XcyZ KS>dyZ AmUcm OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. ¶m d Aem AZoH$ n[apñWVr§‘Ü¶o d¥Îmr qH$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo KQ>H$, aMZm d H$m¶©
¶mMr OmU AgUo A{YH$ AW©nyU© {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mg ‘XV H$ê$ eH$Vo.
AmÎmmn`ªV AmnU d¥ÎmrMm Am{U ÑpîQ>H$moZmMm dV©Zmda H$gm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo ho nm{hco. Ñ{ï>H$moZm‘wio dV©Z ~XcVo/à^m{dV
hmoVo ho ghO cjmV ¶oVo. EImÚm JmoîQ>r~ÔcMr Amncr d¥Îmr ~Xccr H$s Ë¶m AZwf§JmZo dV©Z ~XcVo. ~è¶mMXm nmcH$ qH$dm
BVa ‘moR>çm ì¶º$s ‘wcm§Zm Ë¶m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xcm¶cm gm§JVmV. Ia§ Va Ë¶m§Zm dV©ZmVrc ~Xc Ano{jV AgVmo, d ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Attitude) ~Xccm H$s dV©Z ~Xcoc Aer gd©gmYmaU YmaUm AgVo. Ë¶m‘YyZM Attitude ~XcÊ¶m{df¶r g„m {Xcm OmVmo.
AOyZ ¶mM àH$maMo CXmhaU Úm¶Mo Va ZmJ[aH$m§Zr H$ma MmcdVmZm grQ> ~oëQ> Kmcmdm, dmhVwH$sMo {Z¶‘ nmimdoV ¶m d Aem
{d{dY Jmoï>r gwM{dUmao ’$cH$, gyMZm, KmofUm dmhVyH$ {Z¶§ÌU emIoV’}$ cmdco OmVmV, cmoH$m§À¶m {dMma H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶oda
à^md Q>mHy$Z Ë¶m ¶moJo Ë¶m§À¶m dmJÊ¶mV ~Xc Ho$cm OmVmo. g‘wnXoeZ, {eH$dUo, ‘yc dmT>dUo ¶m gd© à{H«$¶m§‘Yrc EH$ g‘mZ
YmJm åhUOo - d¡¶{º$H$ Am¶wî¶mVrc YmaUm, ÑpîQ>H$moZ gm‘m{OH$ dV©Zmda à^md Q>mH$V AgVmV Ago g‘OUo, Am{U åhUyZM
Hw$UmMohr dV©Z ~Xcm¶Mo Agë¶mg Ë¶mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ ~XcUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
{dgmì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m ‘Ü¶mV, ÑpîQ>H$moZ d dV©Z ¶m§À¶m‘Yrc g§~§Y Iyn ÑT> Zmhr Ago g§emoYH$m§À¶m cjmV ¶oD$ cmJco.
cmoH$m§À¶m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV ~Xc Pmë¶mdahr dV©ZmV ~Xc hmoVmoM Ago Zmhr. CXm. ~hþVoH$ gw{e{jV cmoH$m§Zm {gJaoQ> AmoT>Ê¶mZo
§hmoUmam Ìmg d Ë¶mVyZ hmoUmar earamMr hmZr ¶mMo kmZ AgVo, VarXoIrc Yy‘«nmZ gwê$M amhVo. Aem àH$maMr Ymo³¶mMr gyMZm
N>mnë¶mZo dV©ZmV H$moUVmhr Am‘ycmJ« ~Xc {XgyZ ¶oV Zmhr. hoë‘oQ> KmcUo gwa{jVVogmR>r JaOoMo Amho ho ‘mÝ¶ Agco Varhr
AZoH$ XþMmH$sñdma hoë‘oQ> Z KmcVm JmS>r MmcdVmZm {XgVmV. AZoH$ ‘mZgemókm§Zr ho Amnë¶m g§emoYZmÛmao XmIdyZ {Xco
Amho H$s d¥Îmr/ÑpîQ>H$moZ ~Xcë¶mZo dV©Z ~XcVoM Ago Zmhr. AZoH$m§À¶m Aä¶mgmVyZ EH$ g‘mZ {ZîH$f© Agmhr Amcm H$s
dV©Z ~Xcco H$s Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~XcVmo.
dV©Z ~Xcë`m_wio d¥Îmr H$er ~Xcy eH$Vo `mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm òD$ eH$VmV. VgoM dV©Z ~XcÊ`mÀ`m H$mhr àdmhr
nÕVt~Ôchr a§OH$ MMm© CncãY Amho.
(1) ^y{_H$m dR>dë`mZo ~XcUmao Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Role Playing)
(2) nwZê$ƒmamMo gm_Ï`© (Saying Becomes Believing)
(3) N>moQ>çm H¥$VtMo _moR>o n[aUm_ (The Foot-in-the Door Phenomenon)
(4) gm_m{OH$ Midir (Social Movements)
(5) g§H$sU© Q>rn (Miscelleneous)
(1) ^y{_H$m dR>{dë`mZo ~XcUmao Ñ{ï>H$moZ (Role Playing) - Am`wî` OJV AgVmZm ì`º$s {VÀ`m gm_m{OH$
ñWmZmZwgma KS>V OmVo. {VÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amcoë`m AZw^dmVyZ OJm~ÔcMr, cmoH$m§~ÔcMr {VMr d¥Îmr ~ZV OmVo. Ë`m_wio EH$m
ì`º$scm doJù`m gm_m{OH$ ñVa Am{U ñWmZmVyZ òUmè`m Xþgè`mM ì`º$s~Ôc gH$mamË_H$ AWdm ZH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm qH$dm
d¥Îmr V`ma hmoV AgVo. Oa ZH$mamË_H$ d¥Îmr Agoc Am{U Vr ~Xcm`Mr Agoc Va EH$ Cnm` Amho Vmo ^y{_H$m dR>dm`cm
gm§JÊ`mMm. ZmQ>H$m§À`m à`moJm§_Üò nmÌm§Mr ^y{_H$m dR>dVmZm H$cmH$mamcm A{cá amhÿZ MmcV Zmhr. _J ^y{_Ho$V {eaë`mda
Ë`m nmÌmÀ`m n[apñWVrMr AZw^yVr H$cmH$mamcm òD$ eH$Vo.
`mMà_mUo Iè`m Am`wî`mV ^y{_H$m dR>dë`mZo g§~§YrV ì`º$sÀ`m d¥ÎmrV ~Xc KSy>Z òVmo. åhUOoM ^y{_H$m dR>dÊ`mÀ`m
H¥${Ì_ H$m`m©_wio d¥Îmr_Üò hiyhiy IamoIarM ~Xc hmoV OmVmo. VgoM ZdrZ ZmoH$arÀ`m gwédmVrcm AmnU Ë`m ZmoH$arÀ`m

^y{_H$mM nma nmS>V AgVmo. hiyhiy AmnU "{VM ì`º$s' Agë`mMr d¥Îmr _mÌ Amnë`mV {dH${gV hmoV OmVo. åhUyZ AmnU
^y{_H$m dR>dV nwT>o OmV AgVmZm Amnë`m d¥ÎmtZm AmH$ma àmá hmoV AgVmo .
(2) nwZê$ƒmamMo gm_Ü`© (Saying Becomes Believing) - EImÚm Jmoï>rMm dma§dma Cƒma H$aUo, VgoM Agm
nwZê$ƒma AZoH$m§Zr EH$mdoiog H$aUo `m gd© KQ>Zm§_YyZ Cƒmaë`m OmUmè`m _OHw$amdaMm {dídmg A{YH$m{YH$ ÑT> hmoV OmVmo.
AmnU Oo åhUVmo AmhmoV, VoM gË` Amho, Ago dmQ>m`cm cmJVo. àmW©Zm åhUUo ho ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMo cjU Amho, Ago Amnë`m
gdmªZmM dmQ>Vo. `mMo EH$ à_wI H$maU åhUOo, Amnë`m emim§_YyZ dfm©Zwdf} dXdyZ KoVë`m OmUmè`m àmW©Zm hmo`. Á`m
àH$maÀ`m àmW©Zm emim§_YyZ åhQ>ë`m OmVmV, Ë`m Ia§ Va Ho$di qhXÿ g§ñH¥$VrMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmè`m AgVmV. (BVa Y_mªMo
à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmè`m àmW©Zm Šd{MVM emim§_YyZ åhUë`m OmVmV.) `m ~m~VrV g§nyU© Xoeâ WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo EH$M {MÌ
{XgVo. `mMm n{Um_ åhUOo, àmW©Zm åhUUo ho "^maVr`' g§ñH¥$VrMo cjU _mZco OmVo. `m gdmªÀ`m _wimer, àmW©ZoMm AZoH$Xm
Ho$cocm nwZê$ƒma H$maUr^yV Amho, `mMr XIc KoVcr nm{hOo.
(3) N>moQ>çm H¥$VtMo _moR>o n[aUm_ (Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon) - AemàH$maMr n[apñWVr AçoH$ doJdoJù`m
{R>H$mUr ~Km`cm {_iVo. Ogo H$s, EImÚm àH$ënmgmR>r qH$dm g§ñWogmR>r AmnU WmoS>mdoimH$aVm _XV H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ
XoVmo. _mÌ àË`j H$m_ H$am`cm cmJë`mZ§Va Amncr Jw§VdUyH$ AmídmgZmnojm IynM OmñV AgVo. ânya l_mÀ`m Aem
Jw§VdUwH$sZ§Va Amnë`mcm Ago cjmV òVo H$s, `m H$m_m_Üò AmnU R>aë`mnojm IynM OmñV Jw§Vcmo Am{U Aemdoiog AmnU
R>adVmo H$s, Ago nwÝhm hmoD$Z Úm`Mo Zmhr. _mÌ nwÝhm nwÝhm Aem KQ>Zm KS>VmMVM Ago H$m hmoVo? d¥Îmr Am{U dV©Z `m§À`mVrc
nyaH$VoÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z Ago cjmV Amco Amho H$s, EImÚm ì`º$sH$Sy>Z _moR>r (_hÎdmMr) _XV {_idm`Mr Agë`mg, EH$
à_wI _mJ© åhUOo, Ë`m ì`º$scm VwcZoZo N>moQ>r _XV H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo. `m_Üò AZoH$ N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
Ogo H$s - EImÚm g§KQ>ZoMm {~„m cmdUo, gøm§À`m _mo{h_oV gh^mJr hmoUo, _m{hVr nwpñVH$m qH$dm àMmanÌH$ ñdrH$maUo.
AZoH$Xm N>moQ>çm gmd©O{ZH$ H¥$VtMo n[aUm_ _moR>o AgVmV. `m gJù`mcm Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon Ago åhUVmV.
(4) gm_m{OH$ Midir (Social Movement) - gm_m{OH$ Midir `m eãXg_yhmMm AW© ~hþVoH$doim gH$mamË_H$
_mZcm OmVmo. _mÌ gm_m{OH$ Midi, _moM} ~m§YUr `m gd© Jmoï>r Vrd« ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_hr KS>dyZ AmUy eH$VmV. _wimVM
Oo dV©Z g_mO~mø , Zr{V~mø _mZco OmVo Ë`m{dê$Õ dV©Z H$ê$Z, _moR>çm g_mOKQ>H$mMo d¥ÎmrVrc n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr
j_Vm Aem Midit_Üò AgVo. ^maVr` g§X^m©V gm_m{OH$ Midit_wio Pmcoë`m d¥ÎmrVrc ~XcmMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo nmhVm
òVmV. Ogo H$s - gVr~§Xr, {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh B. AWm©VM gm_m{OH$ MidirVyZ ^`§H$a ZH$mamË_H$ Jmoï>rXoIrc KQ>ë`mMr
CXmhaUo B{VhmgmV nhm`cm {_iVmV. {hQ>caÀ`m g_W©ZmW© Ë`mH$mir O_©ZrV ngacocr gm_m{OH$ ~XcmMr cmQ>, ho Ë`mMo
CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho.
Aem àH$maMm {déÕ Am§Vag§~§Y H$gm ApñVËdmV Agy eH$Vmo ¶mMr AZoH$ ñnï>rH$aUo {Xcr OmVmV. {’${cn qP~mS>m©o
(Phillip Zimbardo) ¶m§Mm Stanford Prison Experiment Ag§ XmIdyZ XoVmo H$s cmoH$m§Zm EImXr {d{eîQ> ^y{‘H$m dR>dm¶cm
{Xcr Va Ë¶m ^y{‘Ho$Mo ÑpîQ>H$moZhr Vr ì¶º$s AmË‘gmV H$aVo. ¶m à¶moJm‘Ü¶o gh^mJtMo XmoZ JQ> H$aÊ¶mV Amco. ¶mn¡H$s EH$m
JQ>mZo Vwé§JmVrc H¡$Úm§gmaIo dmJm¶Mo hmoVo Va Xþgè¶m JQ>mVrc ì¶º$s¨Zm Vwé§J A{YH$mè¶m§gmaIo dmJm¶Mo hmoVo. VmËnwaË¶m Cä¶m
Ho$coë¶m Vwé§Jm‘Ü¶o H$mhr {Xdgm§gmR>r hm à¶moJ Mmccm. ¶mnojm doJù¶m H$moUË¶mhr gyMZm H$moUË¶mhr JQ>mcm XoÊ¶mV Amë¶m
ZìhË¶m. H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Ago nmhÊ¶mV Amco H$s Vwé§J A{YH$mè¶m§Mm JQ> H¡$Úm§À¶m JQ>mer A{Ve¶ qhgH$ nÕVrZo dmJV Amho.
hm dV©ZmVrc d ÑpîQ>H$moZmVrc ~Xc BVH$m Vrd« hmoVm H$s à¶moJ ‘Ü¶mVM ~§X H$amdm cmJcm. (Stanford Prison Experiment
hm A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdmMm, ‘¡cmMm XJS> ‘mZmdm Agm à¶moJ Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>da ¶m~Ôc Iyn g{dñVa d a§OH$ ‘m{hVr CncãY Amho.)
BWo Zm|X H$aÊ¶mgmaIr JmoîQ>r åhUOo BV³¶m WmoS>çm H$mim‘Ü¶ohr ~Xccoco dV©Z ho d¥Îmr ~XcÊ¶mg H$maU R>ê$ eH$Vo. AemM
AZoH$ Iè¶m Am¶wî¶mVrc KQ>Zm d àg§Jm§‘Ü¶ohr hoM {ZarjU Zm|XdVm ¶oD$ eH$Vo.
(5) g§H$sU© Q>rn (Miscelleneous) - d¥Îmr d dV©Z ¶m§À¶mVrc hm g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aÊ¶mMo AZoH$m§Zr à¶ËZ Ho$co
AmhoV. ¶mVrc EH$ ‘hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm åhUOo Congnitive dissonance - AmH$cZmVrc {dg§JVr. ¶mV Ago gwMdco Amho
H$s, Amnë`m AmH$cZmVrc gwg§JVVm H$m`_ R>odÊ`mH$aVm AmnU Amnë`m d¥Îmr_Üò JaOoà_mUo ~Xc H$ê$Z KoV AgVmo.
BgmnZrVr_Yrc H$moëømMr Am{U Ðmjm§Mr Jmoï> à{gÕ Amho. Á`m_Üò C§Mmda Agcocr Ðmj§, Or H$moëhm ImD$ eH$V Zmhr,

Vr Am§~Q>M Agcr nm{hOoV Am{U åhUyZ Vr Ë`mcm ZH$moM hmoVr, Aer ñdV…Mr g_OyV H$moëhm H$ê$Z KoVmo. ho cognitive
dissonance Mo A{Ve` g_n©H$ CXmhaU Amho. AmnU H$aV Agcoë`m MM}À`m AZwf§JmZo AmnU ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOo H$s
d¥ÎmrVrc hm ~Xc dadaMm Am{U WmoS>mM H$mi {Q>H$Umam Agm ZgyZ Imocda ê$Ococm Am{U XrK©H$mi {Q>H$Umam AgVmo. `m
à{H«$ò_Üò _|Xÿ d¥Îmr (Amnë`m CXmhaUmVrc Ðmj§ ImÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m) Am{U dV©Z (Ðmjm§n`ªV Z nmohMy eH$Uo) `m§À`mVrc
g§Kf© d¥Îmr ~XcyZ gmoS>dV AgVmo. åhUyZM {OWo AemàH$maMr {dg§JVr {VWo dV©Z d¥Îmr ~Xcy eH$Vo. AmVmn`ªV AmnU Ago
nm{hco H$s Ñ{ï>H$moZ/d¥Îmr dV©Z ~XcVmV; VgoM dV©Zm_wio d¥Îmr ~XcVmV ho nU AmnU nm{hco. AWm©VM `mda H$mhr _`m©Xm
AmhoV. Amnë`m g_moarc à_wI _wÔm åhUOo `m gJù`mMm ZmJar godm§er H$gm Am{U H$m` g§~§Y Amho `mMm {dMma H$aUo.
A{YH$mar åhUyZ {d{dY joÌmV H$m`©aV AgVmZm, Vwåhmcm d¥Îmr d dV©Z `m§À`mVrc Jw§VmJ§wVrMr AmoiI AgUo Ano{jV
Amho. Ooìhm ñdV…À`m qH$dm BVam§À`m dV©ZmVrc ~Xc Amdí`H$ AgVmo Voìhm _mZ{gH$Vm ~XcÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co OmD$
eH$VmV. na§Vw Ho$di _mZ{gH$Vm ~XcUo nwaogo R>aocM Ago Zmhr. {H$ËòH$Xm Amdí`H$ H$m`Xo, {Z`_mdë`m `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
H¥$Vr ~Xcë`m OmD$ eH$VmV. AemàH$mao H¥$VrVrc ~Xc hm EH$ H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrVrc ~XcmMo gmYZ R>ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM
hm ~Xc H$mcm§VamZo ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z AmË_gmV Ho$cm OmVmo. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ ì`º$s¨À`m d¥ÎmrVhr cjUr` ~Xc KSy>Z òVmo.
CXm. 1954 _Üò A_o[aHo$V H¥$îUdUu`m§gmR>r d ídoVdUu`m§gmR>r doJdoJù`m emim AgUo ho g§{dYmZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ad¡Y
g_OÊ`mV Amco d Ë`mZwgma H$m`Xo ~XcÊ`mV Amco. Oar gwédmVrcm ídoVdUu`m§H$Sy>Z `mcm {damoY Pmcm Var H$mcm§VamZo
AemàH$maÀ`m emim AgUo ~hþVoH$ cmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$co d `mVyZ EH$mË_rH$aUmcm gwédmV Pmcr. AerM AZoH$ CXmhaUo
^maVr` g§X^m©Vhr nm{hcr OmD$ eH$VmV.
AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ _mZgemó AZoH$ "OmJ¥Vr _mo{h_m§'_mJrc ñnï>rH$aU g_OyZ KoÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. gaH$ma MmcdrV
Agcoë`m cgrH$aU, gwa{jV añVm, gámh, gm¡OÝ` gámh `m `moOZm§_mJrc ^y{_H$m (d¥ÎmrMm dV©Zmda d dV©ZmMm d¥Îmrda
hmoUmam n[aUm_) ghO cjmV òVmo.


14
{d{dY Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm (Ethical Dillemmas)
(1) ñdV…Mr ‘mcH$s ZgUmè¶m dñV§yMm dmna H$aUo.

¶m‘Ü¶o H$m¶m©c¶mV CncãY AgUmè¶m {c’$mâ¶m§Mm d¡¶{º$H$ nÌ ì¶dhmamgmR>r dmna H$aÊ¶mnmgyZ H$m¶m©c¶mMm n¡gm
ñdmWm©gmR>r IM© H$aUo BWn¶ªV gdmªMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Á¶m dñV§yda Amncm ‘mcH$s h¸$ Zmhr Ë¶m§Mm AZmdí¶H$ dmna H$aUo
AWdm d¡¶{º$H$ H$m‘mgmR>r dmna H$aUo ¶m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r Z¡{VH$ AmMaUmMm ^mJ hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM Agm dmna H$aÊ¶m‘wio
Pmcoco Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ qH$dm hoVy ho ‘wÔo Oar H$mhr n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o J¡a cmJy AgVrc VarXoIrc BVam§À¶m (gaH$maÀ¶m)
‘mcH$sÀ¶m Jmoï>tda d¡¶{º$H$ Jmoï>tà‘mUo h¸$ ~OmdUo ho AZ¡{VH$ AmMaUM Amho.
(2) Á¶m Jmoï>r gË¶ ZmhrV Ë¶m gË¶ Agë¶mMm Am^mg {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
ImoQ>o ~mocUo d MwH$sÀ¶m qH$dm AgË¶ Jmoï>r Agë¶mMm {Zdm©im XoUo ¶m XmoÝhtV gyú‘gm ’$aH$ Amho. ¶m n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o
àm‘m{UH$nUm ¶m ‘wÚmda AmYmarV ì¶qº$À¶m dmJUwH$sMm AmT>mdm KoVcm OmVmo. CXmhaUmW©, AnKmVmV gmnS>coë¶m H$maMr
Xþê$ñVr d a§Ja§JmoQ>r H$ê$Z Vwåhr Vr {dHy$ BpÀN>Vm. Ooìhm EImÚm g§^mì¶ J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z H$maÀ¶m n[apñWVr{df¶r {dMmaUm Ho$cr
OmVo, Voìhm Vwåhr AnKmVm~Ôc H$moUVrhr ‘m{hVr XoV Zmhr. ¶oWo Vwåhr EH$ àH$maMo ImoQ>o ~mocV AmhmV, Vo åhUOo Iar ‘m{hVr
XS>dyZ R>odyZ VgoM ImoQ>r ‘m{hVr Iar åhUyZ ‘m§S>Uo. ¶m àH$maÀ¶m AmMaUm‘Ü¶o daVr C„oI Ho$coë¶m Jmoï>tgma»¶m BVa AZoH$
Jmoï>tMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Ogo H$s, BVam§À¶m H$m‘mMo lo¶ KoUo, BVam§À¶m g§H$ënZm§Mo d {dMmam§Mo lo¶ KoUo, BVam§Zm Ë¶m§Zr Z
Ho$coë¶m H$m‘mMo ’$m¶Xo {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV H$aUo. ¶m gJù¶m‘Ü¶o ImoQ>o ~mocÊ¶m~amo~aM Vwåhr g‘moaÀ¶m ì¶º$rMr EH$ àH$mao
{Xem^yc H$aV AmhmV.
(3) AZ¡{VH$ H¥$VtZm {damoY Z H$aUo.
¶oWo MwH$sMo dmJUo åhUOo BVam§Zr Ho$coë¶m AZ¡{VH$ H¥$VtMo Omhra I§S>Z Z H$aUo hmo¶. Oa Vwåhr Amnë¶m ghH$mè¶mcm
cmImo én¶m§Mr, gaH$mar n¡em§Mr A’$amV’$a H$aVmZm nm{hco Agoc Va Vwåhr Aem àH$maÀ¶m H¥$VrMr g§~§{YVm§H$S>o VH«$ma H$amc
H$m¶? Oa EImXr A{YH$mar ì¶º$s MwH$sMr ‘m{hVr EImÚm MM}‘Ü¶o AWdm IQ>ë¶m‘Ü¶o XoV Agoc Va Vwåhr {ZU©¶ KoUmè¶m§Zm
qH$dm Ý¶m¶ ‘§S>imcm Iar n[apñWVr gm§Jmc H$m¶? BVam§À¶m AZ¡{VH$ H¥$Ë¶m§~Ôc H$moUVrhr gH$mamË‘H$ {H«$¶m Z H$aUo hoM
‘wimV AZ¡{VH$ Amho. Aem AZ¡{VH$ dmJUwH$s¨Mo XmIco Amnë¶mcm g‘mOmV gd©Ì H$m¶‘ nmhmd¶mg {‘iVmV. na§Vw, ¶mMm
AW© ¶m Jmoï>r Z¡{VH$ AgVmV Agm hmoV Zmhr. Ogo H$s, narjo‘Ü¶o H$m°nr H$aUmè¶m {dÚmÏ¶m©Mr VH«$ma BVa {dÚmWu H$aVmZm
AmT>iV ZmhrV, Ago dmJUo åhUOo Ë¶m àH$maÀ¶m H¥$Vrcm {Xcocr EH$ àH$maMr ‘yi g§‘VrM hmo¶.
(4) {Z¶‘m§Mr ~m§{YcH$s
AZoH$Xm ‘moR>çm g§ñWm§‘Ü¶o AWdm gaH$mar ¶§ÌUm§‘Ü¶o cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcoco {Z¶‘ ho A§VJ©V {Z¶§ÌU R>odÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$
d cmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma H$aUmao AgVmV. ‘mÌ ho {Z¶‘ nmiUo AZoH$m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ d OmMH$ dmQy> eH$Vo. VgoM g§ñWoVë¶m
Á¶m ì¶º$s J«mhH$m§Zm AWdm OZVocm CÎmao XoÊ¶mg ~m§Yrc AmhoV Ë¶m§À¶mgmR>r Va ho {Z¶‘ nmiUo doioMm Anì¶¶ dmQy> eH$Vo.
¶m gd© n[apñWVrV Oar {Z¶‘ ~XcUo d Ë¶mV gwYmaUm H$aUo e³¶ Agco Var XoIrc H$‘©Mmar åhUyZ Ë¶m {Z¶‘m§Mm AmXa
amIUo Z¡{VH$ AmMaUmMm ^mJ Amho. Omo n¶ªV ho {Z¶‘ ~Xcco OmV ZmhrV Vmon¶ªV Ë¶m {Z¶‘m§Mr A§‘c~OmdUr H$‘©Mmè¶m§H$Sy>Z
hmoUo Ano{jV AgVo. {Z¶‘ OmMH$ dmQ>Ê¶m‘mJo EH$ gmonm ¶w{º$dmX åhUOo H$moUË¶mhr Mm§Jë¶m gd¶r Á¶mV ì¶º$sMo EH§$Xa
{hV gm‘mdco Amho, Ë¶m AmnUmg H$m¶‘M H$ï>àV dmQ>VmV.

(5) Am§Vad¡¶{º$H$ g§nH$m©À¶m ‘¶m©Xm amIUo
H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr V¶ma Pmcoë¶m ‘¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Ym§Mr n[aUrVr Oa Xþgè¶m ì¶º$sg hmoUmè¶m ‘mZ{gH$ AWdm emar[aH$ ÌmgmV
hmoV Agoc Va Ago g§~§Y AZ¡{VH$ AmMaUm‘Ü¶o ‘moS>VmV. ¶m àH$maÀ¶m Am§Vad¡¶{º$H$ g§nH$m©À¶m ‘¶m©Xm§Mo C„§KZ H$aUo
A¶mo½¶ g‘Oco OmVo. ¶m‘Ü¶o Xþgè¶m ì¶º$sMm dma§dma An‘mZ H$aUo, {Vcm Y‘³¶m XoUo, Ë¶m ì¶{º$~ÔcMr ImgJr ‘m{hVr
CKS> H$aUo, ¶m ‘m{hVmMm Mma-Mm¡KmV C„oI H$aUo, ì¶º$sÀ¶m d¡¶{º$H$ Am¶wî¶mVrc {ZU©¶m§dê$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m/{VÀ¶m ì¶mdgm{¶H$
Am¶wî¶mVrc {ZU©¶m§Mo ‘moO‘mn H$aUo ¶m d BVa AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ñdV…À¶m nXmMm AWdm
‘¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Ym§Mm nwéfm§H$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmUmam dmna, ór ghH$mè¶m§H$Sy>Z c¢{JH$ g§~§Ym§Mr Anojm R>odUo, ~iO~ar H$aUo, AWdm
Aem dmJUwH$sH$[aVm gyMH$ g§^mfU H$aUo ho gd© H$m¶ÚmZo JwÝhm Amho. Ë¶mM~amo~a AWm©VM AZ¡{VH$ AmMaU Amho.
(6) d¡¶{º$H$ Am¶wî¶mVrc Z¡{VH$ AmMma/AmMaU
AZoH$doim d¡¶{º$H$ Am¶wî¶mVrc Z¡{VH$Vm d ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Am¶wî¶mVrc Z¡{VH$Vm ¶m XmoZ nyU© {^Þ ~m~r Agy eH$VmV.
Amnë¶m d¡¶{º$H$ AmdS>r{ZdS>rMm d àmYmÝ¶H«$‘mMm Amnë¶m H$m¶m©c¶rZ H$m‘H$mOmda H$moUVrhr à^md ZgVmo Ago {XgyZ
¶oVo. na§Vw, AZoH$ doim ì¶mdgm{¶H$ d d¡¶{º$H$ Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶o EH$‘oH$m§V Jw§Vcr AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Á¶m ì¶º$scm JmS>rMm
MmcH$ åhUyZ H$m‘ H$am¶Mo Amho Ë¶mZo Amnë¶m d¡¶{º$H$ Am¶wî¶mV XméÀ¶m AmdS>rcm àmYmÝ¶ XoUo Ë¶mÀ¶m ì¶mdgm{¶H$
joÌmV AS>Wim AmUy eH$Vo. ‘ÚmÀ¶m A§‘cmImcr JmS>r Mmc{dUo ¶m‘YyZ MmcH$ Ho$di ñdV…À¶m ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Z¡{VH$
‘yë¶m§Zm ~mYm AmUV Zmhr Va Ë¶m~amo~aM BVa AZoH$ OUm§Mm Ord Ymo³¶mV KmcV Amho. ì¶º$sÀ¶m Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m§À¶m àmYmÝ¶
H«$‘m§Mm H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr hmoUmam dmB©Q> à^md Q>miÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVrhr g§ñWm CËgyH$ AgVo. åhUyZ AmOH$mc H$m¶m©c¶m~mhoa
H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zr EH$Ì ì¶{VV Ho$coë¶m doim§dahr Z¡{VHo$À¶m q^JmVyZ ~{KVco OmVo.


15 n[apñWVrOÝ¶ àý (Case Study)

gmoS>{dÊ¶mVrc H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo Q>ßno
(1) Z¡{VH$ àý/{ÛYm AmoiIUo (Recongnize an Ethical Issue) -

(1) hm {ZU©` qH$dm hr n[apñWVr EImÚm ì`º$scm qH$dm EImÚm JQ>mcm Anm`H$maH$ R>ê$ eHo$c H$m? hm {ZU©`
Mm§Jë`m qH$dm dmB©Q> n`m©`r {ZdS>tZm g_m{dï> H$aUmam Amho H$m? qH$dm H$Xm{MV XmoZ "Mm§Jë`m'_Yrc qH$dm XmoZ
"dmB©Q>'_Yrc n`m©`m§Mr {ZdS> g_m{dï> H$aUmam Amho H$m?
(2) {ZU©` H$m`Xoera Amho H$m? VgoM BVa n`mª`m§nojm OmñV H$m`©j_ Amho H$m? _mÂ`m g_moa Agcoë`m {ZdS>rÀ`m
n`m©`m§_Yrc H$moUVo KQ>H$ _cm AñdñW H$aVmV H$m?.
(2) dñVwpñWVr OmUyZ ¿¶m (Get The Facts) -
(3) n[apñWVrer g§~§{YV H$m¶ dñVwpñWVr Amho? AOyZ H$moUVr VÏ¶/dñVypñWVr ‘m{hV Zmhr? ¶m n[apñWVr{df¶r ‘r
AOyZ H$mhr {eHy$ eH$Vmo H$m? ‘mÂ¶mH$S>o EImXm {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mH$[aVm cmJUmar ‘m{hVr nwaoer Amho H$m? (EImXm
{ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘cm nwaogo ‘m{hV Amho H$m?)
(4) n[aUm‘m‘Ü¶o ì¶º$s¨Mr Am{U JQ>m§Mr ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m H$m¶ Agoc? H$mhr H$miOr H$aÊ¶mgmaIo A{YH$ ‘hÎdmMo
Amho H$m? Agoc Va H$m?
(5) A§‘c~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVo n¶m©¶ CncãY AmhoV? g§~§{YV gd© ì¶º$sër Am{U JQ>m§er {dMma-{d{Z_`
Ho$cm H$m? gO©Zerc/{Z{‘©Vrj_ n¶m©¶m§Zm ‘r AmoiIco Amho H$m?
(3) n¶m©¶m§Mo ‘yë¶m‘mnZ H$am (Evaluate Alternative Actions) -
(6) Imcrc àý {dMmê$Z n¶m©¶mMm {dMma H$am.
yy H$moUVm n¶m©¶ OmñVrV OmñV Mm§Jcr n[aUVr XoB©c Am{U H$‘rV H$‘r Anm¶H$maH$ Agoc? (The Utilitarian
Approach/Cn¶wº$VdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ)
yy {ZU©¶mV gm‘rc Agcoë¶m gdmªÀ¶m h¸$m§Zm Ý¶m¶ XoD$ eHo$c Agm H$moUVm n¶m©¶ Amho? (h¸$m{Yð>rV
Ñ{ï>H$moZ/Rights Approach)
yy H$moUVm n¶m©¶ cmoH$m§Zm g‘mZVoZo qH$dm à‘mUera arVrZo dmJUyH$ XoD$ eH$Vmo? (Ý¶m¶m{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ/
Justice Approach)
yy H$moUVm n¶m©¶ ’$º$ g‘mOmÀ¶m H$mhr KQ>H$mcm Zìho Va g§nyU©nUo g‘mOmcm gdm©{YH$ Cn¶moJr nS>oc?
(g‘mZ{hV ÑpîQ>H$moZ/Common Good Approach)
yy ‘cm Oo ~Zm¶Mo Amho Ë¶mÀ¶m H$mhrgm Odi KoD$Z OmUmam {ZU©¶ H$moUVm Agoc? (gX²JwUm{Yð>rV Ñ{ï>H$moZ/
The Virtue Approach)
(4) {ZU©¶ ¿¶m Am{U n[ajU H$am (Make a decision and test it) -
(7) darc gd© Ñ{ï>H$moZ cjmV KoVm, H$moUVm n¶m©¶ {Xcoë¶m n[apñWVrV gdm©{YH$ ¶mo½¶ Agoc? Aer `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm
R>adÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m {ZH$fm§Mm {dMma H$aVm òB©c?
(8) Imcrc {Xcoë¶m "MmMÊ¶m' `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm R>adÊ`mgmR>r ‘XV H$aVrc.
yy g_W©Zr`Vm MmMUr - n¶m©¶r {ZdS>rnojm hr {ZdS> H$‘r ZwH$gmZ/Anm¶ H$aUmar Amho H$m?

yy g§ajUr¶ MmMUr - {Z¶m‘H$ ‘§S>imÀ¶m Mm¡H$ernwT>o qH$dm {d^mJr¶ g{‘VrnwT>o ‘r KoVcocm/{ZdS>coë¶m
n¶m©¶mMo g‘W©Z H$ê$ eHo$c H$m?
yy à{VH«$‘U{Z¶Vm MmMUr - Oa ‘r {ZdS>coë¶m n¶m©¶mnmgyZ ‘mÂ¶mda à{VHy$c n[aUm‘ Pmcocm Agoc, Varhr
‘r hmM n¶m©¶ {ZdS>oZH$m?
yy ghH$mar MmMUr - ‘mPr AS>MU Am{U Ë¶mda gwM{dcocm Cnm¶ ho Ooìhm ‘mÂ¶m ghH$mè¶m§Zm dU©Z H$ê$Z
gm§JoZ, Voìhm ¶m~m~V Ë¶m§M åhUU§ H$m¶ Agoc?
yy AZw^{dH$/Cƒ ì¶mdgm{¶H$ MmMUr - ‘mÂ¶m ì¶dgm¶mVrc {Z¶m‘H$ ‘§S>i qH$dm Z¡{VH$ g{‘Vr `mMo, ‘r
{ZdS>coë¶m n¶m©¶m{df¶r ¶m§M§ åhUU§ H$m¶ Agoc?
yy g§KQ>Z MmMUr … ¶m {ZU©¶m{df¶r {d^mJmÀ¶m Zr{VemómMo A{YH$mar/qH$dm H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ CnXoeH$ ¶m§Mo
åhUUo H$m¶ Agoc?
(4) H¥$Vr H$am Am{U n[aUm‘m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am (Act and reflect on the outcomes) -
(9) ‘r KoVcoë¶m {ZU©¶mMr OmñVrV OmñV H$miOrnyd©H$ A§‘c~OmdUr H$er hmoB©c.
(10) ‘mPm {ZU©¶ H$emàH$mao ñdrH$macm OmB©c? Am{U ¶m Zo‘³¶m n[apñWVrVyZ ‘r H$m¶ {eH$co?.
(11) AemàH$maMm {ZU©` ^{dî`mV _cm qH$dm Xþgè`m A{YH$mè`mcm nwÝhm ¿`m`Mr doi Amcr Va Ë`m n[apñWVrV
H$moUVr I~aXmar KoUo eŠ` Amho `mMm {dMma H$am. Agm {ZU©` KoVmZm {Z_m©U Pmcocm noM qH$dm Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm
nwÝhm {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr `mgmR>r H$mhr Cnm` gwM{dUo eŠ` Amho H$m `mMm {dMma H$am. Z¡{VH$ {ÛYoMr n[apñWVr
Hw$UmcmM AmdS>V Zmhr. åhUyZM Aem àg§Jr nmiVm òVrc qH$dm {dMmamV KoVm òVrc Aem gyMZm§Mr qH$dm
{Z`_m§Mr `mXr H$aUo eŠ` Amho H$m? EH§$XarVM Z¡{VH$ {ÛYoV AgVmZm ¿`m`Mo {ZU©` A{YH$ gwc^ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUVo YmoaUmË_H$ ~Xc g§KQ>ZoÀ`m nmVirda am~{dVm òVmV H$m `mMm Oê$a {dMma H$amdm d Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m
{cImZmZo Aem àým§Mm g_mamon H$amdm.


16
n[apñWVrOÝ` àý (Caste Study)
Ho$g ñQ>S>rMr CÎmao [c{hÊ`mMo H$mhr _hÎdmMo Q>ßno AmnU _mJrc àH$aUmV nm{hco. Ë`m Q>ßß`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aV
_wÔogyX d gmYmaUV… 200 Vo 300 eãXm§_Üò Imcrc àým§Mr CÎmao {c{hÊ`mMm gamd H$amdm.
1. Vw_À`m B_maVrV ^mS>o VÎdmda amhUmè`m EH$m Vrg dfm©À`m `wdH$mg ES>²g Pmë`mMo Vwåhmg g_OVo. `mda à{V{H«$`m
åhUyZ B_maVrVrc AZoH$OU AñdñW hmoD$Z `m Hw$Qw>§~mg Ka [aH$m_o H$aÊ`m{df`r AmJ«h YaV AmhoV. gmogm`Q>rMo AÜ`j
åhUyZ `m _wÔçm~Ôc {ZU©` KoUo Vw_À`mgmR>r JaOoMo Amho. darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
2. EH$m a{ddmar gH$mir Vw_Mm {_Ì Vw_À`mH$S>o Vw_Mr JmS>r _mJÊ`mgmR>r Amcm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m `m _mJUrcm cJoMM
_mÝ`Vm XoVm. g§^mfUmÀ`m AmoKmV Vwåhr {_ÌmH$S>o Ë`mÀ`m JmS>r MmcdÊ`mMm nadmZm Mm¡H$er H$aVm. Voìhm Vwåhmg Ago
g_OVo H$s Ë`mZo nadmZm H$mT>cmM Zmhr. ho g_OVmM Vwåhr JmS>rÀ`m {H$ëë`m hmVmVM R>odVm. Vw_Mm ~Xcocm n{dÌm
~KyZ {_Ì amJmZo Vw_À`mH$S>o Z nmhVm {ZKyZ OmVmo. Aem doiog KS>coë`m KQ>Zo{df`r Vwåhr H$m` {dMma H$aVm?
3. Vwåhr eha H«$sS>m g{_VrMo AÜ`j `m ZmË`mZo H$~È>rÀ`m `wdH$ JQ>mVrc g§Km~amo~a aoëdoZo àdmg H$arV AmhmV. Vwåhr
àdmg H$aV Agcocr aoëdo éimdê$Z Kgacr Amho. Vwåhmcm H$mhr {R>H$mUr IaMQ>co Amho d {H$aH$moi XþImnV Pmcr
Amho. Aem doiog Vwåhr A{YH$mar åhUyZ Vw‘Mr àmW{‘H$ O~m~Xmar H$m¶?
4. ghH$mè`m~amo~a dmX{ddmXmV ghH$mè`mÀ`m AmdoenyU© _m§S>Ur_wio Amncr ~mOy Xþ~ir nS>V Amho ho cjmV Amë`mda
Vwåhr H$m¶ H$aVm? Aem n[apñWVrV ^md{ZH$ g‘m¶moOZmMo ‘hÎd H$m¶?
5. j Omo ehamVrc EH$m {d{eï> à^mJmVrc ZJagodH$ Amho. j ‘hmnm¡am§H$S>o EH$m {~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWoMo à{V{Z{YËd H$arV
Amho, Á¶mMm Vmo H$m¶©H$Vm© Amho. ¶m {~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWoÀ¶m EH$m àH$ënmcm ZJanm{cHo$Zo ‘mÝ¶Vm Úmdr ¶mH$[aVm j
AmJ«hr Amho. ‘hmnm¡a åhUyZ darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
6. j ho ‘{V‘§X ‘wcm§À¶mgmR>r Mmcdcoë¶m OmUmè¶m amÁ¶emgZ g§M{cV g§ñWo‘Ü¶o {ejH$ Zo‘UwH$sÀ¶m H$m‘mda A{YH$mar
åhUyZ éOy Pmco AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zm ¶m H$m‘mV ’$magm ag Zmhr d ho H$m‘ Ë¶m§Zr Ho$di àemgH$s¶ O~m~Xmar åhUyZ ñdrH$maco
Amho. Aemdoiog A{YH$mèçm§À¶m g‘moa darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
7. Vw‘À¶m ImË¶mÀ¶m H$m¶©nÕVrZwgma ImË¶mÀ¶m dVrZo nmR>dë¶m OmUmè¶m àË¶oH$ nÌmH$[aVm Vw‘À¶m ‘mÝ¶VoMr Amdí¶H$Vm
Amho. Aem nÕVrZo hmoUmao H$m‘ Oar H$m‘mda {Z¶§ÌU R>odÊ¶mMo à^mdr ‘mÜ¶‘ Agco VarXoIrc ¶m‘wio nÌì¶dhmamg
{dc§~ hmoV Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV ‘hÎdmMo {ZU©¶ KoVco OmdoV ¶mH$arVm Vwåhr H$m¶ H$amc?
8. Vw‘À¶m ImË¶m‘Ü¶o ZdrZ d[að> A{YH$mar Ambo AmhoV. ho A{YH$mar naàm§Vr¶ AmhoV. d ¶m H$maUm‘wio Vw‘Mo H$mhr
ghH$mar {‘Ì Ë¶m§À¶mer ’$Q>Hy$Z dmJV AmhoV. VgoM Ë¶m§À¶m naàm§Vr¶ AgÊ¶m{df¶r BVa ghH$mèçm§~amo~a dma§dma MMm©
H$aV AmhoV. ho Vwåhmg ‘mÝ¶ Zmhr. Aemdoiog darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o Vw‘À¶mg‘moa H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
9. AO¶ gVV Hw$a~wa d VH«$mar H$aUmar ì¶º$s Amho. H$m¶m©b¶mVrb AZoH$ Jmoï>t~Ôb Vmo Ag‘mYmZr Amho. ZwH$VrM Pmbobr
~¡R>H$ Vwåhr Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao {Z¶mo{OV Ho$br Zmhr, ¶m~Ôb Vmo VH«$ma H$aV Amho. JQ>à‘wI åhUyZ Vwåhr hr n[apñWVr H$er
hmVmimb?
10. a§OZm A{Ve¶ Xm§S>Jm AmË‘{dídmg AgUmar ì¶º$s Amho. Vwåhr H$Yrhr {Vbm H$moUVrhr Jmoï> gwMd{bV, Va Ë¶mMm
{VZo AmYrM {dMma Ho$bobm AgVmo. a§OZm EH$ CËgmhr, H$m‘mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ gd© ‘m{hVr AgUmar d hþema ór Amho.
JQ>à‘wI åhUyZ Vwåhr {Vbm H$emàH$mao dmJUyH$ Úmb?

11. añË¶m§darb A{VH«$‘U hQ>dÊ¶mgmR>r YS>H$ ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVë¶m‘wio g‘mOmVrb {d{dY ñVam§‘YyZ Vwåhmbm {damoY hmoVmo
Amho. gwa{jV d gwa{iV dmhVwH$sgmR>r hr AË¶mdí¶H$ ~m~ Agë¶mMo Vw‘Mo ‘V Amho. dV©‘mZnÌm§‘YyZ Vw‘À¶mda Q>rH$m
hmoVo Amho. Aemdoiog Vw‘À¶mg‘moa darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
12. Vw‘À¶m ‘Vmà‘mUo H$‘©Mmèçmbm ñdV§Ì {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMr ‘w^m H$Yr {Xbr Jobr nm{hOo?
13. Vw_À`m ImË`mVrc lr. A.~.H$. `m§À`mH$S>o PmonS>nÅ>r nwZd©gZmÀ`m àH$ënmMo {Z`moOZ d H$m`©H«$_ AmIUrMr O~m~Xmar
XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho. lr. A.~.H$. ho Áòð> A{YH$mar AgyZ Ë`m§À`m JQ>mV EH$ AË`§V AZw^dr d {dídmgy ZmJar {d^mJ
{Z`moOZ VÁk lr. H$.I.J. Amho. na§Vw lr. H$.I.J. `m§Mo doi nmiÊ`m~m~VMo YmoaU {R>gmi Amho. lr. A.~.H$., lr.
H$.I.J. `m§À`m H$m`©j_VoH$S>o nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m doioÀ`m {Z`moOZ eyÝ`Vo~Ôc H$moUVrhr H$R>moa ^y{_H$m KoV ZmhrV. Aem
doiog ImË`mMo n«_wI åhUyZ Vwåhr H$m` H$amc?
14. ImË`mÀ`m d[að>m§er Vw_Mo A{Ve` _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y AmhoV. Jßnm§À`m AmoKmV Vw_Mr MMm© ^md{ZH$ _wÔçmda òD$Z nmohmoMcr
Amho. Vw_À`m d[að>m§À`m _Vo Vw_À`m _Vm§À`m g§nyU© {déÕ AgyZ Vwåhmcm A{O~mV Z nQ>Umar Amho. dmXmdm{XV Vwåhr
g§^mfU AY©dQ> gmoSy>Z amJmamJmZo d[að>m§À`m H$jmVyZ {ZKyZ OmVm. Aem doiog Vw‘À¶mg‘moa darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o H$moUVr
Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
15. lr. A{Zc hm Vw‘Mm OdiMm {‘Ì, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Am{U ehamV Mm§Jcm à{gÕ Amho. Vw‘À¶m {d^mJmcm H$Mè¶mÀ¶m
{dKQ>Zm§Mm H$moQ>r én¶m§À¶m àH$ënmMo Q>|S>a XoÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r ~mocmdÊ¶mV Amco Amho. Q>|S>a Omhra H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m
nydu amÌr, A{ZcZo nU àH$ënmgmR>r AO© Ho$cm Amho, Ago Vwåhmcm A{Zc gm§JVmo. na§Vw Ë¶mcm Vw‘À¶mH$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr
‘XV ZH$moer Amho. Vwåhr g{‘VrVrc {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mda à^md Q>mHy$ eH$Vm Am{U Vw‘À¶m ‘Vmcm g{‘VrV ‘mÝ¶Vm nU Amho.
Aem doiog Vw‘À¶mg‘moa darb n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o H$moUVr Z¡{VH$ {ÛYm Amho?
16. Vwåhr H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m EH$m {d^mJmMo à_wI AmhmV. Vwåhmcm gaH$maH$Sy>Z âKmog {ZYr {_imcocm Amho. nU Am{W©H$
dfm©À`m eodQ>r Ë`mVrc R>am{dH$ a¸$_ IM© Pmcocr Zmhr. `m aH$_oMr {dëhodmQ> cmdÊ`mgmR>r Vw_À`m g_moa XmoZ n`m©V
AmhoV. EH$Va Vwåhr Vr a¸$_ JaO Agcoë`m EH$m amÁ`mH$S>o didy eH$Vm, qH$dm doJù`m àH$ënm§daVr _hÎdmMo H$m_
H$aV Agcoë`m BVa H$_©Mmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m àH$ënmgmR>r cmJUmè`m {ZYrMr _mJUr Vw_À`m {d^mJm§VJ©V H$aÊ`mg gm§Jy
eH$Vm. Vwåhmcm _m{hVr Amho H$s Oa Cacocr a¸$_ gaH$maH$S>o naV Jocr Va nwT>À`m Am{W©I dfm©V Vw_À`m {ZYr_Üò
cjUr` H$nmV Ho$cr OmB©c. Aemdoir Vwåhr H$m` H$amc?
(1) `m_Üò A§V^y©V Agcoco Z¡{VH$ _wÔo H$moUVo?
(2) Vw_À`mg_moa Agcoo n`m©` H$moUVo? Ë`mVrc àËòH$mMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$am d Vwåhr Hw$R>cm n`m©` {ZdS>mc Vo ñnï>
H$am.
17. gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ {d^mJ Amnë`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm AdOmao {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ _w^m XoV AgVo. B§{O{Zà
Acr `m g§YrMm nwaonya \$m`Xm KoV H$m_mgmR>r H$amd`mÀ`m IaoXr~amo~aM d¡`{º$H$ AdOmaohr gaH$mar {ZYrVyZ _mJd-
Vmo. _hoecm hr Jmoï> cjmV òVo nU Acr Am{U AdOmao {dH$Umè`m H§$ÌmQ>XmamMo àË`j g§^mfU EoHo$n`ªV Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o
R>mog nwamdm ZgVmo. Vo g§^mfU EoH$ë`mdahr _hoe Acrer ~mocm`cm V`ma ZgVmo. {d^mJmÀ`m _w»` A{^`§Ë`mdahr
Ë`mMm {dídmg ZgVmo. eodQ>r XjmV Am`moJmcm Zmd Jwá R>odÊ`mÀ`m AQ>rda _hoe gJir _m{hVr gm§JVmo. Z§Va _w»`
A{^`§Ë`mcm gd© KQ>ZoMm Vnerc XoVmo. _w»` A{^`§Vm Acrcm H$maUo XmIdm ZmoQ>rg ~OmdVmV. `m gJù`m àH$mamZo
{MSy>Z Acr Ë`mÀ`m Cn{d^mJmVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Mr VH«$ma Hw$Ur Ho$cr `m~m~V {dMmaUm H$aVmo. _hoecm Acr {dMmaVmo
Voìhm _hoe, ""Amnë`mcm `mVrc H$mhrhr _m{hVr Zmhr.'' Ago gm§JVmo. Kar Amë`mda nËZrer ~mocV AgVmZm _hoe
åhUVmo, ""_cm n[apñWVr_wio ImoQ>§ ~mocUo ^mJ nS>co.'
(1) `m_Üò A§V^y©V Agcoco Z¡{VH$ _wÔo H$moUVo?
(2) _hoenwT>o Agcoco n`m©` H$moUVo? d Ë`mZo H$moUVm n`m©` ñdrH$mamdm?
(3) `m_Üò gm_rc Agcoë`m doJdoJù`m ì`º$s¨À`m dV©Zm~Ôc Vw_Mo H$m` _V Amho?
18. Vwåhr {deof AÝdofU {d^mJmMo g§MmcH$ AmhmV. \$ma H$ï>mZo Vwåhr `m nXmn`ªV nmohMco AmhmV. Vw_À`mH$S>o 29 dfmªÀ`m

ñdÀN> d H$m`©j_ godoMm AZw^d Amho. {deof AÝdofU {d^mJmcm EH$ nmaXe©H$ d H$m`©j_ {d^mJ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr
Iyn _ohZV KoVcr Amho. Ago AgVmZm XrK©H$mi godm Ho$coë`m Am`wº$ _§S>imÀ`m EH$m _mOr AÜ`jmMo {ZYZ hmoVo.
à^mar AÜ`j gJù`m {d^mJ g§MmcH$m§Zm g§~§YrV {d^mJm§Mo ÜdO AÜ`m©da CVa{dÊ`mÀ`m gyMZm XoVmV {ZYZ Pmcoë`m
AÜ`jmàVr AmXa ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ago H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. {ZYZ Pmcoco AÜ`j - lr. gmaZmW `m§À`m~Ôc Vwåhmcm
_mÌ AmXa ZgVmo. lr. gmaZmW ho ""ZH$mamË_H$, Ûofr, d _ZmV AT>r ~miJUmao'' ì`º$s hmoVo Ago Vw_Mo _V Amho.
`m{edm` Ë`m§À`m{dê$Õ ~aoMgo IQ>cogwÕm àc§~rV AmhoV. Aem A{YH$mè`mgmR>r Vw_À`m {d^mJmMm ÜdO AÜ`m©da
\$S>H$dUo Vwåhmcm C{MV dmQ>V Zmhr. Vw_Mo d[að> (à^mar AÜ`j) Vw_À`mer gh_V ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Vwåhmcm,
""ÜdO AÜ`m©da \$S>H$dm AWdm Vwåhr AmOnmgyZM {Zd¥Îm ìhm.'' Aem Ame`mMm B©_oc {_iVmo. Vwåhr 51 dfmªMo
AmhmV.
(1) Vw_À`mH$S>o Agcoë`m n`m©`m§Mr H$maU_r_m§gm H$am. Ë`mVrc Vwåhr Hw$R>cm n`m©` {ZdS>mc ho gm§Jm.
19. g_qcJr {ddmhmMo à_mUnÌ dmQ>nmMr O~m~Xmar Agcoë`m {d^mJmV Vwåhr H${Zð> A{YH$mar åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV AmhmV.
Vwåhmcm d¡`{º$H$[aË`m Ago dmQ>Vo H$s g_qcJr {ddmh ho Y_©{damoYr VgoM AZ¡{VH$ AmhoV. ZmJar godoVrc A{YH$mar
åhUyZ Vwåhmcm Aem {ddmhm§Zm nadmZJr XoÊ`mg Vwåhr ~m§Yrc AmhmV Ago dmQ>Vo H$m?
(1) ZmJar godoVrc A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$m`ÚmMr `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm Y_m©À`m AmYmao nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho H$m?
(2) Aer nadmZJr ZmH$maUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$m`©_wº$ Ho$co Omdo H$m?
(3) Vwåhr {d^mJà_wI AgVmZm Vw_À`m H${Zð>m§Zr hm H$m`Xm Amåhr nmiUma Zgë`mMo gm§{JVco AgVo, Va Vwåhr H$m`
Ho$co AgVo?
20. EH$m Vê$U _{hcm A{YH$mè`mcm XþJ©_ ^mJmVrc JmdmV EH$ {d{ha ImoXÿZ KoÊ`mMo H$m_ gmondco OmVo. {VMm OZVoÀ`m
{hVmMr d H$ë`mUmMr H$m_o H$aÊ`mda {dídmg Amho. {Vcm g§~§YrV H$m_mgmR>r {_imcocm {ZYr _mÌ VmoH$S>m Agë`mMo
{VÀ`m cjmV òVo. `mda _mV åhUyZ Vr cmoH$dJ©Ur C^mê$Z {d{harMo H$m_ H$am`Mo R>adVo. {ZYr Jmoim H$aÊ`mV EH$m
ñWm{ZH$ ZoË`mMr {Vcm _XV hmoVo. {Z{dXm H$mT>VmZm g§~§YrV H$m_ _mÂ`m ^mdmÀ`m H§$nZrcm {_imdo AWdm Vw_À`m
{damoYmV _r OZ^mdZm ^S>H$dy eH$Vmo Aer Y_H$s Ë`m A{YH$mè`mcm òVo. {ccmdmV Vr H§$nZr eodQy>Z Xþgar Amho. nU
{ccmdmV \$aH$ _mÌ \$magm Zmhr ho {Vcm _m{hV Amho. Ë`m H§$nZrcm H§$ÌmQ> {Xë`mg Jmdm~mhoa \$mago Hw$Umcm H$mhr
H$iUma Zmhr hohr {Vcm R>mD$H$ AgVo. {VZo H$m` H$amdo d H$m?
21. Am{e`mB© H«$sS>m ñnY}À`m èñdr Am`moOZmZ§Va Ë`m ñnY}Mm g_Ýd` A{YH$mar AS>MUrV gmnS>Vmo. ñnY}À`m CX²KmQ>Z
g_ma§^mV EH$m 11 dfm©À`m gw§Xa _wcrZo gwaoI AmdmOmVrc EH$ JrV gmXa Ho$co hmoVo. na§Vw Z§Va cmoH$m§À`m Ago cjmV
Amco H$s Vmo AmdmO doJù`mM EH$m _wcrMm hmoVm. Ë`m _wcrÀ`m XmVmMr _m§S>Ur ì`dpñWV Zgë`mZo {VMm ZwgVmM Am-
dmO dmnê$Z g§~§YrV JrV gmXa Ho$co Joco hmooVo. g_Ýd` A{YH$mè`mZo `m~m~VrV AZ¡{VH$ dV©Z Ho$co H$m? Vw_Mm n{dÌm
ñnï> H$am.
22. Vwåhr qgMZ {d^mJmMo g§MmcH$ AmhmV. Joë`m AmR>dS>çmV ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr KoVcoë`m EH$m d`ñH$a A{^`§Ë`mMm Ë`m§À`m
20 dfmªÀ`m godogmR>r Vw_À`m {d^mJmVrc cmoH$m§Zr gËH$ma Ho$cm. `m AmR>dS>çmV EH$m YaUmÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m {Z{dXm
{ZKmë`mda `mM A{^`§Ë`mZo "ñdV§Ì CÚmoOH$' åhUyZ {Z{dXm âcocr Amho. Ë`m A{^`§Ë`mcm {d^mJmVrc à{H«$òMo
gJio Vnerc Am{U H$_©Mmar _m{hV AmhoV. Ë`mcm à{H«$òV gm_rc H$ê$Z KoVë`mg ôX^md hmoB©c Ago BVa CÚmoOH$m§Zm
dmQ>Vo. H$_©Mmè`m§Zm _mÌ Ë`m A{^`§Ë`mcm gm_rc hmoD$ Úmdo Aer BÀN>m Amho. gdmªZm Vw_À`m {ZU©`m~Ôc CËgwH$Vm
Amho. Vwåhr H$m` H$amc?
23. lr. JmoqdXZr ZwH$VmM {Oëhm{YH$mar åhUyZ nX^ma ñdrH$macm Amho. Ë`m§À`m {dMmamZwgma gd© emgH$s` `§ÌUm§Mo
g§JUH$sH$aU hmoUo Iyn JaOoMo Amho. `m_YyZ A{YH$ nmaXe©H$ d gj_ ì`dñWm C^r amhÿ eH$Vo Agm Ë`m§Zm {dídmg
dmQ>Vmo. åhUyZM nX^ma ñdrH$maVmM Ë`m§Zr g§nyU© ì`dñWoÀ`m g§JUH$sH$aUmMo AmXoe {Xco. _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ Am{U
g§àofU {d^mJmÀ`m à_wIm§Zr VmËH$mi H$m_mg gwédmV Ho$cr. VrZ _{hÝ`m§À`m H$m_mZ§Va `m g§~§YrÀ`m g{_VrZo nwT>rc
gyMZm {Xë`m. àËòH$ ehamgmR>r ñdV§Ì g§Ho$VñWi (do~gmB©Q>) Agmdo, `m g§Ho$VñWimda gd© _hÎdmÀ`m emgH$s`

ImË`m§er OmoS>co OmB©c Aer ì`dñWm Agmdr. VgoM, g§Ho$V ñWimda ImgJr Om{hamVXmam§Zm OmJm CncãY H$ê$Z
Úmdr. `m_YyZ eha ì`dñWmnZmcm A{YH$ {ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z KoVm òB©c. VgoM ZdrZ {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Mo gmd©O{ZH$
d ImOJr ^m{JXmarcm àmoËgmhZ XoUmao YmoaU Amho. `m_YyZ XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYVm òD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ `m
gd© ~m~tMm {dMma H$aVm AgVmZm, _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ d g§àofU {d^mJmÀ`m à_wI `m gd© ~m~tÀ`m Z¡{VH$Vo~Ôc gme§H$
AmhoV. gaH$maZo Aem àH$mao ImgJr Om{hamVtZm àmYmÝ` XoUo `mo½` Amho H$m? hm Ë`m§Zm ôS>gmdUmam àý Amho. Vwåhr
Oa _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ d g§àofU {d^mJmÀ`m à_wInXr Agmc Va {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§g_moa Vwåhr H$moUVm àñVmd R>odmc?
24. Vwåhr EH$m à^mJmÀ`m n[adhZ ImË`mMo (RTO) à_wI AmhmV. H$mhr àemgH$s` H$maUm§_wio Vw_À`m ImË`mMr H$m_
H$mOmMr doi ~Xcr Jocr Amho. Vw_À`m à^mJmV EHy$U VrZ Cn{d^mJ AmhoV d `m VrZhr Cn{d^mJmV {_iyZ 1250
H$_©Mmar H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. Cnà^mJ 2 _Yrc H$mhr H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m d[að>m§H$S>o {d{eð> _mJUr Ho$cr Amho.
~Xccoë`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m doioZwgma {d{eï> Y_m©Mo H$mhr H$_©Mmar AmVm gm`§H$miÀ`m àmW©Zocm hOa amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV.
Ë`m§Mr Aer {dZ§Vr Amho H$s, gm`§. 5 Vo 6 À`m Xaå`mZ Ë`m§Zm àmW©Zocm Om`Mr nadmZJr {_imdr. `m doiMr ânmB©
H$aÊ`mH$aVm Vo gm`§. 6 Vo 7 H$m_ H$aVrc.
(1) Aem n[apñWVrV {d^mJà_wI åhUyZ Vw_À`mH$S>o H$moUH$moUVo n`m©` AmhoV? Vwåhr Ë`mVrc H$moUVm n`m©` ñdrH$mamc?
25. EH$ ì`º$s _m{hVrÀ`m Am{YH$mam§§VJ©V R>am{dH$ _m{hVr {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV Amho. _mÌ g§~§{YV àemgH$s` A{YH$mar
_m{hVr XoÊ`mEodOr {Z`_mVrc nidmQ>m emoYyZ, _m{hVr XoÊ`mMo Q>miV AmhoV. Ogo H$s, AO© XoVmZm `mo½` nÕVrZo AO©
{c{hcocm Zmhr; Aem g~~tImcr à{H«$òg {dc§~ Ho$cm OmV Amho. `m n[apñWVr_Üò AO© ZmH$maÊ`mV àemgZmZo
AZoH$ Vm§{ÌH$ MwH$m XmI{dcoë`m AmhoV d Ë`m `mo½`hr AmhoV. _mÌ _m{hVr {_iÊ`mÀ`m `m ì`º$sÀ`m A{YH$mamda JXm
òVo Amho. `m _m{hVrVyZ hmoUmao n[aUm_ ho ì`º$sÀ`m g§nyU© Am`wî`mda à^md Q>mH$Ê`mBVHo$ _moR>o Agy eH$VmV. Aem
n[apñWVrV AO© ZmH$maÊ`mÀ`m H¥$VrV H$moUVo Z¡{VH$ _wÔo A§V^y©V AmhoV H$m? _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamÀ`m g§H$ënZo_mJo
H$moUVo Z¡{VH$ VÎd gm_mdcoco Amho?
{ZdS>H$ à{VgmX
Ho$g 16 - EImXm Z¡{VH$ A{YH$mar AZwXmZmÀ`m aH$_oV H$nmV hmoD$ Zò AWdm AZwXmZ ~§X hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r à`ËZ
Oê$a H$aoc. na§Vw IM© Z Pmcocr AZwXmZmMr a¸$_ nañna doJù`m hoVy§gmR>r didUo åhUOo emgZmÀ`m BVa àH$ënm§Mo _hÎd
H$_r coIÊ`mgmaIoM R>aoc. ^{dî`mVrc H$nmV Q>mim`Mr Agë`mg emgZmÀ`m AZwXmZ XoUmè`m g§ñWocmM IM© Z Pmcoë`m
aH$_oÀ`m dmnam~Ôc g„m _mJUo `mo½` R>aoc. AZwXmZ XoUmè`m g§ñWoVrc A{YH$mè`m§Zm Aem n[apñWVtMm AZw^d Va AgVmoM,
nU Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm `mo½`-A`mo½` {ZU©` H$moUVo `mMr H$ënZmhr Ë`m§Zm AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vw_À`m {dZ§VrMm {dMma H$aVmZm Vo Vwåhmcm
{d{dY n`m©` gwMdy eH$VmV. CXm. Mmc Am{W©H$ dfm©À`m eodQ>r EImÚm A{YH$mè`mZo H$m`m©c`rZ H$m_mgmR>r Amdí`H$ gmYZo
- Or nwT>rc dfu cmJUma AmhoV. Vr IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr AZwXmZ XoUmar g§ñWm XoD$ eH$Vo. H$maU Aer KmD$H$ IaoXr
Ho$ë`mZo H$_r qH$_VrV gmYZo {_iy eH$VmV. na§Vw \$º$ a¸$_ IM© H$am`Mr åhUyZ AZmdí`H$ gm{hË` IaoXr H$aUo C{MV Zìho.
ñdV…À`m ImË`mÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m hoVyZo AZwXmZmMr a¸$_ R>odyZ KoVë`mg `mVyZ AOyZ EH$ XÿaJm_r KmVH$ n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
H$moUVmhr àemgH$s` {ZU©` hm Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© (Historical Trend) {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmo. ^{dî`mV AemM àH$maMo {ZU©`
KoV AgVmZm, nydu H$m`/H$go {ZU©` KoVco Joco, `mMm AmYma KoVcm OmVmo. Aemdoiog A§eV… ImoQ>çm/MwH$sÀ`m {ZU©`m§Mo
g_W©Z H$aUmam Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr XmQ> eŠ`Vm Amho. EImÚm n[apñWVrV Cacocr a¸$_ naVhr H$amdr cmJoc.
nU ^{dî`mVrc AZwXmZ dmQ>nmV Vw_À`m ImË`mÀ`m JaOm§Mm `Wm`mo½` {dMma Ho$cm OmB©c. AZwXmZ XoUmè`m g§ñWo~amo~a
nmaXe©H$Vm nmië`m_wio Vw_Mr d AZwXmZ dmQ>nmÀ`m à{H«$òMr à{Vð>mhr Oncr OmB©c. `mCcQ> Oa àg§Jr JaOy amÁ`mcm Vwåhr
{ZYr didcm Zmhr, Va ^{dî`mV CncãY hmoUmè`m A{V[aº$ {ZYrV Vw_À`m {d^mJmcm dmQ>m {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r Amho.
Ho$g 19 - n[apñWVrZwgma _wÔo Oar ~Xcco (J^©nmV, _¥Ë`yX§S>, Am§VaY_u` {ddmh, g_qcJr {ddmh) Var _wimV Hw$R>cm
_mJ© `mo½` Am{U Hw$R>cm A`mo½` ho gZXr godH$m§nwT>rc _moR>o AmìhmZM Amho. g_mO OrdZmV, H$m`Xo{df`H$ n[apñWWt_Üò
qH$dm d¡`{º$H$ Am`wî`mV Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm H$m`, ho R>adUo gmono ZgVoM. O~m~Xma ì`º$sZo Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm `mo½` H¥$Vr

Hw$R>cr ho AmoiIyZ {ZU©` ¿`m`Mo AgVmV. nU ~aoMXm O~m~Xmè`m§_Üòhr g§Kf© hmoVmZm AmT>iyZ òVmo.
nañna {damoYr O~m~Xmè`m§_Ycr Hw$R>crVar EH$M "`mo½`' Amho AWdm d¡pídH$arË`m {VMr `mo½`Vm {gÕ Pmcocr Amho
Agohr Zmhr. gm_mÝ`V… O~m~Xmè`m§Mo AmR> àH$ma gm§JVm òVrc - Z¡{VH$, ì`mdgm{`H$, emgZmVrc Vw_À`m nXmZwgma
Vw_À`mH$S>o Amcocr, ZoV¥Ëdmer g§~§YrV, Am{W©H$, H$m`Xoera, J«mhH$màVr Agcocr, Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ àË`j OrdZmV Ooìhm
{ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr doi òVo, Voìhm g§Kfm©À`m n[apñWVrV AndmXmË_H$ {ZU©` KoVco OmVmV. CXm. emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©c`rZ g§Ho$Vm§Zm
\$mQ>m XoD$Z (emgZmVrc Vw_À`m nXmZwgma Vw_À`mH$S>o Amcocr O~m~Xmar) {ddoH$mda AmYm[aV (Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar) {ZU©`
KoUo. g§ñWoMr Hw$dV ZgVmZm (Am{W©H$ O~m~Xmar) H$_©Mmè`m§À`m Amamo½`{då`mMm IM© CMcUo (ì`mdgm{`H$ O~m~Xmar)
godoÀ`m cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>rMo {ZH$f nyU© Z H$aUmè`m (H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmar) JaOy ì`º$sg g§~§YrV godm nwa{dÊ`mMr nadmZJr
XoUo (J«mhH$màVr O~m~Xmar).
na§Vw Ë`mMdoir `m O~m~Xmè`m§_Üò H$_r _hÎdmMr OmñV _hÎdmMr Aer J„V H$ê$ Zò. VgoM {d^mJ/ImË`m§À`m
YmoaUm§nojm ^mdZm daMT> hmoD$Z {ZU©` KoVë`mg Vo MwHy$ eH$VmV.
Amnë`m d¡`{º$H$ YmaUm§_wio Oa Amnë`mcm H$m_H$mO nma nmS>Vm òV Zgoc Va amOrZm_m XoÊ`mMm n`m©` pñdH$mamdm.
^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m ñdê$nmH$S>o Xþc©j Ho$ë`mg A{YH$mè`mcm AndmXmË_H$ n[apñWVr hmVmiVmZm AS>MUr {Z_m©U
hmoD$ eH$VmV. {ZU©`à{H«$òcm Zoh_r XmoZM ~mOy AgVmV, `m J¥{hVH$mÀ`m n{cH$S>o OmD$Z {dMma H$am`cm hdm. Z¡{VH$Vm
H$m`ÚmÀ`m n{cH$S>Mm-H$m`ÚmÀ`m _wimer Agcoë`m VÎdm§Mm {dMma H$aV AgVo. H$m`ÚmV ñnï> Agm C„oI Zgcoë`m
~m~tMm {dMma Z¡{VH$VoZo H$amdm cmJVmo. H$m`Úmer gwg§JV {ZU©` KoVmZm, A{YH$mar Am{U Ë`m§Mr {ZU©`à{H«$`m `m§À`m
ñdm`ÎmVoMmhr {dMma ìhm`cm nm{hOo. \$º$M H$m`ÚmV Z_yX Ho$co Amho Ë`mà_mUo dmJm`Mo R>adë`mg A{YH$mè`m§Zm {d{dY
n[apñWVrV H$m_H$mO H$aUo AeŠ`àm` hmoD$Z OmB©c. $


17
CÎmaXm{`ËdmMr g§H$ënZm (Accountability)
àñVmdZm
emgZm_Üò CÎmaXm{`Îd AgUo åhUOo, gZXr godH$m§H$S>o Agcocr A{YgÎmm Am{U ñd{ddoH$mYrZ A{YH$ma `m§Mr
g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY g§ñWm§Zr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUo hmo`. àËòH$ gmd©O{ZH$ `§ÌUoZo Amnë`m H¥$Vr Am{U H$m`m©gmR>r CÎmaXm`r AgUo,
hm _wÔm dmXmVrV Amho. na§Vw, emgH$s` godH$m§À`m~m~V dmXJ«ñVVm AmT>iVo. gmYmaUnUo, Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s, ^maVmVrc
emgH$s` H$_©Mmar ho H$moUmn«Vrhr O~m~Xma ZgVmV. g¡Õm§{VH$Ñï>çm hr ~m~ VH$cmXÿ Amho. _mÌ, ì`dhmamV `m_Üò ~arM
gË`Vm AmT>iVo.
CÎmaXm{`Îd H$emàVr ?
Am¡nMm[aH$arË`m Am{U coIr ñdê$nmV gZXr godH$m§Mo CÎmaXm{`Ëd nwT>rc KQ>H$m§gmR>r Agmdo.
(1) JQ> qH$dm EImÚm ì`º$sMo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mnojm amï´>r` Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r YmoaU AmIUr H$aUo.
(2) àH$ën, H$m`©H«$_, `moOZm, gw{dYm Am{U godm `m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV H$aUo Am{U Z_yX Ho$coë`m H$mcmdYrV
Vo nyU© H$aUo.
(3) H$m_{JarMo à_mUrH$aU (Standardization) R>a{dUo Am{U Ë`m~m~V AmJ«hr AgUo.
(4) ñd{ddoH$mYrZ A{YH$ma _`m©{XV R>odUo Am{U Ë`mMr nyU© Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg `m A{YH$mamMm dmna `mo½`, Ý`mæ`
Am{U nmaXe©H$VoZo H$aUo.
(5) {ZU©` H$go KoÊ`mV Amco, `m~m~VMr H$m`m©c`rZ H$mJXnÌo H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mcm nmhVm `mdr, `mH$arVm Iwco
emgZ `m H$ënZoMm Adc§~ H$aUo.
CÎmaXm{`Îd H$moUmàVr
gÚ…pñWVr_Üò gZXr godH$ AZoH$ g§ñWm§àVr CÎmaXm`r AgVmo. Ë`mMo dJuH$aU nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVm òB©c.
(1) {Zdm©{MV cmoH$à{V{ZYtàVr CÎmaXm{`Îd.
(2) {hemo~VnmgUr~m~V CÎmaXm{`Îd.
(3) XjVo~m~V CÎmaXm{`Îd
(4) ZmJ[aH$ J«mhH$m§àVr (Cn^moº$m) CÎmaXm{`Îd
(5) Ý`m`mc`màVr CÎmaXm{`Îd
(6) àgma_mÜ`_m§àVr CÎmaXm{`Îd
(1) {Zdm©{MV cmoH$à{V{ZYtàVr CÎmaXm{`Îd
emgH$s` godH$m§À`m gd© H$m`m©~m~V g§gXo_Üò MMm© Ho$cr Omdr. g§gXo_Üò {Zdm©{MV cmoH$à{V{ZYr àíZ {dMmaVmV Am{U
g§~§{YV _§Í`mcm H$m|S>rV nH$S>VmV. g§gXoVrc cmoH$godm g{_Vr, A§XmO g{_Vr Am{U {d{dY ñWm`r g{_Ë`m§_Üò YmoaUo Am{U
A§_c~OmdUr `m~m~V MMm© Ho$cr OmVo.
nwT>rc nmdco CMcÊ`mV Amcr Va, Aem àH$maMo {Z`§ÌU A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
(1) Mm§Jcr _m{hVr hmVmer AgVmZm g§gXo_Üò àíZ {dMmaco OmdoV.
(2) _§Ìr Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§Mr g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§nwT>rc CnpñWVr Amdí`H$ ~Zdmdr. gZXr godH$m§Zr àË`jmV

KoVcoë`m {ZU©`m~m~V coImnarjUm_Üò àíZ {Z_m©U Pmë`mg øm g{_Ë`m§nwT>o Ë`mMr CnpñWVr Amdí`H$ R>admdr.
(3) EImÚm g_ñòMo n[anyU© {MÌ ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r g{_Ë`m§Zr ^mî`H$mam§§Mo _V, {dMma cjmV ¿`mdoV.
(4) dmX{ddmX, MMm© hr {df`m{^_wI Agmdr. g{_Ë`m§Zr _hÎdmMo {df` MM}g KoD$Z g§~§{YV {ZU©`-{ZYm©aUmVrc _§Ìr
Am{U gZXr godH$m§Zm g_Ýg nmR>dmdoV.
(5) MMm© hr `moOZoÀ`m `mo½` AmamIS>çmH$S>o KoD$Z OmUmar Agmdr. YmoaU, {Z`_, H$m`Xo, A§_c~OmdUrMr ì`yhZrVr
B. _Üò H$moUVo ~Xc AgmdoV, `mMm ñnï> Iwcmgm Ë`mV Agmdm. _mJrc Ahdmcm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Pmcr qH$dm
Zmhr `mMo nwZ{d©cmoH$Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r dm{f©H$ ~¡R>H$ Agmdr.
Ë`mM~amo~a, X¡Z§{XZ àemgZm_Üò {Zdm©{MV cmoH$à{V{ZYtMm hmoUmam hñVjon Wm§~{dÊ`mV `mdm.
(2) {hemo~ VnmgUr~m~V CÎmaXm{`Îd
CÎmaXm{`ÎdmMr h_r XoUmao à~i gmYZ åhUyZ {hemo~ VnmgUrH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. nwT>rc H$mhr joÌm§_Üò gwYmaUm§Mr
Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`m~m~VÀ`m H$mhr {e\$maer `mà_mUo -
(1) H$m`©H«$_mMr C{Ôï>ço qH$dm H¥$Vr `mH$S>o A{YH$ ~maH$mB©Zo nmhÊ`mgmR>r {hemo~VnmgUr ñdV…àV nwZ{^©_wI (Self-
reoriented) Agmdr Am{U Aer C{Ôï>ço VáaVoZo àmá Ho$cocr AmhoV H$m `mH$S>o cj Agmdo. {Z`_mdcr {H$§dm
H$m`©nÕVrMo C„§KZ Pmco Amho H$m, `m~m~V AZmdí`H$ {dMma H$ê$ Zò.
(2) eŠ` hmoB©c VodT>r {hemo~VnmgUr g_H$mcrZ$ (concurrent) Agmdr. {H$Vrhr nyd©{Z`mo{OV Am{U {eñV~Õ Agco
Var KmoQ>mio Am{U J¡aì`dhma CKS>H$sg òVmV. Aem J¡aì`dhmam§Zm `mo½` à{gÕr XoD$Z g{_VrZo Vr CKS>H$sg AmUcr
Va Ë`m§Zm amoIUo eŠ` hmoB©c. _aUmoÎma {M{H$Ëgm Cn`moJr AgVo na§Vw Vr Ho$di noe§Q>À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va Ho$cr OmD$ eH$Vo.
VËnyduM noe§Q>Mr H$miOr KoD$Z Ë`mcm ~am H$aUo d {Od§V R>odUo CÎm_ Amho.
(3) {hemo~VnmgUr_YyZ Omo eoam, ^mî` Zm|X{dco OmVo Ë`m~m~V Cƒ g§doXZercVm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ emgH$s`
{d^mJm§Zr H$amdo. `m~m~V g§Hw${MV X¥{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$mê$Z Xmofr A{YH$mè`m§Zm nmR>rer KmcÊ`mV òD$ Zò. ì`dñWmË_H$
CUrdm Xÿa H$ê$Z J¡aH¥$Ë` H$aUmè`m§Zm cdH$amV cdH$a {ejm ìhmdr.
(3) XjVoàVr CÎmaXm{`Îd
gÚ…pñWVrV emgZmVrc ^«ï>mMma hr _moR>r g_ñ`m Amho. cmM {Xë`m{edm` H$moUVohr emgH$s` H$m_ hmoV Zmhr, hr ~m~
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`c`mZohr AYmoa{IV Ho$cr Amho. ^«ï>mMmamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r _w»` XjVm Am`wº$m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$
KQ>ZmË_H$ Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. VarXoIrc ^«ï>mMmamcm AQ>H$md H$aVm Amcocm Zmhr. "`Wm amOm, VWm àOm'
`m åhUrà_mUo ^«ï>mMmamMr gwédmV Cƒ nmVirnmgyZ hmoVo Am{U Vr emgZmÀ`m gd© nmVù`m§Zm ì`mnyZ Q>mH$Vo. `m g§X^m©V
nwT>rc gyMZm Cn`wº$ R>é eH$VmV.
amOH$s` nmVirdarc ^«ï>mMma hm ZmoH$aemhrVrc ^«ï>mMmamMo CJ_ñWmZ _mZco OmVo. Ë`mÀ`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>r nwT>rc ~m~r
AË`mdí`H$ AmhoV -
(1) {ZdS>UwH$s` H$m`©nÕVrVrc ^«ï>mMma {ZnQy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ZdrZ H$m`Xm H$amdm.
(2) amOH$s` njm§Zm nwaogm {ZdS>UyH$ {ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` {ZdS>UyH$ {ZYrMr VaXÿX H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
{ZYr_Üò `moJXmZ XoÊ`mMr H§$nÝ`m§Zm _w^m Agmdr Am{U Ë`m~Xë`mV `mo½` H$a gdcV XoÊ`mV `mdr.
(3) cdH$amV cdH$a cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$ g§_V H$aÊ`mV `mdo Am{U amOH$s` d àemgH$s` gdm}ƒ ZoV¥Ëd Ë`mÀ`m
H$m`©H$joV AmUmdo. `m g§ñWoH$S>o Mm¡H$er H$aUmar `§ÌUm Agmdr.
(4) H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$ ho nX à~i ~Zdmdo. `mH$arVm Am`wº$m§Zm KQ>ZmË_H$ gwajm VaVwXr H$ê$Z H$m`©H$mar _§S>imnmgyZ
Xÿa R>odmdo.
(5) "ñdÀN> emgZm'gmR>r _hmcoImnmc, H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$ Am{U H°${~ZoQ> g{Md `m§Mm g_mdoe AgUmao EH$
CƒñVar` _§S>i Agmdo. `m _§S>imZo _m{hVrMm AmYma KoV Cƒ nmVirdarc ^«ï>mMma {ZnQy>Z H$mT>mdm.
(6) X¡Z§{XZ gwZmdUr Am{U ImVo{Zhm` Mm¡H$er gm_mÝ`nUo 3 _{hÝ`m§_Üò nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm gd© _hÎdmÀ`m {d^mJm§_Üò
nyU©doi Mm¡H$er A{YH$mar {Z`wº$ Ho$co OmdoV.

(7) àmW{_H$ VÏ`m§VJ©V IQ>cm {Z_m©U Pmcm Agë`mg, Ho$di Aem J§^ra ñdê$nmÀ`m IQ>ë`m§~m~V {Zc§~ZmMm AmXoe
{Xcm Om`cm hdm. EH$Xm EImÚm ì`º$scm {Zc§{~V Ho$ë`mZ§Va, Mm¡H$er nyU© hmoB©n`ªV {Vcm nwÝhm godoV gm_mdyZ
KoD$ Zò.
(8) ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm§VJ©V EImÚm H$_©Mmè`mcm a§JohmW nH$S>co qH$dm Omhra CËnÞ òmoVm§nojm A{YH$ _mc_Îmm
~miJÊ`m~m~V Mm¡H$erA§Vr EImXr ì`º$s Xmofr AmT>ië`mg Ë`m§À`m~m~V H$c_ 311 _Yrc VaVwXr gm¡å` Ho$ë`m
Omdy eH$VmV H$m`, `m~m~V emgZmZo H$m`Xoera g„m Úmdm. Aem IQ>ë`m§g§X^m©V {Zc§~Z ho gº$sMo ~Zdmdo.
{Zc§~Z aÔ H$aUo qH$dm ghm _{hÝ`m§Z§Va ^Î`m§_Üò dmT> Aem Jmoï>r `m g§X^m©Vrc IQ>ë`m~m~V H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.
(9) Ahdmc Zm|X{dUmè`m A{YH$mè`mZo Á`m A{YH$mè`m~m~V Zm|X H$amd`mMr Amho, Ë`mÀ`m àm_m{UH$nUm~m~Vhr
Amnco _V Zm|X{dÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm nadmZJr Agmdr. VrZ {^Þ A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z àm_m{UH$nUm~m~V _Vm§Vao AgUmam
Ahdmc àmá Pmë`mg gº$sÀ`m {Zd¥ÎmrgmR>r E\$Ama 56 (O) `m A§VJ©V H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mg nwaogo H$maU _mZmdo.
(4) ZmJ[aH$m§àVr/J«mhH$m§àVr CÎmaXm{`Ëd
gd© emgH$s` ImË`m§Mo J«mhH$ (Cn^moº$m) AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm gmo`r-gw{dYm nwadmì`m cmJVmV qH$dm Ë`m§À`m AS>MUr
gmoS>dmì`m cmJVmV. ho J«mhH$ åhUOo gm_mÝ`nUo gd©OZVm Am{U {deofËdmZo Ë`mVrc H$mhr {d{eï> cmoH$ hmo`. cmoH$emhr_Üò
emgZmZo Amnë`m ZmJ[aH$m§§àVr CÎmaXm`r AgÊ`mMr _mJUr CKS> AgVo. Aem ñdê$nmMm _yi Jm^m `wZm`Q>oS> qH$JS>_À`m
"ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX' Am{U _co{e`mÀ`m "Aercm§Mr gZX' (Client's Charter) `m_Üò {XgyZ òVmo. ^maVm_Üò Aer gwédmV
"J«mhH$ g_Ýd` n[afXoZo' ZwH$VrM Ho$cr AgyZ g~§Y XoemgmR>r "ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX' V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. `m gZXoÀ`m
_w»` {df`m_Üò JwUdÎmm, {ZdS>, XOm©, _yë`, CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{U nmaXe©H$Vm B. ~m~tMm g_mdoe Amho. "XOm©' `m erf©H$m§VJ©V
àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm nwT>rc Anojm J¥hrV YaVm òVo -
(1) ñnï> XOm©/à_mUHo$ hr CËH«$m§V Pmcr nm{hOoV, ñdrH$macr Am{U àH$m{eV Ho$cr OmdrV. VgoM godmàXmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m
doir Vr Xe©{dcr OmdrV. `m_Üò H$_©Mmè`m§Mo ghmæ`, d¡Ym{ZH$ Amdí`H$Voà_mUo H$mQ>oH$moanUm Am{U `mo½`
H¥$VrgmR>r VËnaVm `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(2) ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gmo`rMo R>aoc `mà_mUo Ë`m§Zm à{VgmX XoÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ Am{U H$_mc doi R>a{dUo qH$dm godm-gw{dYm
nwa{dÊ`mMr dma§dmarVm Z_yX H$aUo.
(3) à_mUH$m§Mm (Standards) AË`§V H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmR>nwamdm Ho$cm Omdm Am{U Ë`m§Mr h_r XoÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV
A{YH$mè`mcm O~m~Xma Yaco Omdo.
(4) à_mUH$m§Mo dma§dma nwZ{d©cmoH$Z H$amdo Am{U Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$amdr. VgoM Amdí`H$ Agoc VoWo H$m`©nÕVr_Üò
gmononUm AmUmdm.
(5) Oa godm Ag_mYmZH$maH$ Agoc qH$dm XOm© `mo½` Zgoc Va VH«$ma {ZdmaUmMr H$m`©nÕVr ñnï> Ho$cocr Agmdr,
Ë`m_Üò VH«$marcm à{VgmX XoÊ`mMm H$mcmdYr Am{U g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mcm ôQ>Ê`m~m~VMm C„oI Agmdm.
(6) eŠ`Vmo EH$mM {IS>H$sÛmao gd© H$m_H$mO Mmcmdo.
(7) ZmJ[aH$m§H$S>o VËnaVoZo Iwcmgm qH$dm {Xc{Jar ì`º$ Ho$cr Omdr. AZoH$ IQ>ë`m§_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Zm VH«$ma {ZdmaU Am{U
ZwH$gmZânmB© _mJÊ`mMm h¸$ Agm`cm hdm. J«mhH$ g§ajU H$m`Úm§VJ©V hr ~m~ gd© emgH$s` godm§Zm cmJy H$aÊ`mV
`mdr.
(5) Ý`m`_§S>imàVr CÎmaXm{`Ëd
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mo Ë`mMà_mUo emgZmÀ`m h¸$mMm AÝd`mW©H$ Am{U g§ajH$ åhUyZ Ý`m`_§S>imH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. OZ{hV
`m{MH$m§À`mÛmao Ý`m`_§S>imZo Amnë`m nma§n[aH$ ^y{_Ho$_Üò ~Xc Ho$cocm Amho. Ý`m`mc`rZ hñVjonmMo H$mhr gÚ…H$mcrZ
àdmh nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m AmXoem§Mm Ad_mZ H$aUmè`m qH$dm Ë`mà_mUo H$m_ Z H$aUmè`m d[að> gZXr godH$m§À`m {damoYmV
Ý`m`mc` H$S>H$ H$madmB© H$arV Amho. Aem godH$m§Zm H$mamdmgmMr {ejm XoÊ`mn`ªV Ý`m`mc`mZo Amncm A{YH$ma
{dñVmacocm Amho. Ý`m`mc`rZ AmXoem§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ AgVmZmM "Ý`m`mc`mMm Ad_mZ' `m

H$m`ÚmÀ`m ì`már_Üò Aëngm ~Xc H$amdm cmJoc.
(2) Ý`m`mc`mZo {d{dY nmVù`m§da AZoH$ AmXoe Omar Ho$co AgyZ Xþc©{jV joÌm§_Üò n`m©daUr` àXÿfU, PmonS>nÅ>r
gwYmaUm, ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho, J[a~m§gmR>r {Zdmg, añVo ~m§YUr qH$dm BVa gmo`r-gw{dYm B. ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. {ZYrMm
A^md qH$dm H$m_mMm VmU `m_wio `mVrc H$mhr joÌm§H$S>o nwaogo cj {Xco OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hr joÌo {VVH$sM
_hÎdmMr AgyZhr Ë`mg§X^m©V Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m AmXoem§Mr A§_c~OmdUr hmoV Zmhr.
(3) ~oH$m`Xoera H¥$Ë`, _Z_mZrnUm, ôX^md qH$dm J¡aì`dhma B. ~m~V Ý`m`mc`mZo ~m{YV {\$`m©Xrcm ZwH$gmZânmB©nojm
A{YH$ _mo~Xcm XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. Ho$di H|$Ðr` _§Í`m§À`mM Zìho Va gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga gwM{dcr.
(4) JwÝhoJmar IQ>co XmIc H$aUo Am{U à{V{ð>V `§ÌUm§H$Sy>Z doioÀ`m _`m©XoV Aem IQ>ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r d `m
H$m`m©da àË`j Am{U gmVË`mZo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mc`mZo H|$Ð gaH$macm ^mJ nmS>co. hr H¥$Vr A{Z`{_V
Agcr Var _moR>çm à_mUmV cmoH${à` IQ>ë`m§_Üò `mMo n[aUm_ {XgyZ Amco AmhoV. Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Aem H¥$Vrcm
Xmofr ì`º$s "Ý`m`mc`rZ g{H«$`VoMo' Zmd XoD$Z Ë`m {damoYmV ~mocV AgVmV, nU Ë`m§À`m J¡aH¥$Ë`m_wioM Aer
n[apñWVr Ë`m§À`mda Amcocr AgVo.
(6) àgma_mÜ`_m§àVr CÎmaXm{`Ëd
(1) ~hþVm§edoim, Amnë`mH$S>o EH$m§Jr ~mVå`m AgVmV, Ë`m_Üò H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m Amamonm§Mr gË`Vm Vnmgcr OmV
Zmhr qH$dm {damoYr njH$mamÀ`m _Vm§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd {Xco OmVo. `m_wio EH$m§Jr qH$dm hoVynyd©H$ _m§S>Ur hmoVo.
(2) Amnë`m {df`mMr ì`dpñWV _m{hVr AgUmam, àË`j ~mV_r Zm|X{dÊ`mnydu {VMm J¥hAä`mg Ho$cocm, Amdí`H$
Vo VÏ` g§H$cZ Ho$cocm, gd© {ddmXmñnX KQ>Zm _m{hV Agcocm Am{U _wcmIV XoUmè`m§Zm ^md{ZH$ àým§nmgyZ Xÿa
R>odUmam ~mV_rXma AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(3) ^maVr` g§X^m©V, ñdV…cm XÿfU§ XoÊ`mMm EH$ amï´>r` N>§XM Amho. Ë`m_wio àgma_mÜ`_m§Zr OmUrdnyd©H$ YmoaUmË_H$
~m~ _mZyZ gH$mamË_H$ KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr Úmdr. Aem KQ>Zm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV cmImoZo KS>V AgVmV. na§Vw, _mÜ`_mVyZ
Ho$di ZH$mamË_H$ _m{hVrM gmXa Ho$cr OmVo.
(4) AmVm IwÔ àgma_mÜ`_o ñdV…Mo narjU H$arV AmhoV. àgma_mÜ`_mÀ`m H$m_{Jar~m~V AmVm _mÜ`_m§_ÜòM Q>rH$mË_
H$ coIZ hmoV Amho.


18 amOH$s` H$m`©H$marà_wI
Am{U gZXr godH$m§_Yrc g§~§Y
àñVmdZm
cmoH$emhr_Üò gÎmm hr OZVo_Üò {ZhrV AgVo. cmoH$m§Zr R>amdrH$ H$mcmdYrH$arVm amÁ` H$aUmè`m dJm©cm åhUOoM
cmoH${Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtZm hr gÎmm dmnaÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco AgVmV. gZXr godH$ ho Ë`m§Mo kmZ, AZw^d Am{U emgZmMo
H$m_H$mO H$go MmcVo `mÀ`m AmH$cZm_wio cmoH$à{V{ZYtZm YmoaU {Z{_©Vr_Üò ghmæ` H$aVmV Am{U {VÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r
O~m~Xma AgVmV.
_§Ìr Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`mVrc gm¡hmX©nyU© H$m_H$mO g§~§Y hr gwemgZmMr Jwé{H$„r Amho. g¡ÜXm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm _§Ìr
ho H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m _m\©$V cmoH$m§Zm O~m~Xma AgVmV Am{U gZXr godH$ ho _§Í`m§Zm O~m~Xma AgVmV. VWm{n, {Z:nj
(impartial) gZXr godm hr Ho$di emgZmcmM O~m~Xma ZgVo Va Vr {Zð>oMr enW KoVcoë`m amÁ`KQ>Zocmhr O~m~Xma AgVo.
amÁ`KQ>Zm hm Agm AmYma Amho {OÀ`m AmYmamda _§Ìr Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`m ^y{_H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè`m {ZYm©[aV
Pmcoë`m AgVmV Am{U gr_maofmhr AmIcocr AgVo. na§Vw àË`jmV XmoÝhr ~mOy§H$Sy>Z EH$_oH$m§À`m A{YH$ma Am{U H$m`©joÌmda
A{VH«$_U hmoV Agë`mZo gr_maofm nwgQ> Pmcocr AmT>iVo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gwédmVrÀ`m H$mhr dfmª_Üò _§Ìr Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`mVrc g§~§Y nañna AmXa Am{U gm_§Oñ`mMo hmoVo.
VWm{n, nwT>rc dfmª_Üò ho g§~§Y ~Xcco. H$mhr gZXr godH$m§Zr _§Í`m§Zm {Xcocm g„m hm dñVw{Zð> dm {Z:njnmVr Zgë`m_wio
H$mhr _§Í`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` {hVg§~§Ymcm AZwHy$c Zgcoco g„o ñdrH$maÊ`mMo \o$Q>mico. AemàH$mao X¡Z§{XZ àemgZm_Üò
Am{U {d{dY `moOZm d H$m`©H«$_m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrV hñVjon H$aÊ`mMo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` nmVirdarc à_mU dmT>co.
gZXr godH$m§Zrhr _§Í`m§Zm AZwHy$c R>aVrc Ago {ZU©` KoÊ`mg Am{U H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. n[aUm_r amOH$s`
VQ>ñWVm `m VËdmcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmcm.
(1) VQ>ñWVm
gZXr godoMo àmW{_H$ H$V©ì` åhUOo cmoH${Zdm©{MV emgZmcm ghmæ`/godm (serve) nwa{dUo hmo`. `mMm AW© gZXr godH$mZo
gÎmoV H$moUVmhr amOH$s` nj Agcm Var {Z^©`nUo, {Z:njnmVrnUo Am{U O~m~Xma`wº$ g„m nwa{dUo Am{U àemgZ d godm,
YmoaUo, H$m`©H«$_ `m_Üò g_mZ ì`mdgm{`H$Vm (Professionalism) Xe©{dUo hmo`. gZXr godm hr AamOH$s` Agmdr, H$m`} nma
nmS>VmZm {Z:njnmVr Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ arVrZo H$m_ H$aUmar Agmdr. hr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVoMr g§H$ënZm AgyZ ^maVmVrc gZXr
godm `m VËdmda {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
VWm{n, ho VËd àXrK© H$mi Adc§~Ê`mV Amco Zmhr. emgZmVrc {deofV: amÁ`ñVar` emgZmVrc ~Xcm§_wio Zoh_rM
gZXr godH$m§À`m _moR>çm g§»òZo ~Xë`m hmoVmV. ~hþg§»` gZXr godH$ ho {d{eð> Aem amOH$s` àd¥Îmrer/ {dMmamer Amncr
~m§{YcH$s Xe©{dV Agë`m_wio "amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm' ho gd© ñdrH¥$V Ago VËd am{hcoco Zmhr. gZXr godH$m§Zr emgZmVgwÕm `mo½`
ñWmZ àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOH$maÊ`m§H$Sy>Z Aml` (Patronage) àmßV Ho$cm nm{hOo dm Vgo ê$O{dco nm{hOo, Agm EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ
Amho. n[aUm_r, cmoH$m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gZXr godm§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV "amOH$s`H$aU' (Politicization) hmoV Amho.
gZXr godm§À`m amOH$s`H$aUmMm J§^ra n[aUm_ A{YH$manXna§naoÀ`m VËdmda hmoV Amho. ~hþg§»` gZXr godH$m§Zr amÁ`H$Ë`mªer
g_m§Va g§~§Y {dH${gV Ho$co AmhoV, Á`m_wio nXgmonmZ ì`dñWm ApñWa/~m{YV Pmcr Amho. `mMm n[aUm_ {eñVrda Pmcm
Amho na§Vw Ë`mnojmhr A{YH$ gZXr godH$m§Zm Amnë`m amOH$s` à_wImMr _Ou gm§^miÊ`mMr H$gaV H$amdr cmJVo.

(2) YmoaU {Z{_©Vr_Üò g„m
cmoH$emhr_Üò amÁ`H$V} C{Ôï>o Am{U ìhrOZ ñWm{nV H$aV AgVmV. gZXr godH$ hr C{Ôï>o Am{U XÿaJm_r C{Ôï>m§gmR>r n[aUm_
H$maH$ Aem YmoaUmË_H$ àmYmÝ`m_Üò énm§V[aV H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio YmoaU{Z{_©Vr hr Aer à{H«$`m AgVo Á`mÛmao gZXr godH$
amOH$s` XÿaJm_r Üò` (Vision) Am{U C{Ôï>m§Mo ê$nm§Va `moOZm, H$m`©H«$_ Am{U {Z`_Zm_Üò H$aV AgVmV. am~{dÊ`mV òV
AgUmè`m YmoaUm§_Üò CUrdm dm AnyU©Vm Agoc Va emgZmcm cmoH$m§Zm A{^àoV Agm n[aUm_ gmÜ` H$aVm òV Zmhr.
amOH$s` H$m`©H$mar à_wIm§Zm YmoaU{df`H$ g„m (Policy advice) XoUo ho gZXr godoMo gdm©V àmW{_H$ Am{U _hÎdnyU©
H$m`© Amho. d[að> gZXr godH$m§Zm dñVw{Zð> AmYmamdarc, gd© g§^mì` n`m©`m§Mm {dMma Am{U {VMo n[aUm_ `m~m~VMm g„m
H$moUË`mhr ^rVr, XS>nUm{dZm YmoaU{Z{_©VrÀ`m Q>ßß`mda Úmdm cmJVmo. EImXo YmoaU gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ`m {damoYmV Amho Ago
gZXr godH$mcm kmV Pmë`mZ§Va `m YmoaUmÀ`m{dnarV n[aUm_m~m~V amOH$s` à_wIm§Zm nwZ{d©MmamgmR>r nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar gZXr godH$mda Amho.
VWm{n, YmoaU{Z{_©Vr g_`r {Xcm OmUmam g„m hm ì`mdgm{`H$[aË`m Am{U {Z:njnmVrnUo {Xcm OmV Zmhr. dñVwV:
^maVmVrc YmoaU {Z{_©Vr hr _VXmam§Zm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r AënH$mcrZ {hVg§~§Ym§Zm AZwgê$Z AgVo. g§~§{YV YmoaUmMo
XrK©H$mcrZ \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o `m§Mo `mo½`nUo {dícofU Z H$aVm cmoH$mZwa§OZdmXr YmoaUo AmIÊ`mH$S>oM H$c Agcocm {XgyZ òVmo. EImXr
`moOZm àm`mo{JH$> ñdê$nmV am~{dUo Am{U {VMr MmMUr KoÊ`m~m~V \$maer CËgwH$Vm {XgV Zmhr. Cn^moJH$Ë`mªer dm cm^mÏ`mªer
{dMma{d{Z_` dm Ë`m§Zm YmoaU{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$òV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo à`ËZ ¹${MVM hmoVmZm {XgVmV. `m à{H«$ò_Üò
YmoaUm§Mm cmoH$m§da hmoUmam àË`j dm AàË`j n[aUm_ {dMmamV KoVcm OmV Zmhr. EH§$XarV gZXr godm§Mr YmoaU {Z{_©Vr j_Vm
hr \$ma Xþ~©c am{hcr Amho H$maU YmoaUm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr AënH$mcrZ, cmoH$mZw`m`r X~mdm§Zm {Xcocm à{VgmX R>aV Amho.
(3) gZXr godH$m§Mr d¡Ym{ZH$ ^y{_H$m
gZXr godH$m§Zm Zoh_rM H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$amdr cmJVo. H$mhtZm {d{dY H$m`Úm§VJ©V H$m`} nma nmS>mdr
cmJVmV Á`mMo ñdê$n Odinmg Ý`m{`H$ Ago AgVo. `m H$m`m©Mr CXmhaUo åhUOo \$m¡OXmar H$m`Xoà{H«$`m g§{hVm Am{U
nmocrg A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V H$m`©H$mar X§S>m{YH$mar qH$dm {Oëhm X§S>m{YH$mè`m§Zm nma nmS>mdr cmJUmar ^y{_H$m Am{U Am`H$a
A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V _yë`m§H$Z (assessing) A{YH$mè`mcm nma nmS>mdr cmJUmar ^y{_H$m hmo`. Aem àH$aUm§_Üò gZXr godH$m§Zm
H$m`Úmà_mUo Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ Ý`m`mÀ`m VËdmà_mUo H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo.
Aem àH$maÀ`m d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`mªÀ`m A§_c~OmdUr_Üò hñVjon H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr _§Ìr Am{U AÝ` à^mdemcr amOH$maÊ`m§Mr
dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio H$m`Úmà_mUo H¥$Vr H$aUmam gZXr godH$ Am{U amOH$s` à{V{ZYr `m§À`m_Üò g§Kf© gwê$ hmoVmo. Joë`m 40
dfm©V _§Ìr Am{U amOH$s` à{V{ZYtZr gZXr godH$m§À`m d¡Ym{ZH$ H$m`m©da à^md nmS>Ê`mMm Ho$cocm à`ËZ hm AndmX ZgyZ EH$
{Z`_ Pmcm Amho. Aem hñVjonmcm {damoY, à{VH$ma H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$mMr H$_r _hÎdmÀ`m nXmda ~Xcr Ho$cr OmVo..
(4) àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMr A§_c~OmdUr
emgZmcm H$moUË`mhr ì`mnH$ g§KQ>Zo_Üò loUr~Õ gZXr godH$m§À`m_m\©$V {d{dY nmVù`m§darc Am{U {R>H$mUm§darc H$m`}
nma nmS>mdr cmJVmV. H$mhr R>amdrH$ àH$aUm§_Üò emgZmÀ`m {d{dY ñVamdarc A{YH$mè`m§H$S>o àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mMr gÎmm
gmondmdr cmJVo. àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_m_wio gZXr godH$m§Zm g§~§{YV nmVirda X¡Z§{XZ H$m`© nma nmS>Uo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. VWm{n,
A{YH$mè`m§H$S>o H$m`XoeraarË`m gÎmoMo àXÎmrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Agco Var _§Ìr Am{U amOH$s` à{V{ZYr `m§À`mdVrZo
hñVjonmMo à_mU dmT>V Amho. n[aUm_r AH$m`©j_Vm Am{U gw_ma XOm©À`m godm nwa{dë`m OmVmV.
(5) gZXr godm§_Üò âVr
g§K cmoH$godm Am`moJ Am{U amÁ` cmoH$godm Am`moJm§Zr gZXr godH$m§Mr âVr Iwë`marVrZo, ñnYm© narjoÛmam Am{U amOH$s`
à_wIm§À`m H$moUË`mhr hñVjonm{edm` H$amdr `mH$[aVm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo `m Am`moJm§Zm ñdm`ÎmVm Am{U ñdmV§Í` {Xco
Amho. g§K cmoH$godm Am`moJmZo Á`mà_mUo âVrMr amñV Am{U nmaXe©H$ ì`dñWm {dH${gV Ho$cr Ë`mà_mUo amÁ` cmoH$godm
Am`moJm§~m~V {MÌ {XgV Zmhr. amOH$s` H$m`©H$mar à_wImÀ`m X~mdm§VJ©V ~hþg§»` amÁ` cmoH$godm Am`moJmÀ`m H$m`mª_Üò
^«ï>mMma Am{U J¡aH$ma^mamMo J§^ra Amamon {XgyZ òVmV.

(6) gZXr godH$m§Mr nX²{Z{üVr (Postings) Am{U ~Xcr
^maVm_Üò gZXr godH$m§Mr dma§dma hmoUmar ~Xcr hr emgZì`dhmamMr _moR>r g_ñ`m Amho. `m_wio emgZì`dhma
(governance) ~m{YV hmoVmo H$maU gZXr godH$mcm EH$m nXmda XrK©H$mi H$m`© H$ê$ {Xco OmV Zmhr. AënmdYrV hmoUmè`m
~Xë`m§_wio gZXr godH$mcm {VÀ`m/Ë`mÀ`m H$m_{Jar~m~V O~m~Xma YaVm òV Zmhr. J§^ra ~m~ åhUOo `m ~Xë`m§_Üò _moR>çm
à_mUmda ^«ï>mMma hmoVmo.
~hþVm§e àH$aUm§_Üò gZXr godH$ ho _§Í`m§Zm dm amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm {d{eð> nXmH$arVm {dZdUr H$aVmV. gZXr godH$m§Zr ~Xcr dm
nX{Z{üVrH$arVm amOH$s` X~md AmUy Zò Agm ñnï> {Z`_ Agcm Var ho {Z`_ _moS>co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm Amnco
{hVg§~§Y gmYÊ`mgmR>r g§Yr {_iVo. gZXr godH$m§À`m ~Xcr à{H«$òVrc Am{W©H$ CcmT>mc EdT>r àM§S> Amho H$s, {Vcm "~Xcr
CÚmoJ' (transfer industry) Ago åhQ>co OmVo.
^maVr` amOH$maUm_Üò EImXo emgZ gÎmoda Amco H$s, gZXr godH$m§À`m gam©g ~Xë`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV. amÁ`m§_Yrc
àemgZhr `mcm AndmX Zmhr.
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19
gZXr godm§Mr ^y{_H$m
{~«{Q>e ^maVm‘Ü¶o gZXr godH$m§Zm eoVO{‘ZrMo ‘moO‘mnZ H$aUo, ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m ^y‘r h¸$m§Mr ¶mXr H$aUo, O‘rZ ‘hgyc
{ZYm©[aV H$aUo, Ë¶mMr dgwcr H$aUo Am{U VH«$ma {ZdmaUmH$[aVm Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aUo B. H$m‘o (H$m¶}) nma nmS>mdr cmJV. ¶m{edm¶
Ë¶m§Zr añVo, nyc Am{U aoëdo ~m§YUr VgoM OcqgMZ àH$ën BË¶mXr {d{dY nm¶m^yV H¥$VtMr gwê$dmV Ho$cr. na§Vw {~«{Q>e
^maVmVrc gZXr godH$m§Mo ‘w»¶ H$m‘ åhUOo gm‘«mÁ¶ {Z‘m©U H$aUo Am{U {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo hmo¶.
gwê$dmVrcm {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVr¶ gZXr godm (ICS) gwê$ Ho$cocr Agcr Var Z§Va d¡Ym{ZH$ gZXr godm (SCS) Am{U H|$Ðr¶
godm (CS) ¶m§Mr â Q>mH$cr. H$mcm¡KmV d¡Ym{ZH$ gZXr godm aÔ~mVc hmoD$Z Ho$di ICS Am{U H|$Ðr¶ godm ApñVËdmV
am{hë¶m. ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmcm Ë¶mdoir ICS {edm¶ H|$Ðr¶ godm§VJ©V 9 gZXr godm H$m¶©aV hmoË¶m.
ñdmV§Í¶mdoir XoemV H$moUË¶m àH$maMr gZXr godm g§aMZm Agmdr ¶m~m~V dmX{ddmX Pmcm. ho ñdén ICS à‘mUo Agmdo
H$m Am{U Oa hmo¶ Va {VÀ¶m âVrMr Am{U {Z¶§ÌUmMr nÕV H$moUVr Agmdr. ~hþg§»¶ ‘w»¶‘§Ìr ho EH$sH¥$V (unified)
àemgH$s¶ godo~m~V AZwHy$c ZìhVo. VËH$m{cZ J¥h‘§Ìr gaXma d„^^mB© nQ>oc ¶m§Zr EH$sH¥$V àemgH$s¶ godoMo g‘W©Z Ho$co.
eodQ>r ^maVr¶ àemgH$s¶ godm (IAS) Am{U ^maVr¶ nmocrg godm (IPS) ¶m 2 A{Ic ^maVr¶ godm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$ê$Z EH$sH¥$V
àemgH$s¶ ì¶dñWocm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoÊ¶mV Amcr. H|$Ðr¶ godmhr gwê$ am{hë¶m. KQ>H$amÁ¶m§Zm A{Ic ^maVr¶ godm§er OmoSy>Z ñdV…
À¶m amÁ¶ gZXr godmhr R>odVm ¶oUma hmoË¶m. H|$Ð em{gV àXoem§Mo àemgZ A{Ic ^maVr¶ godm Am{U H|$Ðr¶ godm§‘m’©$V
Mmc{dco OmUma hmoVo.
WmoS>³¶mV, {~«{Q>e ^maVmVrc gZXr godoMr g§aMZm ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ^maVmV H$m¶©aV am{hcr. ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimV gZXr godoH$S>o
2 ì¶mnH$ H$m¶} gmon{dÊ¶mV Amcr - (1) amOH$s¶ ZoV¥ËdmZo Z‘yX Ho$coë¶m C{Ôð>m§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aUmar YmoaUo AmIUo,
Am{U (2) {VMr A§‘c~OmdUr. cmoH$emhr emgZ àH$mam‘Ü¶o {Zdm©{MV cmoH$à{V{ZYr pìhOZ Am{U Ü¶oæ¶o {Z{üV H$aVmV.
g{Mdmc¶m‘Ü¶o H$m¶©aV AgUmam gZXr godH$ ¶mAmYmao emgZmMr YmoaUo, H$m¶©H«$‘, ¶moOZm Am{U àH$ën {ZYm©[aV H$aVmV.
joÌ ñVamda (field level) H$m‘ H$aUmao gZXr godH$ ¶m YmoaUm§Mr A§‘c~OmdUr H$aVmV. Vo ¶moOZm, H$m¶©H«$‘ Am{U
àH$ënm§Mo ê$nm§Va H¥$Vr‘Ü¶o H$aVmV Am{U cmoH$m§Zm godm nwa{dVmV. Vo H|$Ð dm amÁ¶ emgZmÀ¶mdVrZo {Oëhm, Cn{d^mJ, VmcwH$m
dm JQ>nmVirda H$m‘ H$aVmV. Vo ehar Am{U J«m‘rU ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm§VJ©Vhr H$m‘ H$aVmV.
ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ^maVmV gZXr godm§Mr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU©[aË¶m ~Xccr. ñdmV§Í¶mg‘¶r gZXr godm§Zm ZdrZ AmìhmZm§Zm gm‘moao
Omdo cmJco. ^maVmZo ñdV…cm "H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶' åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$ë¶mZo Zdr AmìhmZo C^r am{hcr. ZmJ[aH$m§Mo H$ë¶mU ho
amÁ¶g§ñWoMo ‘Ü¶dVu H$m¶© ~Zco Am{U H$ë¶mUH$mar H$m¶} nma nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r gZXr godm ho EH$ gmYZ R>aco.
amÁ¶KQ>Zo‘Ü¶o ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m‘wio gZXr godm§Mr H$ë¶mUH$mar ^y{‘H$m AmUIrZM AYmoao{IV
Pmcr. ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Zr H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶mMr énaofm AmIyZ {Xcr. n[aUm‘r gZXr godm§Mr nma§n[aH$ ^y{‘H$m (H$m¶Xm-
gwì¶dñWm gm§^miUo) ‘mJo nS>cr Am{U {dH$mgcjr d n[adV©Zj‘ ^y{‘H$m A{YH$ ‘hÎdnyU© R>ê$ cmJcr. n§Mdm{f©H$
¶moOZm§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo H$m¶©H«$‘, ¶moOZm Am{U àH$ën {Z{üV Ho$co OmD$ cmJco. ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§À¶m
A§‘c~OmdUrMr O~m~Xmar gZXr godm§da Amcr. n[aUm‘r gZXr godoMr àmYmÝ¶{^‘wIVm hr {dH$mgcjr ~Zcr. n{hë¶m
n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o Z‘yX Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo, ""H$m¶Xm-gwì¶dñWm gm§^miUo Am{U ‘hgyc Jmoim H$aUo ¶mH$Sy>Z ‘w»¶ â hm ‘mZdr
Am{U ^m¡{VH$ g§gmYZm§Mm {dH$mg H$ê$Z Jar~r Am{U JaOm§Mo (wants) {ZamH$aU H$aÊ¶mH$S>o pñWË¶§VarV Pmcm Amho.''
n{hë¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o g‘wXm¶ {dH$mgmMm n[aàoú¶ (ÑpîQ>H$moZ) ñdrH$maÊ¶mV Amcm. ¶mÛmao J«m‘rU ^mJmÀ¶m
gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ OrdZmV pñWË¶§Va Ano{jV hmoVo. ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMo gZXr godm§À¶m ZdrZ ^y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m

{Z{üV Ho$ë¶m. 1950 À¶m XeH$mV {dH$mgmÀ¶m joÌmV ZdrZ ‘§Ìmc¶o Am{U {d^mJ gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amco Am{U àË¶oH$ {d^mJmMr
{Oëhm dm Cn{Oëhm nmVirn¶ªV ñdV… Mr ñdV§Ì nXgmonmZ ¶§ÌUm {Z‘m©U Ho$cr. H$m‘mMr ì¶már dmT>cr. ¶m H$mcI§S>mV gZXr
godH$m§Mr g§»¶m 4.1 Xecj (1953) dê$Z 8 Xecjn¶ªV (1963) nmohmoMcr.
Xþgè¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o (1956-60) Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmda â XoÊ¶mV Amcm, Á¶m¶moJo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm AZÝ¶gmYmaU
ñWmZ àmßV Pmco. ZdrZ CÚmoJY§Xo gwê$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ nadmZm ì¶dñWm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. Am¶mV hmoUmè¶m dñVy§da
Am{U ‘mÝ¶Voda H$S>H$ {Z~ªY KmcÊ¶mV Amco. OH$mV ì¶dñWm gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. JwUdÎmm Am{U qH$‘V {Z¶§ÌU ì¶dñWm
Zì¶mZo gwê$ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶mMm AW© {ddoH$m{YH$mamVcm H$moQ>m Am{U dmQ>n hmo¶. OcX Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMr YmoaUo A§‘cmV
AmUUo åhUOo gZXr godH$m§Mr ^y{‘H$m ì¶mnH$ hmoUo hmo¶. ‘hÎdnyU© CÚmoJm§darc amÁ¶g§ñWoMo {Z¶§ÌU Am{U ImgJr joÌmMo
{Z¶‘Z ¶m‘wio gZXr godm§Mr ^y{‘H$m ’$ma {dñVmacr.
{Vgè¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZoÀ¶m (1960-65) gwê$dmVrcm emgZmÀ¶m àmYmÝ¶H«$‘mV 2 ‘hÎdmMo ~Xc Pmco. n{hcm,
H¥$frjoÌmÀ¶m {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoÊ¶mV Amcr. h[aVH«$m§VrMm à¶moJ am~{dÊ¶mV Amcm. Xþgam ~Xc åhUOo, AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m
àË¶oH$ Am¶m‘mda amÁ¶g§ñWoMo H$R>moa {Z¶§ÌU ñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mV Amco. J[a~r {Z‘y©cZmÀ¶m CÔoemZo ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r¶rH$aU H$aÊ¶mV
Amco, ì¶mnma AmUIrZ {Z¶{‘V H$aÊ¶mV Amcm, dñVy§da qH$‘V {Z¶§ÌU cmXÊ¶mV Amco Am{U naH$s¶ Jw§VdUwH$scmXoIrc
{Z¶§{ÌV H$aÊ¶mV Amco. AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUm‘Ü¶o gZXr godocm ’$ma ‘moR>r ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>mdr cmJcr. hr ^y{‘H$m J«m‘rU
amoOJma H$m¶©H«$‘m§‘wio AmUIrZM {dñVmacr.
Mm¡Ï¶m n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o (1969-73) Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZmH$[aVm {Vhoar ñdénmMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ ñdrH$maÊ¶mV Amcm. (1)
J«m‘rU Jar~m§H$[aVm ñd¶§amoOJmamda AmYm[aV CËnÞ {Z{‘©Vr (2) ‘Owar amoOJmamÀ¶m g§Yr (3) XoemÀ¶m ‘mJmg àXoemVrc joÌ
{dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘. ¶m gd© H$m¶©H«$‘m§À¶m A§‘c~OmdUr‘Ü¶o ‘w»¶ A{^H$aU (agency) åhUyZ gZXr godocm O~m~Xmar nma
nmS>mdr cmJcr.
1951 Vo 1977 ¶mXaå¶mZ gZXr godocm {d{dYm§Jr ^y{‘H$m ~Omdmdr cmJcr. Ë¶m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$‘mÀ¶m joÌmVrc
àemgZm‘Ü¶o gh^mJr ìhmdo cmJco, ImgJr joÌmÀ¶m {H«$¶m§Mo {Z¶‘Z H$aUo, Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZmH$[aVm gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
YmoaU{Z{‘©Vr Am{U A§‘c~OmdUr, J«m‘rU joÌmMm {dH$mg, {H$‘mZ JaOm Am{U AË¶mdí¶H$ dñVy§Mr VaVyX, VoOrMo g§H§$Q>,
McZ ì¶dñWmnZ, qcJ^md V’$mdV H$‘r H$aUo Am{U gm‘m{OH$ {df‘Vm§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aUo BË¶mXr H¥$Vt~m~V gH«$s¶ ìhmdo
cmJco. ¶m H$mcI§S>mV H$m‘mMr ì¶már àM§S> dmT>cr nU Zm|X{dÊ¶mgmaIr ~m~ åhUOo, gZXr godoZo Ho$di {Z¶m‘H$ A{^H$aU
Vo {dH$mgcjr Am{U {Z¶m‘H$ Ago XmoÝhr ñdénmMo pñWË¶§Va Ho$co.
1977 Vo 1991 ¶m H$mcI§S>m‘Ü¶o Am¶mV Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ nadmÝ¶mdarc H$R>moa {Z¶§ÌUm‘Ü¶o Q>ßß¶mQ>ßß¶mZo {e{WcVm
AmUÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m‘wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {‘imcr. ¶m H$mcI§S>m‘Ü¶o AZoH$ {ZdS>UwH$m nma nS>ë¶m. àË¶oH$
{ZdS>UwH$sZo {dH$mgcjr ¶moOZm§Mm AmdmH$m Am{U Ame¶ AmUIrZ {dñVmacm. 1980 XeH$mÀ¶m A§{V‘ Q>ßß¶mV naH$s¶
J§JmOirÀ¶m VwS>dS>çm‘wio Omo noMàg§J {Z‘m©U Pmcm Ë¶mcm n¶m©¶ åhUyZ 1991 gmcr "Zd Am{W©H$ YmoaU' ñdrH$maÊ¶mV
Amco. n[aUm‘r amÁ¶g§ñWoMr Am{W©H$ joÌmVyZ ‘mKma gwê$ Pmcr. Ë¶mM~amo~a gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMm g§H$moM H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$Z ImgJr
joÌmÀ¶m gh^mJmcm AdH$me àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV Amcm.
^maV gaH$maZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U Am¶mV nadmZm ì¶dñWm aÔ~mVc Ho$cr, én¶mMo Ad‘yë¶Z Am{U naH$s¶ Jw§VdUwH$sMo
CXmarH$aU Ho$co Am{U nydu amÁ¶g§ñWogmR>r amIrd Agcoë¶m joÌmV ImgJr joÌmcm Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§‘Vr XoÊ¶mV Amcr.
¶m gwYmaUm à{H«$¶oZo amÁ¶g§ñWoMr ^y{‘H$m ~Xccr. Vr à‘wI Jw§VdUyH$Xma Vo CÚmoOH$VoMm gwc^H$Vm© (facilitator) Aer Pmcr.
Xþgè¶m eãXmV gZXr godocm ZdrZ ^y{‘H$m åhUOo "gwc^H$Ë¶m©Mr' ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>mdr cmJUma hmoVr.
EH§$XarV, ^maVmÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mnmgyZ AmOVmJm¶V gZXr godoMr ^y{‘H$m ~XcV am{hcr Amho. gÜ¶m Vr {Z¶m‘H$, {dH$mgcjr
Am{U gwc^H$Vm© ¶m ^y{‘H$m§Mo g§{‘lU Amho. ¶m{R>H$mUr CnpñWV hmoUmam ‘hÎdmMm àý åhUOo ¶m (Cnamoº$) ~hþYm§Jr
^y{‘H$m§‘YyZ gZXr godoMo ‘mJ©H«$‘U (fared) H$go Pmco? ¶m~m~VMr {Q>ßnUr nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(1) Ë¶m§À¶m {Z¶m‘H$ ^y{‘Ho$‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr em§VVm amIUo, Ý¶mæ¶ dmVmdaUmV {ZdS>UwH$m nma nmS>Uo Am{U amï´>mMo Eo³¶
OmonmgUo B. ~m~tZm ¶moJXmZ {Xco. gm‘m{OH$ g§Kfm©À¶m nmœ©^y‘rda Ë¶m§Zr amîQ´>mMo Eo³¶, ñW¡¶© Am{U gwì¶dñWogmR>r
¶moJXmZ {Xco, ho AYmoao{IV H$amdo cmJVo.

(2) {VÀ¶m {dH$mgcjr ^y{‘Ho$‘Ü¶o gZXr godocm g§{‘l ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>mì¶m cmJë¶m. Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ~m~V ^maVmMr
H$m‘{Jar gÜ¶m cjUr¶ Amho. ‘mÌ ¶m~m~V gZXr godoÀ¶m H$m¶m©Vrc EH$ à‘wI CUrd åhUOo Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrMo
cm^ {Vcm g‘mOmVrc gd© KQ>H$m§n¶ªV nmohM{dVm Amco ZmhrV. {deofV… AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Am{U
Aëng§»¶m§H$ AmOhr ¶m cm^m§nmgyZ d§{MV AmhoV. qcJ^md {df‘Vm hr ‘moR>r g‘ñ¶m Amho. Xm[aÐçaofoImcrc
cmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m AmOhr A{YH$ Amho. Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrMm Xa Am{U Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZmMm Xa ¶m‘Ü¶o ì¶ñV à‘mU Amho.
‘mZdr {dH$mg {ZX}em§H$m§À¶m gwYmaUoMm Xa {Yå¶mJVrMm Amho. XoemV AmOhr OJmVrc gdm©{YH$ {Zaja AmhoV.
AË¶mdí¶H$ Amamo½¶ godm§n¶ªV gdmªZm g‘mZ nmoM Zmhr Am{U ¶m godm§Mm XOm©XoIrc gw‘ma Agm Amho. H¥$frjoÌmÀ¶m
{dH$mgmMm Aën Xa, J«m‘rU-ehar {d^mOZ, ~oamoOJmar‘Ü¶o hmoV Agcocr dmT> Am{U àmXo{eH$ Ag§VwcZ B.
‘hÎdnyU© AmìhmZm§Mr CH$c AmOhr Pmcocr Zmhr.
(3) gwc^H$Ë¶m©Mr ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>V AgVmZm ‘hÎdnyU© g‘ñ¶m AmhoV. CXm. 73 d 74 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþéñVrÝd¶o ñWm{ZH$
g§ñWm§À¶m gXñ¶m§H$S>o gÎmm hñVm§VarV H$aÊ¶mMr VaVyX Amho. ¶mÛmao ñWm{ZH$ emgZ ì¶dñWo‘Ü¶o ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$
ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarc H¥$Vt‘Ü¶o gh^mJr, {Z¶§ÌU Am{U n¶©dojU H$aVrc. nydu {dH$mgcjr àemgZmMr {Oëhm
ñVamda gZXr godH$m§H$Sy>Z A§‘c~OmdUr hmoV Agë¶mZo {Oëhm{YH$mè¶mH$S>o A{YH$mam§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU hmoVo. Zì¶m
ì¶dñWoA§VJ©V {Oëhm{YH$mar Am{U AÝ¶ gZXr godH$m§Mr ^y{‘H$m ‘¶m©{XV hmoD$Z ñWm{ZH$ emgZmÀ¶m Zì¶m g§ñWm
(J«m‘rU d ehar) CX¶mg Amë¶m AmhoV. {Oëhm Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñVamda A§‘c~OmdUrMo H$m¶© H$amì¶m cmJUmè¶m
gZXr godH$m§Zm gwc^H$Ë¶m©Mr ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>mdr cmJV Amho.
¶m{edm¶, ‘mJrc XmoZ XeH$m§‘Ü¶o gmd©O{ZH$ godm nwa{dÊ¶mV ‘hÎdnyU© ~Xc KSy>Z Amcoco AmhoV. gÜ¶m gmd©O{ZH$
godm§À¶m nwadR>çmer AZoH$ ImgJr joÌ Am{U {~Ja-emgH$s¶ g§ñWm g§c½Z Pmë¶m AmhoV. ¶m g§~§Ym‘wio A{^H$Ë¶mªMr
(actors) g§»¶m dmT>ë¶mZo gZXr godoÀ¶m H$m¶m©V 2 ~Xc KSy>Z Amco.
(1) gZXr godm ‘hÎdnyU© AmhoV n§aVw Ë¶m EH$mH$snUo H$m¶©aV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV, Am{U
(2) gZXr godm ’$ma H$min¶ªV {~Ja-emgH$s¶ joÌmVrc ¶m A{^H$Ë¶mªZm AmXoe XoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
EH§$XarV, ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmcm {VÀ¶m Am{W©H$, amOH$s¶ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoVrc ~Xcm§Mm Omo AZw^d ¶oV
Amho Ë¶mMm gZXr gododa AZoH$ ‘mJm©Zo n[aUm‘ Pmcocm Amho. ¶m{edm¶ gZXr godoÀ¶m ^y{‘Ho$~m~V ZmJarH$ Am{U {Zdm©{MV
cmoH$à{V{ZYr ¶m§À¶m {dMmam‘Ü¶ohr ~Xc Pmcocm Amho. gZXr godoMr gmd©O{ZH$ ì¶dhmamVrc WoQ> ^y{‘H$m g§H$mo{MV hmoD$Z
Ë¶m§Zm {~Ja-emgH$s¶ g§ñWm Am{U ImgJr joÌmÀ¶m gh^mJmZo H$m¶© H$amdo cmJV Amho. ~hþg§»¶ AmìhmZo Am{U ‘mJÊ¶m§À¶m
X~mdmImcr gZXr godm§Mr ^y{‘H$m ~Xccr Amho.


20
gZXr godoMr ~XcVr ^y{_H$m
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm§_Üò hmoV Agcoë`m ~Xcm§Mm n[aUm_ gZXr
gododa AZoH$ àH$mao Pmcocm Amho. gdm©V _yc^yV ~Xc ho 1991 gmcÀ`m Zd-Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZ§Va KSy>Z Amco. 1991 Z§Va
cm`gÝg amOMr g_már, Am{W©H$ joÌmVyZ amÁ`g§ñWoMr _mKma, Am{U ImOJr joÌmÀ`m gh^mJmH$[aVm AZwHy$c dmVmdaU V`ma
H$aUo BË`mXr ~Xc KSy>Z Amco. amÁ`g§ñWoMr _w»` Jw§VdUyH$H$Vm© Vo CÚmoOH$Vocm gwH$a ~Z{dUmam, Aer ^y{_H$m ~Xccr.
ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmVrc {~Ja {Z`_Z, CXmarH$aU Am{U ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm åhUOoM gZXr godH$m§À`m ñdoÀN>m{YH$mam_Üò _moR>çm
à_mUmV KQ> hmoUo Am{U ~mOmanoR>o{^_wI Ñ{ï>H$moZm§À`m AmYmao AW©ì`dñWoMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo hmo`. Xþgè`m eãXmV gZXr
godocm AmVm ZdrZ ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr cmJUma Amho - CÚmoOH$VoMm gwc^H$Vm© (facilitator) åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUo. hr ^y{_H$m
dM©ñd Am{U {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ nÕVrnojm \$ma {^Þ Amho.
ZdrZ ì`dñWoA§VJ©V emgZmÀ`m {d{dY H¥$Vr-H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò ImgJr joÌ Am{U ZmJar g_mO g§KQ>Zm§À`m gh^mJmcm
AmdmhZ Ho$co OmVo. gÜ`m ImgJr joÌ g§KQ>Zm Am{U {~Ja-emgH$s` g§ñWm emgZmÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ godm hñVm§VaUmer _moR>çm
à_mUmV g§~§{YV AmhoV. nydu `m godm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ gZXr godocm H$amdo cmJo. gZXr godogmR>r hr ~m~ åhUOo H$m`m©Mo hñVm§VaU,
VÁkVoMm A^md Am{U dM©ñd d {Z`§ÌUmMr nma§n[aH$ gm§JS> _moS>rV {ZKUo hmo`. gZXr godH$m§Zm AmVm gwc^H$Ë`m©Mr ^y{_H$m
nma nmS>mdr cmJVo åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Mm nwadR>m H$aÊ`m_Üò {~Ja-emgH$s` joÌmVrc g§KQ>Zm§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg
AZwHy$c dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$amdo cmJVo. gZXr godH$m§Zm {~Ja-emgH$s` joÌmVrc A{^H$Ë`mªZm (actors) AmVm AmXoe XoVm
òUma ZmhrV Va Ë`m§Zm gh^mJrXma (partners) åhUyZ ñdrH$mamdo cmJUma Amho.
73 Am{U 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZoXoIrc gZXr godoMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU©arË`m ~Xccr Amho. `m XþéñVrÛmao ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ`
g§ñWm§_Yrc (J«m_rU d ehar) {Zdm©{MV cmoH$à{V{ZYtH$S>o {dÎmr` Am{U àemgH$s` gÎmoMo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m
KQ>ZmXþéñVrnydu `m ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Mo àemgZ gZXr godH$m§À`m hmVmV hmoVo. XþéñVr_wio emgZì`dhma (governance) ì`dñWm
{Z_m©U Pmcr Á`mA§VJ©V {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtZm ñWm{ZH$ joÌmVrc {dH$mg H$m_m§Mo {Z`moOZ, ì`dñWmnZ, {Z`_Z Am{U
n`©dojU H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio gZXr godH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m A§_c~OmdUr H$Vm© Vo gwc^H$Vm© Aer ~Xccr.
EH§$XarV ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmë`mnmgyZ gZXr godoMr ^y{_H$m ~hþ{dY Pmcr Amho. Vr {Z`m_H$, {dH$mgcjr Am{U gwc^rH$aU
Aer g§{_l Pmcr Amho. `m {R>H$mUr CnpñWV hmoUmam _hÎdmMm àíZ åhUOo ~hþ{dY ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVmZm ñdmV§Í`moÎma
^maVmÀ`m {dH$mgmV gZXr godoMo H$m` `moJXmZ am{hcoco Amho ?
(1) {VÀ`m {Z`m_H$/{Z`_ZmÀ`m (regulatory) ^y{_Ho$VyZ {VZo em§VVm-gwì`dñWm amIUo, {ZdS>UwH$m Ý`mæ` dmVmdaUmV
nma nmS>Uo, amï´>mMr EH$Vm Am{U AI§S>Vm gm§^miUo B. KQ>H$m§Ûmao amï´>mcm pñWaVm àmá H$ê$Z {Xcr. XoemVrc
àmXo{eH$ Am{U ^m{fH$ Xþam{^_mZ, {d{^Þ àXoem§Mr ñdmV§Í` Am{U A{YH$ ñdm`ÎmVoMr _mJUr, Ym{_©H$-O_mVr`
g§Kf© Am{U S>mdm-CJ«dmX `m nmíd©^y_rda gZXr godoMo `moJXmZ _hÎdnyU© R>aVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVmV Jocr 60 df}
cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm {Q>Hy$Z Amho Am{U H|$Ð d amÁ`mÀ`m nmVirda AZoH$ gÎmm§Vao em§VVmnyU© _mJm©Zo Pmcr AmhoV.
cmoH$emhrMo g§dY©Z Am{U gÎmoMo em§VVmnyU© hñVm§VaU hmoÊ`mVrc gZXr godoMr ^y{_H$m \$ma aMZmË_H$ Amho.
(2) {dH$mgmÀ`m g§X^m©V gZXr godoZo \$ma gH$mamË_H$ ^y{_H$m ~Omdcr Amho. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZonmgyZ (1951-
56) Vo AmOVmJm`V {dH$mgm_Yrc ^y{_H$m AYmoao{IV H$aVm òVo. Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo_Üò gZXr godoZo
amÁ`à{UV Am¡Úmo{JH$aUm_Üò à_wI ^y{_H$m nma nmS>cr. {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo_Üò gZXr godoZo H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r ZdrZ {~`mUm§Mo CËnmXZ Am{U IVo, H¥${f nVnwadR>m, J«m_rU ^mJmMo {dÚwVrH$aU Am{U h[aV H«$m§Vrcm
MmcZm `mÛmao H¥$fr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co.
nwT>rc `moOZo_Üò gZXr godoZo A{YH$ gH$mamË_H$ H$m_ Ho$co. J«m_rU Jar~m§Zm ñd`§amoOJmamÛmao Jar~r {Z_y©cZmMm à`ËZ,
AZoH$ ^Îmm amoOJma H$m`©H«$_m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr. `m{edm` gZXr godoZo gd© {ejm A{^`mZ, _Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZm,
amOrd Jm§Yr noÒc A{^`mZ, g§nyU© ñdÀN>Vm _mo{h_, amï´>r` J«m_rU Amamo½` A{^`mZ, g§nyU© ñdÀN>Vm _mo{h_, EH$mpË_H$
~mc {dH$mg godm, amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZm Am{U Odmhacmc Zohê$ amï´>r` ehar nwZé‚mrdZ A{^`mZ `mgma»`m
Jar~m{^_wI H$m`©H«$_m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr. gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrc `m H$m`©H«$_m§da H|$Ð gaH$maMm dm{f©H$ IM© 18 Q>¸o$ hmoVmo.
AÞ gwajm H$m`ÚmZo IMm©À`m à_mUmV dmT>M hmoUma Amho.
gÜ`m ~hþg§»` gZXr godH$ amOH$maÊ`m§Zm AZwHy$c R>aoc AemarVrZo H$m_{Jar ~OmdV Agë`m_wio gZXr godoMr H$m`Xm,
{Z`_ Am{U H$m`©nÕVrÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrMr j_Vm Am{U {dZm ^rVr dm cm§JycMmcZ `m{edm` YmoaU{df`H$ g„m XoÊ`mMr
j_Vm _mJrc H$mhr dfmªnmgyZ H$_r hmoV Amho. gÜ`m gd©gmYmaUnUo AZw^dmg òUmar ~m~ åhUOo, gZXr godH$m§Mo {ZU©` ho
amÁ`H$Ë`m©dJm©cm Ano{jV Agë`mà_mUo KoVco OmVmV. Aem àH$maMm amOH$s` hñVjon gd© nmVù`m§da hmoVmZm AmT>iVmo.
amÁ`H$Vm© dJ© gZXr godH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m (àemgZmÀ`m) H$m`©e¡cr d Mm¡H$Q>rà_mUo gëcm XoÊ`mg AZw_Vr XoV ZmhrV. AemàH$maÀ`m
amOH$s` hñVjonm_wio EH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ gZXr godoÀ`m H$m_{Jarda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo ì`dñWoMo Am{U Z¡{VH$ IƒrH$aU
gwê$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `mo½` àg§Jrhr gZXr godH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mg H$MaVmV.
gZXr godm A{Y{Z`_ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Á`mÛmao Jm^mVËdo, _yëò Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço Or àemgZmMr g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U
H$ê$ eH$VmV, Vr _yV©ñdê$nmV òVrc. `m H$m`ÚmÛmao ñnï> Am{U EH$g§K Aer Mm¡H$Q> {Z_m©U hmoB©c Á`mA§VJ©V gZXr godm§Zm
Ë`m§Mr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Vm òB©c. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{Y_§S>imcm gZXr godo_Üò Amdí`H$ dmQ>Umar _yëò Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr ì`º$
H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xoera AmYma àmá hmoB©c.
Am°ñQ´>o{c`m Am{U Ý`yPrc±S>gma»`m amï´>m§Zr Ë`m§À`m gZXr godm§_Üò gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m Am{U Ë`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ ~Z{dco. Ë`m§Zm
gZXr godm A{Y{Z`_ H$aÊ`mMm cm^M Pmcm. `m XmoZ amï´>mVrc gZXr godm H$m`Úm§Zr (CXm. Am°ñQ´>o{c`Z nmpãcH$ gpìh©g
A°ŠQ> 1999 Am{U X Ý`yPrc±S> ñQ>oQ> goŠQ>a A°ŠQ>, 1988) gZXr godm§À`m gwYmaUm§Zm AmYma nwa{dcm. `m H$m`Úm§Zr ~Xc Am{U
gwYmaUm§gmR>r {ZX}e ñWm{nV Ho$co. Ë`m§Zr gZXr godH$m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmar àemgH$s` Am{U {dÎmr` cd{MH$Vm àXmZ Ho$cr.
`m amï´>m§_Üò amoOJma Mm¡H$Q>rV ~Xc Pmë`mZo \${cV gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r gZXr godm§Zm Amdí`H$ Vo ñdmV§Í` nwa{dco. `m_wio
g_mZ _yë`m§da AmYm[aV EH$g§K gZXr godm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg ghmæ` Pmco. WmoS>Š`mV, `m amï´>mVrc emgZ 21ì`m eVH$mcm
AZwgê$Z gZXr godocm AmYw{ZH$ ~Z{dÊ`mV gj_ R>aco.
gZXr godm {dYo`H$mÀ`m _gwÚmda ì`mnH$ MMm© Ano{jV Amho. `mÛmao 2 C{Ôï>m§Mr nyV©Vm hmoVo. EH$, `m_wio {d{dY
{df`m§Mm A§V^m©d H$aUo Am{U e§H$m Xÿa gmaÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c. Xþgao, `m_wio gZXr godoÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$ Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò ~Xc
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Amdí`H$Vocm ì`mnH$ à{VgmX/g_W©Z {_ioc. 21ì`m eVH$mVrc ñnYm©Ë_H$Vo_Üò H$moUË`mhr amï´>mgmR>r Cnamoº$
~m~r _hÎdnyU© AmhoV.
^maVm_Üò gZXr godH$m§À`m AmMmamcm _mJ©Xe©Z cmôc Aem gH$mamË_H$ _yë` {dYmZmMm A^md Amho. Amnë`mH$S>o
{Z`_m§Mr g§{hVm Amho. Or gZXr godH$m§À`m {Z{fÕ H¥$Vr Z_yX H$aVo. amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm, CƒV_ Z¡{VH$ _mZHo$, H¥$VrH$[aVm
CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{U emgZmàVr O~m~Xma `m {deof g§X^m©_Üò gZXr godm Am{U emgZ, H$m`Xo_§S>i Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ gXñ`
`§mÀ`m_Yrc g§~§Ym~m~V cmoH$m§À`m Anojm§Mo à{Vq~~ AgUmè`m _yëò Am{U AmMmag§{hVoMr H$m`Xoera KmofUm Amdí`H$
Amho.
B§½c§S>, Am°ñQ´>o{c`m Am{U Ý`yPrc±S> `m amï´>m§Zr gZXr godH$m§H$[aVm _yëò Am{U AmMmag§{hVm H$m`Xoera Kmo{fV Ho$cr Amho.
B§½c§S>_Üò ZmocmZ (Nolan) g{_VrÀ`m "gmd©O{ZH$ godoVrc _mZHo$' `mdarc {e\$maetMm g_mdoe H$arV gZXr godm g§{hVoMm
H$m`Xm Ho$cm Am{U 1 OmZodmar 1996 nmgyZ Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Pmcr.
OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWo_Üò hmoV Agcoë`m Am_ycmJ« ~Xcm§_wio gj_ gZXr godm C^maUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU
hmoV Agcoë`m OJm_Üò amï´>m§Zm OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV ñnYm© H$amdr cmJVo Am{U `m ñnY}_Üò àemgZmMr JwUdÎmm à{Vq~{~V
hmoVo.
21 ì`m eVH$mVrc ^maVmMr gZXr godm H$er Agmdr? hr gZXr godm _§Í`m§Zr _yë`d{Y©V Ho$cocr Am{U VÁkVm d {Z:nj
YmoaU{df`H$ g„m `mMm CÎm_ òmoV Agmdr. {VZo Aì`mhVnUo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm OmJ{VH$ XOm©Mr Am{U J«mhH$H|$Ðr godm AÝ`

g§KQ>Zm§À`m ^mJrXmar_Üò nwadmdr. gZXr godH$ ho àm_m{UH$, {Z:nj, dñVw{Zð>, CÎmaXm`r, \${cVm{^_wI Am{U ì`dhmam_Üò
nmaXe©H$ AgmdoV. A§{V_V: gZXr godm Aer Agmdr H$s, Vr nwa{dV Agcoë`m godm§~m~V cmoH$m§Zm AmË_{dídmg Am{U
AmXa Agmdm.


21
gZXr godm … H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZ
àñVmdZm
EImÚm {d^mJmMr H$m_{Jar hr Ë`m {d^mJmV H$m`©aV Agcoë`m gZXr godH$m§À`m ì`º$sJV H$m_{Jarda AmYmarV Agë`mZo
Ë`m ì`º$sÀ`m H$m_{JarMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ R>aVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m _yë`_mnZmgmR>r emgZmZo "dm{f©H$ JmonZr`
Ahdmc' (ACR) ì`dñWm Adc§{~cr Amho. `m ì`dñWoA§VJ©V gZXr godH$mMr CncãYr Zm|X{dcr OmVo Am{U gd©gmYmaU
df©AIoarg Ë`mMo _mZm§H$Z Ho$co OmVo.
`m ì`dñWoMo _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo, à{H«$`m Am{U {ZînÎmr `m H$m`©dmhrVrc (exercise) g§nyU© JwáVm (secrecy) hmo`.
åhUyZ `mcm confidential Ago åhUVmV. àËòH$ gZXr godH$mMo `m AhdmcmÀ`m AmYmao H$m_{Jar _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z nwT>rc
O~m~Xmar {Z{üV Ho$cr OmVo. `m JmonZr` Ahdmc à{H«$òVrc AndmX åhUOo {dn`m©ñV eoam Z_yX Ho$cm Agë`mg Ë`mMr
_m{hVr g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mcm {Xcr OmVo.
dfm©À`m gwédmVrcm Zm|XUr A{YH$mar, Omo d[að> godH$ AgVmo, Ahdmc {chmì`m cmJUmè`m gZXr godH$mer MMm©
H$ê$Z g§»`mË_H$/^m¡{VH$ cú` {ZYm©[aV H$aVmo. H$m_{Jar _yë`_mnZ hr g§~§{YV gZXr godH$ Am{U Ë`mMm/{VMm JmonZr`
Ahdmc Zm|X{dUmè`m A{YH$mè`mMr g§`wº$ H¥$Vr AgVo. {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Amcocr cúò hr H$m_mMo ñdê$n Am{U joÌ `mda
AmYm[aV AgVmV. JmonZr` AhdmcmMr gwê$dmV gZXr godH$mZo {Xcoë`m Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m H$m_mMo g§{já dU©Z, Ë`mÀ`m/
{VÀ`mgmR>r {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Amcocr {d{eï> cúò (targets) àËòH$ cú`m~m~VMr CncãYVm, Anè, Amcoco AS>Wio
Am{U cú`mn{cH$S>o OmUmè`m CncãYrMr joÌo B. _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmamda _yë`_mnZmg gwédmV hmoVo. A{Ic ^maVr` godoVrc
godH$m§gmR>r "H$m_{Jar _yë`m§H$Z ì`dñWm' (PAS) AgVo Am{U _yë`_mnZ Ahdmcmcm "H$m_{Jar _yë`m§H$Z Ahdmc' (PAR)
Ago åhUVmV. `m ì`dñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo - g§~§{YV gZXr godH$mer g„m _gcV H$ê$Z Üòæ`/C{Ôð>o {Z{üV H$aUo,
gm§p»`H$s _mZm§H$Z ì`dñWm (1 Vo 10 gmaUr) Am{U g§nyU© PAR g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`me g„m _gcV H$aUo B. hmo`.
VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm A{Ic ^maVr` godH$m§gmR>rMr PAR ì`dñWm hr ~§{XñV Aem ACR ì`dñWoVrc gwYmaUm hmo`. `m_Üò
_yë`_mnZmÀ`m {d{dY nmVù`m§da nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U A{YH$mè`mMm gh^mJ `m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a
_yë`_mnZmÀ`m H$mcmdYrcm gwédmV H$aVmZm C{Ôð>o {ZYm©[aV H$aUo, H$mcmdYr Xaå`mZ nwZamdcomH$Z H$aUo Am{U C{Ôð>m§À`m
à_mUmV CncãYrMo A§{V_ _yë`_mnZ BË`mXtMm XoIrc g_mdoe Amho. A§{V_V: CËH¥$ï> H$m_{Jar g§»òÛmao (1 Vo 10 loUr)
Ahdmc {c{hUmam A{YH$mar {ZX}{eV H$aVmo.
VWm{n H$moUË`mhr àH$aUmV AmOhr â hm loUr (ratings) Am{U _yë`_mnZmda {Xcm OmVmo. H$m_{Jar {Z`moOZ, {dícofU,
Am{U gwYmaUm§Mo nwZamdcmoH$Z Á`mMm gZXr godH$m§Zm CƒV_arVrZo H$m`© H$aÊ`mg Cn`moJ hmoB©c, `mda â {Xcm OmV Zmhr.
^maVmVrc ì`dñWm hr "H$m_{Jar _yë`m§H$ZmMr' Amho Va "H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZmMr' (Performance management) Zmhr.
H$m_{Jar _yë`_mnZ hm H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZmMm Ho$di EH$ KQ>H$ Am{U gZXr godH$m§À`m H$m_{JarMo dV©_mZ pñWVrVrc
_yë`_mnZmMr à{H«$`m Amho. H$m_{Jar _yë`_mnZ hr df©âmVrc EH$ H¥$Vr Amho Va H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZ hr df©â MmcUmar
{H«$`m Amho. `m{edm` H$m_{Jar _yë`_mnZmMm â dJ©dmar (rating) da Amho Va H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZmMm â H$m_, g§~§{YV
ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z _yë`_mnZ, CËnmXH$Vm, àoaUmXm`r à`ËZ Am{U H$m_{Jarer g§~§{YV {d{dY McKQ>H$m§da Amho.
àmoËgmhZ (Incentives)
^maVmVrc gZXr godH$m§Zm doVZloUrZwgma _mo~Xcm {Xcm OmVmo. `m doVZloUr_Üò H$mc~Õ dmT> AZwñ`yV AgVo. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

¹${MVM H$m_{Jar AmYm[aV àmoËgmhZ, cm^m§e CncãY Agcocm AmT>iVmo. Ë`m§À`m doVZm_Üò H$m_mMo ñdê$n Am{U H$V©ìò
`mda AmYm[aV H$mhr R>am{dH$ ^Îmo Am{U nm`m^yV doVZmMm EH${ÌV g_mdoe AgVmo. dñVwV: H$m_{Jar H$erhr Agcr Var
gZXr godH$m§Zm doVZm_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ dmT>rMr h_r XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
`m {ZqüVVo_wio gZXr godH$ H$m_{Jar gwYmaÊ`mMm dm CncãYrMm \$ma {dMma H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio OmoIr_ nËH$aÊ`mgmR>r
Am{U CƒV_ XOm©Mr H$m_{Jar H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVrhr àoaUm (motivation) qH$dm OmñVrMo \$m`Xo (incentive) CncãY
Zmhr. EImXr ~m~ {dnarV KS>ë`m_wio OmoIr_ nËH$aUmè`mcm {ejm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Var EImÚm ~m~r_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV
Amë`mZ§Va Am{W©H$ nwañH$mahr Zmhr. `m_wio Aer g§ñH¥$Vr {dH${gV Pmcr H$s, Á`mV gZXr godH$ n[aUm_ Am{U H$m_{JarMr
qMVm Z H$aVm Ho$di {Z`{_V H$m`©nÕVrda cj H|$ÐrV H$aVmV.
2008 gmcr Aer `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr H$s, Á`m_Üò {Z`{_V doVZm{edm` H$m_{Jar AmYm[aV cm^m§e XoÊ`mV òD$
cmJcm. hr `moOZm "H$m_{Jar g§~§{YV cm^m§e `moOZm' (Perfeormance Related Incentive Scheme-PRIS) `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIcr OmVo. `m `moOZoA§VJ©V {dMmamYrZ H$mcmdYrV gZXr godH$mZo Ho$coë`m H$m_{JarÀ`mAmYmao Ë`mcm/{Vcm cm^m§e
{Xcm OmVmo. "H$m_{JarZwgma nm[aVmo{fH$' (reward as per performance) `m VÎdmda hr `moOZm AmYm[aV Amho.
PRIS hr ì`º$s, JQ> Am{U g§KQ>Zm AmYmarV àmoËgmhZmMo EH${ÌH$aU Amho. `m `moOZoZwgma gw_ma XOm©À`m H$m_{JarH$[aVm
ZH$mamË_H$ cm^ {Xcm OmVmo. `m_Üò H$mhr R>am{dH$ {ZH$fm§Mr àmár Pmcr ZmhrVa g§~§{YV JQ>mVrc gZXr godH$ PRIS nmgyZ
d§{MV amhVmV. hr EH$ Mm§Jcr àmoËgmhZna `moOZm Amho Am{U H$m_{Jar gwYmaÊ`mMr Anojm Amho.
gw_ma XOm©À`m H$m_{JarMo ì`dñWmnZ
H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZmMr Xþgar ~mOy åhUOo gw_ma XOm©À`m H$m_{JarMo H$emàH$mao ì`dñWmnZ H$aVm òB©c `mMm {dMma
hmo`. gw_ma H$m_{Jar H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$mcm {ejm XoÊ`mH$[aVm {eñV^§JmË_H$ H$m`©dmhr (disciplinary proceedings)
H$aUo hr gd©gmYmaU `§ÌUm Amho. VWm{n ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H$mhr ~m~r H$R>rU Ho$ë`m AmhoV Á`m_wio g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mcm
Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m {damoYmV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m Amamonm§{damoYmV ~mOy _m§S>Ê`mMr amñV g§Yr {Xcr OmVo. na§Vw hm {df` òWo g§nV
Zmhr. Anrc, nwZ{d©Mma Am{U nwamdcmoH$ZmÀ`m H$m`Xoera VaVwXr CncãY AmhoV. gZXr godH$mcm gd© H$m`Xoera Cnm`
g§nwï>mV Amë`mZ§Va {ejm {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm amhVo. gZXr godH$mcm àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmnwT>o g§~§{YV AmXoemÀ`m d¡YVocm
AmìhmZ XoÊ`mMm, A§V[a_ ñW{JVr {_i{dÊ`mMm Am{U nwÝhm _w»` AmXoemÀ`m {damoYmV Anrc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. `m
Cnm``moOZm§À`m g_márZ§Va gZXr godH$mcm ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ _yc^yV h¸$m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMm n`m©` Am{U XmX {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
Cƒ dm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mV OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
hr Ho$di EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. `m{edm` {d^mJr` Mm¡H$er H$emarVrZo Ho$cr OmB©c `m~m~VMr H$m`©nÕVrhr Z_yX Ho$cocr
Amho. {d^mJr` Mm¡H$er_Üò EHy$U 12 Q>ßno AmhoV. hr à{H«$`m (Q>ßno) AmamonnÌ V`ma H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo {ejm gwZmdÊ`mn`ªVMo
AmhoV. Mm¡H$er nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ 3 dfm©Mm H$mcmdYr cmJVmo, `m_Üò àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU, Cƒ Am{U gdm}ƒ
Ý`m`mc`mMm doi g_m{dï> Ho$cm Va gw_ma H$m_{Jar H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$mcm {ejm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ 10 dfmªMm H$mcmdYr
cmJVmo.
Aem àH$maÀ`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m H$m`©nÕVr_wio ^maVmVrc gZXr godH$ ho {ejonmgyZ _wº$ amhVmV. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo _Z_mZr H¥$VrnmgyZ
Ë`m§Zm {Xcoë`m g§ajUmVyZ Ë`m§Mr {ZnO Pmcocr Amho. gZXr godH$mÀ`m {damoYmVrc Mm¡H$er H$m`©nÕV hr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_
311 Zwgma hmVmimdr cmJVo. `m VaVwXrZwgma H$moUË`mhr gZXr godH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m {damoYmVrc Amamonm§Mr _m{hVr {Xë`m{edm`
Am{U `m Amamonm§g§X^m©V Ë`mcm ~mOy _m§S>Ê`mMr amñV g§Yr {Xë`m{edm` {ejm H$aVm òUma Zmhr. H$c_ 311 _Yrc `m
VaVwXr_wio ~hþVm§e {d^mJr` Mm¡H$etZm nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r àXrK© doi cmJVmo. hm {df` cdH$a g§nwï>mV AmUmd`mMm Agoc Va
H$m`©nÕVrVrc CUrdm§_wio Mm¡H$erMr g_már g§~§{YV gZXr godH$mcm AZwHy$c AemarVrZo hmoVo.
amÁ` KQ>ZoVrc `m g§ajH$ VaVwXt_wio H$m_{Jar Z H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$m§Zm {ejonmgyZ ~Mmd H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$dM
àmá Pmco Amho Am{U `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo gZXr godH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r CÎmaXm`r YaVm òV Zmhr. H$c_
311 A§VJ©V nwa{dÊ`mV Amcoco g§ajU \$ma ì`mnH$ Amho. OJmVrc H$moUVrhr amÁ`KQ>Zm `màH$maMo g§ajU Amnë`m gZXr
godH$m§Zm XoV Zmhr. gaXma nQ>ocm§Zr KQ>Zmg{_Vrg_moa `m VaVwXrMo OmoaXma g_W©Z Ho$co Voìhm Ë`m§Mm CÔoe Agm hmoVm H$s, `m
VaVwXr_wio gZXr godH$m§Zr Z Km~aVm Amnë`m amOH$s` H$m`©H$mar à_wIm§Zm {Z:njnmVr Am{U àm_m{UH$ g„m Úmdm. na§Vw

Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr Aer Pmcr H$s, `m VaVwXrÀ`m g§ajUm_wio gw_ma XOm©Mr H$m_{Jar H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$m§Zm {ejoMr
dm H$madmB©Mr ^rVr am{hcr Zmhr.
Ë`m_wioM ^maVmV gw_ma H$m_{JargmR>r gZXr godH$m§Zm {ejm H$aÊ`mMr na§nam Zmhr. ^maV Zì`mZo CX`mg òUmè`m amï´>m§n¡H$s
Ago amï´> Amho H$s, OoWo H$m_{Jar H$aUmao Am{U H$m_{Jar Z H$aUmè`m§_Üò H$mhrhr \$aH$ Ho$cm OmV Zmhr Am{U XmoÝhr dJ©dmatZm
H$m_{Jar_Üò dmT> Z H$aVm ñdV:À`m H$arAa_Üò àJVr H$aÊ`mMr g§_Vr {Xcr OmVo. gwYm[aV H$m_{JargmR>r nm[aVmo{fH$ Am{U
gw_ma H$m_{JargmR>r {ejm {_iÊ`mMo gj_ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. emgH$s` {d^mJm§Zr Amnco H$m_{Jar
cú` nwao H$aÊ`mMr {deofËdmZo JaO Amho. Ë`m_wio gw_maXOm©À`m H$m_{JarMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYrgmonr H$m`©nÕV
Adc§{~Ê`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.


22
gZXr godoMr g{H«$`Vm
àm{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhr‘Ü¶o gZXr godoMr g{H«$¶Vm (activism) Ano{úmV ZgVo. VWm{n, gZXr godoMr g[H«$¶Vm A{dH${gV
Am{U {dH$gZerc amï´>m§À¶m amOH$s¶ ì¶dñWoV An[ahm¶© Aer ~m~ R>aVo. H$maU dgmhmoÎma H$mimV amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘Vm,
amï´>~m§YUr Am{U {dH$mgmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V ‘hËdnyU© ¶moJXmZ XoD$ eH$Umar gwg§KQ>rV, ì¶mnH$ Am{U VkVm AgUmar ¶§ÌUm åhUyZ
ZmoH$aemhr Am{U gZXr godoH$S>o nm{hco OmVo.
gZXr godoÀ¶m g{H«$¶VoMr MMm© àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ g§X^m©‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. Vr nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(1) {dH$mg àemgZmMm g§X^©
1950 Am{U 1960 À¶m XeH$mV dgmh{VH$ gm‘«mÁ¶mVyZ ñdV§Ì Pmcoë¶m ~hþg§»¶ amï´>m§‘Ü¶o amï´>~m§YUr Am{U amï´>r¶
[dH$mgmH$arVm ZmoH$aemhr hr EH$‘od AmídmgH$ Aer ¶§ÌUm CncãY hmoVr. ¶m H$mcI§S>mV H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶mÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>tVJ©V
ZmoH$aemhrda g§~§{YV amï´>mÀ¶m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ¶mV Amcr. Ë¶m‘wio 1950-60 À¶m XeH$mV {dH$mg
àemgZmÀ¶m g§X^m©V gZXr godocm (ZmoH$aemhrcm) g{H«$¶ ~Zmdo cmJco.
gZXr godm§Mr VQ>ñWVm Am{U g{H«$¶Vm ¶m XmoZ ~m~r nañna{damoYr ZgyZ nañnanyaH$ Agë¶mMo {XgVo. gZXr godm§Mr
VQ>ñWVm (Neutrality) åhUOo Amnë¶m nX{gÜX H$V©ì¶mnmgyZ, O~m~XmarnmgyZ namÝ‘wI hmoUo Zìho. VQ>ñWVoÀ¶m g§H$ënZoV
amOH$s¶ Am¶m‘mMm {dMma ‘Ü¶dVu Amho. gZXr godm§Mr g{H«$¶Vm åhUOo Amnë¶m nXmÀ¶m A{YH$maúmoÌmV amhÿZM gmd©O{ZH$
{hVmcm àmYmÝ¶ XoV Amncr H$V©ì¶o Am{U H$m¶} AmJ«hmZo nma nmS>Uo hmo¶.
(2) gwemgZmÀ¶m g§X^m©V...
1980 À¶m XeH$mnmgyZ Zd CXma‘VdmXr {dMmam§À¶m à^mdmVyZ amÁ¶g§ñWoZo gm‘m{OH$ úmoÌmVyZ ‘wº$ hmoÊ¶mMr à[H«$¶m gwê$
Pmcr. EH$m AWm©Zo amÁ¶g§ñWooMr nrN>ohmQ> åhUOo ZmoH$aemhrÀ¶m H$m¶©úmoÌmMo Am{U g{H«$¶VoMo AmHw§$MZ hmo¶. ¶mM H$mcI§S>mV
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm cmoH$àemgZmda Omo n[aUm‘ Pmcm Ë¶mVyyZ gwemgZmMr (Good Governance) g§H$ënZm nwT>o Amcr.
gwemgZmÀ¶m à‘wI VËdm§‘Ü¶o amÁ¶g§ñWoMr dm {VMo ‘hËdnyU© A{^H$aU Agcoë¶m ZmoH$aemhrMr g{H«$¶Vm Ano{úmV Zmhr Va
{~Ja-emgH$s¶ g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, ¶§ÌUm§Mm H$ma^ma ZmJ[aH$m§{^‘wI Agcm nm{hOo, ¶mda {VMr {^ñV Amho. VWm{n, AmOhr
~hþg§»¶ {dH$gZerc amï´>m§‘Ü¶o gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMr OmonmgZm Am{U g§aúmU H$aUmar ¶§ÌUm åhUyZ ZmoH$aemhrH$S>o nm{hco OmVo.
VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMr H$mhr H$m¶©o AmOhr Ho$di amÁ¶g§ñWmM nma nmSy> eH$V Agë¶mZo gwemgZmÀ¶m g§X^m©V AmOhr
ZmoH$aemhr dm gZXr godoZo g{H«$¶ hmoÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm à{VnmXZ Ho$cr OmVo.
Cnamoº$ d¡Mm[aH$ ^y{‘H$m cúmmV KoVë¶mg Ago åhUVm ¶oB©c H$s, gZXr godoÀ¶m g{H«$¶Vo‘Ü¶o gZXr godH$m§Zr cmoH$m§À¶m
gmd©O{ZH ~¡R>H$m KoUo, Ë¶m§À¶m àË¶mXmZmMr (Feedback) Anoúmm H$aUo, cmoH$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m h¸$màV OmJê$H$ H$aUo, emgZm‘m’©$V
nwa{dÊ¶mV ¶oUmè¶m dñVy Am{U godm§À¶m JwdÎmoMr h‘r XoUo, n¶©doúmU, Ahdmc, amOH$s¶ à{V{ZqYZr Ë¶m§À¶m KQ>ZmË‘H$
H$V©ì¶mÀ¶m {damoYr Aer YmoaUo dm {ZU©¶ KoVco AgVrc Va Ë¶m{damoYmV ^y{‘H$m KoUo, Amnë¶m H$m¶m©c¶mÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZm‘Ü¶o
‘hËdny>U© gwYmaUm KSdyZ AmUUo Am{U cmoH$H|$Ðr d nmaXe©H$ àemgZ Mmc{dUo B. ~m~tMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
gZXr godoÀ¶m g{H«$¶VoMo CXm. åhUyZ {Z¶§ÌH$ Am{U ‘hmcoImnarúmH$ ¶m§Mm 2G ñno³Q´>‘ Am{Um H$moigm ImU dmQn
J¡aì¶dhmamdarc Ahdmc, Q>r. EZ. eofZ ¶m§Mo {ZdS>UyH$ gwYmaUm~m~VMo H$m¶© Am{U {H$aU ~oXr ¶m§Mo {Vhma Ooc gwYmaUm~m~VMo
H$m¶© BË¶mXtMm C„oI H$aVm ¶oB©c.
^maVmMo {Z¶§ÌH$ Am{U ‘hmcoImnarúmH$ {dZmoX am¶ (Vinod Rai) ¶m§Zr gZXr godoMr g{H«$¶Vm ¶m AZwf§JmZo Amnë¶m

"How to Restore the Government's Credibility' coImV ‘m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, Mm§Jco {Z¶§ÌU (policing)
Am{U coImnarúmU hr gwemgZmMr AË¶mdí¶H$ gmYZo AmhoV.
am¶ ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, nwT>rc H$maUm§À¶m nmíd©^y‘rda gZXr godoZo Amncr g{H«$¶Vm {gÜX H$ê$Z JVH$mcrZ à{Vð>m d ‘mZgÝ‘mZ
àmá H$ê$Z ¿¶mdm-
(1) emgZì¶dhmamMr JwUdÎmm H$‘mcrMr Kgacr Amho.
(2) cmoH$m§Mm emgZmdarc {dídmg T>icocm Amho.
(3) Ë¶m§Mm gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§darc {dídmg g§nwï>mV Amcm Amho.
(4) nmo{cg Xcmgh g§nyU© ZmoH$aemhrdarc cmoH$m§Mm {dídmg T>mgicocm Amho.
(5) gZXr godH$m§À¶m EH$mJ«Vm Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$Vocm àíZm§{H$V Ho$co OmV Amho.
Cnamo³V H$maUm§‘wio emgZmMr {dídmgmh©Vm gdm©V H$‘r Pmcocr Amho.
am¶ ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, gÜ¶m g‘mOmV gwê$ Agcoë¶m CËH«$m§VrÀ¶m à{H«$¶onmgyZ amÁ¶g§ñWoMr H$moUVrhr A{^H$aUo A{cá amhÿ
eH$V ZmhrV. ZmoH$aemhrH$Sy>Z ZmJarH$m§H$S>o gÎmm H|$Ðm§Mo pñWË¶§Va ìhmdo, ¶m OZ ‘mJUr‘wio emgZì¶dhmamÀ¶m (governance)
g§aMZm§‘Ü¶o ~Xc KS>yZ ¶oV AmhoV. gm‘m{OH$ coImnarúmU, H$å¶w{ZQ>r nmo{cqgJ dJ¡ao CXmhaUo gwemgZmÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>rVrc gZXr
godoÀ¶m g{H«$¶VoMo {ZXe©H$ AmhoV. VWm{n, emgZì¶dhmamH$arVm O~m~Xma Agcoë¶m A{^H$aUm§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZm‘Ü¶o
gMmoQ>r (probity) amIcr Zmhr Am{U H$m¶m©c¶rZ hmVmiUr‘Ü¶o ZrVrVËdm§Zwê$n dV©Z Ho$co Zmhr Va emgZì¶dhma gwYmaÊ¶mVrc
gd© à¶ËZm§Zm Iri ~gVo.
E‘.gr.Jwám (‘mOr g§MmcH$, ^maVr¶ cmoH$n«emgZ g§ñWm) ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m "Civil Servant of Tomorrow' ¶m coIm‘Ü¶o
Z‘yX Ho$co H$s, Zd CXma‘VdmXmÀ¶m à^mdmVhr amÁ¶g§ñWoZo nwT>rc nm¶m^yV godm nwa{dUo A{Zdm¶© Amho.
(1) ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m Or{dV Am{U ‘mc‘ÎmoMo g§aúmU H$aUo. ¶m H$m¶m©cm gd©gmYmaUnUo "H$m¶Xm Am{U gwì¶dñWm' amIÊ¶mMo
H$m¶© åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.
(2) Ý¶m¶XmZ Am{U
(3) ZmJar Am{U J«m‘rU ñWmda ‘mc‘ÎmoÀ¶m gmd©O{ZH$ A{^coIm§Mo (records) OVZ H$aUo. B.
Jwám ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, Cnamoº$ H$m¶mªÀ¶m g§X^m©V emgZmcm Amncm AmH$ma ‘¶m©{XV R>odyZ A{YH$ H$m¶©úm‘ ~Zmdo cmJV Amho.
¶mH$[aVm gZXr godH$m§Zm nwT>rc JwUdÎmm A§Jr ~miJmdr cmJoc-
(1) emgZmMm g„mJma Am{U YmoaU {Z‘m©Ë¶m§Mm ghmæ¶H$ åhUyZ gZXr godH$mcm, emgZmZo ñdV…cm H$m¶©úm‘ H$amdo Am{U
Amnë¶m àmYmÝ¶ H«$‘m§Mr nwZa©MZm H$amdr, ¶mH$arVm gH$mamË‘H$ ^y{‘H$m ~Omdmdr cmJoc.
(2) gZXr godH$m§Zr n§Mm¶V amO g§ñWm Am{U ehar ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm ¶m§Zr Amncr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>VmZm gmd©O{ZH$
{hVmH$S>o Xþc©úm Ho$co Amho H$m¶; ¶mMo n[aUm‘H$maH$ ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aUo hmo¶.
(3) gZXr godH$m§Zr {~Ja-emgH$s¶ g§ñWm Am{U {d{^Þ gm‘m{OH$ g‘yh ¶m§À¶m {H«$¶mercVoÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo Amncr
^y{‘H$m {Z{íMV H$aUo.
(4) Xm[aÐç {Z‘y©cZm‘Ü¶o gZXr godH$§mMr ^y{‘H$m AË¶§V H$irMr amhUma Amho. XoemMr Am[W©H$ d¥Õr hmoV AgVmZm hm
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶mÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo hmoÊ¶mH$arVm gZXr godH$m§Zm ZdrZ YmoaUm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr, ApñËmËdmV
Agcoë¶m YmoaUm§‘Ü¶o ~Xc Am{U H$m¶©H«$‘ d YmoaUm§Mr à^mdrnUo A§‘c~OmdUr H$amdr cmJUma Amho.
JwßVm ¶m§À¶m Cnamoº$ ¶w{º$dmXmZwgma ñnï> hmoVo H$s, AmOÀ¶m gZXr godonwT>o gwemgZmMo ‘moR>o AmìhmZ AgyZ Ë¶mda Cnm¶
åhUyZ gZXr godm§Zr g{H«$¶ hmoÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho.


23
gZXr godH$m§gmR>r AmMmag§{hVm Am{U {eñVnmcZ
S>m°. ~r. nr. _mWya (_mOr Cn{Z`§ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$) `m§Zr Amnë`m 'Values and Ethics for Public
Services' `m coIm_Üò gZXr godH$m§Mr AmMmag§{hVm Am{U Zr[VVÎdo `m~m~V g{dñVa MMm© Ho$cocr Amho. _mWya `m§À`m
_Vo, gZXr (cmoH$) godH$m§Zr Amncr H$V©ìò àm_m{UH$nUo Am{U H$m`©j_nUo nma nmS>mdrV Am{U Vo cmoH$godoMo _mÜ`_ R>amdoV
`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr d¡pídH$ _yëò (gË`, àm_m{UH$nUm, H$m_màVr {Zð>m, Aqhgm, ghmZw^y{V, Y¡`©, {MH$mQ>r, ñd`§{eñV, {dídmg
dJ¡ao) OmonmgmdrV. `m{edm` gZXr godH$m§Zr nwT>rc "_yc^yV _yëò' AmË_gmV H$amdrV -
(1) H$m_màVr {Zð>m.
(2) Üòæ`H$m`m©Mr ({_eZ) OmUrd Am{U cj H|${ÐVVm.
(3) EH$mJ«Vm Am{U àm_m{UH$nUm.
(4) {Z^©`Vm Am{U Y¡`©.
(5) godoMo M¡VÝ` Am{U Ë`mJ.
^maVm_Üò gZXr godH$m§gmR>r "AmMma g§{hVm' (Code of Conduct) ZgyZ "AmMmamMo {Z`_' (Conduct Rules) AmhoV.
^maV gaH$maZo emgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r (godH$m§gmR>r) Z_yX Ho$coë`m AmMma {Z`_m§Zm "H|$Ðr` gZXr godm (AmMma) {Z`_
1964' åhUOoM "CCS {Z`_' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmVo. `m {Z`_m§_Üò gZXr godH$m§Zr AZwgamd`mÀ`m _yë`m§Mm (Values)
qH$dm Zr{VVÎdm§À`m g§{hVoMm (Code of Ethics) g_mdoe Zmhr. `m_Yrc {Z`_m§Mo ñdê$n ho ~hþVm§er "H$m` H$amdo' (Do's)
Am{U "H$m` H$ê$ Zò' (Don't's) AgoM Amho. `m {Z`_m§_Üò _mc_ÎmoMo ì`dhma, ôQ>dñVy ñdrH$maUo, {~Ja-amOH$s`
g§KQ>Zm§_Üò gh^mJr hmoUo dJ¡ao {df` A§V^y©V AmhoV.
H|$Ðr` gZXr godm (AmMma) {Z`_, 1964

amï´>nVtZr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 309 Am{U H$c_ 148 (5) `m_Yrc A{YH$mam§Mm AmYma KoV Am{U
^maVmMo {Z`§ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§À`mer "^maVr` {hemo~ Am{U coIm {d^mJmVrc' H$_©Mmè`m§~m~V
{dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z hm {Z`_ {ZYm©[aV Ho$cm Amho.
CCS {Z`_ H$mhr AndmXm§gh g§K emgZmer g§~§{YV ZmJar godm dm nXo (cîH$ar godoVrc ZmJar godm§gh)
`mda {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m àËòH$ ì`º$scm cmJy R>aVmV. VWm{n hm {Z`_ nwT>rc emgH$s` godH$m§Zm cmJy
R>aV Zmhr -
H|$Ðr` gZXr godm (AmMma) {Z`_, 1964
amï´>nVtZr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 309 Am{U H$c_ 148 (5) `m_Yrc A{YH$mam§Mm AmYma KoV Am{U
^maVmMo {Z`§ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$ `m§À`mer "^maVr` {hemo~ Am{U coIm {d^mJmVrc' H$_©Mmè`m§~m~V
{dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z hm {Z`_ {ZYm©[aV Ho$cm Amho.
CCS {Z`_ H$mhr AndmXm§gh g§K emgZmer g§~§{YV ZmJar godm dm nXo (cîH$ar godoVrc ZmJar godm§gh)
`mda {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m àËòH$ ì`º$scm cmJy R>aVmV. VWm{n hm {Z`_ nwT>rc emgH$s` godH$m§Zm cmJy
R>aV Zmhr -
(1) ^maVr` aoëdoer g§~§{YV -
(A) ^maVr` aoëdo A{Y{Z`_, 1890 _Yrc H$c_ 3 AÝdò aoëdo H$_©Mmar/godH$.

(~) aoëdo _§S>im_Üò nX YmaU Ho$cocr Am{U aoëdo godm (AmMma) {Z`_m§À`m AYrZ Agcocr ì`º$s.
(H$) aoëdo _§S>i dm aoëdoÀ`m {dÎmr` Am`wº$mÀ`m àemgH$s` {Z`§ÌUmImcr nX YmaU Ho$cocr H$moUVrhr
ì`º$s.
(2) A{Ic ^maVr` godoVrc gXñ`,
(3) amï´>nVrZo {ZX}{eV Ho$coco AÝ` H$moUVohr nX.
`m {Z`_m‘Üò gd©gmYmaU {Z`_m§gh (H«$.3) H$mhr {df`m§Mm g{dñVa C„oI Ho$cocm Amho. Vo nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) {Z`_ H«$. 4 - emgH$s` godH$mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$mcm H§$nZr dm \$_©g²_Üò amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo.
(2) {Z`_ H«$. 5 - amOH$maU Am{U {ZdS>UwH$m§_Üò gh^mJ KoUo.
(3) {Z`_ H«$. 6 - emgH$s` godH$mZo g§KQ>Zm§_Üò gh^mJr hmoUo.
(4) {Z`_ H«$. 7 - {ZXe©Zo Am{U g§n.
(5) {Z`_ H«$. 8 - d¥ÎmnÌ dm AÝ` àgma_mÜ`_m§er g§~§Y.
(6) {Z`_ H«$. 9 - emgZmda Q>rH$m-{Q>ßnÊUr H$aUo.
(7) {Z`_ H«$. 10 - g{_Vr dm AÝ` H$moUË`mhr A{YgÎmo g_j gmj.
(8) {Z`_ H«$. 11 - _m{hVrMo AZ{YH¥$V g§gyMZ.
(9) {Z`_ H«$. 12 - dJ©Ur (Subscriptions).
(10) {Z`_ H«$. 13 - ôQ>dñVy.
(11) {Z`_ H«$. 14 - cmoH$godH$mÀ`m gÝ_mZmW© cmoH$ {ZXe©Zo.
(12) {Z`_ H«$. 15 - ImgJr ì`mnma dm amoOJma.
(13) {Z`_ H«$. 16 - Jw§VdUyH$, H$O© XoUo Am{U D$gZdmar.
(14) {Z`_ H«$. 17 - {XdmiImoar Am{U H$O©~mOmarnUm
(15) {Z`_ H«$. 18 - O§J_, ñWmda Am{U _m¡ë`dmZ g§nÎmr.
(16) {Z`_ H«$. 19 - emgH$s` godH$mÀ`m H¥$VrMo g_W©Z Am{U Mm[aÍ`.
(17) {Z`_ H«$. 20 - AZ{YH¥$V Jmoï>rMm àgma qH$dm àemgZ ~mø à^md.
(18) {Z`_ H«$. 21 - {ddmhmg§~§YmVrc {Z~ªY.
(19) {Z`_ H«$. 22 - Z{eë¶m Ðì¶m§Mo Am{U Am¡fYm§Mo godZ.
Cnamoº$ {Z¶‘ J¥h ‘§Ìmc¶, ^maV gaH$maZo 30 Zmoìh|~a 1964 amoOr A{Ygy{MV Ho$co.
VWm{n, AmOVmJm¶V H$m{‘©H$ Am{U à{ejU {d^mJmZo ¶m {Z¶‘m§‘Ü¶o nwT>rc ~Xc A{Ygy{MV Ho$co AmhoV-
(1) {Z¶‘ H«$. 15 ‘Yrc emgH$s¶ godH$mZo ghH$mar g§ñWm dJ¡ao ‘Ü¶o {Zdm©{MV nX YmaU H$aÊ¶m~m~VMr
VaVyX. ({X. 13 Zmoìh|~a 2007).
(2) emgH$s¶ godH$mZo Am§Vaamï´>r¶ nwañH$ma ñdrH$maUo. ({X. 12 ’o$~«wdmar 2008).
(3) emgH$s¶ godH$mZo H$m¶m©c¶rZ àdmgmH$arVm IaoXr Ho$coë¶m {VH$sQ>m§da ‘mBcoO nm°BªQ>g² àmßV H$aÊ¶mMr
AZw‘Vr. ({X. 6 Am°³Q>mo~a 2008 Am{U 18 Zmoìh|~a 2008).
(4) emgH$s¶ godH$mZo H$m¶m©c¶rZ àdmgmH$arVm IaoXr Ho$coë¶m {VH$sQ>m§da ‘mBc|O² nm°BªQ>g² àmßV H$aÊ¶mMr
AZw‘Vr Am{U {d{dY EAacmB©ÝgZr doimodoir Omar Ho$coë¶m "‘mo’$V ghMa {VH$sQ>' (Free Companion
Ticket) ñdrH$maUo. ({X. 3 OyZ 2009).
(5) H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ‘{hcm§À¶m c¢{JH$ emofUmg à{V~§Y H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo. ({X. 7 Am°JñQ>
2009).
(6) emgH$s¶ godH$mH$Sy>Z à{V{ZYrËdmMr ñdrH¥$Vr ({X. 19 E{àc 2010 Am{U 5 ‘o 2010).
(7) H|$Ðr¶ gZXr godm (AmMma) Xþê$ñVr {Z¶‘, 2011. ({X. 9 ‘o 2011).
‘mWya ¶m§À¶m‘Vo, Cnamoº$ {Z¶‘ ho A{YH$ {Z~ªYmË‘H$ ñdê$nmMo, emgH$s¶ godH$mÀ¶m H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ñdmV§Í¶mMo hZZ H$aUmao,

g§{X½Y ^mfoVrc Am{U A§‘c~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mg H$mhrdoim Aì¶dhm¶© Ago AmhoV. emgH$s¶ godH$mcm EImXr {dÚmnrR>ñVar¶
H¥$Vr H$amd¶mMr Agoc Am{U coI dm nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV H$amd¶mMr AgVrc Va Ë¶m godH$mcm nyd©nadmZJr ¿¶mdr cmJVo.
Aer AZw‘Vr {‘iUo ’$ma H$R>rU AgVo. A{YH$mar ì¶º$scm 15 hOma én¶m§nojm A{YH$ ‘yë¶ AgUmè¶m O§J‘ dñVyMr
IaoXr Ho$ë¶mg Ahdmc Úmdm cmJVmo. naamîQ´>r¶ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§KQ>ZoÛmao Mmc{dë¶m OmUmè¶m naH$s¶ ^mfoÀ¶m dJmªZm CnpñWV
ahmd¶mMo Agoc qH$dm naH$s¶ amOZ{¶H$ {‘eZZo Am¶mo{OV Ho$coë¶m ñdmJV g‘ma§^mcm CnpñWV ahmd¶mMo Agoc Va AZw‘Vr
Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ì¶dhmam‘Ü¶o AmMma {Z¶‘m§Mo nmcZ hmoÊ¶mEodOr {VMm ^§JM A{YH$ hmoVmo. ho {Z¶‘ A{YH$mè¶m§Mo ~oH$m¶Xm
H¥$Ë¶ (malfeasance) Am{U cmoH$ godH$mMo J¡adV©Z (misconduct) ¶m§Zm hmVmiÊ¶mgmR>r Anwao R>aVmV.
A{Ic ^maVr¶ godm ({eñV Am{U Anrc) {Z¶‘, 1969
H|$Ð gaH$maZo "A{Ic ^maVr¶ godm A{Y{Z¶‘, 1951' ‘Yrc H$c‘ 3(1) À¶m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$arV
Am[U amÁ¶ emgZm§er {dMma{d{Z¶‘ H$ê$Z Cnamoº$ {Z¶‘ Omar Ho$cm.
¶m {Z¶‘m‘Ü¶o nwT>rc {df¶ g‘m{dï> Ho$coco AmhoV-
(1) ^mJ 2 - {Zc§~Z.
(2) ^mJ 3 - {ejm Am{U {eñVnmcZ A{YgÎmm.
(3) ^mJ 4 - {ejm cmXÊ¶mMr H$m¶©nÕV.
(4) ^mJ 5 - Anrc.
(5) ^mJ 6 - narjU, nwZamdcmoH$Z Am{U ñ‘aUnÌo (memorials).
ZrVrVËdm§H$arVm (Ethics) n{hcm nwT>mH$ma (‘o 1997)
‘o 1997 gmcr Pmcoë¶m ‘w»¶‘§Í¶m§À¶m n[afXo‘Ü¶o gmXa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maÀ¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm {d^mJmZo
(DoAR) cmoH$ godH$m§H$arVm "ZrVrVËdm§Mr g§{hVm' (Code of ethics) V¶ma Ho$cr hmoVr. ¶m g§{hVoMo C{Ôï> gMmoQ>rMr
(integrity) ‘mZHo$ {ZYm©[aV H$aUo hmo¶. ¶m g§{hVoMr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(1) cmoH$godm§Zr emgZmcm YmoaU {Z{‘©Vr Am{U A§‘c~OmdUr‘Ü¶o ghmæ¶ H$amdo Am{U cmoH$godoMo àemgZ A{YH$
n[aUm‘H$maH$ ‘mJm©Zo H$amdo.
(2) cmoH$ godoVrc godH$m§Zr H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A{YamÁ¶mcm àmYmÝ¶ Úmdo, ‘mZdr h³H$m§Mm AmXa amImdm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$
{hVmÀ¶mÑ{ï>Zo H¥$Vr H$amdr. Ë¶m§Zr CƒV‘ gMmoQ>r Am{U EH$mJ«Vm amImdr.
(3) Ë¶m§Zr AemarVrZo AmMaU H$amdo H$s OZVocm Ë¶m§Zr KoVcoco {ZU©¶ dm Ho$coë¶m {e’$maer dñVw{Zð> Am{U nmaXe©H$
AmhoV Ago dmQ>mdo. ¶m H¥$Vr‘mJo gZXr godH$mMr ì¶º$sJV, gÎmmYmar njmcm dm AÝ¶ H$moUË¶mhr njH$mamcm cm^
hmoÊ¶mMr ^y{‘H$m hmoVr, Ago dmQy> Z¶o.
(4) emgH$s¶ godH$m§Zr emgZmZo cmoH${hVmgmR>r KoVcoë¶m YmoaU, {ZU©¶ Am{U H¥$VrnmgyZ ñdV… cm namd¥Îm H$aV, Xÿa
R>odV {VMo IƒrH$aU dm Ad‘yë¶Z H$ê$ Z¶o.
(5) cmoH$ godoVrc godH$mcm {ddoH$mYmao Oa Ago dmQ>V Agoc H$s, Ë¶mMm/{VMm d[að> A{YH$mar {VÀ¶m/Ë¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z
EImXr ~oH$m¶Xoera H¥$Vr dm Z‘yX Ho$coë¶m {Z¶‘m§{damoYmV dV©Z H$adyZ KoV Agoc Va Aem {ZX}em§Mr A§‘c~OmdUr
H$aÊ¶mMo ZmH$mamdo. hr dñVwpñWVr d[að>m§À¶m ZOaog AmUyZ XoÊ¶mMm Ë¶mcm A{YH$ma Agmdm.
(6) cmoH$ godoVrc godH$m§Zr Aem àH$maÀ¶m {ZU©¶m§nmgyZ ñdV… cm A{cßV R>odmdo Oo, gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ¶m {damoYmV
EImÚm ì¶º$scm dm njmcm cm^Xm¶H$ R>aUmao AgVrc Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ d ImgJr {hVg§~§Ym‘Ü¶o g§Kf© Pmë¶mg
cmoH$ godH$mMo ImgJr {hVg§~§Y CKS> H$aUmao AgVrc.
(7) cmoH$ godH$mZo Amnë¶m godog§X^m©V dm ImgJr cm^mH$arVm amOH$s¶ à{V{ZYr dm ~mø ì¶º$sër g§YmZ Z gmYVm
Amnco ñdmV§Í¶, à{Vð>m Am{U {Z… njnmVrnUm gm§^mimdm. Amnë¶m ghH$mè¶m§n¡H$s H$moUr Ago dV©Z/H¥$Vr H$aV
Agoc Va Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$amdo Am{U Ë¶m§À¶mda {eñVnmcZmMr H$madmB© H$amdr.
(8) ZmJ[aH$m§àVr CÎmaXm{¶Ëd - cmoH$ godoVrc godH$m§n¶ªV cmoH$m§Mr nmoM Agmdr Am{U Ë¶m§Zr godoMr JwUdÎmm,
H$mc‘¶m©Xm, {dZ‘«Vm, cmoH$m{^‘wIVm, Am{U cmoH$gh^mJmcm MmcZm XoD$Z O~m~Xma emgZmH$arVm ZmJar JQ>m§er

gh^mJ dmT>dyZ CÎmaXm{¶ËdmMm ì¶dhma H$amdm. cmoH$ godH$m§Zr OZVocm g‘mZ Am{U Z‘«VoMr dmJUyH$ Úmdr. cmoH$
godH$m§Zr ZmJarH$m§À¶m VH«$matMo OcX {ZamH$aU hmoÊ¶mMm h³H$ A§‘cmV AmUÊ¶mMo Am{U Ë¶mcm A{Y‘mÝ¶ H$aÊ¶mMo
VËd ñdrH$mamdo.
(9) Ë¶m§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmr Am{U {ZYrMm Anì¶¶ Q>miyZ Amnë¶m A{YH$maH$joVrc gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emÀ¶m à^mdr Am{U
H$m¶©j‘ dmnamMr h‘r Úmdr.
(10) A{YH$ma nXmMm Xþê$n¶moJ Z H$aUo - cmoH$ godH$ ho {dídñV ñdê$nmÀ¶m nXmda Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶mda JwUdÎmoZwê$n
{ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMr Odm~Xmar AgVo. Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m A{YH$manXmMm Xþê$n¶moJ H$ê$Z H$moUË¶mhr ì¶º$sda A¶mo½¶
Am{W©H$ dm AÝ¶ ì¶dhmamH$arVm à^md {Z‘m©U H$ê$ Z¶o. ({dídñVmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$~Ôc Jm§YtZr g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$co
Amho. g§H$ënZmË_H$ ñnï>Vm òÊ`mH$aVm Ë`m {cImUmMm Oê$a AmYma ¿`mdm.)
Cnamoº$ g§{hVo‘Ü¶o gmd©O{ZH$ Q>rH$m{Q>nÊUr, H$m¶m©c¶rZ ‘m{hVr CKS> H$aUo, cmoH$godm§Mr EH$mË‘ ^y{‘H$m Am{U
ì¶mdgm{¶H$Vm Am{U JQ>H$m_mÛmao gmVË¶mZo gwYmaUm B. {df¶ hmVmiÊ¶mV Amco. VWm{n, hr "ZrVrVËdm§Mr g§{hVm' cmoH$
godH$m§gmR>r cmJy H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Zmhr.
cmoH$ godm ‘yë¶m§H$arVm Xþgam nwT>mH$ma - cmoH$godm {dYo¶H$ 2006
2006 gmcr H$m{‘©H$ {d^mJmZo (DOP) cmoH$ godm {dYo¶H$mMm ‘gwXm V¶ma Ho$cm hmoVm. ¶m‘Ü¶o cmoH$ godoMr nm¶m^yV
‘yë¶o, ZrVrVËdm§Mr g§{hVm, ì¶dñWmnZ g§{hVm B. ~m~tMm C„oI H$aÊ¶mV Amcm hmoVm. ¶m ~m~tMm C„oI cmoH$ godocm EH$
ì¶mdgm{¶H$, amOH$s¶ÑîQ>çm VQ>ñW, JwUdÎmmYmarV Am{U CÎmaXm¶r gZXr godm ~Z{dÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. ¶m
{dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o nwT>rc à‘wI ‘yë¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm-
(1) XoemMr amÁ¶KQ>Zm Am{U H$m¶Xo, cmoH$emhr, amï´>dmX, gmd©^m¡‘Ëd, EH$mË‘Vm Am{U amï´>mMr gwajm ¶màVr {ZîR>m
~miJUo.
(2) AamOH$s¶ nÕVrZo H$m¶© H$aUo.
(3) H¥$Vr dñVw{Zð>nUo, VQ>ñWnUo, àm‘m{UH$nUo, g‘mZVoZo Am{U amñVnUo H$aUo.
(4) Cƒ ‘mZHo$ àñWm{nV H$aUo Am{U JwUdÎmmnyU© godm, n[aUm‘H$maH$ H$m¶© Am{U AMyH$ {ZU©¶ {Z{‘©VrMr h‘r XoUo.
(5) EH$mJ«VoZo, {dZ‘«nUo Am{U Ý¶mæ¶arVrZo H¥$Vr H$aUo.
(6) {ZU©¶màVr CÎmaXm¶r amhUo.
(7) amoOJma, ~T>Vr, Am{U ßcog‘|Q> BË¶mXr~m~V JwUdÎmm ho ‘yc^yV VËd ñWm{nV H$aUo.
(8) amï´>mMr/g‘wXm¶mMr Am{U Ym{‘©H$ {d{dYVm {dMmamV KoD$Z H$m¶} nma nmS>Uo. na§Vw OmV, g‘wXm¶, Y‘©, qcJ dm dJ©
¶m§Zm {dMmamV KoD$Z ôX^md H$ê$ Z¶o. Jar~, d§{MV Am{U Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§À¶m {hVg§~§YmMo g§ajU H$aUo.
(9) amOH$s¶ H$m¶©H$mar à‘wIm§Zm àm‘m{UH$, {Z… njnmVr Am{U {Z…g§{X½Y gëcm XoUo.
(10) gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emMm dmna A{Ve¶ H$miOrndy©H$ Am{U H$mQ>H$garZo hmoB©c, Aer h‘r XoUo.
cmoH$ godm {dYo¶H$mcm ‘yV© ñdê$n àmßV Pmco Zmhr Am{U Vo ~mgZmV Jw§S>miÊ¶mV Amco. ¶m {dYo¶H$mMr g‘ñ¶m åhUOo
{VMo EH$mMdoir AZoH$ C{Ôï>o n[anyU© H$aÊ¶mMm hoVy hmo¶. ¶m {dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o ‘yë¶o Am{U ZrVrVËdo ¶m{edm¶hr cmoH$ godoMo
ì¶dñWmnZ, {Z¶wº$s Am{U {VÀ¶m H$m‘{JarMo {ZXe©H$ BË¶mXr {df¶ CX²Y¥V H$aÊ¶mV Amco hmoVo. cmoH$ godo~m~V BVHo$ {d[^Þ
{df¶ EH${ÌV Ho$ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mda gh‘Vr hmoUo Am{U H$m¶Xo‘§S>imMr g§‘Vr {‘iUo H$R>rU ~Zco.
Xþgam àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJ Am{U ZrVrVËdo
Xþgè¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJmZo Amnë¶m 4 Ï¶m Ahdmcm‘Ü¶o (2007) - ""emgZì¶dhmamVrc ZrVrVËdo'' (Ethics
in Governance) - ZrVrVËdo ¶m {df¶mda {dñV¥V {ddoMZ Ho$coco Amho. Am¶moJmZo {ZarjU Zm|Xdco H$s, ""ZrVrVËdmà‘mUo
AmMaU åhUOo ‘mZHo$ åhUyZ YmS>gr eãX dm A{^ì¶º$s Zìho Va {VMm Adc§~ H¥$Vr‘Ü¶o, C„§KZmcm {damoY H$aUoo, C„§KZmÀ¶m
Amamonm§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mH$arVm gj‘ Vnmg ‘§S>i ñWm{nV H$aUo, VmËH$mi {Z~ªY KmcUo Am{U gMmoQ>rÀ¶m g§ñH¥$Vrcm
MmcZm XoUo B. ~m~t‘Ü¶o H$aUo hmo¶.'' Am¶moJmZo {VÀ¶m g{dñVa {e’$maet‘Ü¶o Z‘yX Ho$co H$s - {ZdS>UwH$m§Zm amÁ¶mZo H$mhr
à‘mUmV {ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z Úmdm; njm§Va ~§Xr H$m¶Xm A{YH$ H$R>moa H$aUo; ‘§Ìr, cmoH$à{V{ZYr, Ý¶m¶‘§S>i, Am{U gZXr

godH$m§H$arVm ZrVrVËdm§Mr g§{hVm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr B. ^«ï>mMmamg Amim KmcÊ¶mgmR>r ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{Y{Z¶‘mVrc
VaVwXr H$R>moa H$aUo, ^«ï> gZXr godH$mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© dgyc H$aUo, Ad¡YnUo O‘m Ho$cocr ‘mc‘Îmm Vmã¶mV KoUo Am{U
OcX gwZmdUr B. ~m~r Am¶moJmZo àñVm{dV Ho$coë¶m AmhoV. Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maet‘Ü¶o cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m¶wº$ Aem
g§ñWm amï´>r¶, amÁ¶ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm ‘§Ìr, ‘w»¶‘§Ìr, cmoH$à{V{ZYr ¶m§À¶m Cƒ gmd©O{ZH$
nXm{YH$mè¶m§{damoYmVrc VH«$mar hmVmiÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma gwnwX© H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdoV, Ago Z‘yX Ho$coco Amho.
Xþgè¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJmZo gZXr godH$m§H$arVm "ZrVrVËdm§Mr g§{hVm' gy{MV H$aV AgVmZm ñnï> Ho$co H$s, ""gd©
cmoH$ godH$m§Zm Ano{jV Agcocr gZXr godoMr ‘yë¶o {ZYm©arV H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdrV Am{U emgZmÀ¶m gd© ñVam§Zm VgoM emgZmda
{dg§~yZ Agcoë¶m g§KQ>Zm§Zm Vr cmJy H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdrV. ¶m ‘yë¶m§Mo H$moUË¶mhr àH$mao C„§KZ H$aÊ¶mV Amco Va Vo J¡adV©Z
(misconduct) ‘mZyZ {ejm H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.'' Xmofr emgH$s¶ godH$mÀ¶m {damoYmV VmËH$mi {eñV^§JmË‘H$ H$madmB© H$aVm
¶mdr, ¶mH$arVm Am¶moJmZo amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrc H$c‘ 309 Am{U 311 A§VJ©V cmoH$ godH$m§Zm ‘Z‘mZr H¥$Vr{dê$Õ XoÊ¶mV Amcoco
g§ajU aÔ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr. Ë¶mM~amo~a Am¶moJmZo ImoQ>çm VH«$matnmgyZ àm‘m{UH$ gZXr godH$m§À¶m g§ajUmMo H$mhr
Cnm¶ gy{MV Ho$co.
Xþgè¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJmZo H$m{‘©H$ àemgZmdarc Amnë¶m Ahdmcm‘Ü¶o (10 dm Ahdmc) gZXr godoMr ‘yë¶o
Am{U ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr JaO nwÝhm AYmoao{IV Ho$cr. Am¶moJmZo ZrVrVËdo g§{hVo‘Ü¶o nwT>rc JwUY‘mªMm g‘mdoe
Ho$cocm Amho -
(1) gMmoQ>r (integrity)
(2) {Z… njnmVrnUm (impartiality)
(3) cmoH$godoàVr ~m§{YcH$s (commitment to public service)
(4) Iwco CÎmaXm{¶Ëd (open accountability)
(5) H$V©ì¶màVr {Zð>m (devotion to duty) , Am{U
(6) AZwH$aUr¶ dV©Z (exemplary behaviour) B.
à^mdr ZrVrVËdo g§aMZoMr JaO
cmoH$ godm hr emgZmÀ¶m YmoaUm§Mr A§‘c~OmdUr H$aUmam cmoH$emhr AmH¥${V~§YmVrc EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© ^mJ Amho. Ë¶m‘wio
Vo àm‘m{UH$, H$m¶©j‘ Am{U ZmJarH$m§er dV©Z-ì¶dhma H$aUmao ‘¡ÌrnyU© AgUo AË¶mdí¶H$ Amho. X¡Z§{XZ H$m‘H$mOm‘Ü¶o cmoH$
godH$ ‘hÎdnyU© Aem {ddoH$mYrZ A{YH$mamMm dmna H$arV AgVmV. ¶m A[Z~ªY A{YH$ma dmnamda ZrVrVËdm§Mr ‘mZHo$ A§Hw$e
R>ody eH$VmV. Vmo emgZì¶dhmamÀ¶m JwUdÎmoVrc ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ hmo¶. ¶mg§X^m©V ‘mWya ¶m§Zr H$mhr gyMZm Z‘yX Ho$ë¶m AmhoV-
(1) gZXr godH$m§gmR>r d¡Ym{ZH$ ZrVrVËdm§Mr g§{hVm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr. hr g§{hVm gmÜ¶m ^mfoV, ghOnUo AmH$cZ
hmoB©c Aer Am{U cmoH$ godH$m§À¶m dV©Zmda {Z¶§ÌU R>odUmè¶m ‘yc^yV ‘yë¶m§Mr Agmdr. ¶m~m~mV {~«{Q>e gZXr
godm g§{hVm hr EH$ àmê$n (model) R>ê$ eH$Vo.
(2) ZrVrVËdo g§{hVoMo C„§KZ Pmë¶mg {eñVnmcZ {Z¶‘m§VJ©V {Z~ªY Am{U {ejm H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(3) ZrVrVËdm§Mm AmH¥$Vr~§Y hm à{V~§Y Am{U ‘mJ©Xe©Z, AÝdofU, {eñV^§JmË‘H$ H$madmB© Am{U IQ>cm BË¶mXr~m~V
‘m{hVr nwa{dUmam Agmdm.
(4) ZrVrË‘H$ ‘mJ©Xe©Zm‘Ü¶o ZrVrVËdm§Mr OmJ¥Vr, ZrVrË‘H$ {dícofU d Z¡{VH$ Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m ¶mH$arVm AË¶mdí¶H$
H$m¡eë¶m§Mm {dH$mg BË¶mXrMm g‘mdoe Agmdm.
(5) "ZrVrVËdo Am¶wº$' (Ethics Commissioner) ho ñdV§Ì H$m¶m©c¶ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr JaO Amho. Ago àmê$n
A‘o[aHo$‘Ü¶o AgyZ Vo ZrVrVËdo Am{U ‘yë¶m§À¶m joÌmV ZoV¥Ëd H$aVo. ZrVrVËd Am¶wº$mZo dV©ZmMr ‘mZHo$ Am{U
{hVg§~§YmMm g§Kf© ¶m~m~VÀ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mm AÝd¶mW© cmdmdm Am{U Vr cmJy H$amdrV. cmoH$ godH$mcm ZrVrVËd
g§{hVo‘wio Amncr gmd©O{ZH$ H$V©ì¶o nma nmS>VmZm XÿaÑ{ï>, CÔoe Am{U AmXe© àmßV hmoÊ¶mg ghmæ¶ hmoB©c.

{eñV (Discipline)
Xþgè¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJmZo Amnë¶m 4 Ï¶m Ahdmcm‘Ü¶o (emgZì¶dhmamVrc ZrVrVËdo) gZXr godH$m§Mo
CÎmaXm{¶Ëd Am{U amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrc H$c‘ 311 AÝd¶o gZXr godH$m§Zm {Xcoco g§ajU amIÊ¶mV ¶mdo H$m¶; Am{U emgH$s¶
{d^mJm‘Ü¶o {eñV Am{U CÎmaXm{¶Ëd ñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m H$moUË¶mhr à¶ËZmcm Ag’$c R>a{dUmè¶m {dc§~H$maH$ {eñVnmcZ
H$m¶©nÕVrMo H$m¶ H$amdo BË¶mXr XmoZ à‘wI àým§da g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$coco Amho.
Am¶moJmÀ¶m ‘Vo, gÜ¶m ApñVËdmV Agcocr {eñVnmcZ H$m¶©nÕVrMr (disciplinary proceedings) nwZ©aMZm H$ê$Z
ZdrZ {Z¶‘mdcr V¶ma H$aVmZm nwT>rc {dñV¥V VËdo g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdrV.
(1) H$m¶©nÕV gwc^ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr, OoUoH$ê$Z ¶m~m~VMr H$m¶©dmhr AënmdYrV nyU© H$aVm ¶oB©c.
(2) XñVEodOm§À¶m nwamì¶mda â XoÊ¶mV ¶mdm Am{U EImÚm àH$aUmV XñVEodOmMo nwamdo Ag‘mYmZH$maH$ AgVrc Va
‘m¡{IH$ nwamì¶mMm AmYma KoÊ¶mV ¶mdm.
(3) àË¶oH$ {d^mJm§VJ©V Anrcr¶ ¶§ÌUm nwa{dÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(4) g{‘VrZo dñVw{Zð>VoMr h‘r XoÊ¶mH$arVm ‘moR>r (major) {ejm cmXÊ¶mMr {e’$mag H$amdr.
Am¶moJmZo Cnamoº$ ~m~tMo {dñV¥V {ddoMZ "gZXr godoVrc gwYmaUm' ¶m Ahdmcm‘Ü¶ohr Ho$coco Amho. Am¶moJmZo {eñVnmcZ
H$madmB©~m~V gd©gmYmaUnUo nwT>rc {e’$maer Ho$coë¶m AmhoV -
(1) àñVm{dV gZXr godm H$m¶Úm‘Ü¶o {H$‘mZ d¡Ym{ZH$ {eñVnmcZ Am{U ~S>V’$s©À¶m H$m¶©nÕVrZo Z¡g{J©H$ Ý¶m¶mMm
{ZH$f nyU© H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgyZ Ë¶m~m~V AZwwgamd¶mÀ¶m H$m¶©nÕVrMo Vnerc g§~§{YV emgH$s¶ {d^mJmda
gmon{dÊ¶mV ¶mdoV. gÜ¶m ApñVËdmV Agcoë¶m ‘m¡{IH$ Mm¡H$er à{H«$¶ocm {eñVnmcZ ~¡R>H$ dm ‘wcmIVr‘Ü¶o
ê$nm§VarV H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo Am{U {VMo g§MmcZ d[aîR> A{YH$mè¶mZo, Ý¶m¶mc¶rZ à{H«$¶oMm Adc§~ Z H$aVm, gmam§e
ê$nmZo H$amdo. ¶mH$arVm CCS (CCA) {Z¶‘ 1965 aÔ~mVc H$ê$Z Ë¶mEodOr ¶mo½¶ {Z¶‘ ñWm{nV H$amdoV.
(2) Xmofr emgH$s¶ godH$mÀ¶m nXmnojm {H$‘mZ 3 CƒV‘ nXmda Agcoë¶m A{YH$mè¶mIoarO H$moUmcmhr Xmofr
A{YH$mè¶mcm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMr (removal) Am{U ~S>V’©$ (dismissal) H$aÊ¶mMr {ejm cmXVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
¶m{edm¶ AÝ¶ {ejm Xmofr emgH$s¶ godH$mÀ¶m nXmnojm {H$‘mZ 2 CƒV‘ nXmda Agcoë¶m A{YH$mè¶mÛmam XoVm
¶oVrc. H$moUVrhr {ejm (penality) Mm¡H$er Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ Am{U Xmofr godH$mcm Amncr ~mOy ‘m§S>Ê¶mMr g§Yr
{Xë¶m{edm¶ {Xcr OmUma Zmhr.
(3) XjVoÀ¶m AZwf§JmZo CVC (H|$Ðr¶ XjVm Am¶moJ) ~amo~a 2 nmVù¶m§da/ñVamda H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUmar MMm© aÔ H$aÊ¶mV
¶mdr Am{U Ho$di {eñVnmcZmMr à{H«$¶m nma nmS>ë¶mZ§Va Xþgè¶m ñVamdarc g„m KoÊ¶mV ¶mdm. ¶m~amo~aM Á¶m
àH$aUm§‘Ü¶o XjVoMm ‘wÔm (vigilance angle) Jw§Vcocm AgVmo Aem àH$aUm§‘Ü¶o g§K cmoH$ godm Am¶moJmer
(UPSC) g„m‘gcV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgUma Zmhr.
(4) EImÚm àH$aUmV emgH$s¶ godH$mcm nXmdê$Z ~S>V’©$ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oUma Agoc VaM g§K cmoH$godm Am¶moJmer
{dMma{d{Z¶‘ H$aÊ¶mMo A{Zdm¶© H$amdo. AÝ¶ gd© àH$maÀ¶m {eñVnmcZ àH$aUm§Zm UPSC À¶m nwZamdcmoH$ZmVyZ
dJiÊ¶mV ¶mdo.


24
gZXr godH$m§gmR>r VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm
ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmZo H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`g§ñWoMo ñdê$n ñdrH$maco. Ë`m_wio amÁ`g§ñWodarc O~m~Xmè`m Am{U {VÀ`m
H$m`m©_Üò àM§S> dmT> Pmcr. {VÀ`mH$Sy>Z OZVoÀ`m Anojm dmT>ë`m. `m ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r VËH$m{cZ n[apñWVr_Üò
EH$ ‘hÎdmMo gmYZ CncãY hmoVo, Vo åhUOo ^maVmVrc ZmoH$aemhr `§ÌUm hmo`. gmh{OH$M ZmoH$aemhrÀ`m {dñVmamcm Am{U
g{H«$`Vocm MmcZm {_imcr. H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m A§J^yV _`m©Xm§_wio àXÎm {d{Y{Z`_mVrc dmT>, ZmoH$aemhrMm g§»`mË_H$ {dñVma
Am{U gd© joÌmVrc dmda `m à{H«$òVyZ H$mcm§VamZo H$mhr A§V{d©amoY, g§Kf© nwT>o òD$ cmJco. Aem {ddmXm§Zm {ZH$mcmV H$mT>Uo
JaOoMo hmoVo. na§Vw, Ý`m`mc`m§Mr Anwar g§»`m, AmYrM àc§{~V Agcoë`m IQ>ë`m§Mr àM§S> g§»`m Am{U `m à{H«$òV cmJUmam
n¡gm d doi `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm {Z_ Ý`m{`H$ `§ÌUm åhUyZ Ý`m`mgZm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMm n`m©` nwT>o Amcocm {XgVmo.
àXÎm {d{Y{Z¶‘mgh àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m hm àemgH$s¶ H$m¶ÚmMm ‘hËdnyU© KQ>H$ Amho. àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m åhUOo
àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUmÛmao àemgH$s¶ H$m¶mªer g§~§{YV VH«$matMo {ZamH$aU hmo¶. àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aU hr H$m¶©H$mar g§ñWm
AgyZ Vr {Z‘Ý¶m{¶H$ g§ñWoà‘mUo H$m¶© H$aVo. àemgH$s¶ H$m¶} nma nmS>V AgVmZm A{YH$mè¶m§‘Ü¶o {ddmX, g§Kf© {Z‘m©U Pmcm
Va WoQ> Ý¶m¶mc¶mV Z OmVm Vo gd©àW‘ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUmgma»¶m àemgH$s¶ ¶§ÌUo‘m’©$V gmoS>{dco OmVmV. àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m
H$aUmè¶m ì¶º$s `m d[að> àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mar AgVmV Am{U Ë¶m§Zm àemgH$s¶ à{H«$¶oMo Vnerc Am{U {deof AmH$cZ
Agë¶m‘wio Vo Cn¶wº$ Am{U {Z:númnmVr {ZU©¶ XoD$ eH$VmV. ¶m‘wio YmoaUmË‘H$ H$m¶© {dZm AS>Wim nma nS>Ê¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.
_ycV… g§{dYmZm_Üò Ý`m`mgZm~m~V H$moUVrhr VaVyX AmT>iV Zmhr. 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZo (1976) amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò 14
"A' hm Zdm ^mJ g_m{dï> Ho$cm. `m ^mJmcm "Ý`m`mgZ' Ago erf©H$ XoÊ`mV Amco Am{U Ë`m_Üò Ho$di XmoZ H$c_m§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$cm. H$c_ 323 "A' _Üò àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZ Am{U H$c_ 323 "~' _Üò BVa {df`m§~m~VMo Ý`m`mgZ `m§Mr
VaVyX Ho$cocr Amho.
àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZ (H$c_ 323 "A')
H|$Ð, amÁ`, ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io Am{U BVa gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmm§À`m cmoH$godm§_Üò {Z`wº$ godH$m§Mr âVr
Am{U godmeVu `m~m~V dmX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
H$c_ 323 "A' Zwgma g§gXocm XoÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. Xþgè`m eãXm§V, H$c_ 323 "A' Zwgma godmg§~§Yr (Services) H$moUVmhr
dmX{df` g§gX {XdmUr Ý`m`mc` Am{U Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mH$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z {ZdmS>çmgmR>r àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZm§g_moa R>ody eH$Vo.
H$c_ 323 "A' Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mgmR>r, g§gXoZo 1985 _Üò "àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZ A{Y{Z`_' nm[aV Ho$cm. `m H$m`ÚmZo
EH$ H|$Ðr` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZ Am{U amÁ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H|$Ð gaH$macm XoÊ`mV Amcm.
AÝ`m`J«ñV gZXr godH$m§Zm OcX Am{U {~ZI{M©H$ Ý`m` {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òg `m H$m`ÚmZo Zdr gwédmV H$ê$Z {Xcr.
àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUm§Mo àH$ma
àemgH$s¶ {ddmXmÀ¶m Ame¶mZwê$n ¶m Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUm§Mo {d{dY àH$ma nmS>co OmVmV. Vo nwT>rcà‘mUo-
(1) godm {Z¶‘m§H$arVm (service rules) àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aU.
(2) n¡emMm {df¶ EImÚm àH$aUm‘Ü¶o J§wVcocm Agoc Va amÁ¶mMo ‘hgyc ‘§S>i (RBS) ¶m H$m¶m©c¶mcm VgoM ^mS>o
{Z¶§ÌU Am{U ‘hgyc àH$aUm§~m~V {Oëhm X§S>m{YH$mar (District Magistrate) Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUmMo H$m‘ H$aVmV.
(3) {ZdS>UyH$ {Z¶‘m§Mo C„§KZ Pmco Va {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJ àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aU åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVo.
(4) O_rZ (^y_r) A{YJ«hU H$m¶ÚmÛmao {Oëhm X§S>[YH$mè¶mcm O{‘Z A{YJ«hU H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco AmhoV.

¶mg§X^m©V {Z‘m©U Pmcoë¶m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vmo Ý¶m¶m{YH$aU åhUyZ H$m¶© H$aVmo.
(5) n[adhZ/XiUdiU (transport) {d^mJmVrc ~hþg§»¶ A{YH$mar Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUmMo H$m‘ H$aVmV.
(6) {Z¶m‘H$ Am¶moJm§Zm (regulatory commissions) Am{U A{^H$aUm§Zm àH$aUm§Mr gwZmdUr KoUo Am{U
Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUmà‘mUo H¥$Vr H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco AmhoV.
(1) H|$Ðr` àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU (CAT) - 1985 gmcr àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU A{Y{Z`_ H$ê$Z Ý`m`
àemgZm_Üò EH$ Zdm AÜ`m` gwê$ Pmcm. àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU A{Y{Z`_mMo _yi amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 323 "A' _Üò
AmT>iVo. `m H$c_mZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ godo_Üò {Z`wº$ Ho$coco godH$ Am{U H|$Ð d amÁ`mer g§~§{YV nXm§darc godH$m§Mr âVr
Am{U godmeVu `m~m~VÀ`m dmXm§Mm Am{U VH«$matMm {ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$ma g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma àemgH$s`
Ý`m`m{YH$aU ñWmnZ H$ê$ eH$Vo. 1985 À`m A{Y{Z`_mZwgma àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo hr A{Y{Z`_m_Üò Z_yX Agcoë`m
H$_©Mmè`m§À`m godo~m~VMo {df` àma§{^H$ A{YH$ma joÌm§VJ©V hmVmiVo. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m, 1997 gmcÀ`m Ec. M§Ð
Hw$_ma {dê$Õ g§K emgZ `m IQ>ë`mVrc {ZU©`mZwgma, àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m {ZU©`m{damoYmVrc Anrc ho g§~§{YV Cƒ
Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m {d^mJr` I§S>nrR>mH$S>o H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma H|$Ðr` Am{U amÁ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho. H|$Ðr` àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr ñWmnZm 1 Zmoìh|~a 1985 amoOr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mMr 17 {Z`{_V
I§S>nrR>o (Bench) AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s 15 _§S>io hr Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mV à_wI {R>H$mUr (Seats) H$m`©aV AmhoV Va Cd©[aV XmoZ _§S>io
O`nya Am{U cIZm¡ òWo AmhoV. hr {Z`{_V _§S>io R>am{dH$ H$mimZo Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m BVa {R>H$mUrhr ~¡R>H$ Am`mo{OV H$aVmV.
H°$Q>À`m I§S>nrR>m§Mr Zmdo Am{U A{YH$majoÌ (_yi ñdê$n)
H«$. I§S>nrR> I§S>nrR>mMo ^m¡Jmo{cH$ A{YH$majoÌ
1 _w»` I§S>nrR>, {X„r {X„r
2 Acmhm~mX I§S>nrR> CÎma àXoe (cIZm¡ I§S>nrR>m§VJ©V {Oëho gmoSy>Z)
3 cIZm¡ I§S>nrR> CÎma àXoe (Acmhm~mX I§S>nrR>m§VJ©V {Oëho gmoSy>Z)
4 H$Q>H$ I§S>nrR> Amo[agm
5 h¡Ðm~mX I§S>nrR> Am§Y« àXoe
6 ~|Jcmoa I§S>nrR> H$Zm©Q>H$
7 _Ðmg I§S>nrR> Vm{_iZmSy> Am{U nm±{S>Moar
8 EZm©Hw$c_ I§S>nrR> Ho$ai Am{U cjÛrn
9 _w§~B© I§S>nrR> _hmamï´>, Jmodm, XmXam Am{U ZJa hdocr, X_U Am{U Xrd
10 Ah_Xm~mX I§S>nrR> JwOamW
11 OmoYnya I§S>nrR> amOñWmZ (O`nya I§S>nrR>m§VJ©V {Oëho gmoSy>Z)
12 O`nya I§S>nrR> amOñWmZ (OmoYnya I§S>nrR>m§VJ©V {Oëho gmoSy>Z)
13 M§XrJT> I§S>nrR> Oå_y-H$mí_ra, ha`mUm, {h_mMc àXoe, n§Om~ Am{U M§XrJT>
14 O~cnya I§S>nrR> _Ü` àXoe
15 nQ>Zm I§S>nrR> {~hma
16 H$cH$Îmm I§S>nrR> n. ~§Jmc, {g¸$s_, A§X_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma ~oQ>o
17 JwdmhmQ>r I§S>nrR> Amgm_, _oKmc`, _{Unya, {Ìnwam, ZmJmc±S>, {_Pmoam_, Am{U AéUmMc àXoe
`m Ý`m`m{YH$aUm_Üò AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j, Am{U gXñ` AgVmV. ^maVmMo amîQ´>nVr gaÝ¶m¶mYrem§À¶m gëë¶mZo H°$Q>À¶m
AÜ¶jm§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmV. AÜ¶jnXmda {Z¶wº$ Ho$cr OmUmar ì¶º$s Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMr Ý¶m¶mYre Agmdr qH$dm {VZo {H$‘mZ
2 df} H°$Q>À¶m CnmÜ¶jnXr H$m¶© Ho$coco Agmdo. H°$Q>Mm CnmÜ¶j hm ^maV gaH$maMm g{Md Agmdm qH$dm g‘H$j doVZ
AgUmè¶m H$moUË¶mhr nXmda 2 df} H$m¶© Ho$cocm Agmdm qH$dm Aßna g{Md Agmdm qH$dm g‘H$j doVZ AgUmè¶m H$moUË¶mhr

nXmda {H$‘mZ 5 df} H$m¶© Ho$coco Agmdo. H°$Q>Mo gXñ¶ ho ^maV gaH$maMo Aßna g{Md (Additional Secretary) AgmdoV
qH$dm g‘H$j doVZ Agcoë¶m nXmda 2 df} godm Ho$cocr Agmdr qH$dm gh g{Md Agmdr qH$dm g‘H$j doVZ Agcoë¶m
nXmda {H$‘mZ 5 df} H$m¶© Ho$coco Agmdo. gXñ¶mMo J¡adV©Z {gÕ Pmco Va amï´>nVr Ë¶mcm/{Vcm nX‘wº$ H$ê$ eH$VmV. H°$Q>Mo
AÜ¶j Am{U CnmÜ¶j 5 df} dm d¶mMr 65 df} nyU© (AmYr Oo nyU© hmoB©c) hmoB©n¶ªV nXmda amhVmV. H°$Q>À¶m àemgH$s¶
gXñ¶m§Mm H$m¶©H$mihr AÜ¶j/CnmÜ¶jmà‘mUoM Amho. H°$Q>Mo Ý¶m¶mc¶rZ gXñ¶ ho àW‘ dJ© X§S>m{YH$mar AgmdoV.
CAT À`m CnmÜ`j Am{U gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> hr "{ZdS> g{_Vr'À`m {e\$maerdê$Z hmoVo. {ZdS> g{_VrMm AÜ`j hm gdm}ƒ
Ý`m`mc`mVrc H$m`©aV Ý`m`mYre AgVmo Am{U gaÝ`m`mYre Ë`mMr {Z`wº$s H$aVmV. CAT _Yrc gXñ` ho Ý`m`_§S>i Am{U
àemgZ `m XmoÝhr joÌmVrc AgVmV. H$maU `m XmoÝhr joÌmVrc AZw^dmMm \$m`Xm CAT cm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. 1 OmZodmar 2005
amoOr CAT Mr aMZm `mà_mUo hmoVr - EH$ AÜ`j, 16 CnmÜ`j Am{U 49 gXñ`. Am§Y«àXoe, {h_mMc àXoe, Amo[agm,
H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamï´>, Vm_riZmSy> Am{U n{ü_ ~§Jmc `m amÁ`m§Zr amÁ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU ñWmnZ Ho$co Amho. 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
2006 n`ªV CAT Zo 4,58,059 àH$aUm§Mm {ZdmS>m Ho$cm hmoVm. `m Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌm_Üò H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m gd©
ZmJar H$_©Mmè`m§{edm`hr nwT>rc g§KQ>Zm òVmV - Z°eZc co~a BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>, H$m¡pÝgc \$m°a gm`§{Q>{\$H$ A°ÝS> B§S>pñQ´>`c [agM©,
X g|Q´>c gmoec doc\o$Aa ~moS>©, X H$m¡pÝgc \$m°a A°J«rH$ëMa Am{U ñnmoQ>©g² A°Wm°[aQ>r Am°\$ B§{S>`m BË`mXr. CAT Zm Amncr
H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r H$_©Mmar, gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$ma Am{U {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ _§Ìmc` ghmæ` H$aVo. Zì`mZo Ho$coë`m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrZwgma
CAT Amnë`m _hÎdmÀ`m {ZU©`m§Mm Ahdmc ""B§{S>`Z cm° [anmoQ>© - CAT'' `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV H$aVo. hm Ahdmc qhXr
qH$dm B§J«Or_Üò AgVmo. H°$Q>Zo {Xcoë¶m {ZU©¶m{damoYmV Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mV Anrc H$aVm ¶oVo.
(2) amÁ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZ - EImÚm KQ>H$amÁ`mZo H|$Ð gaH$maH$S>o {deof {dZ§Vr Ho$cr Va 1985 À`m àemgH$s`
Ý`m`mgZ A{Y{Z`_mZwgma H|$Ð gaH$ma g§~§{YV amÁ`mH$[aVm "amÁ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZm'Mr (g°Q>) {Z{_©Vr H$aVo. Am§Y« àXoe,
{h_mMc àXoe, Amo[agm, H$Zm©Q>H$, _Ü` àXoe, _hmamï´>, Vm{_iZmSy> Am{U n. ~§Jmc `m 8 KQ>H$amÁ`m§gmR>r g°Q>Mr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$cocr Amho. H°$Q>à_mUoM, amÁ` emgZmVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Mr âVr Am{U BVa gd© godm {df`m§Mm g_mdoe g°Q>À`m àma§{^H$
(_yi) A{YH$ma joÌmV hmoVmo. g§~§{YV KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m amÁ`nmcmer g„m_gcV H$ê$Z amï´>nVr g°Q>Mo AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j Am{U
gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wº$s H$aVmV.
(3) g§¶wº$ àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mgZ - XmoZ dm A{YH$ amÁ`m§gmR>r {_iyZ g§`wº$ àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZmMr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mMrXoIrc VaVyX Amho. EImÚm KQ>H$ amÁ`mgmR>r g°Q> Á`mà_mUo A{YH$majoÌ hmVmiVo Ë`mMnÕVrZo g§~§{YV amÁ`m§gmR>r
g§`wº$ àemgH$s` Ý`m`mgZm§Zm A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. g§~§{YV amÁ`m§À`m amÁ`nmcm§er MMm© H$ê$Z amï´>nVr g§`wº$ Ý`m`mgZmMo
AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j Am{U gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wº$s H$aVmV.
_hmamï´> àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU (Maharashtra State Administrative Tribunal - MAT/_°Q>)
"_hmamï´> àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU {Z`_mÀ`m' A§VJ©V 1991 gmcr _hmamï´> emgZmZo _°Q> H$m`m©c` ñWm{nV Ho$co. _hmamï´>
emgZmVrc godH$m§Mo Ë`m§À`m godm§~m~V Agcoco dmX gwédmVrcm _w§~B© (~m°å~o) Cƒ Ý`m`mc`m_Üò XmIc Ho$co OmV AgV.
VWm{n, Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mda Agcoë`m H$m_mMm VmU {dMmamV KoD$Z godm{df`H$ {ddmXm§Mo OcX JVrZo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_hmamï´> àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
emgZmÀ`m [H¨$dm emgH$s` {d^mJmÀ`m H¥$Vr_wio XþImdcocm emgH$s` godH$ `m Ý`m`m{YH$aUmH$S>o Ý`m` _mJy eH$Vmo.
ho Ý`m`m{YH$aU _hmamï´> emgZmVrc gm_mÝ` àemgZ {d^mJmÀ`m (ImË`mÀ`m) AIË`marV òVo. _hmamï´>mVrc emgH$s`
H$_©Mmè`m§À`m godm{df`H$ àH$aUm§Mm Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aUo, ho {d{eï> H$m`© `m g§ñWocm H$amdo cmJVo. _hmamï´> emgZ Am{U
{VÀ`m godH$m§_Yrc {ddmX OcXJVrZo gmoS>{dUo Am{U Amnco A{YH$majoÌ ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm Am{U amÁ` joÌmVrc CnH«$_m§n`ªV
{dñVmaUo ho {VMo Üòæ`/CÔoe Amho.
_°Q>Mr YmoaUo nwT>rcà_mUo -
(A) _mcH$ Am{U godH$ `m§À`m_Üò Ý`mæ` Am{U {Z…njnmVr cdmX åhUyZ H$m`© H$aUo.
(~) A{Ve` _mnH$/dmOdr Xam_Üò Am{U \$ma {dc§~ Z hmoVm Cnm` nwa{dUo.
(H$) dmOdr H$mc_`m©Xo_Üò {ZU©`m§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$nUo A§_c~OmdUr hmoB©c, `m~m~V AmídñV H$aUo.

Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo _w»` H$m`m©c` _w§~B© òWo AgyZ ZmJnya Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX `m{R>H$mUr I§S>nrR>o AmhoV. _w§~B© òWrc _w»`
H$m`m©c`m_Üò AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j Am{U 2 gXñ` AmhoV. Va I§S>nrR>mÀ`m H$m`m©c`m_Üò CnmÜ`j Am{U AÝ` 2 gXñ` AmhoV.
_°Q>_Yrc AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j Am{U gXñ` `m nXm§da Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc godm{Zd¥Îm Ý`m`_yVu VgoM ^maVr` àemgZ godoVrc
godm{Zd¥Îm A{YH$mè`m§Mr {d{hV (Prescribed) VaVwXtZwgma {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV òVo.
Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m AÜ`jmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`}
1985 gmcÀ`m "àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU A{Y{Z`_m'Zwgma AÜ`jmcm (_hmamï´>) nwT>rc H$m`} nma nmS>mdr cmJVmV -
(1) {Z`wº$ Ho$coë`m g§~§{YV I§S>nrR>mMm Ý`m`mc`rZ gXñ` dm àemgH$s` gXñ` åhUyZ Amnë`m nXmMr H$m`} nma nmS>Uo.
(2) CnmÜ`j dm gXñ`m§Mr EH$m I§S>nrR>mVyZ Xþgè`m I§S>nrR>m_Üò ~Xcr H$aUo.
(3) EH$m I§S>nrR>m_Üò {Z`wº$ Agcoë`m CnmÜ`j dm Ý`m`mc`rZ gXñ` dm àemgH$s` gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m nXmà_mUoM
Xþgè`m I§S>nrR>mVrc nXmMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r A{YH$maàXmZ H$aUo.
(4) EH$ gXñ`r` I§S>nrR>mÀ`m H$m`m©~m~V AÜ`j ñdV… [H¨$dm BVa H$moUË`mhr gXñ`mcm AmXoe Omar H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
àXmZ H$ê$ eHo$c.
(5) Cnamoº$ A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m H$c_ 25 Zwgma, AÜ`j EH$m I§S>nrR>mnwT>o àc§{~V AgUmao EImXo àH$aU {ZdmS>çmgmR>r
Xþgè`m I§S>nrR>mH$S>o hñVm§VarV H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
(6) Cnamoº$ A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m H$c_ 26 Zwgma, {d^mJr` I§S>nrR>mÀ`m gXñ`m§_Üò _V{^ÞVm Agoc Va Aem Q>ßß`mda
g§~§{YV àH$aUmMr gwZmdUr AÜ`j ñdV… KoVrc [H¨$dm BVa gXñ`m§H$S>o hñVm§VarV H$aVrc.
(7) _hmamï´> emgZmÀ`m 1991 gmcÀ`m "_hmamï´> àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU ({dÎmr` Am{U àemgH$s` A{YH$ma)
{Z`_mÝdò' Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m AÜ`jmcm _hmamï´> emgZmÀ`m _§Ìmc`rZ {d^mJmÀ`m g{Mdmà_mUo gd© {dÎmr` Am{U
àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aU ({dÎmr` Am{U àemgH$s` A{YH$ma) {Z`_mÝdò' Ý`m`m{YH$aUmÀ`m AÜ`jmcm _hmamï´>
emgZmÀ`m _§Ìmc`rZ {d^mJmÀ`m g{Mdmà_mUo gd© {dÎmr` Am{U àemgH$s` A{YH$ma gmon{dÊ`mV Amco AmhoV.
(8) {Z`_ H«$. 29 Am{U 30 Zwgma (1988), AÜ`j ho _°Q>À`m {Z~§YH$mcm (Registrar) AmXoe Omar H$ê$ eH$VmV
[H¨$dm Ë`m§Zm `mo½` dmQ>oc Vo H$m`© gmondy eH$VmV.
(9) {Z`_ H«$. 33 Zwgma (1988), AÜ`j ho _°Q>À`m AÜ`jm§Mo (ñdV…Mo), CnmÜ`j, gXñ` Am{U H$_©Mmè`m§Mo JUdoe
(Dress) Z_yX H$ê$ eH$VmV.
Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr H$m`©nÕV
(_hmamï´>) emgZ Am{U emgH$s` godH$ `m§À`mVrc {ddmXm~m~V emgH$s` godH$ WoQ>nUo AÝ` H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mc`m_Üò
VH«$ma XmIc H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. ì`{WV (Aggrieved) emgH$s` godH$mcm AO©Xma (Applicant) åhUVmV Va {d^mJ/emgZ,
Á`m§Zr H$m`©dmhr Ho$cr Ë`m§Zm à{VdmXr (Respondents) Ago åhUVmV. Ý`m`m{YH$aUmnwT>o àH$aU _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r AO©Xmamcm
Amncm dH$sc {Z`wº$ H$amdm cmJVmo. à{VdmXr AmnU Ho$coë`m H$madmB©Mo ñnï>rH$aU d Ë`m_mJrc H$maUo Amnë`m à{V{ZYr
A{YH$mè`m_m\©$V Ý`m`m{YH$aUmnwT>o gmXa H$aVmo.
VH«$marMo {ZdmaU hmoÊ`mH$[aVm AO©Xmamcm "_yi AO©' (Original Application) XmIc H$amdm cmJVmo Am{U
à{VkmnÌmÀ`m (Affidavit) ñdê$nmV à{VdmXrcm Amncr à{V[H«$`m Z_yX H$amdr cmJVo. `mda Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMo g_mYmZ Pmco
Va Ý`m`m{YH$aU AmXoe/{ZdmS>m Omar H$aoc. AÝ`Wm, Cn`wº$ XñVEodO (H$mJXnÌo) gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r doi XoB©c Am{U H$mhr
àým§Mm Iwcmgm H$aÊ`mMo {ZX}e XoB©c.
à{VdmXrZo XmIc Ho$coco à{VkmnÌ Ag§[X½Y dm A`mo½` Agë`mMo AO©Xmamcm AmT>iyZ Amco Va Vmo `m~m~VMm Iwcmgm
H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`wÎma (Rejoinder) XmIc H$ê$ eH$Vmo. à{VdmXrcm nwÝhm à{V[H«$`m åhUOo Cn-àË`wÎma (Sub-Rejoinder)
XmIc H$amdo cmJVo. H$mhrdoiog AO©Xmamcm _yi AOm©_Üò H$mhr Xþê$ñVr dm ~Xc H$aÊ`mMr dm ZdrZ _m[hVr g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mMr JaO dmQ>Vo. Aemdoir AO©Xma _yi AOm©_Üò "g§H$sU© AO©' (Miscellaneous) XmIc H$ê$ eH$Vmo. à{VdmXrcm
Aem g§H$sU© AOm©cmhr CÎma Úmdo cmJVo.

Ý`m`m{YH$aUmZo njH$mam§Zm AmXoe/{ZdmS>m Omar Ho$ë`mZ§Va Aem AmXoe/{ZdmS>çm_wio ì`{WV Pmcoë`m njH$mamcm `mM
Ý`m`m{YH$aUmH$S>o "nwZamdcmoH$Z AO©' (Review Application) XmIc H$aVm òVmo. _yi AO©XmamZo Agm AO© Ho$ë`mZ§Va
à{VdmXrcm nwÝhm Amncr ~mOy _m§S>mdr cmJVo.
Ý`m`m{YH$aUmZo _yi AO©XmamÀ`m ~mOyZo AmXoe/{ZdmS>m [Xcm Am{U Z_yX Ho$coë`m H$mc_`m©XoV à{VdmXrZo Ë`m AmXoemMr/
{ZdmS>çmMr nyV©Vm Ho$cr Zmhr [H¨$dm Ë`mMo C„§KZ Ho$co Va `m H$maUmñVd AO©Xma Ý`m`m{YH$aUmH$S>o "Ad_mZ AO©'
(Contempt Application) XmIc H$ê$ eH$VmV. `mg§X^m©V à{VdmXrcm `mo½` Iwcmgm Zm|Xdmdm cmJVmo. Ý`m`m{YH$aUmZo
_yi AO©/g§H$sU© AO© [H¨$dm nwZamdcH$moZ AOm©~m~V AmXoe/{ZdmS>m Omar Ho$ë`mZ§Va ì`{WV Pmcocm njH$ma Amnë`m VH«$ma
{ZdmaUmgmR>r Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mH$S>o XmX _mJy eH$Vmo.
àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mgZ (Xþê$ñVr) {dYo¶H$, 2012
27 E{àc 2012 amoOr ho {dYo¶H$ cmoH$gô‘Ü¶o ìhr. Zmam¶Ugm‘r (amÁ¶‘§Ìr, H$m{‘©H$, cmoH$ VH«$ma Am{U noÝeZ) ¶m§Zr
gmXa Ho$co. ho {dYo¶H$ 29 ‘o 2012 amoOr {d^mJr¶ ñWm¶r g{‘VrH$S>o nmR>{dÊ¶mV Amco.
¶m {dYo¶H$mÛmao "àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mgZ A{Y{Z¶‘, 1985' ‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñVr àñVm{dV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m A{Y{Z¶‘mÝd¶o H|$Ð,
amÁ¶ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñVamdarc cmoH$ godH$m§À¶m godmeVu~m~V {Z‘m©U Pmcoë¶m dmXm§Mm {ZdmS>m H$aÊ¶mH$arVm àemgH$s¶
Ý¶m¶mgZm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m A{Y{Z¶‘mZwgma, Ý¶m¶mgZmMm AÜ¶j hm Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMm ‘mOr qH$dm H$m¶©aV
Ý¶m¶mYre Agmdm Aer VaVyX hmoVr. ¶m Xþê$ñVrÝd¶o Ý¶m¶mgZmMm AÜ¶j "gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMm Ý¶m¶mYre' qH$dm "Cƒ
Ý¶m¶mc¶mMm ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYre' Agmdm, Ago àñVm{dV Ho$co Joco hmoVo.
¶m A{Y{Z¶‘m‘Ü¶o VaVyX hmoVr H$s, H|$Ðr¶ àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mgZmÀ¶m AÜ¶j Am{U gXñ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmZm gdm}
ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m gaÝ¶m¶mYrem§er g„m‘gcV Ho$co OmB©c. amÁ¶ Ý¶m¶mgZ dm g§¶wº$ Ý¶m¶mgZmÀ¶m AÜ¶j dm gXñ¶m§Mr
{Z¶wº$s H$aV AgVmZm amï´>nVr g§~§{YV amÁ¶ dm amÁ¶m§À¶m amÁ¶nmcmer g„m‘gcV H$aVrc. ¶m {dYo¶H$mZwgma, amÁ¶ Am{U
g§¶wº$ àemgH$s¶ Ý¶m¶mgZmMo AÜ¶jmMo doVZ Am{U AÝ¶ gw{dYm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo Ý¶m¶mYre dm Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo ‘w»¶
Ý¶m¶mYre ¶m§À¶mà‘mUoM AgVrc. Ý¶m¶mgZmÀ¶m gXñ¶m§Zm Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m Ý¶m¶mYremà‘mUoM cm^ àmßV hmoVrc. ¶m
A{Y{Z¶‘mZwgma Ý¶m¶mgZmÀ¶m AÜ¶jmcm àc§{~V IQ>co EH$m I§S>nrR>mH$Sy>Z (Bench) Xþgè¶m I§S>nrR>mH$S>o hñVm§VarV
H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Amcocm hmoVm. ¶m {dYo¶H$mZwgma, AÜ¶jm§~amo~aM Ë¶mZo A{YH¥$V Ho$coë¶m gXñ¶mcmhr àc§{~V
àH$aUo hñVm§VarV H$aVm ¶oVrc. AÜ¶j Am{U gXñ¶ ho nwZ{Z©¶wº$sH$arVm nmÌ ‘mZco OmV Agco Var ¶m {dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o Z‘yX
Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo Ë¶m§Mr Zì¶mZo {Z¶wº$s ‘mZcr OmB©c.


25
gZXr godm gwYmaUm
ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ àemgH$s` gwYmaUm§~m~V amï´>r` Am{U amÁ` nmVirda 600 nojm A{YH$ g{_Ë`m Am{U Am`moJ ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Amco. na§Vw Ë`mn¡H$s Ho$di H$mhr Am`moJ Am{U g{_Ë`m ømM Ho$di WoQ>nUo gZXr godm§À`m gwYmaUoer g§~§{YV hmoË`m.
`m g§X^m©V nwT>rc H$mhr _hÎdnyU© {e\$maer Aä`mgVm òVrc -
(1) âVr
l n{hcm àemgH$s` Am`moJ - 1966 gmcr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo 1970
gmcr H$m{_©H$ àemgZmda Ahdmc {Xcm. Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, IAS, IPS, Am{U AÝ` {~Ja-Vm§{ÌH$
dJ© 1 godm§Mr âVr Ho$di EH$mM ñnYm© narjoÛmao H$aÊ`mV `mdr. Ë`mM~amo~a narjm XoÊ`m~m~VMr H$_mc (upper)
d`mo_`m©Xm dmT>dyZ 26 df} (Ë`mdoir Vr 24 df} hmoVr) H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
Am`moJmMr {e\$mag hmoVr H$s, dJ©-2 darc nXm§gmR>r Agcocr àË`j âVr Wm§~{dÊ`mV òD$Z hr nXo H${Zð>
H$_©Mmè`m§À`m ~T>VrÛmao âÊ`mV `mdrV. {c{nH$ Am{U AÝ` ghmæ`H$ nXm§H$[aVm gmonr dñVw{Zð> àH$maMr MmMUr
KoÊ`mV `mdr. {c{nH$ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m âVrgmR>r EImXo âVr _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr.
emgZmZo `m gd© {e\$magr ñdrH$maë`m Am{U Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUrXoIrc Ho$cr.
l S>r. Eg. H$moR>mar g{_Vr - hr g{_Vr 1976 gmcr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr Am{U gZXr godM o r {ZdS> nÕV Am{U
âVrÀ`m YmoaUm~m~V {e\$maer H$aÊ`mg gm§JÊ`mV Amco. Am`moJmZo 2 Q>ßß`mVrc narjm à{H«$`m gwM{dcr : nyd© narjm
Am{U Ë`mZ§Va _w»` narjm. emgZmZo H$moR>mar g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m Am{U n[ajmì`dñWo_Üò ~XcXoIrc Ho$co.
l nr. gr. hmoQ>m g{_Vr - hr g{_Vr \o$~«wdmar 2004 _Üò ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr Am{U A{Ic ^maVr` godm Am{U
H|$Ðr` godm JQ> "A' `mgh g§nyU© gZXr godm gwYmaUm§~m~V {e\$maer H$aÊ`mMo gm§JÊ`mV Amco. g{_VrZo {e\$mag
Ho$cr H$s, gZXr godoV òD$ BpÀN>Umè`m C_oXdmamMo d` 21 Vo 24 df} Agmdo Am{U AZwgy{MV OmVr/O_mVr Am{U
BVa _mJmgdJu` KQ>H$m§Vrc C_oXdmam§gmR>r d`mo_`m©Xm AZwH«$_o 5 Am{U 3 dfmªZr {e{Wc Agmdr. g{_VrZo {e\$mag
Ho$cr H$s, {ZdS> à{H«$òV H$c (aptitude) Am{U ZoV¥Ëd MmMUr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV `mdr Am{U à{ejUmWu A{YH$mè`m§Zm
à{ejU gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va EH$ _{hÝ`mZo Ë`m§Zm godo~m~V n`m©` nS>VmiÊ`mg AZw_Vr XoÊ`mV `mdr.
hmoQ>m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maetda H$moUVrhr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr.
l Xþgam àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - hm Am`moJ Am°JñQ> 2005 _Üò ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Am{U 2008 gmcr
H$m{_©H$ àemgZmdarc Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm. Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, ^maV gaH$maZo amï´>r` cmoH$àemgZ g§ñWm
ñWmnZ H$amdr. `m g§ñWoV cmoH$àemgZ/emgZì`dhma/ì`dñWmnZ `m {df`mVrc nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ {eH${dÊ`mV
`mdm. H$mhr H|$Ðr` Am{U AÝ` {dÚmnrR>o AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mV `mdrV Á`m_Üò `m VrZ {df`mVrc nXdr ñVamdarc
Aä`mgH«$_ Am`mo{Ocm OmB©c. Cnamoº$ g§ñWm Am{U {dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ `m {deof Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ CÎmrU© Pmcoco {dÚmWu
ñnYm© n[ajm§H$[aVm nmÌ R>aVrc.
gZXr godo_Üò òD$ BpÀN>Umè`m C_oXdmam§gmR>r d`mo_`m©Xm hr 21 Vo 25 df} (gd©gmYmaU), 21 Vo 28 df} (BVa
_mJmg dJu`) Am{U 21 Vo 29 df} (AZwgy{MV OmVr/O_mVr) Agmdr. gd©gmYmaU, BVa _mJmg dJu`, Am{U
AZwgy{MV OmVr/O_mVr `m§À`mgmR>r à`ËZm§Mr (attempts) g§»`m AZwH«$_o 3, 5 Am{U 6 Agmdr. Xþgè`m àemgH$s`
gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer emgZmÀ`m {dMmamYrZ AmhoV.

(2) à{ejU
l Jmoadmcm g{_Vr - E. S>r. Jmoadmcm g{_VrZo (1951) {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, gZXr godo_Üò AZwHy$c H$_©Mmar
AgÊ`mH$[aVm `mo½` âVr Am{U à{ejU Ë`mM~amo~a g§KQ>Zm Am{U nÕVr g§aMZm Agmdr. gZXr godH$m§Zm
Ë`mMr/{VMr H$V©ìò nma nmS>VmZm Amdí`H$ kmZ Am{U H$m¡eëò àmá ìhmdrV `mH$arVm gm_mÝ` (Induction)
à{ejUm~amo~aM godoV H$m`©aV AgVmZm {Z`{_V H$mcmdYrZ§Va ~XcË`m n[apñWVrV AÚ`mdV amhÊ`mgmR>r
à{ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo. à{ejUmVrc gd© n¡cy§da ~maH$mB©Zo cj nwa{dUmè`m/n`©dojU H$aUmè`m g§MmcH$mMr
{Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV `mdr. Jmoadmcm g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amë`m Am{U Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
l n{hcm àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo Z_yX Ho$co H$s, à{ejUmÛmao gZXr godH$m§Zm Ho$di {VMr/
Ë`mMr dV©_mZ H$m_{Jar nma nmS>Ê`mH$[aVm gj_Vm {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr Va ^{dî`mVrc Zì`m Am{U g§{_l
AmìhmZm§Zm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r Am{U CƒV_ O~m~Xmar nocÊ`mH$[aVm V`ma Ho$co OmVo. Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr
H$s, gZXr godH$m§À`m à{ejUm~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdo. Ë`mM~amo~a Am`moJmZo amï´>r` àemgZ
A°H°$S>_rV\}$ Mmc{dë`m OmUmè`m \$mD§$S>oeZ H$mog©_Yrc Ame`m_Üò ~Xc H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr. emgZmZo
Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$magr ñdrH$maë`m Am{U Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUrhr Ho$cr.
l `wJ§Ya g{_Vr - ~r. EZ. `wJ§Ya `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr 2003 _Üò hr g{_Vr IAS A{YH$mè`m§À`m
godmH$mimVrc à{ejUmMo gm_Ï`© VnmgÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. IAS A{YH$mè`m§À`m à{ejU
gwYmaUm Am{U ~iH$Q>rH$aUm~m~V g{_VrZo AZoH$ {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. g{_VrZo Z_yX Ho$co H$s, godm_Ü` H$mimV
12 dfu, 20 ì`m dfu, Am{U 28 ì`m dfu (godoÀ`m) à{ejU XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. g{_VrZwgma godoÀ`m
12ì`m dfu {Xë`m OmUmè`m à{ejUmMm H$mcmdYr {H$_mZ 8 AmR>dS>çm§Mm Agmdm. Á`m_Üò Aä`mgm{df`H$
Ame` 5 AmR>dS>o Am{U Aä`mg, à{ejU Am{U ^maV d naXoe ôQ>r `mH$arVm 3 AmR>dS>o AgmdoV. 20ì`m dfu
AgUmè`m à{ejUmMm H$mcmdYr 12 AmR>dS>çm§Mm Agmdm. g{_VrÀ`m gwMZoZwgma `m 3 àH$maÀ`m à{ejUm_wio
gZXr godH$m§À`m H$m`©e¡crV _hÎdmMo ~Xc KSy>Z òD$ eH$VmV.
`wJ§Ya g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerMr gÜ`m A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Amho.
l Xþgam àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, àËòH$ gZXr godH$mcm godoÀ`m
àma§^r Am{U Ë`mZ§Va {Z`VH$mcmZo à{ejU Amdí`H$ Amho. godm {Z{üVr Am{U nwT>rc ~T>VrH$arVm à{ejU
Aä`mgH«$_mMr èñdrnUo nyV©Vm H$aUo hr {H$_mZ AQ> Agmdr. Am`moJmZo "JQ>-S>' _Yrc H$_©Mmè`m§ZmXoIrc
godmnyd© à{ejU XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho.
godm-_Ü` H$mcmdYr à{ejUmMm hoVy hm gZXr godH$mMo ~XcË`m O~m~XmarZwgma kmZH$jm é§XmdUo Am{U
gj_Vm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMm Agmdm. ho C{Ôï> nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm gZXr godH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {d{eï> H$m`©joÌm~m~VÀ`m
godm_Ü` {ejUmÀ`m (Learning) g_n©H$ g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z Úmì`mV. Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, amï´>r`
à{ejU g§ñWm Am{U amÁ` ñVamdarc à{ejU g§ñWm§À`m ì`dñWmnZ _§S>imMr aMZm {dñV¥V H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò
à»`mV VÁkm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm. `m ì`dñWmnZ _§S>im§Zm Amncr H$m`} à^mdrnUo nma nmS>Vm `mdrV
`mH$[aVm nwaogo A{YH$ma ÚmdoV.
EImÚm amï´>r`/amÁ` g§ñWoMm XOm© C§MmdyZ amï´>r` gwemgZ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m g§ñWoda CËH¥$ï>
ì`dhma (best practices) AYmoao{IV H$aUo, XñVEodOrH$aU H$aUo Am{U àgma H$aÊ`mMr Am{U à{ejUmMo
g§MmcZ H$aUo BË`mXrMr O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mV `mdr. emgZ `m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetda {dMma{d{Z_` H$arV
Amho.
(3) gZXr godH$m§Mr nX{Z{üVr (Placement)
l n{hcm àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, A{Ic ^maVr` godm, H|$Ðr` godm JQ>
- "A' Am{U H|$Ðr` g{Mdmc`mVrc _Ü`_ñWmZmdarc H$_©Mmar dJm©gmR>r H$m{_©H$ YmoaU {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

ñdV§Ì "H$m{_©H$ {d^mJ' (Personnel Department) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdm. emgZmZo hr {e\$mag ñdrH$mê$Z hm
{d^mJ ñWmnZ Ho$cm.
Am`moJmZo H$m`©joÌ VÁkVoda (domain expertise) YmoaU ñWm{nV Ho$co. {VZo CƒV_ gZXr godm§À`m nXm§Zm
2 dJ©dmar_Üò {d^mOZ Ho$co - (1) H$m`©joÌmdarc nXo Am{U (2) _w»`mc`mVrc nXo. Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo,
H$m`©joÌmVrc nXm§_Üò {d{dY A{^`m§{ÌH$s godm§MmM g_mdoe hmoV Zmhr Va coIm§H$Z Am{U Am`H$a Aem
H$m`m©Ë_H$ godm§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. Am`moJmZo Z_yX Ho$co H$s, Ho$di H$m`m©Ë_H$M Zìho Va gZXr godoVrc
gdm©{YH$ CƒV_ godm åhUOo IAS hmo`. Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s IAS Mo énm§Va H$m`m©Ë_H$ godo_Üò
(Functional Service) Ho$co Omdo.
Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, H$m`m©Ë_H$ aofmAmYmamda àemgZmMo g§KQ>Z H$aÊ`mV `mdo Am{U gd© òmoVm§_YyZ
VÁk ì`º$s¨Mm àemgZm_Üò g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm. àemgZmMo H$m`m©Ë_H$ aofm AmYmamda g§KQ>Z H$aÊ`mH$arVm
àemgZmMo {d^mOZ {deofrH$aUmÀ`m 8 {dñV¥V joÌm§_Üò H$aÊ`mV `mdo. H|$Ðr` g{Mdmc`mVrc _Ü`_ Am{U
d[að> ì`dñWmnZ ñVamdarc godo_Üò gd© godoVrc gXñ`m§Zm òVm `mdo `mH$arVm gwYmaUm `moOZoMr {e\$mag
H$aÊ`mV Amcr. hr ì`dñWm g§~§{YV {deofrH$aUmÀ`m joÌmVrc kmZ Am{U AZw^dmda AmYmarV Agmdr.
emgZmZo `m Am`moJmÀ`m H$m`©joÌ VÁkVm (domain expertise) ~m~VÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m ZmhrV.
l amï´>r` amÁ`KQ>Zm nwZ{d©cmoH$Z Am`moJ - `m Am`moJmZo 2002 gmcÀ`m Amnë`m Ahdmcm_Üò gy{MV Ho$co
H$s nX{Z{üVr, ~T>Vr Am{U ~Xcr `m gd© ~m~r ñdm`Îm H$m{_©H$ _§S>imH$Sy>Z hmVmië`m Omì`mV. H$m{_©H$
_§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$m`ÚmÛmao Ho$cr Omdr OoUoH$ê$Z Vo g§K cmoH$godm Am`moJmà_mUo ñdV§ÌnUo H$m`©aV Agoc.
emgZmZo `m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m ZmhrV.
l gwatXaZmW g{_Vr - 2003 gmcr gwatXaZmW `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$m JQ>mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
`m JQ>mcm A{Ic ^maVr` godm Am{U H|$Ðr` godm JQ> "A' _Yrc ~T>Vr, g{_Vr gXñ`mMo Zmd gwM{dUo
(empanelment) Am{U nX{Z{üVr `m~m~V ì`dñWoMo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aÊ`mg gm§JÊ`mV Amco. g{_VrZo gy{MV
Ho$co H$s, gZXr godH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm H$m`©joÌ (domain) ~hmc H$aUo hm _hÎdnyU© Q>ßnm/nmD$c
hmoD$ eH$Vo. gZXr godH$m§Zm gmon{dVm òVrc Aer 11 H$m`©joÌo g{_VrZo Z_yX Ho$cr. emgZmZo `m g{_VrÀ`m
{e\$maer AOyZ ñdrH$macoë`m ZmhrV.
l nr. gr. hmoQ>m g{_Vr - `m g{_VrZo Z_yX Ho$co H$s, gZXr godH$m§À`m nXmMm {Z{üV (fixed) H$m`©H$mi
Zgë`m_wio emgH$s` YmoaUm§Mr gw_ma A§_c~OmdUr, CÎmaXm{`ËdmMm A^md Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emMm Anì``
KSy>Z òVmo. g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, CƒV_ gZXr godoVrc A{YH$mè`mÀ`m nXmMm H$m`©H$mc {H$_mZ 3
dfm©gmR>r {Z{üV Agmdm.
`m{edm` g{_VrZo Agohr gy{MV Ho$co H$s, gZXr godH$m§Zr H$m¡eëò, ì`mdgm{`H$ gdm}ËH¥$ï>Vm àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Am{U OrdZH«$_mMo (H$[aAa) {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mH$arVm H$m`©joÌ ì`dñWm cmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdr. g{_VrÀ`m _Vo,
g{Md, Aßna g{Md Am{U ghg{Md `m§Mr nX{Z`wº$s (Postings) Am{U Zm_{ZX}eZ (empanelment) ho
H$m`©joÌ O~m~Xmar, ñnYm©Ë_H$ {ZdS> Am{U H$m_mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwê$n CncãY Agcocr H$m¡eëò `mAmYmao
H$aÊ`mV `mdr. g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maetMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Zmhr.
l Xþgam àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, gZXr godH$m§Zm H$m`©joÌ gwnyX© H$aUo,
gZXr godH$m§Zm ghg{Md dm d[að> nXmdarc {Z`wº$sH$[aVm n°Zoc V`ma H$aUo, d[að> nXm§H$[aVm H$m`©H$mi
(tenures) {Z{üV H$aUo Am{U g_m§Va àdoemH$[aVm à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m Cƒ ñVamdarc nXm§~m~V {ZU©`
KoUo BË`mXr {df`m§Mr hmVmiUr H$aÊ`mH$arVm "H|$Ðr` gZXr godm A{YgÎmm' (CCSA) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
A{Ic ^maVr` godm Am{U H|$Ðr` godm JQ> - "A' _Yrc godH$m§Zm 13 dfmªMr godm nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va H$m`©joÌ
gmon{dÊ`mV `mdo. H|$Ðr` gZXr godm A{YgÎmoZo gd© gZXr godm nXm§Mm H$m`©H$mi {Z{üV H$amdm Am{U
A{YgÎmoMm hm {ZU©` emgZmda ~§YZH$maH$ Agmdm. amÁ` gaH$mam§ZrXoIrc H|$Ðr` A{YgÎmoÀ`m YaVrda amÁ`

A{YgÎmm ñWmnZ H$amdr.
Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, ^maV gaH$ma_Üò g{Md Am{U Aßna g{Md `m nXm§da {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mH$arVm
gZXr godH$m§Mr `mXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r (Short-listing) Zm_{ZX©oeZmMr Or H$m`©nÕVr Amho. Ë`m OmJr A{YH$
nmaXe©H$ nÕV Adc§{~Ê`mV `mdr. emgZmÀ`m `m CƒV_ ñVamdarc gZXr godH$m§Zm gmon{dÊ`mV òUmao H$m`©
ho {VÀ`m/Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©joÌ j_Voer Ë`mM~amo~a àd¥Îmr/H$c dm g§^mì` j_Vm§er {_iË`m-OwiË`m Agmì`mV.
`m nXm§H$[aVm Amdí`H$ R>aë`mg emgZm~mhoarc ì`º$sMr VÁkVm VnmgyZ {VMr {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV `mdr. emgZ
`m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetMr N>mZZr H$aV Amho.
(4) H$m_{Jar ì`dñWmnZ
l n{hcm àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, "JmonZr` Ahdmc' `m eãXmEodOr
"H$m_{Jar Ahdmc' hm eãX dmnaÊ`mV `mdm. _yë`m§H$Z dfm©À`m g_márdoir g§~§{YV gZXr godH$mcm Ë`mZo/
{VZo df©âmV Ho$coë`m H$m_mMr _m{hVr H$i{dÊ`mV `mdr. hr _m{hVr gZXr godH$m§À`m loUrH$aUmMm (grading)
AmYma Agmdr. H$m_{Jar Ahdmcm_Üò loUrH$aUmÀ`m 3 dJ©dmar Agmì`mV. (1) _wXVr AmYr (out of turn)
~T>VrH$arVm `mo½`. (2) ~T>VrH$arVm `mo½` Am{U (3) ~T>VrH$arVm `mo½` ZgUo B. H$m_{Jar Ahdmcm_Üò {dnarV
eoam (adverse remarks) Z_yX Ho$cm Agoc Va Vmo gZXr godH$mcm H$i{dÊ`mV òD$ Zò. emgZmZo Odinmg
gd© {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m _mÌ Cnamoº$ A§{V_ {e\$mag \o$Q>micr.
l gwatXa ZmW g{_Vr - g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, H$m_{Jar _yë`m§H$ZmMm dmna àm_w»`mZo gZXr godH$mÀ`m
gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U {VÀ`m/Ë`mÀ`m j_Vm§Mm Cn`moJ Á`m joÌmV hmoB©c Ë`m{R>H$mUr nX{Z{üVr
H$aÊ`mH$arVm H$amdm. Am`moJmZo gwM{dco H$s, gd© loUtMm g_mdoe Agcocm H$m_{Jar Ahdmc gZXr godH$mcm
Iwcm H$aÊ`mV `mdm Am{U {VÀ`m/Ë`mÀ`m H$m_{JarÀ`m _yë`m§H$Zm~m~V Ë`mMr/{VMr {Q>nÊUr {dMmamV ¿`mdr.
gZXr godH$mMr H$m_{Jar Mm§Jcr Agoc Am{U CƒV_ O~m~Xmè`m nocÊ`mgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ kmZ Am{U
H$m¡eëò AgVrc VaM g§~§{YV godH$mcm ~T>Vr XoÊ`mV `mdr. emgZmZo `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m.
l nr. gr. hmoQ>m g{_Vr - `m g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, ApñVËdmV Agcocr dm{f©H$ JmonZr` Ahdmc
ì`dñWm ~XcyZ Ë`m OmJr "H$m_{Jar _yë`m§H$Z' ì`dñWm cmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdr. Ë`mZ§Va gdm©{YH$ â hm g§_V
H$m`© `moOZonojm dñVw{Zð> _yë`m§H$Zmda XoÊ`mV `mdm. emgZmZo `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m.
l Xþgam àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, gÜ`mMr H$m_{Jar _yë`m§H$Z ì`dñWm
hr A{YH$ g„mË_H$, nmaXe©H$, H$m`©{d{eð> àmê$n Am{U dfm©VyZ EH$Xm _yë`m§H$Z H$aUo `mÛmao A{YH$ à~i
~Z{dÊ`mV `mdr. `m ì`dñWoMr ì`már dmT>dyZ Vr g_J« ì`dñWmnZ ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV `mdr. Am`moJmZo Agohr
gy{MV Ho$co H$s, {d^mJmMo _§Ìr Am{U g{Md `m§À`m_Üò dm{f©H$ H$m_{Jar H$ama H$aÊ`mV `mdm Á`mA§VJ©V
df©âm_Üò Ho$coë`m H$m_mMo ^m¡{VH$ Am{U nS>VmiUrj_ Vnerc nwa{dÊ`mV `mdoV. àË`j H$m_{JarMr VnmgUr
{Vgè`m njH$mamZo åhUOo H|$Ðr` gZXr godm A{YgÎmoZo H$amdr. emgZ Xþgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m
AZoH$ {e\$maetMm {dMma H$aV Amho.
(5) CÎmaXm{`Ëd
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§Y g{_Vr - hr g{_Vr g§WmZ_ g{_Vr `m ZmdmZohr n[a{MV Amho. g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$cr
H$s, H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJ Am{U XjVm {d^mJ ho emgZmÀ`m gd© à_wI {d^mJm§_Üò ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.
Ë`mM~amo~a gZXr godH$m§gmR>r AmMma g§{hVm V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdr. g{_VrZo Agohr gwM{dco H$s, Oa emgZmcm
EImXm godH$ nwT>rc H$m`©H$mimVrc H$m_H$mOmgmR>r A`mo½` dmQ>V Agoc Va godoMr 25 df} qH$dm 50 df} nyU©
Pmë`mZ§Va g§~§{YV godH$mcm godm{Zd¥Îm H$amdo. emgZmZo g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maetMm ñdrH$ma Am{U A§_c~OmdUr
Ho$cr.
l n{hcm àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, {dH$mg H$m_m§Mr WoQ> O~m~Xmar AgUmè`m
{d^mJm§_Üò H$m_{Jar AW©g§H$ën gwê$ H$aÊ`mV `mdm. Ë`mM~amo~a XmoZ {deof g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag

Ho$cr. H|$Ð emgZmVrc _§Ìr Am{U g{Mdm§À`m àemgH$s` H¥$Vr{damoYmVrc VH«$matMr hmVmiUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
cmoH$nmc Am{U AemM àH$maÀ`m amÁ`mVrc VH«$mar hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m`wº$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
emgZmZo Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m. àma§^r emgZmÀ`m H$mhr {d{eï> {d^mJm§_Üò H$m_{Jar AW©g§H$ën
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Z§Va Vmo gd©M {d^mJm§_Üò gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
l nr. gr. hmoQ>m g{_Vr - `m g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, EH$mË_Vm, àm{dÊ` Am{U gdm}ËH¥$ï>Vm `m Jm^m
_yë`m§gh gZXr godH$m§gmR>r "ZrVr g§{hVm' V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdr. Ë`mM~amo~a àËòH$ {d^mJmZo gZXr godH$m§H$Sy>Z
nwa{dÊ`mV òUmè`m godm Z_yX (prescribe) H$amì`mV Am{U VH«$ma {ZdmaUmMr nÕV Am{U H$m_{JarMo OZ/
gmd©O{ZH$ _yë`m§H$Z ñnï> H$amdo. g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, emgZì`dhma g§{hVoMo (code of governance)
àmê$n V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdo Á`m_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CncãY AgUmè`m emgZì`dhma à_mUH$m§Mm C„oI Agmdm.
emgZmH$S>o g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer {dMmamYrZ AmhoV.
l Xþgam àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJ - Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, gd© gZXr godH$m§gmR>r godoMr 14 df}
Am{U 20 df} nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$R>moa (intensive) nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aÊ`mV `mdo. n{hë`m nwZamdcmoH$ZmMm CÔoe
hm gZXr godH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m j_Vm Am{U _`m©Xm§Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo hmo`. Xþgè`m nwZamdcmoH$ZmÛmao
g§~§{YV godH$mMr nwT>rc H$m`©H$mimH$[aVm gj_Vm VnmgUo hmo`. Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$magr emgZmÀ`m {dMmamYrZ
AmhoV.
(6) amOH$s` H$m`©H$mar à_wI Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`mVrc g§~§Y
Xþgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, gZXr godH$m§Mr amOH$s` VQ>ñWVm Am{U {Z:njnmVrnUm `mMo
g§ajU H$aÊ`mV `mdo. Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo hr O~m~Xmar amOH$s` à_wI Am{U gZXr godH$ `m Xmohm|Mr Amho. Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo `m
~m~rMm g_mdoe _§Í`m§H$arVm "ZrVr g§{hVm' Am{U gZXr godH$m§À`m "AmMma g§{hVm' `m_Üò H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
Am`moJmZo â {Xcm H$s, AZwHy$cVm, d{eco~mOr, ^«ï>mMma Am{U A{YH$mam§Mm Xþê$n`moJ `m~m~VÀ`m VH«$mar amoIÊ`mgmR>r
emgH$s` {d^mJmVrc âVrgmR>r {d{eð> g§Ho$V/VÎdo (norms) Z_yX H$aÊ`mV `mdrV. `m VËdm§_Üò - (1) emgZmÀ`m gd©
nXm§da âVrMr H$m`©nÕV ñnï>nUo Zm|X{dUo, (2) gd© nXm§gmR>r Iwcr ñnYm© Am{U ì`mnH$ Om{hamV, (3) âVr à{H«$òVrc
JwáVm H$_r H$aUo, (4) {ZdS> hr àm_w»`mZo coIr narjoÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$cr Omdr Am{U _wcmIVrcm H$_r _hÎd Úmdo.
Am`moJmÀ`m Cnamoº$ {e\$maer emgZmÀ`m {dMmamYrZ AmhoV.
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV gZXr godoÀ`m gwYmaUogmR>r ~hþg§»` g{_Ë`m/ Am`moJm§Zr {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. na§Vw ~hþVm§e {e\$maer
\o$Q>miÊ`mV Amë`m Va H$mhtMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. AmOhr ^maVr` àemgZm_Üò hm _wÔm H$irMm R>aV Amho.
EH§$XarVM gwYmaUm§gmR>r nwîH$i dmd Amho.


emgZ ì`dhmamVrc Zr{VVÎdo

26 (Ethics in Governance)
Xþgam àemgH$s` Am`moJ
(1) amOH$s` {ZYrMr gwYmaUm

{ZdS>UwH$m§da hmoUmam ~oH$m`Xoera Am{U AZmdí`H$ IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm amÁ`g§ñWoZo H$mhr à_mUmV {ZYr
nwa{dÊ`mMr ì`dñWm gwê$ H$amdr.
(2) njm§Va~§Xr H$m`Xm H$R>moa H$aUo
njm§Va Ho$ë`m_wio AnmÌ R>acoë`m gXñ`m§À`m {df`m~m~V amï´>nVr Am{U amÁ`nmcm§Zr {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m
gëë`mZwgma {ZU©` ¿`mdm.
(3) AnmÌVm
cmoH$à{V{ZYr H$m`ÚmVrc H$c_ 8 _Üò XþþéñVr H$aÊ`mV òD$Z {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ ~Xc H$aoc Ë`mà_mUo J§^ra Am{U
AË`§V qZXZr` JwÝhm Am{U ^«ï>mMmamer g§~§{YV Amamonm§Zm gm_moao OmV Agcoë`m gd© gXñ`m§Zm, ì`º$s¨Zm AnmÌ
R>a{dÊ`mV `mdo.
(4) AmKmS>r Am{U ZrVrVÎdo
amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z Aer h_r XoÊ`mV `mdr H$s, _VXmam§Zr {ZdS>UwH$m§nydu CKS>nUo qH$dm emgZ ñWmnZ
H$aVodoir AàË`jnUo EH$ dm A{YH$ njm§Zm g_mZ H$m`©H«$_m§À`m AmYmamda OZmYma {Xcm Agoc Am{U H$mhr
H$mcmdYrZ§Va AmKmS>r~mhoa AgUmè`m EH$ dm A{YH$ amOH$s` njm§er nwZAm©KmS>r Ho$cr OmV Agoc Va g§~§{YV
njmÀ`m qH$dm njm§À`m gXñ`m§Zr _VXmam§H$Sy>Z nwÝhm Zì`mZo OZmYma àmá Ho$cm nm{hOo.
(5) _w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$/Am`wº$m§Mr {Z`wº$s
_w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$ dm Am`wº$m§Mr {Z`wº$s H$aVmZm n§VàYmZm§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc _§S>imZo (`m_Üò cmoH$g^mnVr,
cmoH$gôVrc {damoYr nj ZoVm, {d{Y _§Ìr Am{U amÁ`gôMm CnmÜ`j B. gXñ` AgVrc.) amï´>nVtÀ`m {dMmamW©
{e\$mag H$amdr.
(6) {ZdS>UyH$ `m{MH$m OcXJVrZo {ZH$mcmV H$mT>Uo
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 323 "~' A§VJ©V àmXo{eH$ nmVirda "{deof {ZdS>UyH$ Ý`m`m{YH$aU' (SET) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV
`mdrV Á`mÛmao 6 _{hÝ`m§À`m H$mcmdYrV {ZdSUyH$ `m{MH$m Am{U {ddmXm§Mo OcXJVrZo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mV òB©c.
àËòH$ Ý`m`m{YH$aUm_Üò (Tribunal) Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`mYre Am{U {ZdS>UwH$m§Mo g§MmcZ H$aÊ`mMm
{H$_mZ 5 dfmªMm AZw^d Agcoë`m d[að> gZXr godH$mMm g_mdoe Agmdm (g§~§{YV gZXr godH$mMm XOm© ^maV
gaH$ma_Yrc Aßna g{Md qH$dm amÁèmgZmVrc àYmZ (Principal) g{Mdmnojm H$_r Agy Zò). {VÀ`mdarc
Am~§YZ (Mandate) åhUOo H$m`ÚmZo {Z{üV Ho$ë`mà_mUo {VZo 6 _{hÝ`m§À`m H$mcmdYrV gd© {ZdS>UyH$ `m{MH$m§da
{ZU©` ¿`mdm. gd©gmYmaUnUo Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr ñWmnZm 1 dfm©H$[aVm H$aÊ`mV `mdr Am{U Ho$di AndmXmË_H$
n[apñWVrVM {VMr _wXV 6 _{hÝ`m§H$[aVm dmT>{dÊ`mV `mdr.
(7) gXñ`m§À`m AnmÌVoH$arVm AmYma
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 102 (B©) A§VJ©V g§gX gXñ`m§Mr AnmÌVm ñnï> H$aUmam `mo½` H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
`mà_mUoM amÁ`m§ZrXoIrc H$c_ 198 (B©) A§VJ©V H$m`Xm H$amdm.
(8) _§Í`m§H$[aVm Z¡{VH$ Mm¡H$Q>
l gÜ`m _§Í`m§gmR>r AmMmag§{hVm Amho. _§Í`m§Zr Amncr H$V©ìò nma nmS>VmZm nmimd`mMr CƒV_ gm§{dYm{ZH$

à_mUHo$ Am{U ZrVrË_H$ AmMma `m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmar "ZrVrVÎdo g§{hVm' V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
l n§VàYmZ Am{U _w»`_§Í`m§À`m H$m`m©c`m_Üò "ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm' Am{U "AmMma VËdo' `m§Mo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
"g_{n©V EH$H$' (Dedicated Units) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdo. `m EH$H$mcm AmMma g§{hVoMo C„§KZ Pmë`m~m~VÀ`m
gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$mar àmá H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm.
l n§VàYmZ Am{U _w»`_§Ìr `m§À`mda _§Í`m§À`m ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm Am{U AmMmag§{hVm n`©dojUmMr h_r XoÊ`mMo
H$V©ì`~§YZ (duty bound) Agoc. ho VËd AmKmS>r emgZmÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr cmJy Agoc OoWo _§Ìr ho {d{^Þ njmMo
gXñ` AgVrc.
l Cnamoº$ g§{hVm§À`m n`©dojUmMm Ahdmc g§~§{YV H$m`Xo_§S>imcm gmXa H$amdm. `m Ahdmcm_Üò C„§KZmMr H$mhr
{deof àH$aUo AgVrc Va Vr Am{U Ë`mda H$aÊ`mV Amcocr H$madmB© Z_yX H$amdr.
l Ë`mM~amo~a ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm_Üò _§Ìr-gZXr godH$ g§~§Ym~m~VMr {dñV¥V VÎdo g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV `mdrV.
AmMma g§{hVmXoIrc {dñV¥VnUo Z_yX H$amdr.
l ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm, AmMma g§{hVm Am{U dm{f©H$ Ahdmc gdmªgmR>r Iwcm Agmdm.
(9) H$m`Xo_§S>im_Üò ZrVrVËdm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr
(A) g§gXoÀ`m àËòH$ g^mJ¥hmZo "ZrVrVËdo Am`wº$' (Ethics Commissioner) ho nX {Z_m©U H$amdo. cmoH$g^mnVr/
amÁ`g^m AÜ`j `m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr H$m`© H$aUmè`m `m nXmZo "ZrVrVËdo g{_Vrcm' {VMr H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`m-
_Üò ghmæ` H$amdo, gXñ`m§Zm g„m Úmdm Am{U Amdí`H$Vm ^mgoc Voìhm _hËdnyU© Ahdmc gm§^mimdoV.
(~) amÁ`m§À`m g§X^m©V Am`moJmZo nwT>rc {e\$maer Ho$ë`m -
l gd© amÁ` {d{Y_§S>im§Zr Ë`m§À`m gXñ`m§H$[aVm ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm Am{U AmMmag§{hVm ñdrH$mamdr.
l `m AmMma g§{hVoÀ`m nmcZmMr h_r XoÊ`mH$[aVm gw{Z{üV H$m`©nÕVr Z_yX H$ê$Z ZrVrVËdo g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ
H$amì`mV.
l amÁ`{d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§À`m {hVg§~§YmÀ`m KmofUogmo~VM "gXñ`m§À`m {hVg§~§YmMr Zm|Xdhr' (Registers
of Members' Interests) amIcr Omdr.
l ZrVrVËdmÀ`m C„§KZm§Mm C„oI Agcoco dm{f©H$ Ahdmc g§~§{YV g^mJ¥hmg_moa _m§S>co OmdoV.
l àËòH$ g^mJ¥hmZo "ZrVrVËd Am`wº$' ho nX {Z_m©U H$amdo. ho nX {d{Y_§S>imMm g^mnVr/AÜ`j `m§À`m
{Z`§ÌUmImcr H$m`© H$aoc.
(10) cm^mMo nX
(A) H$m`Úm_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z nwT>rc VËdm§À`m AmYmamda cm^mMo nX {Z{üV H$amdo.
l {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`mMm AZw^d, XÿaÑï>r Am{U VkVm `m§Mm dmna hmoUmar nyU©nUo g„mJma _§S>imVrc gd©
nXo hr cm^mMr nXo _mZcr OmUma ZmhrV. Aem nXm§Zm _mZYZ dm gmo`rgw{dYm àmá hmoV Agë`mVar Vr
cm^mMr nXo _mZVm òUma ZmhrV.
l H$m`©H$mar {ZU©` {Z{_©Vr Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {ZYrMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUmar gd© nXo, `m_Üò gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mÀ`m
_§S>imdarc nXo Am{U àË`j YmoaUo {ZYm©arV H$aUmar dm g§ñWm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUmar d¡Ym{ZH$ Am{U
{~Ja-d¡Ym{ZH$ A{YgÎmm qH$dm IMm©cm A{YH¥$V H$aUmar dm _mÝ`Vm XoUmar A{YgÎmm (Authority)
`mgd© nXm§Mm g_mdoe cm^mÀ`m nXm§_Üò H$amdm Am{U H$moUË`mhr {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`mcm Aer nXo YmaU
H$aVm òUma ZmhrV.
l EImXm H$m`©aV (nXmdarc) _§Ìr Oa Ë`mÀ`m nXmÀ`m JwUY_m©_wio {Z`moOZ Am`moJ dm `mgma»`m H$mhr
{d{eï> g§KQ>Zm§Mm gXñ` dm à_wI Agoc Am{U Ë`m_wio _§{Ì_§S>i Am{U g§~§{YV g§KQ>Zm dm A{YgÎmm dm
g{_Vr `m§À`m_Üò X¡Z§{XZ K{Zð> g_Ýd` Am{U EH$mpË_H$aU gmYco OmV Agoc Va Aem nXm§Zm cm^mMo
nX _mZÊ`mV òD$ eH$Vo.
({d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§Zm {ZYrÀ`m {d{Z`moJmMm Agcocm A{YH$ma, {d{eð> àH$ën dm `moOZm {ZYm©arV

H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma dm cm^mWu {ZdS>Uo dm IM© A{YH¥$V H$aUo `m gd© ~m~r H$m`©H$mar H$m`m©_Üò òVmV
Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©V EImXo ZdrZ nX A{Ygy{MV Ho$coco Am{U YmaU Ho$coco Zgco VargwÕm amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc
H$c_ 102 Am{U 191 AÝdò AnmÌVm {gÕ hmoVo.)
(~) MPLADS Am{U MLALADS `mgma»`m `moOZm aÔ~mVc H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV.
(H$) g§gX gXñ` Am{U amÁ` {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§Zm "_m{hVr A{YH$ma H$m`Úm§VJ©V' gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmm
åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV `mdo. `mcm AndmX åhUOo Vo nma nmS>V Agcocr H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc H$m`}
hmoV.
(11 gZXr godH$m§gmR>r ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm
(A) gd© gmd©O{ZH$ godH$m§gmR>r _hËdnyU© Agcoë`m "gmd©O{ZH$ godm _yëò' (Public Service Value) {Z{üV
H$aÊ`mV `mdrV Am{U emgZmÀ`m gd© nmVù`m§Zm VgoM {Z_-emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Zm cmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdrV. `m
_yë`m§Mo C„§KZ ho J¡adV©Z _mZmdo Am{U {ejm cmJy H$amdr.
(~) ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm_Üò {hVg§~§YmMm g§Kf© g_J«nUo ì`mncm Omdm. VgoM, nXmda H$m`©aV Agcoë`m A{YH$mè`mcm
gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mÀ`m _§S>imda Zm_{ZX}{eV Ho$co OmD$ Zò. VWm{n hr ~m~ {~Ja-cm^mÀ`m g§ñWm Am{U
g„mJma _§S>imcm cmJy R>aV Zmhr.
(12) {Z`m_H$m§gmR>r ZrVrVËdo g§{hVm
d¡Ym{ZH$ AmYmamda H$m`©aV Agcoë`m gd© ì`dgm`m§gmR>r g_J« Am{U A§_c~OmdUrj_ AmMmag§{hVm Z_yX
H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
(13) Ý`m`_§S>imH$arVm ZrVrVËdm§Mr Mm¡H$Q>
(A) H$m`©H$mar_§S>i, H$m`Xo_§S>i Am{U Ý`m`_§S>imMo à{V{ZYr Agcoë`m _§S>imÛmao (collegium) Ý`m`_§S>imÀ`m
gXñ`mMr {Z`wº$s Ho$cr Omdr `m d¡pídH$arË`m ñdrH¥$V VËdmYmao "amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ n[afX' (NJC) ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m n[afXoMr aMZm nwT>rcà_mUo Agmdr -
l Cnamï´>nVr hm n[afXoMm AÜ`j Agoc.
l n§VàYmZ
l cmoH$g^mnVr
l ^maVmMo gaÝ`m`mYre
l {d{Y_§Ìr
l cmoH$gôVrc {damoYr njZoVm
l amÁ`gôVrc {damoYr njZoVm
Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`mYrem§Mr {Z`wº$s Am{U n`©dojUmg§X^m©V n[afXo_Üò nwT>rc gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe Agoc
- (1) g§~§{YV amÁ`mMm _w»`_§Ìr, (2) g§~§{YV Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mMm _w»` Ý`m`mYre
(~) amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ n[afXocm H${Zð> Ý`m`_§S>imgh Ý`m`mYrem§gmR>r AmMmag§{hVm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
AgmdoV.
(H$) n[afXoH$S>o gdm}ƒ Am{U Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`mYrem§À`m {Z`wº$sMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© gmon{dÊ`mV
`mdo. n[afXocm Ý`m`mYrem§da n`©dojU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© gmon{dÊ`mV `mdo Am{U J¡adV©ZmÀ`m Amamonm§Mr Mm¡H$er
H$ê$Z {H$aH$moi (minor) {ejm XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm. àH$aU \$maM J§^ra Agoc Va Ý`m`mYremcm
nX_wº$ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$amdr.
(S>) amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ n[afXoÀ`m {e\$maerdê$Z amï´>nVrcm gdm}ƒ dm Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`mYremcm nX_wº$
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agoc.
(B) amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ n[afXoÀ`m ñWmnZoH$[aVm amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 124 _Üò XþéñVr H$aÊ`mV `mdr. AemM
àH$maMm ~Xc H$c_ 217 _Üò H$aÊ`mV `mdm. Ë`mM~amo~a hr A{YgÎmm Ý`m`mYrem§Mo {eñVnmcZ Am{U

n`©dojU H$aUma Agë`m_wio H$c_ 217 (4) _Üò AmUIrZ ~Xc g§^dVmV.
(\$) gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`mYremcm "Ý`m`mc`rZ _yëò Am`wº$' (JVC) åhUyZ nX^ma XoÊ`mV `mdm. Ë`mZo/
{VZo AmMmag§{hVoMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$amdo. AemM àH$maMr ì`dñWm Cƒ Ý`m`mc`m_Üòhr
H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
(14) ^«ï>mMma
^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V nwT>rc AnamYm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l OmUrdnyU©H$ nXmÀ`m enWoMo C„§KZ H$ê$Z amÁ`KQ>Zm Am{U cmoH$emhr g§ñWm§Mm AZmXa H$aUo.
l H$moUmcm Var AZwHy$cVm dm YmoH$m nmohmoM{dÊ`mH$[aVm A{YgÎmoMm Xþén`moJ H$aUo.
l Ý`m`XmZm_Üò AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aUo.
l gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emMm Anhma H$aUo.
(15 g§JZ_VmZo Ho$cocr cmMcwMnV
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{Y{Z`_mVrc H$c_ 7 _Üò XþþéñVr H$ê$Z "g§JZ_VmZo Ho$cocr cmMcwMnV' (Collusive
bribery) `m {deof JwÝømMm g_mdoe H$amdm. g§~§{YV Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamÀ`m n[aUm_r dm hoVynyd©H$ Ho$cocr H¥$Vr
`mÛmao amÁ`g§ñWm, cmoH$ dm gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmcm \$Q>H$m ~gUma Agoc Va Aem JwÝømMo dU©Z "g§JZ_VmMr
cmMcwMnV' Ago Ho$co Omdo.
l Aem gd© àH$aUm§_Üò ñWm{nV Pmco H$s, gZXr godH$mÀ`m H¥$Vr_wio amÁ`g§ñWm dm gmd©O{ZH$ {hV ~m{YV Pmco
Amho Aemdoir Ý`m`mc` Ago J¥{hV Yê$ eH$Vo H$s, gmd©O{ZH$ godH$ Am{U g§~§{YV cm^mWu `m§Zr "g§JZ_VmZo
cmMImoar'Mm JwÝhm Ho$cocm Amho.
l cmMcwMnVrÀ`m àH$aUmVrc {ejonojm `m àH$aUmVrc {ejm hr XþßnQ> Agmdr. `m AZwf§JmZo H$m`Úm_Üò ~Xc
H$amdm.
(16) IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mH$arVm g§_Vr
l EImÚm cmoH$ (gmd©O{ZH$) godH$mcm a§JohmW nH$S>Ê`mV Amco Agoc qH$dm CËnÞmÀ`m kmV òmoVm§nojm
à_mUm~mhoa _mc_Îmm Agoc Va Aem godH$m§da IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r nyd©-nadmZJrMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z g§_Vr XoUmè`m A{YH$mè`mcm g_Ýg Z ~OmdVm Ho$di XñVEodO
àmá H$amdrV Am{U `mo½` A{YgÎmoZo Vr Ý`m`mc`mnwT>o gmXa H$amdrV, Aer VaVyX H$amdr.
l g§gX gXñ` Am{U amÁ` {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§À`m g§X^m©V g^mJ¥hmMm AÜ`j hrM g§_Vr XoUmar A{YgÎmm åhUyZ
A{YH¥$V H$amdr.
l gÜ`m IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mnydu H$m`©aV/godmaV Agcoë`m gZXr godH$m§~m~V nyd©-g§_Vr Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U ho
VËd godm{Zd¥Îm Pmcoë`m cmoH$ godH$m§ZmXoIrc Ë`m§Zr godoV AgVmZm Ho$coë`m H¥$Vr~m~V cmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
l ^maV gaH$macm IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mH$[aVm g§_Vr XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agcoë`m Aem gd© àH$aUm§_Üò ho
A{YH$ma H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$ Am{U emgZmMm {d^mJr` g{MdmMm g_mdoe AgUmè`m "gj_rH¥$V g{_VrH$S>o'
(Empowered Committee) gmon{dÊ`mV `mdoV. EImÚm àH$aUm_Üò XmoKm§_Üò _V{^ÞVm Agoc Va g§~§{YV
àH$aU g§nyU© H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJmnwT>o R>odÊ`mV òB©c. EImÚm àH$aUmV emgZmÀ`m g{Mdm§{damoYmVM g§_Vr
Amdí`H$ Agoc Va gj_rH¥$V g{_Vr_Üò H°${~ZoQ> g{Md Am{U H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$mMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
`mdm. gd© àH$aUm§_Üò g§_Vr AmXoe XmoZ _{hÝ`m§À`m H$mcmdYrV Úmdm ZmhrVa g§_Vr ZmH$maÊ`mMr H$maUo
g§~§{YV {d{Y_§S>imnwT>o dm{f©H$ Ahdmc ñdê$nmV R>odmdrV.
(17) ^«ï> gmd©O{ZH$ godH$mZo ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd
\$m¡OXmar àH$aUm§_Üò {ejoÀ`m VaVwXrgmo~VM H$m`ÚmÛmao Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV `mdr H$s, cmoH$ godH$mZo Ho$coë`m
^«ï>mMma H¥$Vr_wio amÁ`g§ñWm dm ZmJarH$m§Mr hmZr Pmcr Agoc Va Vmo Vr hmZr ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mg O~m~Xma Agoc
VgoM Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZr~Ôc Ë`mMo Xm{`Ëd (liable) _mZco OmB©c. `m VaVwXtMm g_mdoe ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$

A{Y{Z`_m_Üò EImÚm àH$aUmMm A§V^m©d H$ê$Z H$aVm òB©c.
(18) ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm§VJ©V àH$aUm§Mr JVr dmT>{dUo
l IQ>cm gwZmdUrÀ`m (trial) {d{dY Q>ßß`m§H$arVm H$mcmdYr {Z{üV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H$m`Xoera VaVyX H$aÊ`mMr JaO
Amho. \$m¡OXmar H$m`Xoà{H«$`m g§{hVm (CrPC) `m_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z ho H$aVm òB©c.
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm§VJ©V Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m "{deof Ý`m`mYrem§Zr' `m H$m`Úm§VJ©V Agcocr àH$aUo
{ZH$mcmV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r àmYmÝ` Úmdo `mH$[aVm nmdco CMcmdr cmJVrc. `m H$m`Úm§VJ©V Ho$di nwaogo H$m_ Zgoc
VaM {deof Ý`m`mYrem§H$S>o AÝ` O~m~Xmar gmon{dcr OmB©c.
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm§VJ©V Ý`m`mc`m_Üò gwZmdUr gwê$ Agcocr àH$aUo X¡Z§{XZ AmYmamda hmVmiÊ`mV
`mdr Am{U `m_Üò H$moUË`mhr {dMcZmcm (deviation) AZw_Vr Zgmdr.
l gdm}ƒ Am{U Cƒ Ý`m`mc` AZmdí`H$ VhHw$~r Am{U {dc§~ Q>miÊ`m~m~V _mJ©X{e©H$m Omar H$ê$ eH$VmV.
(19) ImgJr joÌmVrc ^«ï>mMma
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{Y{Z`_m_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z {VÀ`m AdcmoH$Z joÌmV ImgJr joÌmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ godm
nwadR>mXmam§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l ârd à_mUmV {ZYr àmá H$aUmè`m {~JaemgH$s` A{^H$aUm§Zm ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm§J©V AmUmdo. Ago
VËd cmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdo H$s, H$moUVrhr g§ñWm dm _§S>imZo {VÀ`m dm{f©H$ IMm©n¡H$s 50 Q>ŠŠ`m§nojm A{YH$ qH$dm
H$moUË`mhr gcJ 3 dfmª_Üò 1 H$moQ>r énò dm Ë`mnojm A{YH$ a¸$_ àmá Ho$cr Agoc Va Ë`m H$mcmdYrH$arVm
"ârd {ZYr' (substantial funding) àmá Ho$cm Agë`mMo _mZco OmB©c.
(20) ^«ï> _mJm©Zo {_i{dcocr Ad¡Y _mc_Îmm Oá H$aUo
{d{YAm`moJmZo gy{MV Ho$coco "^«ï> cmoH$ godH$ (_mc_ÎmoMr Oár) {dYo`H$' {dZm{dc§~ g§_V H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
(21) "~oZm_r' ì`dhmamcm à{V~§Y
~oZm_r ì`dhma (à{V~§Y) A{Y{Z`_, 1988 À`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r VmËH$mi nmdco CMcÊ`mV `mdrV.
(22) pìhgc ãcmoAg©Zm g§ajU
{d{Y Am`moJmZo nwT>rcà_mUo àñVm{dV Ho$coë`m ñdê$nmZwgma pìhgcãcmoAg©Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r VmËH$mi H$m`Xm
H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l pìhgc ãcmoAg©Zr CKS> Ho$coco ImoQ>o Xmdo, \$gdUyH$ dm ^«ï>mMma `mMm Ë`m§Zm YmoH$m hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ JmonZr`Vm,
AZm{_H$Ëd amIco Omdo; Ë`m§À`m H$[aAaMo g§ajU Am{U Ë`m§Zm emar[aH$ YmoH$m Am{U N>idUyH$ hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ
AÝ` àemgH$s` Cnm` `moOmdoV.
l H$m`ÚmÛmao ImgJr (H$mnm}aoQ>) joÌmVrc pìhgc ãcmoAg©ZmXoIrc g§ajU {Xco Omdo H$maU `m joÌmVrc H¥$Vt_wio
gmd©O{ZH$ {hVg§~§Ymcm ~mYm òdy eH$Vo.
l pìhgc ãcmoAg©Mr N>idUyH$ dm ~ir dm XS>nUyH$ `mcm \$m¡OXmar JwÝhm _mZcm OmB©c Am{U Ë`mH$arVm _moR>r
{ejm Am{U XohX§S> Agoc.
(23) J§^ra Am{W©H$ JwÝho
(A) "J§^ra Am{W©H$ JwÝøm§~m~V' ZdrZ H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
(~) J§^ra Am{W©H$ JwÝho åhUOo -
l `m_Üò 10 H$moQ>r én`m§nojm A{YH$ aH$_oMm ì`dhma AgUo; dm
l `m_wio ì`mnH$ gmd©O{ZH$ qMVmJ«ñVVm dmT>Uo; dm
l `m àH$aUmÀ`m AÝdofU dm IQ>cm H$m`©dmhrgmR>r {dÎm ~mOmanoR>oVrc AË`wƒ {deofrH¥$V kmZ Agcoë`m
ì`º$sMr dm ~±H$m§À`m dV©UwH$sMr dm AÝ` {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>Uo; dm
l `m_Üò _hËdnyU© Am§Vaamï´>r` Am`m_ Jw§Vcocm Agoc; dm
l Á`m àH$aUmÀ`m AÝdofUm_Üò H$m`Xo{df`H$, {dÎmr`, Jw§VdUwH$s` Am{U AÝdofUmË_H$ H$m¡eëò EH${ÌV

H$amdr cmJVrc; dm
l g§K emgZ, {Z`m_H$, ~±H$m dm H$moUË`mhr {dÎmr` g§ñWogmR>r g§~§{YV àH$aU Jw§VmJw§VrMo dmQ>Uo.
(H$) Aem JwÝøm§Mm Vnmg Am{U IQ>cm gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ H$m`Úm§VJ©V "J§^ra \$gdUyH$ H$m`m©c`' (SFO)
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdo. ho H$m`m©c` H°${~ZoQ> g{Mdmc`mer g§c¾ Agmdo. `m H$m`m©c`mcm `m CÔoemgmR>r
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m {deof Ý`m`mc`m_Üò Aem gd© àH$aUm§Mm Vnmg Am{U IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma AgmdoV. `m H$m`m©c`mVrc H$_©Mmar dJ© {dÎmr` joÌ, ^m§S>dc Am{U dm`Xo ~mOma, dñVy ~mOma,
coIm§H$Z, àË`j Am{U AàË`j H$a, \$moaopÝgH$ coImnarjU, AÝdofU, \$m¡OXmar Am{U H§$nZr H$m`Xm Am{U
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZ BË`mXr {d{dY joÌmVyZ âVr H$aÊ`mV `mdm. SFO H$m`m©c`m~m~V {_Ìm (Mitra) g{_VrZo
Ho$coë`m AÝdofU A{YH$mam~m~VÀ`m gd© {e\$maer ñdrH$maÊ`mV `mì`mV. ApñVËdmV Agcoco SFIO ho
H$m`m©c` `m ZdrZ H$m`m©c`m_Üò {dcrZ H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
(S>) Aem JwÝøm§Mm Vnmg Am{U IQ>cm H$m`©dmhrda n`©dojU H$aÊ`mgmR>r "J§^ra \$gdUyH$ n`©dojU g{_Vr'
(SFMC) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m g{_VrMm AÜ`j H°${~ZoQ> g{Md Agoc Va _w»` XjVm Am`wº$, J¥h
g{Md, {dÎm g{Md, ~±qH$J/{dÎmr` joÌmMm g{Md, RBI CnamÁ`nmc, H§$nZr ì`dhma {d^mJmMm g{Md,
{d{Y g{Md, go~rMm AÜ`j BË`mXr AÝ` gXñ` AgmdoV.
(B) EImÚm J§^ra \$gdUwH$s_Üò EImXr gmd©O{ZH$ `§ÌUm Jw§Vcocr Agoc Va SFO Zo Amncm Ahdmc amï´>r`
cmoH$m`wº$mH$S>o nmR>dmdm Am{U Ë`mZo {Xcoë`m gyMZm§Mo nmcZ H$amdo.
(\$) Aem àH$aUm§_Üò Ý`m`mc` Amamonrcm _w»` nwamdm åhUyZ J¥{hV Yaoc Am{U nwamdo ZgÊ`mMr O~m~Xmarhr
Amamonrda Agoc.
(24) àH$aU Zm|X{dÊ`mgmR>r nyd© _V¡Š` : {X„r {deof nmocrg AmñWmnZm A{Y{Z`_, 1946 Mo H$c_ 6 "A'
H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$mcm gÜ`mÀ`m d¡Ym{ZH$ ì`dñWoA§VJ©V g§~§{YV {d^mJmÀ`m g{Mdmer g„m_gcV H$ê$Z
Mm¡H$erMr nadmZJr Úmdr cmJVo. emgZ g{MdmÀ`m{damoYmV Vnmg/Mm¡H$er H$amd`mMr Agoc Va H°${~ZoQ> g{Md
Am{U H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$ `m§Mm g_mdoe Agcoë`m g{_VrZo AZw_Vr Úmdr. `mH$[aVm {X„r {deof nmocrg
AmñWmnZm A{Y{Z`_m_Üò (DSPEA) XþéñVr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. A§{V_V: Cnamoº$ àH$aUmV A{YH$mam§Mm dmna
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$macm Amnco A{YH$ma H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$mcm gmon{dVm òVrc. Aem àH$maMr AZw_Vr
XoÊ`mgmR>r H$amì`m cmJUmè`m à{H«$òÀ`m H$mcmdYrgmR>r 30 {Xdgm§Mr _wXV Agoc.
(25) cmoH$à{V{ZYtZm Agcocr _wº$Vm/_moH$irH$
(A) Am`moJmZo amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`©McZmMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m gyMZocm _mÝ`
H$aVmZmM {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 105 (2) _Üò AZwê$n XþþéñVr H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Aer VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV `mdr H$s, g§gX gXñ`m§Zr g^mJ¥hmVrc dm AÝ` Ë`m§Mr H$V©ìò nma nmS>VmZm Ho$coë`m ^«ï> H¥$VtnmgyZ
Ë`m§Zm _wº$Vm (immunity) AgUma Zmhr.
(~) Aem àH$maMr VaVyX amÁ` {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§H$arVm H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 194(2) _Üò XþþéñVr
H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
(26) gZXr godH$m§Zm gm§{dYm{ZH$ g§ajU - H$c_ 311
l amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 310 Am{U 311 aÔ H$amdo (repealed).
l H$c_ 309 A§VJ©V godo~m~VÀ`m gd© {Z`_ Am{U AQ>tMm g_mdoe AgUmè`m `mo½` H$m`ÚmMm A§V^m©d H$amdm
Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r Ho$coë`m H¥$VtZm g§ajU Úmdo; hr VaVyX gd© amÁ`m§Zm cmJy H$amdr.
l cmoH$ godH$m§Zm _Z_mZr H¥$VrnmgyZMo g§ajU Aem H$m`ÚmÛmao H$c_ 309 A§VJ©V XoÊ`mV `mdo.
(27) cmoH$nmc
l amÁ`KQZo_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z "amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$' `m ZmdmZo amï´>r` Amå~wS>g²_Z ñWmnZ H$amdo. amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$mMr
^y{_H$m Am{U A{YH$majoÌ amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò Z_yX H$aÊ`mV `mdo Va g§gXoÀ`m H$m`ÚmÛmao {VMr aMZm, {Z`wº$s nÕV

Am{U BVa Vnerc {Z{üV H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$mÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmV H|$Ð emgZmMo gd© _§Ìr (n§VàYmZm§Mm AndmX), gd© KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mo _w»`_§Ìr,
H|$Ðr` _§Í`mÀ`m XOm©Mr nXo YmaU H$aUmao gd© gmd©O{ZH$ nXmdarc ì`º$s Am{U g§gX gXñ` `m§Mm g_mdoe
Agmdm. EImÚm gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`©`§ÌUoÀ`m {damoYmV Mm¡H$er H$aV AgVmZm `m `§ÌUogmo~V AÝ` gmd©O{ZH$
A{YH$mè`m§Mm Ë`mV gh^mJ Agë`mg amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$mcm Aem A{YH$mar dm A{YH$mè`m§À`m {damoYmV Mm¡H$er
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agoc.
l amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$m§À`m H$m`©H$joVyZ n§VàYmZm§Zm dJiÊ`mV `mdo.
l amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$mÀ`m AÜ`jnXr gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mMm H$m`©aV dm godm{Zd¥Îm Ý`m`mYre Agoc Am{U »`mVZm_
H$m`XoVÁk hm gXñ` Va H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`wº$ hm nX{gÕ gXñ` Agoc.
l ^maVmMo Cnamï´>nVr, n§VàYmZ, {damoYrnj ZoVm, cmoH$g^mnVr Am{U ^maVmMo gaÝ`m`mYre BË`mXr gXñ`
Agcoë`m g{_VrZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mV 3 dfmªnojm A{YH$ H$mi godm Pmcoë`m H$m`©aV Ý`m`mYrem_YyZ amï´>r`
cmoH$m`wº$ AÜ`jnXr {ZdS> H$amd`mMr Amho. g{_Vrcm H$m`©aV Ý`m`mremMr {ZdS> H$aUo eŠ` Pmco ZmhrVa
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc godm{Zd¥Îm Ý`m`mYremMr {ZdS> H$aVm òB©c. `m g{_VrÛmaoM gXñ`mMr (»`mVZm_
H$m`XoVÁk) {ZdS> Ho$cr OmB©c. amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$mÀ`m AÜ`j Am{U gXñ`mMr {Z`wº$s Ho$di 3 dfm©À`m EH$m
Q>_©gmR>r Ho$cr OmB©c Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Vo emgZmÀ`m A{YnË`mImcrc H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ nXmda ñWmZmnÞ hmoD$
eH$Uma ZmhrV. `mcm AndmX åhUOo Ë`m§À`m godoÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwê$n Vo ^maVmMo gaÝ`m`mYre ~Zy eH$VmV.
l amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$m§H$S>o gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrc ZrVrà_mUHo$ C§Mm{dÊ`mH$arVm amï´>r` _mo{h_ (campaign) KoÊ`mMo
H$m`© gmon{dÊ`mV `mdo.
(28) cmoH$m`wº$
l KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$ê$Z amÁ` emgZmcm cmoH$m`wº$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo A{Zdm`© H$aÊ`mV `mdo. amÁ` emgZmZo
{VMr g§aMZm, A{YH$ma Am{U H$m`} `m~m~VMr gd©gmYmaU VËdo Z_yX H$amdrV.
l cmoH$m`wº$ hr ~hþgXñ`r` g§ñWm Agmdr Am{U Ý`m`_§S>imVrc gXñ` {VMm AÜ`j Va »`mVZm_ H$m`XoVÁk
dm »`mVZm_ àemgH$ gXñ` Agmdm Am{U amÁ` XjVm Am`moJmMm à_wI {VMm nX{gÕ gXñ` Agoc.
cmoH$m`wº$ AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> _w»`_§Ìr, Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mMm _w»` Ý`m`mYre Am{U {dYmZgôVrc {damoYr njZoVm
`m§À`m g{_VrZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m godm{Zd¥Îm Ý`m`mYrem§_YyZ qH$dm Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m godm{Zd¥Îm _w»`
Ý`m`mYrem§À`m n°Zoc_YyZ H$amdr. `mM g{_VrZo Xþgam gXñ` åhUyZ »`mVZm_ H$m`XoVÁk/ àemgH$mMrXoIrc
{Z`wº$s H$amdr. Cn-cmoH$m`wº$ nXmMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr.
l cmoH$m`wº$mMo A{YH$majoÌ Ho$di ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m àH$aUm~m~V Agmdo. Ë`m§Zr gd©gmYmaU OZ JmèhmÊ`m§H$S>o cj
XoD$ Zò.
l cmoH$m`wº$mZo _§Ìr Am{U {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`mÀ`m ^«ï>mMmamMr àH$aUo hmVmimdrV.
l àËòH$ KQ>H$amÁ`mZo amÁ` emgZ A{YH$mè`m§À`m ^«ï>mMma àH$aUmMr hmVmiUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` XjVm Am`moJ
ñWmnZ H$amdm. Am`moJm_Üò 3 gXñ` AgmdoV Am{U Am`moJmZo H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJmà_mUo H$m`© H$amdo.
l amÁ` XjVm Am`moJmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ ã`wamo AmUmdm.
l cmoH$m`wº$ AÜ`j Am{U gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wº$s Ho$di EH$m Q>_©gmR>rM H$aÊ`mV `mdr Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm emgZmÀ`m
AIË`marV AÝ` H$moUVohr gmd©O{ZH$ nX Cn^moJVm òUma Zmhr.
l cmoH$m`wº$m§H$S>o AÝdofUmMr ñdV:Mr `§ÌUm Agmdr. gwédmVrcm {VZo à{V{Z`wº$sda (deputation) amÁ` emgZmMo
A{YH$mar Zo_mdoV. na§Vw 5 dfm©À`m H$mcm§VamZo {VZo ñdV:Mo A{YH$mar {Z`wº$ H$amdoV Am{U Ë`m§Zm `mo½` à{ejU
Úmdo.
l ^«ï>mMmamMr gd© àH$aUo VnmgUrgmR>r amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$ dm cmoH$m`wº$mH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV `mdrV Am{U Vr AÝ`
H$moUË`mhr Mm¡H$er Am`moJmH$S>o gwnwX© H$aÊ`mV òD$ ZòV.

(29) ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda Amå~wS>g²_Z
l ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWoVrc `§ÌUm§À`m {damoYmVrc àH$aUm§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mH$arVm {Oëøm§À`m JQ>mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$
Amå~wS>g²_ZMr {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m VaVwXrMm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` n§Mm`VamO A{Y{Z`_ Am{U
ehar ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm A{Y{Z`_m_Üò XþéñVr H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
l ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§À`m Amå~wS>g²_Zcm ñWm{ZH$ emgZmÀ`m `§ÌUm§Zr Ho$coë`m ^«ï>mMma dm J¡aàemgZ àH$aUm§Mr
Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm Am{U nwT>rc H$m`©dmhrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr gj_ A{YgÎmocm Amncm Ahdmc gmXa
H$amdm. gj_ A{YgÎmoZo eŠ`Vmo {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcocr H¥$Vr H$amdr. Vo Oa {e\$magter gh_V ZgVrc Va
Ë`m§Zr coIr ñdê$nmV H$maUo ÚmdrV Am{U Vr gmd©O{ZH$ (CKS>) H$amdrV.
(30) AÝdofU Am{U IQ>cm Mmc{dUo ÑT>rH$aU
l amÁ` XjVm Am`moJ/cmoH$m`wº$mcm ^«ï>mMma g§~§{YV IQ>ë`mMo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gj_rH¥$V H$amdo.
l AÝdofU A{^H$aUm§Zr (agencies) ~hþ{dÚmemIr` H$m¡eëò AmË_gmV H$amdrV Am{U {d{dY {d^mJ/
H$m`m©c`m§À`m H$m`m©er g§dmX gmYmdm. Ë`m§Zr emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§H$Sy>Z A{YH$mar _XVrgmR>r ¿`mdoV.
l AÝdofUmgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l AÝdofU `§ÌUm§Zm {d{^Þ ñdê$nmVrc àH$aUm§À`m AÝdofUmgmR>r H$mcmdYr {Z{üV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV `mdm.
l àH$aUm§À`m emoY Am{U VnmgmgmR>r emídV g§aMZm C^maÊ`mV `mdr. ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m "_moR>çm' àH$aUm§Zm àmYmÝ`
XoÊ`mV `mdo.
l ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m àH$aUm§Mm IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r d{H$cm§Mo n°Zoc Agmdo. ho n°Zoc _hmÝ`m`dmXr (Attorney
General) dm _hm{YdŠVm (Advocate Gerneral) `m§Zr amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$ dm cmoH$m`wº$ `m§À`mer g„m_gcV
H$ê$Z ñWmnZ H$amdo.
l ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{^H$aUm§Zr ^«ï>mMmaàdU joÌmVrc {d^mJm§Mo ì`dpñWV gd}jU H$ê$Z _m{hVr g§H${cV
H$amdr Am{U ^«ï> A{YH$mè`m§Zm cú` H$amdo.
l amÁ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ JwÝho EH$H$m§Zm (Units) A{YH$ ~iH$Q> H$amdo OoUoH$ê$Z Vo àH$aUm§Mm n[aUm_H$maH$nUo Vnmg
H$aVrc Am{U ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m A{^H$aUm§_Üò `mo½` g_Ýd` Agmdm.
(31) ZmJ[aH$m§Mm nwT>mH$ma
l godm nmVitZm CÎmoOZm XoD$Z Am{U `m godm nmVù`m§Mr nyV©Vm hmoV Zgoc Va Cnm` `moOyZ Ë`mÛmao ZmJ[aH$m§Mr
gZX n[aUm_H$maH$ ~Z{dÊ`mV `mdr.
l ZmJ[aH$m§Zm emgZmÀ`m {d{dY g§ñWm Am{U H$m`m©cò `m_Yrc ZrVrVËdm§Mo _yë`m§H$Z Am{U à{VnmcZ
(maintenance) `mV gh^mJr H$ê$Z ¿`mdo.
l ZmJ[aH$m§À`m nwT>mH$mamcm MmcZm XoÊ`mgmR>r nm[aVmo{fH$ `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
l ZrVrVËdm§Mo _hËd Am{U ^«ï>mMmamMm gm_Zm H$gm H$aVm òB©c `mda àH$mePmoV Q>mH$V emco` OmJ¥Vr H$m`©H«$_
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
(32) ImoQ>o Xmdo A{Y{Z`_
A_o[aHo$À`m ImoQ>o Xmdo (False Claims) A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m AmYmamda emgZ Am{U ZmJar g_mO JQ>m§Zm emgZmZo
Ho$coë`m ImoQ>o Xmì`m§À`m {damoYmV H$m`Xoera XmX _mJÊ`mMr VaVyX AgUmam H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV `mdm. `m H$m`Úm_Üò
nwT>rc KQ>H$ AgmdoV -
l H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mcm emgZmÀ`m ImoQ>çm Xmì`m§{damoYmV H$moUË`mhr ì`º$s dm A{^H$aUm{damoYmV VH«$ma XmIc
H$aVm òB©c.
l Ý`m`mc`m_Üò ImoQ>o Xmdo {gÕ Pmco Va g§~§{YV ì`º$s/A{^H$aU ho X§S>mg nmÌ Agoc. gmd©O{ZH$ {VOmoar dm
g_mOmcm Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrÀ`m 5 nQ> ho Xm{`Ëd (Liability) XoUo Agoc.
l Pmcoco ZwH$gmZ/hmZr hr n¡emÀ`m dm {~Ja-n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV Agoc CXm. àXÿfU dm AÝ` gm_m{OH$ IM©.

EImXo ZwH$gmZ {~Ja-n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV Agoc Va Ý`m`mc`mcm Ago ZwH$gmZ n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV _moOÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Agoc.
l VH«$ma XmIc H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m ì`º$scm dgyc H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m IMm©_YyZ `mo½` ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mV `mdr.
(33) àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ^y{_H$m
l àgma_mÜ`_mZo Ho$coë`m gd© Amamon/VH«$matMr `mo½` N>mZZr H$aÊ`mgmR>r VËdo Am{U ì`dhma {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr
Amdí`H$Vm Amho Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©V Ho$cocr H¥$Vr gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm_Üò R>odÊ`mV `mdr.
l BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ àgma_mÜ`_mZo AmMmag§{hVm Am{U ñd`§{Z`_Z `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$amdr.
l emgH$s` A{^H$aUo àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm {Z`{_VnUo ^«ï>mMmamer g§~§{YV _m{hVr nwadyZ ^«ï>mMma{damoYr cT>çmV
àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm ghmæ` H$ê$ eH$VmV.
(34) gm_m{OH$ {hemo~VnmgUr
gd© {dH$mgcjr `moOZm Am{U ZmJarH$H|$Ðr H$m`©H«$_mMr _mJ©Xe©H$VËdo hr gm_m{OH$ {hemo~VnmgUr `§ÌUocm
nwa{dÊ`mV `mdrV.
(35) ñnY}cm àmoËgmhZ
l àËòH$ _§Ìmc`/{d^mJmZo VmËH$mi Ago H$m`m©Mr _ºo$Xmar Agcoco joÌ AYmoao{IV H$amdo OoWo ñnY}cm CÎmoOZ
XoVm òB©c. Aem àH$maMr H¥$Vr amÁ` Am{U ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§À`m nmVirda H$aÊ`mV `mdr. Aer H¥$Vr EH$ dfm©À`m
H$mcmdYrV H$aÊ`mV òD$Z H$m`m©Mr _ºo$Xmar g§nwï>mV AmUmdr. `m~m~V Agm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Agmdm H$s, gmd©O{ZH$
{hVmer VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm ñnY}gmo~VM Z_yX Ho$coë`m à_mUH$m§Zwgma H$m_{JarMr h_r XoVm `mdr Aer {Z`m_H$
`§ÌUm am~{dUo.
l H|$Ð nwañH¥$V AgUmè`m H$mhr `moOZm AemarVrZo nwZa©{MV H$amì`mV H$s OoUoH$ê$Z godm nwa{dÊ`m_Üò ñnY}cm
MmcZm {Xcr OmB©c.
(36) ì`dhma gmono-gwQ>gwQ>rV H$aUo
l àemgH$s` gwYmaUm§Mm _Ü` Jm^m hm nÕVtMo gwc^rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm Agmdm. {d{eï> joÌmÀ`m JaOm§Mm AndmX
H$aVm gwYmaUm§Mr H$mhr ì`mnH$/{dñV¥V VËdo Aer AgmdrV : "EH$ {IS>H$s' `moOZoÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm ñdrH$ma,
nXgmonmZmMo ñVa H$_r H$aUo, àH$aUmMm {ZnQ>mam H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mc~ÕVm AgUo BË`mXr.
l {d^mJm§À`m ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m hñVnwpñVH$m Am{U g§{hVm `m§Mo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo gwc^rH$aU
H$aÊ`mV `mdo. Aem XñVEodOm§À`m AÚ`mdVrH$aUmMr O~m~Xmar {d^mJ à_wIm§da gmon{dÊ`mV `mdr VgoM
Ë`m§Zr XñVEodO Am°ZcmB©Z VgoM {dH«$sÛmao CncãY H$ê$Z ÚmdoV. `m hñVnwpñVH$m§_Üò (Manuals) gmYr-gmonr
Am{U _moOŠ`m ^mfoV _m§S>Ur H$amdr. "ñd{ddoH$mYrZ', "eŠ` {VVŠ`m cdH$a', "`mo½`/gmo`rñH$a {ZU©` KoÊ`mV
òB©c'Aem dmŠ`mem§Mm à`moJ Q>miÊ`mV `mdm. `mMm Adc§~ _mÝ`Vm, nadmZo XoÊ`mH$[aVmÀ`m gd© {Z`_ Am{U
{Z`_Zm§_Üò H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l emgZmÀ`m àËòH$ g§KQ>Zo_Üò gwc^rH$aUmgmR>r nm[aVmo{fH$ Am{U àmoËgmhZ ì`dñWm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
l "gH$mamË_H$ em§VVm' (Positive Silence) ho VËd gd© àH$aUm§_Üò dmnaVm òV Zgco Var gd©gmYmaUnUo Ë`mMm
dmna H$amdm. nadmZJr/nadmZo `m~m~V {d{eð> H$mc_`m©Xm Agmdr Am{U Ë`mZ§Va nadmZo Omar H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.
`m H$m_mH$arVm {dc§~ H$aUmè`m A{YH$mè`m{déÕ H$madmB© H$aVm òB©c `m AZwf§JmZo {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.
(37) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aUo
l emgZmÀ`m àËòH$ _§Ìmc`/{d^mJ/g§KQ>Zm `m§Zr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z emgZ ì`dhma gwYmaUoMr
`moOZm AmImdr. emgZmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr à{H«$ò_Üò ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m H$m`©nÕVtMo nwZA©{^`m§{ÌH$sH$aU
(re-engineered) Ho$ë`mZ§VaM _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
l _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ _§Ìmc`mZo emgZmÀ`m H$mhr {d{eï> à{H«$`m (Processes) AYmoao{IV H$amì`mV Am{U Ë`mZ§Va
amï´>r` nmVirda Ë`m§Mo g§JUH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMm àH$ën hmVr ¿`mdm.

l g§JUH$sH$aUmMm àH$ën èñdr hmoÊ`mH$[aVm, {d^mJr` A{YH$mè`m§Mo g§JUH$s` kmZ AÚ`mdV H$aUo JaOoMo
Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a NIC cm {d^mJ {deof H¥$Vt~m~V à{e{jV H$aÊ`mV `mdo, OoUoH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm nañnam§À`m
^y{_H$m§Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$aVm òB©c Am{U V§ÌkmZ nwa{dUmè`m§Zm àËòH$ {d^mJmMr JaO cjmV òB©c.
(38) EH$mË_Vm H$ama
Am`moJmZo "EH$mË_Vm H$ama' (Integrity Pacts) À`m `§ÌUocm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr. {dÎm _§Ìmc`mZo {d{Y
_§Ìmc` Am{U H$m{_©H$ _§Ìmc`mVrc à{V{ZYtÀ`m gh^mJmZo EH$m "H$m`© XcmMr' (Task-Force) ñWmnZm H$amdr.
`m XcmZo Aem H$amamMr Amdí`H$Vm AgUmao ì`dhma (transactions) AYmoao{IV H$amdoV Am{U Aem H$amamgmR>r
Amdí`H$ {eï>mMma (Protocol) Z_yX H$amdoV. H$m`©XcmZo {deofV: Aem H$amam§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m ^maVr` H$ama A{Y{Z`_ Am{U ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{Y{Z`_ Aem H$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q>t_Üò
H$moUVrhr XþéñVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m Amdí`H$Vo~m~V {e\$mag H$amdr.
(39) {ddoH$m{YH$ma H$_r H$aUo
l OZVoer g§nH©$ òUmè`m gd© emgH$s` H$m`m©c`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m H¥$VtMm/H$m`mªMm (activities) AmT>mdm ¿`mdm Am{U
Á`m_Üò {ddoH$m{YH$mamMm g_mdoe Agoc Aem H¥$VtMr ñdV§Ì `mXr H$amdr. Ago H$aUo eŠ` Zgoc Va
"ñd{ddoH$m{YH$mamda' _`m©Xm AmUUmao gwñnï> {Z`_ V`ma H$amdoV. _§Ìmc` Am{U {d^mJm§Zm Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm/
H$m`m©c`m§Mo `m H$m_m~m~V g_Ýd` H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mV `mdr Am{U EH$m dfm©À`m AmV ho H$m`© nyU©
H$amdo.
l _hËdmÀ`m {df`m~m~V {ZU©` {ZYm©aUmMr O~m~Xmar ì`º$snojm g{_Vrda gmon{dÊ`mV `mdr.
l amÁèmgZmZo {deofV: ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm Am{U A{YgÎmm§À`m g§X^m©V, Á`m§Mm cmoH$m§er gdm©{YH$ g§nH©$ òVmo,
Cnamoº$ à_mUo nmdco CMcmdrV.
(40) n`©dojU
l A{YH$mè`m§À`m n`©dojUmË_H$ ^y{_Ho$da â XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. n`©dojUmË_H$ (Supervisory) A{YH$mar
ho àmYmÝ`mZo Ë`m§À`m H${Zð> A{YH$mè`m§_Yrc ^«ï>mMmamMm {ZnQ>mam H$aÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xma AgVmV Am{U `mH$[aVm
Vo gd© àH$maMo à{V~§YmË_H$ Cnm` `moOy eH$VmV.
l àËòH$ n`©dojU A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m g§KQ>Zm, H$m`m©c`m_Yrc H¥$VtMo ~maH$mB©Zo {dícofU H$amdo Am{U
^«ï>mMmamer g§~§Y AgUmè`m H¥$Vr AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z `mo½` Ago à{V~§YmË_H$ Am{U XjVoMo Cnm` `moOmdoV.
EImXm A{YH$mar dm A{YH$mè`m§À`m H¥$Vr_wio emgZmMo dm gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMo _moR>o ZwH$gmZ Pmco Agoc Va
H$mc~Õ Mm¡H$Q>rV g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda O~m~Xmar {Z{üV H$amdr.
l àËòH$ A{YH$mè`mÀ`m dm{f©H$ H$m_{Jar Ahdmcm_Üò EH$ aH$mZm (H$m°c_) Agmdm Á`m{R>H$mUr A{YH$mè`mZo
Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©c`mVrc Am{U H${Zð> godH$m§_Yrc ^«ï>mMmamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m Cnm`m§Mm C„oI
H$amdm. Ë`mZ§Va Zm|XUr A{YH$mè`mZo `m~m~V Amnco {deof _V Zm|Xdmdo.
l n`©dojU A{YH$mè`mZo H${Zð> ^«ï> A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m dm{f©H$ H$m_{Jar Ahdmcm_Üò {ZXm}fËd {Xco Agoc Va
n`©dojU A{YH$mè`mcm Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mg gm§JÊ`mV `mdr. Aem A{YH$mè`m§da ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$
A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V JwÝhm XmIc H$aÊ`mV `mdm. H${Zð> godH$m§À`m Ahdmcm_Üò hr ~m~ Z_yX H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
l n`©dojU A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$mam§VJ©V òUmar H$m`m©cò ñdoÀN>oZo _m{hVr A{YH$ma H$m`Úm§VJ©V
AgUmar/òUmar _m{hVr Omhra H$aVrc, `m YmoaUmMr h_r Úmdr.
(41) nmoM Am{U à{VgmXmË_H$Vm `mMr h_r
l godm nwadR>mXmam§Zr Ë`m§À`m gd© godm EH$m g_mZ {R>H$mUmdê$Z nwa{dÊ`mV òVrc Aer g§aMZm H$amdr. Aer
g_mZ (H$m°_Z) godm {R>H$mUo Aem A{^H$aUmcm hñVm§VarV (AmD$Q>gmo{gªJ) H$amdrV Á`m§À`mH$S>o ZmJ[aH$m§À`m
{dZ§VrMm g§~§{YV `§ÌUoH$S>o nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Agoc.

l ^«ï>mMma hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agcoë`m H$m`mªMo {d{^Þ H¥$Vt_Üò {d^mOZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMr O~m~Xmar {d{dY
A{YH$mè`m§da gmon{dÊ`mV `mdr.
l cmoH$m§Mm g§nH©$ Ho$di àXÎmrH¥$V (designated) A{YH$mè`mn`ªVM gr{_V Agmdm. emgZmÀ`m gd© {d^mJm§_Üò
"EH$ {IS>H$s `moOZogmo~VM' \$m`ctMm nmR>nwamdm (tracking) H$aUmar ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
(42) VH«$matMo n`©dojU
l cmoH$m§er gdm©{YH$ g§nH©$ AgUmè`m gd© H$m`m©c`m§Zr Am°ZcmB©Z VH«$ma nmR>nwamdm ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$amdr. eŠ`
Agoc Va VH«$ma nmR>nwamdm ì`dñWoMo AmD$Q>gmo{gªJ H$amdo.
l cmoH$g§nH©$ AgUmè`m H$m`m©c`mVrc VH«$matMo "{hemo~ VnmgUr' (auditing) H$aUmar {Z`VH$m{cH$, ~mø `§ÌUm
Agmdr.
l àËòH$ VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z CUrdm§H$arVm O~m~Xmar {Z{üV H$aÊ`m~amo~aM EImÚm VH«$marÀ`mAmYmao
ì`dñWoVrc H$_VaVm§Mo {dícofU H$ê$Z Cnm``moOZm H$amì`mV.
(43) à{V~§YmË_H$ XjVoH$arVm OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZ
l emgZmÀ`m gd© g§KQ>Zm§_Yrc H$m_mVrc (jobs) OmoIr_ {MÌUmÀ`m (profiling) JaOm A{YH$ ì`dpñWVnUo
Am{U g§ñWmË_H$arVrZo nyU© Ho$ë`m Omì`mV.
l A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m godoMr 10 df} nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Am{U Ë`mZ§Va àËòH$ 5 dfmªZr "»`mVZm_ ì`º$s'
Agcoë`m g{_Vr_m\©$V A{YH$mè`m§Mo OmoIr_ {MÌU H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV `mdo. g{_VrZo {ZîH$fm©n`ªV òÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc
AmXmZm§Mm (inputs) dmna H$amdm.
(A) Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m A{YH$mè`mMo H$m_{Jar _yë`_mnZ.
(~) Zm|X{dcoë`m A{YH$mè`mZo ^«ï>mMmamcm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`m/Ë`mÀ`m H$maH$sXuV Ho$coë`m à`ËZm§da
cj H|$ÐrV H$ê$Z {VZo Ho$coco ñd`§-_yë`m§H$Z.
(H$) XjVm g§KQ>ZoMo Ahdmc
(S>) g{_VrZo _yë`_mnZ AOm©Ûmao JmonZr`nUo Ho$coco g_m§Va (Peer) _yë`_mnZ.
(44) {hemo~VnmgUr
l {hemo~VnmgUr (audit) JQ>mcm H$moUVrhr à_wI A{Z`{_VVm AmT>iyZ Amcr dm {VMm g§e` Amcm Va emgZmZo
VmËH$mi {VMr Zm|X ¿`mdr. `mH$[aVm `mo½` Aer `§ÌUm ñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV `mdr. H$m`m©c` à_wImda Aem
àH$maÀ`m A{Z`{_VVoMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Agoc.
l {hemo~VnmgUr JQ>mcm \$moaopÝgH$ {hemo~VnmgUrMo à{ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo.
l àËòH$ H$m`m©c`mZo àc§{~V Agcoë`m {hemo~VnmgUr e§H$m§~m~V (queries) dm{f©H$ Omhra {ZdoXZ H$amdo.
(45) ^«ï>mMmamdarc {H«$`mercA{^_wI XjVm
{H«$`merc A{^_wI (proactive) XjVm Cnm` `moOUo hr H$m`m©c` à_wImMr àmW{_H$ O~m~Xmar Agmdr.
(46) Jwá _m{hVr O_m H$aUo
n`©dojU A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m/{VÀ`m H${Zð> H$_©Mmè`m§À`m/godH$m§À`m EH$mJ«VoMo _yë`_mnZ g§~§{YV godH$mÀ`m
àH$aUm§Mr hmVmiUr, VH«$matMr hmVmiUr Am{U {d{^Þ òmoVm§H$Sy>Z àË`mXmZ (feedback) `mda AmYmarV H$amdo.
Ë`mZ§Va hr ~m~ A{YH$mè`m§À`m OmoIr_ {MÌUm (Profiling) H$arVm _hËdnyU© ~ZVo.
(47) XjVm ZoQ>dH©$
gd© ñVamdarc gd© ^«ï>mMma àH$aUm§Mm Vnerc AgUmam amï´>r` _m{hVrMo g§H$cZ S>oQ>m~og V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdo. hm
S>oQ>m~og gmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$majoÌmV Agmdm. AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m A{YgÎmocm hm (S>oQ>m~og) {Z`{_VnUo
AÚ`mdV H$aÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xma ~Z{dÊ`mV `mdo.
(48) àm_m{UH$ gZXr godH$m§Mo g§ajU
l H$moUË`mhr cmoH$godH$m{damoYmV VH«$matÛmao qH$dm Vnmg `§ÌUoÀ`m hñVH$m§Zm àmá Pmcocr ^«ï>mMmamMr _m{hVr

dm Amamonm§Mr gImoc Mm¡H$er gwédmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`mdaM H$moUVrhr nwT>rc Mm¡H$er gwê$ H$aÊ`mAmYr H$amdr.
Aem àËòH$ AmamonmMo {dícofU H$ê$Z ho Amamon {d{eï> (Specific), {dídgZr` (credible) Am{U gË`Vm
nS>VmiÊ`mj_ (Verifiable) AmhoV H$m` `mMo _yë`_mnZ H$amdo. `m Amdí`H$ {ZH$fm§Mr nyV©Vm Pmë`mZ§Va ho
Amamon nS>VmiUrgmR>r {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV `mdoV. gj_ A{YgÎmoH$Sy>Z g§_Vr àmá Pmë`mZ§Va nS>VmiUr Ho$cr
Omdr.
l ^«ï>mMmamMo Amamon Agcoë`m àH$aUm_Üò VH«$ma dm CncãY òmoVm§À`mAmYmao Iwcr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mV òD$ Zò.
nS>VmiUr/Jwá Mm¡H$ercm g§_Vr XoÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va Aem àH$aUmVrc nS>VmiUr JwánUo H$aÊ`mV `mdr VgoM
hr nS>VmiUr Aem[aVrZo H$amdr H$s, g§e{`V A{YH$mar Ë`mM~amo~a AÝ` H$moUmcmhr Ë`mMm _mJ_yg cmJy Zò.
AemàH$maMr JwáVm amIUo ho Ho$di {Z:înmn Am{U àm_m{UH$ A{YH$mè`m§À`m gÝ_mZmMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>rM
Amdí`H$ Zmhr Va Iwë`m \$m¡OXmar Mm¡H$erMr/VnmgmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm amIÊ`mgmR>rXoIrc _hÎdmMo Amho.
Aem nS>VmiUr/Mm¡H$erÀ`m JwáVo_wio Amamonm§Mr gË`Vm AmT>icr Zmhr Am{U g§~§{YV A{YH$mar {ZXm}f R>acm
Va hm {df` H$moUmcmhr Z H$iVm ~§X H$aVm òVmo. Mm¡H$er/nS>VmiUr A{YH$mar ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m Amamonm§Mr àH$aUo
hmVmiVmZm Ë`mV Jw§Vcoë`m _wÚm§~m~V g§doXZerc AgmdoV.
l nS>VmiUr/Mm¡H$erÀ`m {ZîH$fmªMo _yë`_mnZ gj_nUo Am{U Ý`màrVrZo Pmco nm{hOo. ~hþVm§edoim dñVwpñWVrMo
MwH$sMo _yë`_mnZ Am{U `m dñVwpñWVrcm AmYma XoUmè`m nwamì`m§_Yrc ÌwQ>r `m_wio AÝ`m` hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
AgVo. Aem àH$maMr àH$aUo hmVmiUmè`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$di gj_ Am{U àm_m{UH$M Agy Zò Va {Z:njnmVr
Am{U Ý`m`~wÕrZo H$m_ H$amdo.
l Mm¡H$er A{YH$mè`mcm EImXm Vm§{ÌH$/Jw§VmJw§VrMm {df` g_OyZ ¿`m`Mm Agoc Va Vo VÁk ì`º$sMo ghmæ` KoD$
eH$VmV. VWm{n Ë`m§Zr àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda Xj amhÿZ Mm¡H$erMo H$m`© nma nmS>mdo OoUoH$ê$Z àm_m{UH$ Am{U {Zînmn
ì`º$sda AÝ`m` hmoUma Zmhr.
l ^«ï>mMma{damoYr A{^H$aUm§_Üò à{ejU Am{U Mm¡H$er/VnmgmXaå`mZ Amdí`H$ VkVoMo ghmæ` `mÛmao j_Vm-
~m§YUr H$amdr. Á`m cmoH$ godH$m§Zm ì`mnmar/{dÎmr` {ZU©` ¿`mdo cmJVrc. Ë`m§À`m_Üò j_Vm~m§YUrMo H$m_
`mo½` à{ejU H$m`©H«$_mÛmao H$amdo.
l Vnmg `§ÌUoVrc n`©dojU A{YH$mè`mZo Ho$di à~i nwamdo AgUmè`m cmoH$ godH$m{damoYmVM IQ>cm Mmcdmdm.
l A{YH$mè`m§Mo {MÌU Ho$coco Agmdo. emgZmÀ`m àËòH$ godH$mMr j_Vm, ì`mdgm{`H$ gj_Vm, EH$mJ«Vm Am{U
à{Vð>m `mMo AmaoIZ/_m§S>Ur Ho$cocr Agmdr Am{U Vr A{^coI (record) åhUyZ R>odÊ`mV `mdr. H$moUË`mhr
emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m{damoYmV H$m`©dmhr gwê$ H$aÊ`mnydu g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ì`º$s {MÌUm (Profile) Mm
g§X^© KoÊ`mV `mdm.
l {deof Vnmg EH$H$ ho àñVm{dV cmoH$nmc (amï´>r` cmoH$m`wº$)/amÁ` cmoH$m`wº$/XjVm Am`moJ `m§À`mer g§c¾
H$amdo. ho EH$ ~hþ-{dÚmemIr` (multidisciplinary) EH$H$ Agmdo Am{U Vnmg`§ÌUoÀ`m N>im{damoYmVrc
àH$aUm§Mr VnmgUrhr `m EH$H$mZo (Unit) H$amdr. amÁ`m§_Üòhr AemàH$maMo EH$H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.


27
_m{hVrMm A{YH$ma
IwconUmMr gmYr gmonr ì`m»`m åhUOo, _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mam§n`ªV ghOgwc^, Am{U OcX nmoM hmo`. Am{W©H$
CXmarH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©g§X^m©V "IwconUm' åhUOo, emgZmZo {d{dY joÌmV KoVcoco {ZU©` Am{U Ë`m_mJrc
H$maU{__m§go~m~V _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mMm àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm h¸$ XoUo hmo`.
BVa Xoem§Vrc VwcZmË_H$ pñWVr
àemgH$s` gwYmaUm ~hþVm§e Á`m amï´>m_Üò H$aÊ`mV Amë`m VoWo YmoaUm§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr, emgZmMr H$m_{Jar, Am{U BVa
_m{hVr gm_mÝ` OZVogmR>r Iwcr H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm. B§½c§S>_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoV `m~m~rMm C„oI Ho$cocm Amho.
H°$ZS>m gaH$maZoXoIrc g§KamÁ`r` emgZmMo gd© Ahdmc, Zm|Xr cmoH$, g§ñWm `m§Zm Iwcr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. `m{edm` VoWo _m{hVr
Am`wº$mMr {Z`wº$shr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. YmoaU {Z{_©Vr~m~V Iwco Am{U nmaXe©H$ emgZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$[aVm _co{e`m
gaH$maZoXoIrc nmdco CMccr AmhoV.
gÚ àdmh
emgZ ì`dñWoV Iwcno Um AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo g~§Y OJâmV à`ËZ gwê$ Agë`mMo {XgVo. ~Xccocr gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$
n[apñWVr, Amnë`m h¸$m§~Ôc cmoH$m§_Üò Pmcocr OmJ¥Vr, CÎmaXm`r Am{U à{VgmXmË_H$ àemgZmMr JaO, JwáVm amIÊ`mMo emgZmMo
à`ËZ åhUOo gÎmoMm Xþén`moJ Agm cmoH$m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Zcm, `m gd© H$maUm§_i w o emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©V nmaXe©H$Vm AmUÊ`mÀ`m _
mJUrZo Omoa Yacm. VWm{n, nyUn© Uo "Iwcno Um' eŠ`hr Zmhr Am{U `mo½`hr Zmhr. Iwcno UmH$S>o g§V{w cV Ñï>rZo nm{hco nm{hOo.
cmoH$m§~m~V IwconUm
A{YH$maemhr amï´>m§À`m VwcZoV ^m§S>dcemhr Am{U cmoH$emhr amï´>m§_Üò VwcZoZo A{YH$ IwconUm {XgyZ òVmo. VWm{n,
OJmVrc H$moUË`mhr ì`dñWoV g§nyU© IwconUm AmT>iV Zmhr. Vm{H©$H$ Am{U ì`mdmhm[aH$Ñï>çm eŠ` {VVŠ`m gmd©O{ZH$
_mJÊ`m§Mo g_mYmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co OmVmV. amï´>{hVmcm, amï´>r` gwajm qH$dm {VÀ`m ì`mnmar, Am{W©H$ Am{U BVa
ì`yhmË_H$ {hVg§§~§Ym§Zm ~mYH$ R>aVrc Aem g§X^m©Vrc _m{hVr gmd©O{ZH$ H$aVm òV Zmhr. hr _m{hVr Ho$di ZmoH$aehm§Mo qH$dm
amOH$maÊ`m§Mo {hV OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r XS>{dVm òUma Zmhr. BVa Xoem§À`m AZw^dmdê$Z, emgZm_Üò IwconUm AmUm`Mm Agoc Va
_m{hVr A{YH$mamÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ H$aUo Bï> R>aVo. _m{hVr A{YH$mam~m~mV H$m`Xoera ~m~r {Z{íMV H$aUo Amdí`H$
Amho. ^maV gaH$maZo `m~m~V H$m`Xmhr Ho$cocm Amho.
emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§_Üò OZg§nH©$ `§ÌUm H$m`©aV Amho. {VMo ê$nm§Va OZg§nH©$ dOm _m{hVr `§ÌUm Ago H$aÊ`mV
`mdo. Z_yX Ho$cocr \$s AmH$mê$Z ZmJ[aH$m§Zm hdr Vr _m{hVr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m_ `m `§ÌUoZo H$amdo. `m H$m_mH$[aVm
ñdV§Ì H$_©Mmar dJ© Zo_Ê`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. àËòH$ {d^mJmZo cmoH$mon`moJr R>aoc Aer _m{hVr OZ{hVmW© à{gÕ H$amdr.
godH$m§~m~V IwconUm
gÚpñWVrV, emgZmVrc H$_©Mmar ì`dñWmnZmMr H$m`©nÕVr BVH$s g§{X½Y Am{U Jw{nV Amho H$s, emgH$s` godH$XoIrc
Ë`m~m~V AZ{^k AgVmo. {Z`wº$s, ~T>Vr, H$m`©ñWi Am{U H$_©Mmar ì`dñWmnZ `m~m~V nmaXe©H$Vm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
`mg§X^m©V {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcoco gd© {ZH$f emgH$s` godH$m§Zm ñnï> H$aÊ`mV `mdoV. `m_wio nXmÀ`m godmeVu~m~VÀ`m
Ý`m`mc`rZ VH«$mar H$_r H$aVm òVrc. IwconUm åhUOo emgZmMr H¥$Vr qH$dm {ZU©` ~mhoa gm§JUo Zìho, Va Aem KQ>Zm KSy>
ZòV åhUyZ `mo½` Vr _m{hVr AmYrM gmd©O{ZH$ H$aUo hmo`.

H$m`m©c`rZ JwáVm H$m`Úm_wio nmaXe©H$VoV AS>Wim òVmo Am{U J¡aì`dhmam§Zm _mÝ`Vm {_iVo
dgmhV H$mimV {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo 1923 gmcr "H$m`m©c`rZ JwáVm H$m`Xm' {Z_m©U Ho$cm Am{U Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr gwê$
Ho$cr. hmM H$m`Xm ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr H$m`©dmhrV Agë`mMo {XgVo. `m H$m`ÚmVrc VaVwXt_wio emgZm_Üò H$m` KS>V Amho ({ZU©`
dm H¥$VrÀ`m nmVirda) `mMr _m{hVr H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ ì`º$scm {_iV Zgo. JwáVoÀ`m h_r_wio AZoH$ J¡aH¥$Ë`m§Zm Am{U
J¡aì`dhmam§Zm Aml` cm^cm. H$m`m©c`rZ JwáVm H$m`Xm Am{U nmoñQ>c d nmocrg H$m`Xo dgmhVH$mimV Ë`m§Mo à`moOZ Vm{H©$H$
hmoVo nU ñdV§Ì ^maVmV Ago H$m`Xo J¡acmJy R>aVmV.
_m{hVrMo ñdmV§Í`
gd©àW_ ñdrS>Z `m XoemZo 1766 gmcr {VÀ`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _m{hVrMo ñdmV§Í` nwa{dÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr. BVa ñH°$ÝS>rZoìhr`Z
Xoem§n¡H$s {\$Zc±S>Zo 1951 gmcr _m{hVr ñdmV§Í`mMm H$m`Xm Ho$cm. Ë`mZ§Va 1970 gmcr S>oÝ_mH©$ Am{U Zm°d} `m§Zr Aem
ñdê$nmMm H$m`Xm Ho$cm. A_o[aHo$Zo 1966 gmcr Agm H$m`Xm Ho$cm. 1970 À`m XeH$mV Am°pñQ´>`m, \«$mÝg, Am{U ZoXac±S>Zo
H$m`Xo Ho$co. Am°ñQ´>o{c`m, H°$ZS>m Am{U Ý`wPrc±S> `m§Zr 1982-83 _Üò H$m`Xo Ho$co. ~ëJo[a`mZo OyZ 2000 _Üò _m{hVrMr
nmoM hm H$m`Xm Ho$cm. Am`cªS>Zo 1997 gmcr E\$S>rAm` H$m`Xm Ho$cm. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$À`m JUamÁ`mZo _m{hVrMm nmoM h¸$
H$m`Xm KQ>ZmË_H$ Ho$cocm hmoVm. Ë`m_Üò 2000 gmcr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
^maVm_Üò, ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _m{hVrÀ`m h¸$m§~m~V n{hcr amOH$s` ~m§{YcH$s 1977 gmcÀ`m cmoH$g^m {ZdS>UwH$m§À`m
nmíd©^y_rda CX`mg Amcr. 1975 Vo 77 `m H$mcmdYrV AmUr~mUr_wio _m{hVr XS>nUo, d¥ÎmnÌm§da {Z~ªY, Am{U A{YgÎmoMm
Xþén`moJ `m H$maUm§_wio _m{hVr h¸$m§Mr MMm© gwê$ Pmcr. amï´>r` _moMm© gaH$maZo ~mo\$mog© àH$aUmÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda `m H$m`Úm~m~V
nwÝhm ~m§{YcH$s ì`º$ Ho$cr. `mZ§Va amï´>r` {dH$mg AmKmS>rZo (EZS>rE) Amnë`m OmhraZmå`mV _mÝ` Ho$ë`mà_mUo 2000 gmcr
g§gXo_Üò _m{hVr ñdmV§Í`mMo {dYo`H$ gmXa Ho$co.
`m Xaå`mZ, H|${Ð` H$m`ÚmMr à{Vjm H$aÊ`mEodOr ghmnojm A{YH$ KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zr ñdV…À`m amÁ`mnwaVm _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma
H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$cm. `m_Üò Amo[agm (1997), Vm{_iZmSy> (1997), amOñWmZ, _hmamîQ´>, H$Zm©Q>H$ (2000) Am{U {X„r
(2001) B. KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo `mnydr©M Kmo{fV Ho$co H$s, _m{hVrMm h¸$ hm _yc^yV h¸$
AgyZ Vmo S>mdcUo åhUOo Or{dVmÀ`m h¸$mMo C„§KZ H$aUo hmo`. 1997 gmcr Zdr {X„r òWo Pmcoë`m _w»`_§Í`m§À`m
n[afXoV _m{hVrÀ`m h¸$m~m~V H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mda gdmªMo _V¡Š` Pmco hmoVo. J¥h ì`dhmam~m~V ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m ñWm`r g§gXr`
g{_VrZoXoIrc H|$Ð gaH$maZo Agm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`m~m~V nmdco CMcÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.
emgZ A{YH$ nmaXe©H$ Am{U cmoH$m§àVr O~m~Xma Agmdo ^maV gaH$maZo _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma Am{U Iwë`m VgoM nmaXe©H$
emgZmgmR>r EM.S>r.em¡ar `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$m Aä`mg JQ>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. _m{hVr A{YH$mamMm H$m`Xm nyU© ñdê$nmV
H$aÊ`mV `mdm H$s Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo hm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV `mdm VgoM gZXr godm (dV©Z) {Z`_ Am{U H$m`m©c`rZ H$m`©nÕVrMr
g§{hVm VnmgÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Am`moJmda gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. `m Aä`mg JQ>mZo _o 1997 gmcr _m{hVr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
{dYo`H$mgh Amncm Ahdmc emgZmcm gmXa Ho$cm. gZXr godm (dV©Z) {Z`_ Am{U H$m`m©c`rZ H$m`©nÕVr `m~m~V {e\$maer
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zmhr _m{hVr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m H$m`©H$joV AmUÊ`mda â {Xcm.
Aä`mg JQ>mZo gmXa Ho$coë`m {dYo`H$mda H|$Ð emgZmVrc _§{ÌJQ>mZo g{dñVa MMm© Ho$cr. {dYo`H$mVrc VaVwXt_wio OZVocm
ghO _m{hVr CncãY hmoB©c Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a amï´>r` {hV, gmd©^m¡_Ëd, ^maVmMr AI§S>Vm Am{U naamï´>m§er _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y
`mcm ~mYm {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr `mMr ehm{Zem `m _§{ÌJQ>mZo Ho$cr. àñVm{dV {dYo`H$ ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc Ë`mM~amo~a
_mZdr h¸$m§Mm d¡pídH$ OmhraZm_m `m XmoÝhr XñVEodOmVrc H$c_ 19 er gmYå`© ~miJUmao hmoVo.
_m{hVr A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_, 2005
^maVm_Üò amÁ`KQ>ZoÛmam cmoH$emhr JUamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$cocr Amho. {VÀ`m H$m`©ercVogmR>r cmoH$emhr_Üò _m{hVJma
ZmJ[aH$ g_yh Am{U _m{hVrMr nmaXe©H$Vm AgUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. emgZmVrc ^«ï>mMmamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H|$Ð-
amÁ` emgZ Am{U {VÀ`m `§ÌUm§Zr cmoH$m§àVr CÎmaXm`r amhÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. VWm{n, _m{hVr CKS>
Pmë`m_wio H$mhr gmd©O{ZH$ {hVg§~§Y, emgZmMo H$m_H$mO, amOH$mofr` gmYZg§nÎmrMm Bï>V_ dmna Am{U g§doXZj_ _m{hVrMr

JmonZr`Vm B. ~m~tZm ~mYm òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. `m XmoÝhr nañna{damoYr ~m~t_Üò g_Ýd` gmYV H|$Ð gaH$maZo 15 OyZ
2005 amoOr "_m{hVrMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_, 2005' g§_V Ho$cm. `m H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr 120 {XdgmZ§Va åhUOo 12
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2005 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmcr.
A{Y{Z`_mMr C{Ôï>o
(1) àËòH$ gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmÀ`m H$m_H$mOm_Üò A{YH$m{YH$ nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U CÎmaXm{`Îd {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(2) gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUm§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcrc _m{hVr ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CncãY ìhmdr.
(3) "ñdÀN> emgZ' hr g§H$ënZm ÑT> H$aUo.
(4) gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dhmamVyZ ^«ï>mMmamcm hÔnma H$aUo.
(5) gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§_Üò cmoH$emhr ~iH$Q> H$aUo.
(6) ZmJ[aH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aUo.
(7) _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMr ì`dhm`© emgZ nÕV AmIyZ XoUo.
(8) _m{hVr A{YH$mam~m~VÀ`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` _m{hVr Am`moJ Am{U amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJ ñWmnZ
H$aUo.
A{Y{Z`_mVrc à_wI VaVwXr
_m{hVrMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_, 2005 hm A{Ve` {dñV¥V ñdê$nmV Agë`mZo Ë`mVrc H$mhr à_wI VaVwXtMm {dMma H$aUo
Bï> R>aoc. hm A{Y{Z`_ Oå_y d H$mí_ra amÁ`mIoarO g§nyU© ^maVmgmR>r cmJy Amho.
A{Y{Z`_mVrc _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm d ì`m»`m
(1) g_w{MV emgZ - g_w{MV emgZ `mMm AW©-H|$X« gaH$ma {H$§dm amÁ` gaH$ma [H$dm g§KamÁ` joÌ (H|$Ðem{gV
àXoe) àemgZ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m, KQ>rV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m, Ë`m§À`mH$S>o _mcH$s Agcoë`m, Ë`m§À`m
{Z`§ÌUmImcr Agcoë`m AWdm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z àË`jnUo qH$dm AàË`jnUo {ZYrÛmao Á`m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dÎm nwadR>m
H$aÊ`mV òVmo, Aem gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUm§À`m ~m~VrV H|$Ð gaH$ma qH$dm amÁ` gaH$ma qH$dm H|$Ðem{gV àXoemVrc gaH$ma,
Agm Amho.
(2) gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aU - ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _m{hVr nwa{dUo gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUm§da XoIrc ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. g§{dYmZmÛmao
qH$dm VXÝdò; g§gXoZo V`ma Ho$coë`m H$moUË`mhr AÝ` H$m`ÚmÛmao; g_w{MV emgZmZo H$mT>coë`m A{YgyMZoÛmao [H§$dm AmXoemÛmao
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoco H$moUVohr àm{YH$aU qH$dm _§S>i qH$dm ñdamÁ` g§ñWm qH$dm emgZmH$Sy>Z àË`j-AàË`jnUo _moR>çm
à_mUmV {ZYr nwadR>m hmoUmè`m emgH$s`-AemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mm g_mdoe gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUm_Üò hmoVmo.
(3) _m{hVr - "_m{hVr' åhUOo H$moUË`mhr ñdénmVrc H$moUVohr gm{hË` Agy eH$Vo. Ë`m_Üò A{^coI, XñVEodO,
Om{hamVr, B©-_oc, A{^àm`, gyMZm, à{gÕnÌHo$, n[anÌHo$, AmXoe, amoOdøm, g§{dXm, Ahdmc, H$mJXnÌo, Z_wZo, à{V_mZo
(_m°S>oc), H$moUË`mhr BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmVrc AmYmagm_J«r Am{U Ë`m Ë`mdoir A§_cmV Agcoë`m AÝ` H$moUË`mhr H$m`ÚmÝdò
gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmg {_i{dVm òB©c Aer H$moUË`mhr ImOJr _hm_§S>imer g§~§{YV _m{hVrMm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo.
(4) _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma - H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmH$S>o Agcocr qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmV Agcocr d `m
A{Y{Z`_mÝdò {_i{dVm òÊ`mgmaIr _m{hVr {_idUo åhUOo _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma hmo`. `m A{YH$mam_Üò - EImXo H$m_,
XñVEodO, A{^coI `m§Mr nmhUr H$aUo; XñVEodOm§À`m [H$§dm A{^coIm§À`m {Q>ßnÊ`m, CVmao [H$§dm à_m{UV àVr KoUo; gm_J«rMo
à_m{UV Z_wZo KoUo; {S>ñHo$Q>, âcm°nr, Q>on, pìh{S>Amo H°$goQ> `m ñdê$nmVrc qH$dm H$moUË`mhr AÝ` BcoŠQ´>m{ZH$ àH$mamVrc
_m{hVr qH$dm EImÚm CnH$aUmV gmR>dU Ho$coë`m _m{hVrÀ`m {à§Q>AmD$Q²g {_i{dÊ`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
_m{hVr XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
H|$Ð emgZ, amÁèmgZ, Am{U gd© gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUm§Zr ZmJ[aH$mZo {dMmaUm Ho$cocr _m{hVr XoUo (H$mhr AndmX
gmoSy>Z) ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. _m{hVr XoUo gmo`rMo hmoÊ`mH$[aVm gd© A{^coIm§Mr {ZX}egyMr V`ma H$aUo, g§~§{YV

_m{hVr g§JUH$sH¥$V H$ê$Z Vr gdmªZm CncãY hmoB©c Aem ZoQdH©$er OmoS>Uo Ano{jV Amho. VWm{n, hm A{Y{Z`_ A§_cmV
Amë`mnmgyZ 3 _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmZo nwT>rc ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$amdr.
(1) Amncr aMZm, H$m`©} d H$V©ìò `m§Mm Vnerc XoUo.
(2) Amnco A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§Mo A{YH$ma, H$V©ìò ñnï> H$aUo.
(3) {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr, n`©dojU Am{U CÎmaXm{`Îd àUmcr Z_yX H$aUo.
(4) ñdV…Mr H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r R>a{dÊ`mV Amcocr à_mUHo$ gyMZm, {Z`_nwpñVH$m Am{U A{^coIm§Mr _m{hVr.
(5) {VÀ`mH$S>o Agcoë`m dm {Z`§ÌUmImcr Agcoë`m XñVEodOm§À`m àdJmªMo {ddaU.
(6) YmoaU V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m qH$dm Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§~§YmV, cmoH$m§er {dMma{d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm
cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {ZdoXZo Ho$cr OmÊ`mgmR>r ApñVÎdmV Agcoë`m H$moUË`mhr ì`dñWoMm Vnerc.
(7) àm{YH$aUmZo ñWmnZ, Am`moOZ Ho$coë`m _§S>im§Mo, n[afXm§Mo, g{_Ë`m§Mo Am{U AÝ` {ZH$mcm§Mo ñdê$n, H$m`},
Ahdmc dJ¡ao.
(8) Amnë`m A{YH$mè`m§Mr Am{U H$_©Mmè`m§Mr {ZX}{eH$m.
(9) àËòH$ A{YH$mè`mcm d H$_©Mmè`mcm {_iUmao _m{gH$ doVZ, VgoM {d{Z`_m§_Üò VaVyX Ho$ë`mà_mUo ZwH$gmZânmB©
XoÊ`mMr nÕVrV.
(10) gd© `moOZm§Mm Vnerc, àñVm{dV IM©, àËòH$ A{^H$aUmcm Zo_yZ {Xcocm AW©g§H$ën Am{U [dVarV Ho$coë`m
aH$_m§Mm Ahdmc.
(11) AW©ghmæ` H$m`©H«$_m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr nÕV, dmQ>n Ho$coë`m aH$_m Am{U cm^YmaH$m§Mm Vnerc.
(12) Á`m ì`º$s¨Zm gdcVr, nadmZo qH$dm àm{YH$manÌo {Xcocr AmhoV Aem ì`º$s¨Mm Vnerc.
(13) BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ñdê$nmV CncãY Agcoë`m _m{hVrMm Vnerc.
(14) _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CncãY AgUmè`m gw{dYm§Mm Vnerc, VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ dmnamgmR>r Mmc{dÊ`mV
òV Agcoë`m J«§Wmc`mÀ`m qH$dm dmMZmc`mÀ`m H$m_H$mO doim§Mm Vnerc.
(15) OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zmdo, nXZm_o Am{U BVa Vnerc.
(16) {dhrV H$aÊ`mV òB©c Aer BVa _m{hVr.
`m gd© ~m~r à{gÕ H$aÊ`mMo Am{U hr àH$meZo Xadfu AÚ`mdV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUm§da Amho.
nXm{YH$mar
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm `m A{Y{Z`_mÝdò _m{hVr CncãY hmoÊ`mH$[aVm OZ_m{hVr A{YH$mè`m§Mr (nrAmÀmo) {Z`wº$s H$aUo Amdí`H$
Amho. hm A{Y{Z`_ A§_cmV Amë`mnmgyZ 100 {Xdgm§À`m AmV àËòH$ gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmZo Ë`mÀ`m AIË`marVrc gd©
àemgH$s` A{^H$aUm§_Üò qH$dm H$m`m©c`m§_Üò Amdí`H$ VodT>çm A{YH$mè`m§Mr {Z`wº$s H$amdr. Ë`m§Zm H|$Ðr` OZ _m{hVr
A{YH$mar qH$dm amÁ` OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mar Ago g§~moYco OmB©c.
_m{hVr XoÊ`mMm H$mcmdYr
H|${Ð` dm amÁ` OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mè`m§Zr nwT>rc H$mc_`m©XoV _m{hVr XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(1) gd©gm_mÝ` n[apñWVr_Üò 30 {Xdgm§À`m AmV _m{hVr nwa{dUo.
(2) EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m ñdmV§Í` qH$dm OrdZmer g§~§{YV {df` Agoc Va 48 Vmgm§À`m AmV _m{hVr nwa{dUo.
(3) AO© Oa ghmæ`H$ cmoH$ _m{hVr A{YH$mè`m_m\©$V (EnrAmÀmo) ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amcm Agoc Va darc XmoÝhr
n[apñWVtÀ`m H$mc_`m©Xo_Üò AmUIr 5 {Xdgm§Mr â nS>oc.
_m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mH$[aVm {dZ§Vr
Á`m ì`º$scm _m{hVr hdr Amho, Vr ì`º$s `m A{Y{Z`_mZo {dhrV Ho$coë`m AOm©Ûmao _m{hVrMr {dMmaUm H$ê$ eH$Vo. {dhrV
Ho$cocr \$s ^ê$Z B§J«Or {H>§dm [h§Xr qH$dm AO© Á`m joÌmV H$aÊ`mV òV Agoc Ë`m joÌmÀ`m amO^mfo_Üò coIr ñdê$nmV qH$dm
BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ gmYZmÛmao {dZ§Vr H$aVm òVo. hr {dZ§Vr g§~§{YV gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmÀ`m H|${Ð` OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mè`mH$S>o

qH$dm amÁ` OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mè`mH$S>o H$aVm òVo. VgoM hm {dZ§VrMm AO© H|${Ð` ghmæ`H$ OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mar qH$dm amÁ`
ghmæ`H$ OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mè`mH$S>o gmXa H$aVm òVmo. na§Vw, Aer {dZ§Vr coIr ñdê$nmV H$aVm òV Zgoc Va H|${Ð`/amÁ`
OZ _m{hVr A{YH$mar, _m¡{IH$ {dZ§Vr H$aUmè`m ì`º$sg, Vr {dZ§Vr coIr ñdê$nmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r gd© dmOdr ghmæ` H$aoc.
_m{hVr {_idÊ`mgmR>r {dZ§Vr H$aUmè`m AO©XmamZo H$moUVrhr H$maUo qH$dm g§nH©$ gmYÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agoc Ë`mIoarO AÝ`
H$moUVrhr d¡`{º$H$ Vnerc XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo qH$dm Vr XoÊ`m~m~V {VÀ`mda gº$s H$aVm òV Zmhr.
_m{hVr Z XoÊ`mMr H$maUo
`m A[Y{Z`_mÛmao H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mcm nwT>rc _m{hVr nwadÊ`mMo ~§YZ KmcVm òV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV, _m{hVrÀ`m
A{YH$mamcm nwT>rc ~m~r AndmX R>aVmV.
(1) ^maVmÀ`m gmd©^m¡_Îdmcm, EH$mË_Vocm, amÁ`mÀ`m gwajocm, `wÕV§Ì{df`H$, d¡km{ZH$ qH$dm Am{W©H$ {hVg§§~§Ym§Zm,
naH$s` amÁ`m§~amo~aÀ`m g§~§Ym§Zm ~mYm nmohmoMoc qH$dm AnamYmcm {MWmdUr {_ioc, Aer _m{hVr.
(2) H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mc`mZo qH$dm Ý`m`m{YH$aUmZo Or àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mg ñnï>nUo _ZmB© Ho$cr Amho qH$dm Or àH$Q>
Ho$ë`m_wio Ý`m`mc`mMm Ad_mZ hmoD$ eHo$c, Aer _m{hVr.
(3) g§gXoÀ`m qH$dm amÁ` {dYr_§S>imÀ`m {deofm{YH$mam§Mm ^§J hmoB©c, Aer _m{hVr.
(4) dm{UÁ` joÌmVrc {dídmgmh©Vm, ì`mdgm{`H$ Jw{nVo qH$dm ~m¡{ÕH$ g§nXm `m§Mm g_mdoe Agcocr Or _m{hVr àH$Q>
H$aUo ì`mnH$ cmoH${hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ Amho, Aer gj_ A[YH$mè`mMr ImÌr nQ>cr Agoc Va Ë`m _m{hVr
ì`{V[aº$ Or _m{hVr CKS> Ho$ë`mZo Ì`ñW njmÀ`m ñnYm©Ë_H$ ñWmZmcm hmZr nmohMoc, Aer _m{hVr.
(5) ì`mnH$ cmoH${hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ Amho, Aer gj_ àm{YH$mè`mMr ImÌr nQ>cr Agoc Ë`m _m{hVr ì`{V[aº$,
EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m {dídmgm{lV g§~§Ym_wio {Vcm CncãY AgUmar _m{hVr.
(6) {dXoer emgZmH$Sy>Z {dídmgnyd©H$ {_imcocr _m{hVr.
(7) H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sÀ`m Or{dVmg qH$dm emar[aH$ gwa{jVVog YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoB©c AWdm H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm gwajm à`moOZmgmR>r {dídmgnyd©H$ {Xcoë`m _m{hVrMm òmoV qH$dm Ho$coco ghmæ` AmoiIVm òB©c,
Aer _m{hVr.
(8) AnamÜ`m§Mm Vnmg H$aUo qH$dm Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aUo qH$dm Ë`m§À`mda IQ>cm XmIc H$aUo `m à{H«$`m§_Üò AS>Wim
òB©c, Aer _m{hVr.
(9) _§{Ì_§S>imMr H$mJXnÌo, _§{Ìn[afX, g{Md d BVa A{YH$mar `m§À`m {dMma{d{Z_`mMo, MM}Mo A{^coI B. _m{hVr.
na§Vw, _§{Ìn[afXoMo {ZU©`, {ZU©`mMr H$maUo Am{U AmYmagm_J«r, {ZU©` KoVë`mZ§Va Am{U Vo àH$aU nyU© Pmë`mda
qH$dm g_má Pmë`mda Omhra H$aÊ`mV òB©c.
(10) H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_H$mOmer qH$dm {hVg§~§Ymer H$mhrhr g§~§Y Zmhr qH$dm Or ì`º$sÀ`m ImOJr ~m~rV
{dZmH$maU hñVjon H$aoc, Aer d¡`{º$H$ Vnercmg§~§YmVrc _m{hVr. na§Vw, Or _m{hVr g§gXocm qH$dm amÁ`
{dYr_§S>imcm XoÊ`mg ZH$ma XoVm òUma Zmhr, Vr _m{hVr H$moUË`mhr ì`º$scm XoÊ`mghr ZH$ma XoVm òUma Zmhr.
darc à_wI VaVwXtgmo~VM A{Y{Z`_m_Üò H|${Ð` Am{U amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJmÀ`m ñWmnZo~m~VMohr _hÎdnyU© Vnerc
{Xcoco AmhoV.
(1) H|${Ð` _m{hVr Am`moJ
H|o$Ð gaH$ma amOnÌm_Üò A{YgyMZoÛmam H|${Ð` _m{hVr Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aoc.
aMZm
H|$Ðr` Am`wº$ Am{U Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vrc Ë`mà_mUo na§Vw 10 nojm A{YH$ _m{hVr Am`wº$ ZgVrc. gÜ`m {dO` e_m©
ho H|$Ðr` _m{hVr Am`moJmMo _w»` Am`wº$ AmhoV. `m{edm` AÝ` 7 _m{hVr Am`wº$ - dg§V goR>, èmodY©Z AmPmX, eaV
gâdmc, _§Oyim nmamea, E_. E. ImZ `wgy\$s, E_. Eg. AmMm`W©yc, gwYra ^mJ©d H$m`©aV AmhoV.

{Z`wº$s Am{U nmÌVm
_w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$ Am{U BVa _m{hVr Am`wº$m§Mr {Z`wº$s amï´>nVr g{_VrÀ`m g„çmZo H$aoc. `m g{_Vr_Üò n§VàYmZ
(AÜ`j), cmoH$gôVrc {damoYr njZoVm ({damoYr njZoVm åhUyZ EImÚm ì`º$scm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Amcr Zgoc Va cmoH$gôV
gaH$maÀ`m {damoYr njm§Vrc gdmªV _moR>çm JQ>mÀ`m ZoË`mg {damoYr njZoVm _mZÊ`mV òB©c), Am{U n§VàYmZmZo {Z`wº$ Ho$cocm
EH$ H|${Ð` H°${~ZoQ> _§Ìr B. gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe Agoc.
_w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$ Am{U BVa _m{hVr Am`wº$ ho H$m`Xm, {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ, g_mOgodm, ì`dñWmnZ, nÌH$m[aVm,
OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_ qH$dm àemgZ Am{U emgZ `m {df`m§Mo ì`mnH$ kmZ d AZw^d Agcoë`m gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrc à»`mV
ì`º$s AgVrc. _w»` Am`wº$ qH$dm Am`wº$ g§gXoMm gXñ` qH$dm H$moUË`mhr {dYr_§S>imMm (H|$Ð d amÁ`) gXñ` Agy Zò.
Ë`mZo BVa H$moUVohr cm^nX YmaU Ho$coco Zgmdo. VgoM Vr ì`º$s H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmer g§~§{YV AgUma Zmhr qH$dm
H$moUVmhr CÚmoJY§Xm AWdm ì`dgm` H$aUma Zmhr.
H$m`©H$mi
_w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$mMm H$m`©H$mi {Z`wº$s Pmë`mnmgyZ nmM dfmªMm Agoc. H$mcmdYr g_márZ§Va Vmo nwZ{Z©`wº$sg nmÌ
AgUma Zmhr. Vmo Ho$di d`mÀ`m 65 dfmªn`ªV qH$dm 5 df}, Or _wXV AmYr g§noc, Vmon`ªVM nXmda amhÿ eH$Vmo. _w»` Am`wº$
Am{U BVa Am`wº$ _wXVnyd© coIr amOrZm_m amï´>nVtH$S>o XoD$Z nX_wº$ hmoD$ eH$VmV. H$m`©H$mim~m~VÀ`m `mM gd© AQ>r BVa
_m{hVr Am`wº$m§ZmXoIrc cmJy hmoVmV.
godmeVu
H|${Ð` _m{hVr Am`moJmMm XOm© hm {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m g_H$j _mZÊ`mV Amcm Amho. Ë`m_wio _w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$mcm
{_iUmè`m godmeVu, doVZ, ^Îmo B. ~m~r _w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$mà_mUoM {_iVmV. BVa _m{hVr Am`wº$m§Zm AÝ` {ZdS>UyH$
Am`wº$m§à_mUo godmeVu nwa{dÊ`mV òVmV. _mÌ, `m nXm§ì`{V[aº$ Ë`m ì`º$sZo BVa H$moUVohr cm^mMo nX YmaU H$ê$ Zò.
~S>V\$s©
amï´>nVr nwT>rc H$maUmñVd _w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$ Am{U BVa _m{hVr Am`wº$m§Zm nXmdê$Z ~S>V\©$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
(1) Vr ì`º$s ZmXma åhUyZ R>a{dÊ`mV Amcr Agë`mg; qH$dm EImÚm AnamYm~Ôc Xmofr R>adco Agoc Va, qH$dm
(2) Vmo Amnë`m nXmÀ`m H$mcmdYrV BVa H$moUVohr H$m_ gdoVZ H$arV Agoc; qH$dm
(3) _mZ{gH$ qH$dm emar[aH$ {dH$cm§JVo_wio H$m_ H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ; {H§$dm Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$ qH$dm BVa {hVg§~§Y ~mYm
AmUV AgVrc Va.
`m VaVwXtMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMo AmXoe amï´>nVr gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mcm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ý`m`mc`rZ Mm¡H$erV Vr ì`º$s Xmofr
AmT>ië`mg, amï´>nVr g§~§{YVmcm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aVmo. `m{edm`, Ý`m`mc`rZ Mm¡H$er Xaå`mZ Ë`m ì`º$scm {Zc§{~V Ho$co
OmD$ eH$Vo qH$dm Mm¡H$erXaå`mZ H$m`m©c`mV Z òÊ`mMm AmXoe amï´>nVr XoD$ eH$VmV.
(2) amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJ
H|$Ðr` _m{hVr Am`moJmà_mUoM amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJmMr aMZm, {Z`wº$s Am{U nmÌVm, H$m`©H$mi Am{U ~S>V\$s© `m~m~VÀ`m
VaVwXr AmhoV. `m_Üò Ho$di amÁ` _w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$ Am{U amÁ` _m{hVr Am`wº$, amï´>nVrEodOr amÁ`nmc, n§VàYmZ EodOr
_w»`_§Ìr, cmoH$gôEodOr {dYmZg^m Ago KQ>H$amÁ`mer g§~§{YV n`m©`r eãX òVmV. Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er _mÌ, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`M
H$aVo. godmeVuÀ`m ~m~V WmoS>r {^ÞVm Amho. amÁ` _w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$m§Mm XOm© {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$m§à_mUo AgVmo, Va amÁ`
_m{hVr Am`wº$m§Mm XOm© d godmeVu amÁ` emgZmÀ`m _w»` g{Mdmà_mUo AgVmV. gÜ`m _hmamï´> amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJmMo _w»`
Am`wº$ aËZmH$a Jm`H$dmS> ho AmhoV. `m{edm` A{OVHw$_ma O¡Z (_w§~B©), {Q>. E\$. WoŠHo$H$am (H$moH$U), aqdÐ OmYd (nwUo),
dg§V nmQ>rc (ZmJnya), XÎmmÌ` ~ZgmoS> (A_amdVr) Am{U nr. S>ãë`y. nmQ>rc (Zm{eH$), ho ghm amÁ` _m{hVr Am`wº$ AmhoV.

_m{hVr Am`moJmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`}
(1) AO© gmXa H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© R>acocr ì`º$s, H$moUVrhr _m{hVr {_iÊ`mg ZH$ma {_imcocr ì`º$s, {ZhrV _wXVrV
à{VgmX Z {_imcocr ì`º$s, {Xem^yc dm ImoQ>r _m{hVr {_imcocr Amho Ago dmQ>Umar ì`º$s, VH«$ma AgUmar B.
H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sH$Sy>Z VH«$ma ñdrH$maUo d Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo ho H|${X«` dm amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJmMo H$V©ì` Amho.
(2) EImÚm àH$aUm_Üò Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmOdr H$maUo AmhoV, `m~m~V Oa H|${Ð`/amÁ` Am`moJmMr ImÌr Pmë`mg
Ë`m àH$aUmMr Mm¡H$er Ho$cr OmB©c.
(3) Am`moJmcm H$moUË`mhr ~m~tMr Mm¡H$er H$aVmZm {XdmUr Ý`m`mc`mà_mUo nwT>rc A{YH$ma AmhoV -
(A) ì`º$s¨Zm hOa amhÊ`m~m~V g_Ýg nmR>dyZ Ë`m§Zm hOa H$a{dUo Am{U Ë`m§Zm enWoda Vm|S>r qH$dm coIr
gmjrnwamdm XoÊ`mg d XñVEodO qH$dm dñVy gmXa H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo.
(~) enWnÌmda gmjrnwamdm KoUo.
(H$) H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mc`mH$Sy>Z qH$dm H$m`m©c`mH$Sy>Z H$moUVmhr emgH$s` A{^coI qH$dm Ë`mÀ`màVr `m§Mr
_mJUr H$aUo.
(S>) gmjrXmam§Mr [H§$dm XñVEodOm§Mr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mH$arVm g_Ýg H$mT>Uo.
(4) g§gXoÀ`m qH$dm amÁ` {dYr_§S>imÀ`m AÝ` H$moUË`mhr H$m`Úm§_Üò {dg§JV Ago H$mhrhr A§V^©yV Agco Var,
H|$X«/amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJ `m A{Y{Z`_mÝdò H$moUË`mhr VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er H$aVmZm, gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aUmÀ`m
{Z`§ÌUmImcrc Á`m A{^coImg hm A{Y{Z`_ cmJy hmoVmo, Aem H$moUË`mhr A{^coImMr VnmgUr H$arc, Am{U
gmd©O{ZH$ àm{YH$aU H$moUË`mhr H$maUmñVd, Am`moJmnmgyZ Agm H$moUVmhr A{^coI amoIyZ R>odUma Zmhr.
Ý`m`mc`rZ hñVjonmg _`m©Xm
`m H$m`ÚmÝdò {Xcoë`m H$moUË`mhr AmXoemÀ`m g§~§YmV H$moUVmhr Xmdm, AO© qH$dm BVa H$m`©dmhr H$moUVohr Ý`m`mc`
XmIc H$ê$Z KoUma Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmÝdò Ho$coë`m AnrcmMm AndmX dJiVm H$moUË`mhr AmXoem~m~V Amjon KoVm òUma
Zmhr.
{dd{jV g§KQ>Zm
Imcr Z_yX Ho$coë`m JwáMa g§ñWm d gwajm g§KQ>Zm, H|$Ð gaH$maZo ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m g§KQ>Zm {H§$dm Aem g§KQ>Zm§Zr
gaH$macm {Xcocr _m{hVr `m H$m`Úm§VJ©V Omhra/CKS> H$aVm òUma Zmhr. na§Vw, `m g§KQ>Zm§da ^«ï>mMma d _mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ
`m~m~V Amamon AgVrc Va Ë`m~m~VMr _m{hVr nwa{dcr OmB©c. _mÌ, _m{JVcocr _m{hVr hr, _mZdr h¸$mÀ`m C„§KZmÀ`m
Amamonmg§X^m©V Agë`mg Vr _m{hVr H|${Ð` _m{hVr Am`moJmMr _mÝ`Vm {_imë`mdaM XoÊ`mV òB©c. {dZ§VrMm AO© {_imcoë`m
VmaIonmgyZ 45 {Xdgm§À`m AmV Aer _m{hVr XoÊ`mV òB©c.
`m A{Y{Z`_m_Üò Z_yX Hoo$coë`m {ddm{jV g§KQ>Zm nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) JwádmVm© H|$Ð
(2) _§{Ì_§S>i g{Mdmc`mMr g§emoYZ d {dícofU emIm
(3) _hgyc JwádmVm© g§MmcZmc`
(4) H|${Ð` Am{W©H$ JwádmVm© {d^mJ
(5) A§_c~OmdUr g§MmcZmc`
(6) A§_cr Am¡fYr Ðì` {Z`§ÌU {d^mJ
(7) {d_mZMmcZ g§emoYZ H|$Ð
(8) {deof gahÔ Xc
(9) gr_m gwajm Xc
(10) H|$Ðr` amIrd nmocrg Xc
(11) ^maV-{V~oQ> gr_m nmocrg

(12) H|$Ðr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ gwajm Xc
(13) amï´>r` gwajm ajH$
(14) Amgm_ am`\$ëg
(15) {deof godm {d^mJ
(16) {deof emIm (JwÝho AÝdofU {d^mJ) A§X_mZ d {ZH$mo~ma
(17) JwÝhoemIm - JwÝho AÝdofU {d^mJ - H|${Ð` emIm - XmXam Am{U ZJa hdocr
(18) {deof emIm, cjÛrn nmocrg
A{Y{Z`_mMo _hÎd
(1) cmoH$emhr ÑT> H$aUo.
(2) emgZ Am{U gm_mÝ` OZVm `m§À`m_Üò WoQ> g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aUo.
(3) gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§Zm cmoH$H|$Ðr Vm|S>mdim XoUo.
(4) "ñdÀN> Am{U nmaXe©H$' Xoe åhUyZ ^maVmMr OmJ{VH$ nmVirda à{V_m {Z_m©U H$aUo.
A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m CUrdm
(1) emgZmda {dÎmr` ~moOm/IMm©Mm VmU.
(2) ZmJ[aH$m§_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV gmjaVm Am{U AmH$cZ j_Vm AgUo JaOoMo.
(3) OZOmJ¥Vr Amdí`H$.
(4) H$m`©nÕVrË_H$ Jw§VmJw§V daMT> R>acr Amho.
_m{hVr A{YH$mamÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªdarc hëco
2010 gmcr _m{hVr A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_mcm 5 dfo© Pmcr. _m{hVr A{YH$mamMm àgma, àMma Am{U dmna H$aUmè`m Ag§»`
H$m`©H$Ë`mªda `m 5 dfm©V Am{U Mmcy dfm©V n«mUKmVH$ h„o Pmco. `mV {H$ËòH$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm àmUhr J_dmdm cmJcocm Amho.
l 2010 `m Mmcy dfm©À`m n{hë`m 8 _{hÝ`m§_Üò Odinmg 9 H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr hË`m H$aÊ`mV Amcr. hOmamo H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm
emar[aH$ Am{U BVa ñdénmVrc Ìmgmcm gm_moao Omdo cmJV Amho. `m 9 n¡H$s 4 OUm§Mr hË`m _hmamï´>mV Pmcr Amho
Va JwOamW_Üò 2 Am{U {~hma, CËVa àXoe, Am§Y« àXoem_Üò àËòH$s 1 H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr hË`m Zm§oX{dÊ`mV Amcr.
l `m hëë`m§_mJo AgUmam g_mZ KQ>H$ åhUOo _m{\$`m, amOH$maUr Am{U ZmoH$aemhrVrc H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mr nañna cmJo~m§Yr
(hmVOwidUr) hmo`.
l Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUm_wio AZoH$ ImOJr H$V} (A°ŠQ>g)
© Am{U JwÝhoJmar {hVg§~Y§ mMr OmoS> {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho. ËdarV cm^
{_idÊ`mgmR>r Vo amOH$s` Am{U ZmoH$aemhrdarc à^mdmMm dmna H$aV AmhoV. Aem dmVmdaUm_wiho r ho h„o hmoV AmhoV.
l ~hþg§»` H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm~m~V (goP) ZmoH$aehm§Zr Ho$coë`m VaVwXr Am{U O{_Z ~iH$mdUo, {VMm
_m{\$`m§Zr Mmc{dcocm Xþén`moJ `m~m~VMo ^«ïmMma, J¡aì`dhma, KmoQ>mio CKS>H$sg AmUë`mZo Ë`m§À`mda h„o Pmco
AmhoV. `m~m~V, _hmamï´>mVrc am`JS> Am{U PmaI§S> _Yrc O_eoXnya R>iH$ CXmhaUo AmhoV.
l _m{hVr A{YH$mamÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m N>im§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo. Ë`m§Mm N>i Ho$di amOH$maUr, A{YH$mar
Am{U JwÝhoJmaM H$arV ZmhrV Va H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmao A{YH$mar XoIrc H$aVmV.
H$m`©H$Ë`mªMm ~ir, 2010
(1) A{_V OoQ>dm, d` 23 df}, JwOamV, 20 Owc¡ - Ë`m§À`m `m{MH$m§Zwgma AZoH$ ImU H$maImÝ`m§Zm ZmoQ>rg ~OmdÊ`mV
Amë`m hmoË`m VgoM Ë`m§Zm X§S>hr Pmco hmoVo.
(2) XÎmmÌ` nmQ>rc, d` 47 dfo©, _hmamï´>, 22 _o - ZJa n[afXoÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò Pmcoë`m KmoS>o~mOmam{damoYmV
Ë`m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ Ý`m`mc`mV `m{MH$m XmIc Ho$cr hmoVr. `m{edm`, EH$ à~i ~m§YH$m_ ì`mdgm{`H$mZo Ho$coë`m
~m§YH$m_m{damoYmV VH«$ma Ho$cr hmoVr.

(3) {dÇ>c JrVo, d` 39 df}, _hmamï´>, 21 E{àc - _m{hVr A{YH$mamMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr JmdmVrc H$mhr emim§Mr
A{Z`{_VVm CKS> Ho$cr hmoVr.
(4) gmocm a§Jm amd, d` 30 df}, Am§Y« àXoe, 11 E{àc - H¥$îUm {OëømVrc gm§S>nmUr ì`dñWocm _§Oya Pmcocm Am{U
Cn`moJmV AmUcoë`m {ZYr~m~V _§S>c n[afX {dH$mg H$m`m©c`mH$S>o _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mam§VJ©V AO© XmIc Ho$cm
hmoVm.
(5) AéU gmd§V, _hmamï´>, 26 \o$~«wdmar, - ñWm{ZH$ Am_XmamÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$scm AmìhmZ XoUmar `m{MH$m XmIc Ho$cr
hmoVr.
(6) eerYa {_lm, 35 df}, {~hma, 14 \o$~w«dmar - ñWm{ZH$ emgZmVrc cmoH$à{V{ZYtMm ^«ï>mMma CKS>H$sg AmUcm.
(7) {dlm_ XmoXr`m, 50 df}, JwOamW, 11 \o$~w«dmar - _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamMm AO© _mKmar KoÊ`mg gm§JÊ`mV Amco.
Ë`mg ZH$ma {Xë`mZo hË`m.
(8) gVre eoQ>Q²>r, 39 df}, _hmamï´>, 13 OmZodmar - ZmJar dgmhVr_Üò aoñQ>m°a§Q> Am{U _§Jc H$m`m©cò ~m§Yë`mMo
CKS>H$sg AmUco.
H$m`©H$Ë`mªdarc h„o amoIÊ`mgmR>r Cnm`
(1) cmoH$m§Zm g§doXZj_ ~Z{dUo - _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrc ^«ï>mMma, J¡aì`dhma
CKS>H$sg AmUco OmVmV. Ë`m_wio VH«$marMo ñdê$n Am{U Ago H$m`© H$aUmè`m§Mo g§ajU `m~m~V cmoH$m§_Üò g§doXZercVm
OmJ¥V H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.
(2) emgZ H¥$Vrerc ~ZUo - _m{hVr A{YH$mam§VJ©V _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mè`m ì`º$sÀ`m g§ajUmMr h_r H$m`ÚmMr A§_
c~OmdUr H$aUmè`m `§ÌUoZo Úmdr. EImÚm H$m`©H$Ë`m©cm Y_H$s {_imë`mZ§Va {Vcm/Ë`mcm nwaogo g§ajU XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
emgZmMr Amho.
(3) H$m`Xoera nidmQ>m - `m H$m`ÚmMo _hÎd dmXmVrV Agco Var Ë`m_Üò H$mhr H$m`Xoera Am{U Am{W©H$ C{Udm
AmhoV, Ë`m Xÿa H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. CXm. AMmZH$ _w»` _m{hVr Am`wº$mMo nX [aº$ Pmë`mZ§Va H$m` n`m©`r VaVyX Agoc `mMm
CëcoI `m H$m`Úm_Üò AmT>iV Zmhr.
(4) H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m g§ajUmMr Iar BÀN>m Zmhr - gwajm `§ÌUm qH$dm nmocrg Xc hr amOH$s` ZoË`m§Zm O~m~Xma
AgVmV, Ë`m_wio àËòH$ àH$aUmV {Z…njnmVrnUo Mm¡H$er hmoB©cM Ago Zmhr. _m{hVr A{YH$mamÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mª_wio amOH$maUr,
ZmoH$aehm Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ `m§À`m {hVg§§~§Ymcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Agë`m_wio H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m g§ajUmMr Iar qMVm Ë`m§Zm
Agcocr {XgV Zmhr.
(5) _m{hVr Am`wº$m§Mr ~m§{YcH$s - _m{hVr A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ èñdr ìhm`Mm Agoc Va Ho$di _m{hVr Z XoUmè`m
A{YH$mè`m§Zm _m{hVr X§S H$ê$Z nwaogo hmoUma Zmhr. A{ncmÛmao EImXo àH$aU Ooìhm _m{hVr Am`wº$m§H$S>o òVo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr Ë`mH$S>o
A{YH$ gH$mamË_H$ Am{U g_W©H$mÀ`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ nm{hco nm{hOo. `mH$arVm Ë`m§Mr ~m§{YcH$s _hÎdmMr Amho. Zdr {Xëcr
òWrc npãcH$ H$m°O [agM© \$mD§$S>oeZ `m g§ñWoZo 2009 gmcr Ho$coë`m EH$m nmhUrV ñnï> Pmco H$s, ~hþg§»` _m{hVr Am`wº$
ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m H$m`ÚmMr XoIrc `mo½`nUo A§_c~OmdUr H$aV ZmhrV.
(6) J«m_rU ^mJmV OmJ¥Vr - _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mam~m~V Á`mà_mUmV OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoUo Ano{jV hmoVo, VodT>çm à_mUmV
Vr Pmcocr {XgV Zmhr. AmOhr ^maVmVrc ~hþg§»` J«m_rU ^mJmVrc OZVocm _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mamMo _hÎd _m{hV Zgë`m_wio
`m A{YH$mamMm dmna Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. `m A{Y{Z`_m~m~V OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ emgZ {d{dY _mÜ`_m§Ûmao H$aV Amho.
_m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$mam_Üò àñVm{dV XþéñVr
_m{hVr A{YH$mamMo H$m`©H$V} gw^mf M§Ð AJ«dmc `m§Zm {c{hcoë`m nÌmV H$_©Mmar Am{U à{ejU {d^mJmZo (DoPT)
àñVm{dV 11 XþéñË`m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm OmB©c, Aer H$~wcr {Xcocr Amho. Ë`mn¡H$r H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m àñVm{dV XþéñË`m
nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) {~Ja-emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoMr dmJUyH$ - `m A{Y{Z`_mVrc {d^mJ 2 _Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z

EImXr {d{eï> {~Ja-emgH$s` g§KQ>Zocm (EZOrAmo) gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoMr dmJUyH$ XoUma qH$dm Zmhr `m~m~V Iwcmgm H$amdm.
(2) gmd©O[ZH$ A{YgÎmm§Mo CÎmaXm{`Îd - `m A{Y{Z`_mVrc {d^mJ 4 _Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoH$Sy>Z
{_iUmè`m _m{hVrMr ì`már dmT>{dÊ`mV `mdr. ~è`mM A{YgÎmm OZVocm _m{hVr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV.
AO© Ho$ë`mZ§VaM _m{hVr {_iVo. `m gd© H¥$Vtdê$Z _m{hVr A{YH$mar `m A{Y{Z`_màVr ~m§Yrc Agë`mMo {XgV ZmhrV.
(3) H|$Ðr` _m{hVr Am`moJm_Üò I§S>nrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mg dmd {_iUo - H|$Ð gaH$ma {d^mJ 19 (Anrcmg§X^m©V)
_Üò XþéñVr H$ê$Z H|${Ð` _m{hVr Am`moJm§VJ©V I§S>nrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr ~m~ VnmgyZ nmhV Amho. `mCcQ> H$_©Mmar Am{U
à{ejU {d^mJmZo Ago _V ì`º$ Ho$co H$s, I§S>nrR>mEodOr _§S>imÀ`m MM}_Üò Anrc Am{U VH«$matMo {ZdmaU ìhmdo. {X„r Cƒ
Ý`m`mc`mZohr hm _wÔm CMcyZ Yacm AgyZ gÜ`m Vmo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mnwT>o gwZdmB©gmR>r Amho. {ZarjH$m§À`m _Vo, I§S>nrR>m_Üò
Ooìhm H|${Ð` Am{U amÁ` _m{hVr Am`moJ àH$aUm§Mr gwZdmB© KoB©c, Voìhm Vr àH$aU§ VmËH$mi {ZH$mcmV H$mT>cr OmVrc. _mÌ,
hoM H$m`© _§S>imÛmao hmoUma Agoc Va IQ>ë`m§Mm AZweof {Z_m©U hmoB©c.
(4) _m{hVrÀ`m A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_mcm \$mB©c ZmoQ>t½O² AndmX ZH$mo - H$m`m©c`rZ H$m`©nÕVr Zm|Xr_Üò EImÚm
{df`m~m~V g§~§{YV emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$coco _V, {Xcocm g„m Am{U ì`º$ Ho$cocr qMVm dJ¡ao gd© ~m~tMr Zm|X
Ho$cocr AgVo. `mcmM \$mB©c ZmoQ>t½O² Ago åhUVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, H$moUVmhr {ZU©` KoÊ`mnydu qH$dm H¥$VrMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mnydu
gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoZo Ho$coë`m MM}Mr, KoVcoë`m gëë`m§Mr Zmo§X Ë`m_Üò AgVo. Aer _m{hVr XoÊ`mg _m{hVr Am`wº$, _m{hVr
Am`moJ `m§Zr {damoY Ho$ë`m_wio H$_©Mmar d à{ejU {d^mJmZo `m_Yrc àñVm{dV XþéñVr VwVm©g ~mOycm R>odcr Amho. na§Vw,
MMm© Am{U g„m_gcV `m~m~r `m A{Y{Z`_mnmgyZ Xÿa R>odë`mg `m A{Y{Z`_mMm hoVy g\$c hmoV Zmhr. emgZ Am{U {VÀ`m
`§ÌUm§Zm nmaXe©H$, CÎmaXm`r ~Zdm`Mo Agoc Va Ago _hÎdmMo {df` _m{hVr A{YH$mamVyZ dJiUo Bï> hmoUma Zmhr.
(5) g§doXZerc _m{hVr AgUmè`m g§KQ>Zm§Zm H$mhr à_mUmV gyQ - `m A{Y{Z`_mVrc {d^mJ 24 _Üò XþéñVr
H$ê$Z g§doXZerc AgUmè`m g§KQ>Zm§Zm nyU©nUo AndmX _mZÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Zm H$mhr à_mUmV dJiÊ`mV `mdo, Agm EH$ àñVmd
Amho. emgZmZo Odinmg `m dJ©dmarImcr 22 g§KQ>Zm§Zm dJicoco Amho. `mdê$Z emgZmÀ`m hoVy~Ôc e§H$m CnpñWV hmoVo.
VWm{n, H$_©Mmar Am{U à{ejU {d^mJ nwT>rc g§KQ>Zm§§Zm `m `mXrVyZ dJiÊ`mMm {dMma H$arV Amho. CXm. _hgyc JwádmVm©
g§MmcZmc`, A§_c~OmdUr g§MmcZmc`, A§_cr, Am¡fYr Ðì` {Z`§ÌU {d^mJ, {deo, gahÔ Xc, gr_m gwajm Xc, H|$Ðr`
amIrd nmocrg Xc, ^maV-{V~oQ> gr_m nmocrg, H|${Ð` Am¡Úmo{JH$ gwajm Xc, Am{U Amgm_ am`\$ëg.
(6) Anrc {ZH$mcmV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r doioMr _`m©Xm - A{Y{Z`_m_Üò AmUIr EH$ CUrd Amho, Á`mH$S>o gaH$maMo
cj doYUo JaOoMo Amho. _{hVr Am`wº$m§Zr Anrc Am{U VH«$mar {ZH$mcmV H$mT>Ê`mMr doi _`m©Xm `m A{Y{Z`_mV Z_yX Zmhr.
(7) cmoH$m§_Üò OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aUo, ho emgZmMo H$V©ì` - _m{hVr A{YH$mam~m~V e¡j{UH$ CnH«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ
H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ({deofV… d§{MV g_wXm`m~m~Vhr) {d^mJ 26 Zwgma emgZmMr Amho. na§Vw, H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` emgZmVrc
gd© _m{hVr A{YH$mè`m§Zm `m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U à{ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo. _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma Am{U VX²Zwf§JmZo H$m`© hr àËòH$
{d^mJmVrc {Z`{_V H$m`m©Mr ~m~ Amho, {VMo _hÎd gd© emgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§Zm H$ê$Z Úmdo. cmoH$OmJ¥VmgmR>r {d{dY CnH«$_
hmVr KoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ {d^mJmcm nwaogm òmoV CncãY H$ê$Z Úmdm.
(7) "pìhgcãcmoAa' `m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r H$m`Xm - àemgZmVrc ^«ï>mMma Am{U BVa J¡aàH$mam§Mr _m{hVr XoUmè`m
A{YH$mè`m§Mo (pìhg>cãcmoAa) g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ H$m`Xm àñVm{dV Agë`mMo emgZmZo ñnï> Ho$co.
g_mamon
nmaXe©H$, O~m~Xma emgZ hm "_m{hVrMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_mMm' Jm^m Amho. ho VÎd ì`dhmamV AmUÊ`mgmR>r AmUIrZ
Zdr joÌo, CXm. Ý`m`mc`, `m A{YH$mam§VJ©V AmUUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Aer amOH$s` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U Zdm emgZ ì`dhma
{Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho, OoWo ì`º$sMo CÎmaXm{`Îd H$mhr à_mUmV ì`dñWoàVr Agoc, na§Vw g§nyU© CÎmaXm{`Ëd XoemVrc
ZmJ[aH$m§àVr Agoc. _m{hVr A{YH$mamcm {d{dY KQ>H$m§~amo~aM emgZmVrc H$mhr KQ>H$ Am{U gÎmm g§aMZoH$Sy>Z {damoY Ho$cm
OmV Amho. cmoH$OmJ¥Vr Am{U MidirVyZM _m{hVr A{YH$mam_mJo OZeº$s C^r am{hë`mg Agm {damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>Vm òB©c.
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28
pìhgc ãcmoAa {dYo`H$ 2011
pìhgc ãcmoAa åhUOo g§KQ>ZoVrc H$‘©Mmar dm EImÚm ñQ>oH$hmoëS>g©Zo Amnë¶m g§KQ>ZoV gwê$ Agcoë¶m ~oH$m¶Xoera dm
AZ¡{VH$ dV©ZmMr/ì¶dhmamMr ‘m{hVr CKS> H$aUo hmo¶.
2001 gmcr {dYr Am¶moJmZo Z‘yX Ho$co hmoVo H$s, ^«ï>mMmamMo {Z‘y©cZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r pìhgc ãcmoAacm g§ajU XoUo AË¶mdí¶H$
Amho. Am¶moJmZo Amnë¶m AhdmcmV ¶mg§~§YrMo EH$ {dYo¶H$hr V¶ma Ho$co hmoVo. 2004 gmcr gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mZo gË¶|Ð Xþ>~o
¶m§À¶m hË¶oZ§Va XmIc H$aÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m ¶m{MHo$cm à{VgmX XoVmZm Z‘yX Ho$co H$s, ¶m {df¶mda H$m¶Xm hmoB©n¶ªV "pìhgc
ãcmoAa' H$Sy>Z àmá hmoUmè¶m VH«$mar hmVmiÊ¶mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ¶§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$amdr. emgZmZo 2004 gmcr EH$ R>amd A{Ygy{MV
Ho$cm. Ë¶mà‘mUo H|$Ðr¶ XjVm Am¶moJmcm (CVC) pìhgc ãcmoAaH$Sy>Z àmá hmoUmè¶m VH«$matda H$madmB© H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma
XoÊ¶mV Amco.
2004 nmgyZ AmOVmJm¶V (CVC) H$S>o 1354 VH«$mar àmá Pmcoë¶m AmhoV. Xþgè¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJmZo
2007 gmcÀ¶m Amnë¶m AhdmcmV pìhgc ãcmoAaÀ¶m g§ajUmgmR>r {deof H$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr hmoVr. ^maVmZo
^«ï>mMma {damoYr g§¶wº$ amï´>m§À¶m n[afXoA§VJ©V (2005) ñdmjar Ho$cocr (not ratified) Amho. ¶m n[afXoZwgma cmoH$-godH$m§À¶m
^«ï>mMmam~m~VMo Ahdmc CncãY H$aUo Am{U gmjrXma d VÁkm§Zm g§ajU nwa{dÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$co Amho.
26 Am°JñQ> 2010 amoOr "OZ{hVmW© ‘m{hVr {hV CKS> H$aUo Am{U Ago H$aUmè¶m§Zm g§ajU XoÊ¶mMo {dYo¶H$, 2010'
(The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection to persons making the Disclosures Bill, 2010) cmoH$gô‘Ü¶o gmXa
H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Ë¶mZ§Va Vo O¶§Vr ZQ>amOZ ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcrc ñWm¶r g{‘VrH$S>o gmon{dÊ¶mV Amco.
2004 gmcÀ¶m emgZmÀ¶m R>amdmÀ¶m OmJr ho {dYo¶H$ nwZñWm©{nV H$aÊ¶mV Amco.
{dYo¶H$mVrc ‘hÎdnyU© VaVwXr
Cnamoº$ {dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o nwT>rc VaVwXr Z‘yX Ho$coë¶m AmhoV -
gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmW© ‘m{hVr Iwco H$aUo
l gmd©O{ZH$ godoVrc qH$dm {~Ja-emgH$s¶ g§KQ>ZoVrc H$moUVrhr ì¶º$s gj‘ A{YgÎmoH$S>o (H|$Ðr¶ dm amÁ¶ XjVm
Am¶moJ) gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmg§~§Yr ~m~ CKS> H$ê$ eH$Vo.
l "CKS> H$aUo' (disclosure) åhUOo godH$mÀ¶m {damoYmVrc H$moUVrhr coIr dm Bco³Q´>m°{ZH$ ‘ocÀ¶m ñdê$nmVrc VH«$ma
hmo¶, Or- (A) ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ A{Y{Z¶‘m§VJ©V (1988) JwÝhm Pmcocm Agoc dm hmoUma Agoc; (~) OmUrdnyd©H$
Amnë¶m A{YH$mam§Mm Xþê$n¶moJ Ho$ë¶m‘wio emgZmcm àM§S> ‘moR>o ZwH$gmZ hmoUma Agoc qH$dm cmoH$ godH$mcm ‘moR>m cm^
hmoUma Agoc; qH$dm (H$) cmoH$-godH$mZo ’$m¡OXmar JwÝhm Ho$cm Agoc dm H$aUma Agoc, BË¶mXr {df¶m~m~V Agy
eHo$c.
l H|$ÐemgZ dm amÁ¶emgZmVrc godH$ dm H|$Ð dm amÁ¶emgZmÀ¶m ‘mcH$sMr Am{U {Z¶‘Z Agcocr H$moUVrhr H§$nZr dm
g§ñWm hr cmoH$-godH$mÀ¶m ì¶m»¶o‘Ü¶o {Z{hV Amho. VWm{n g§ajU, nmo{cg Am{U JwáMa H$‘©Mmè¶m§À¶m {damoYmVrc
~m~r CKS> H$aUo ñdrH$mamh© Zmhr.
l àË¶oH$ ~m~ CKS> H$aÊ¶m~amo~a g§nyU© Vnerc Am{U Ë¶mcm nmR>nwamdm/AmYma XoUmao XñVEodO OmoS>coco AgmdoV. XjVm
Am¶moJ H$moUVrhr {ZZmdr VH«$ma ñdrH$maUma Zmhr.
Mm¡H$erMr H$m¶©nÕV
l XjVm Am¶moJmZo VH«$maXmamMr AmoiI nS>VmiyZ nhmdr Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mMr/{VMr AmoiI Jwá R>odmdr (Omon¶ªV

VH«$maXma Vr Xþgè¶m A{YgÎmonwT>o ñnï> H$aV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV). CKS> Ho$coë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmamda g§~§{YV àH$aUmMo
AÝdofU H$amdo H$m¶, ¶mMm Vr {ZU©¶ KoB©c. {VZo AÝdofU (Vnmg) H$aÊ¶mMo {ZpíMV Ho$co Va {Vcm g§~§{YV g§KQ>ZoÀ¶m
à‘wImH$Sy>Z Iwcmgm ‘mJdmdm cmJoc. Omon¶ªV VH«$maXmamMr AmoiI CKS> H$aUo AË¶mdí¶H$ Amho, Ago XjVm
Am¶moJmcm dmQ>V Zmhr Vmon¶ªV Am¶moJ g§KQ>ZoÀ¶m à‘wImH$S>o VH«$maXmamMr AmoiI CKS> H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. g§KQ>Zm
à‘wImZo VH«$maXmamMr AmoiI Omhra H$ê$ Z¶o.
l Mm¡H$er Ho$ë¶mZ§Va XjVm Am¶moJmcm Oa VH«$mar‘Ü¶o VÏ¶ AmT>ico Zmhr dm nwT>o H$madmB© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ^¸$‘ AmYma
AmT>icm Zmhr Va Vo àH$aU ~§X Ho$co OmD$ eH$Vo. VWm{n, Mm¡H$er‘Ü¶o VÏ¶ AmT>ico Va Am¶moJ g§~§{YV gmd©O{ZH$
(cmoH$) A{YgÎmoH$S>o (XjVm Am¶moJmÀ¶m Ý¶m¶m{YH$ma joÌmV ¶oUmar H$moUVrhr A{YgÎmm) H$mhr Cnm¶¶moOZm§Mr {e’$mag
H$aoc. ¶m Cnm¶¶moOZm§‘Ü¶o (measures) g§~§{YV cmoH$-godH$m{damoYmV H$m¶©dmhr gwê$ H$aUo, emgZmcm Pmcocr hmZr
H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmdco CMcUo Am{U ’$m¡OXmar H$m¶©dmhrMr {e’$mag H$aUo BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
l àË¶oH$ gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoZo CKS> Ho$coë¶m ‘m{hVr~m~V Mm¡H$er hmVmiUmar ¶§ÌUm {Z‘m©U H$amdr. ¶m ¶§ÌUoda XjVm
Am¶moJmMo n¶©dojU Agmdo.
l XjVm Am¶moJ Mm¡H$erXaå¶mZ dm ‘m{hVr {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ðr¶ JwÝho AÝdofU {d^mJ (CBI) dm nmocrg A{YH$mè¶m§Mo
ghmæ¶ KoD$ eHo$c.
Mm¡H$erVyZ ‘wº$Vm
l XjVm Am¶moJ nwT>rcn¡H$s H$moUË¶mhr {df¶mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUma Zmhr -
(A) Oa Ý¶m¶mc¶ dm Ý¶m¶mgZ Ë¶m~m~V {ZU©¶ KoUma Agoc;
(~) Oa gmd©O{ZH$ Mm¡H$erMo AmXoe XoÊ¶mV Amco AgVrc; qH$dm
(H$) EImXr H¥$Vr/{H«$¶m KSy>Z Joë¶mZ§Va 5 dfmªZr VH«$ma H$aÊ¶mV Amcocr Agoc.
l ¶m {dYo¶H$mZwgma ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd, amÁ¶mMr gwajm, naamï´>m§gmo~VMo ‘¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y, ZrVr^«ï>Vm dm ZrVr‘Îmm hZZ
Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ gwì¶dñWoda J§^ra n[aUm‘ g§^dUma AgVrc Va H°${~ZoQ>Mr H$m¶©à{H«$¶m CKS> H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
Aem VaVwXr AgUmè¶m AndmXmcm H|$Ð dm amÁ¶ emgZmÀ¶m g{MdmZo à‘m{UV (certified) Ho$co nm{hOo.
‘m{hVr CKS> H$aUmè¶m ì¶º$sgmR>r g§ajH$ VaVwXr
l EImÚm ì¶º$sZo ‘m{hVr CKS> Ho$cr dm Mm¡H$erXaå¶mZ ghmæ¶ Ho$co; Ho$di ¶m AmYmamda {Vcm Xmofr R>a{dÊ¶mV ¶oD$
Z¶o dm {VÀ¶m{déÕ H$madmB© H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$ Z¶o. ¶mg§X^m©V XjVm Am¶moJmMo {ZX}e ~§YZH$maH$ AgVrc.
l XjVm Am¶moJ VH«$maXmamÀ¶m AOm©Ýd¶o qH$dm Ë¶mÛmao ñdV: àmá Ho$coë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao g§~§{YV A{YgÎmocm
VH«$maXmamMo dm gmjrXmamMo g§ajU H$aÊ¶mMo {ZX}e XoD$ eH$Vmo. Á¶m cmoH$-godH$mZo ‘m{hVr CKS> Ho$cr Agoc Ë¶mcm
nwÝhm Ë¶mM nXmda ê$Oy H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mMo {ZX}e Am¶moJ XoD$ eH$Vmo.
l g§~§{YV VH«$mXmamMr AmoiI Am{U XñVEodO CKS> H$aÊ¶mMr A{Zdm¶©Vm Am¶moJmcm dm Ý¶m¶mc¶mcm dmQ>Uma Zmhr
Vmon¶ªV {VMo g§ajU Ho$co OmB©c.
{ejm
l {dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o {d{dY JwÝøm§gmR>r X§S> AmH$macm Amho. XjVm Am¶moJmcm Ahdmc Z {Xë¶mg Agm Ahdmc XoB©n¶ªV
à{V{XZ 250 ê$n¶m§n¶ªV X§S> AmH$macm OmB©c. VWm{n, EHy$U X§S>mMr a¸$‘ 50,000 ê$n¶m§nojm A{YH$ AgUma Zmhr.
hcJOunUmVyZ dm Aàm‘m{UH$ hoVy R>oD$Z VH«$maXmamMr AmoiI CKS> Ho$cr Va 3 dfmªn¶ªVMm H$mamdmg Am{U 50,000
ê$n¶m§n¶ªVMm X§S> R>moR>mdcm OmB©c. OmUrdnyd©H$ MwH$sMr dm {Xem^yc H$aUmar ‘m{hVr CKS> Ho$cr Va 2 dfm©n¶ªVMm
H$mamdmg Am{U 30,000 ê$n¶m§n¶ªVMm X§S> R>moR>mdcm OmB©c.
l Ahdmc gmXa Z H$aUo dm VH«$maXmamMr AmoiI CKS> H$aUo ¶m~m~V XjVm Am¶moJmZo gwZmdcocr {ejm dm Ho$coë¶m
X§S>m{damoYmV nr{S>V ì¶º$s 60 {Xdgm§À¶m AmV Cƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mH$S>o Anrc H$ê$ eH$Vo.
gÜ¶m, ho {dYo¶H$ g§gXo‘Ü¶o àc§{~V Amho.


29
cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$
ñH°$pÝS>Zopìh`Z XoemVrb "Aå~wS>g²_Z' `m g§ñWoer gmYå`© gm§JUmar ^maVr` ì`dñWoVrb g§ñWm åhUOo bmoH$nmb hmo`.
gd©n«W_ 1809 _Üò ñdrS>Z_Üò CX`mg Amboë`m `m g§ñWoMm nwT>o 20 ì`m eVH$mV AZoH$ Xoem§Zr ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. _Z_mZr
ñdê$nmÀ`m àemgH$s` `§ÌUo{déÕ CX`mbm òD$ nmhUmè`m bmoH$emhr emgZ `§ÌUoMo n«{VH$mË_H$ ê$n åhUyZ bmoH$nmb hr g§ñWm
Zmdmê$nmg òV Amho.
bmoH$nmb hm eãX "Aå~wS>g²_Z' `m eãXmMo ^maVr` ^mfm§Va Amho. _wimV "Aå~wSg²_Z' hm ñdr{S>e eãX à`moJ AgyZ
`mMm AW© àemgH$s` d Ý`m{`H$ H¥$Vr~m~VÀ`m VH«$marMr hmViUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>imÛmao {Z`wŠV Ho$bobm A{YH$mar hmo`.
gÚ…pñWVrV emgZmÀ`m H$m`©H$mar d Ý`m{`H$ emIog§~§YrÀ`m CƒñVar` VH«$matMr XIb KoÊ`mMo H$m`© bmoH$nmb hr g§ñWm
H$aVo.
Amdí`H$Vm
àM{bV amOH$s` àUmbrÀ`m H$m`©H$joV bmoH${Zdm©{MV nXm{YH$mar Am{U àemgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUmar
dV©_mZ gmYZo à^mdr R>aV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ^«ï>mMma, J¡aH$ma^mamMr àH$aUo CÎmamoÎma dmT>V AmhoV.
l H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJmg Ho$di àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§À`m ^«ï> d J¡aH$ma^mam§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV.
l àM{bV ì`dñWoV H|$Ðr` JwÝho AÝdofU emIm hr ^«ï>mMma d J¡aH$ma^mam§À`m àH$aUmMr Mm¡H$er H$aUmar gdm}ƒ g§ñWm
n§VàYmZm§À`mM {Z`§ÌUmImbr H$m`© nmhVo. Ë`m_wio H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m X~md d n«^mdmnmgyZ _wŠVnUo H$m`© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
l AZoH$ Xoem§Vrb AZw^d Ago Xe©dVmo H$s "bmoH$nmb' hr g§ñWm ^«ï>mMma, J¡aH$ma^ma, _Z_mZr {ZU©`m{déÕ Cnm``moOZm
H$aÊ`mV bjUràrË`m èñdr R>abr Amho.
^maVr` amOH$s` ì`dñWoV 1960 À`m XeH$mV ^«ï>mMmamMr àH$aUo dmT>ë`m_wio bmoH$nmb g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
nmdbo CMbÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr. 1966 gmbr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo H|$Ðr` nmVirda bmoH$nmb Am{U
KQ>H$amÁ` nmVirda bmoH$m`wŠVmMo nX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br. gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer bjmV KoD$Z àW_V…
1968 _Üò bmoH$gôV bmoH$nmb {dYo`H$ _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo. Oo 1969 _Üò nm[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. VWm{n ho {dYo`H$ amÁ`gôV
àb§{~V AgVmZm bmoH$g^m {dg{O©V Pmë`m_wio nm[aV hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va bmoH$nmb {dYo`H$ 1971, 1977, 1985,
1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010 Am{U A{cH$S>o 2011 _Üò g^mJ¥hmg_moa _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo. Ho$di 1985
gmcr {dYo`H$ _mKmar KoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. VWm{n dV©_mZ {dYo`H$mMm AndmX dJiVm àËòH$doir {dYo`H$ amÁ`gôV àb§{~V
AgVmZm AWdm g{_Vr AdñWoV AgVmZm bmoH$g^m ~aImñV Pmë`mZo nm[aV hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.
C{Ôï>o
l bmoH$m§Zm ObX Am{U {H$\$m`Vera ñdê$nmV Ý`m` {_idyZ XoUo.
l emgZ-àemgZ `§ÌUoVrb ^«ï>, ~oH$m`Xoera d J¡aàH$ma VgoM _Z_mZr {ZU©`nÕVrg à{V~§Y KmbUo, Am{U
l emgZ-àemgZ nmaXe©H$, O~m~Xma Am{U bmoH$emhrdmXr H$aUo.
cmoH$nmc nXmMo _hÎd

emgZmÀ`m {Z`{_V [H«$`m§_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m VH«$mar _m§S>Uo Am{U n[adV©ZmMr _mJUr H$aUo `mH$[aVm H$mhr àË`j

Am{U AàË`j _mJ© CncãY AgVmV. na§Vw ~hþVm§edoim Vo H$R>rU AgVmV. àemgH$s` {d^mJm§_Üò EH$m A{YH$mè`mÀ`m
{ZU©`m{damoYmV Ë`mÀ`m d[að>mH$S>o Anrc H$amdo cmJVo Am[U hr Anrc H$aÊ`mMr à[H«$`m Ë`m ImË`mÀ`m/{d^mJmÀ`m
à_wImn`ªV H$amdr cmJVo. VWm[n, `m `§ÌUoMr H$mhr A§J^yV d¡JwÊò AmhoV. d[að> A{YH$mar H${Zð> A{YH$mè`m§er g_mZ
[hVg§~§Ym§Zr OmoS>coco AgVmV, H$maU Vo EH$mM ImË`mV H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio EImÚm Anrcm~m~V {ZînjnmVrnUo
Ý`m`{ZdmS>m Ho$cm OmB©c, `m~Ôc e§H$m amhVo.
H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m nmVirda, EImXr ì`º$s Ë`mÀ`m _VXmag§KmVrc cmoH$à{V{ZYrH$S>o VH«$ma Zm|Xdy eH$Vo. na§Vw gm_mÝ`
_mUgmcm cmoH$à{V{ZYrn`ªV nmohmoMUo H$R>rU Agë`mZo Vo EH$ {_WH$M R>aVo.
amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m A§Jm§n¡H$s, ì`º$s¨À`m h¸$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`_§S>imZo A{YH$ {dídmgmh©Vm H$_mdcocr Amho. VWm{n,
Ý`m`mc`rZ IQ>ë`m§À`m g§X^m©V H$m`©nÕVrË_H$ Jw§Vm-Jw§Vr_wio IQ>cm XmIc H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo A§{V_ {ZH$mc òB©n`ªV Ý`m`
{_iÊ`m_Üò An[ahm`©nUo {dc§~ hmoVmo. {dc§~mZo Ý`m` {_iUo åhUOo EH$àH$mao Ý`m` ZmH$maÊ`mgmaIoM AgVo.
^«ï>mMmamÀ`m IQ>ë`m§_Üò Pmcoë`m dmT>r_wio EH$ ~m~ {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYr Am{U àemgH$s` A{YH$mar
`m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r gÜ`m CncãY gmYZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aV ZmhrV. Ho$di àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§darc ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m
Amamonm§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r "H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJm'Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. XoemMr àmW{_H$ Vnmg `§ÌUm AgUmar
gr~rAm` hr H$_©Mmar, àemgZ, gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$mar Am{U {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ (n§VàYmZm§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr) `m ImË`m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmV
H$m_ H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Vnmg H$m`m©Xaå`mZ amOH$s` X~mdmnmgyZ Vr _wº$ Agy eH$V Zmhr. gr~rAm`À`m H$m`m©V [XgyZ
òUmè`m ñdmV§Í` Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$Vm `m§À`m A^mdm_wio AcrH$S>rc H$mimV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo Ë`mda Vmeoao
AmoT>co AmhoV. `m gd© nmíd©^y_rda ñdV…Mr Vnmg `§ÌUm AgUmè`m cmoH$nmc nXmMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr.
Ë`m_wio gmoß`m, ñdV§Ì, OcXJVrZo Am{U H$_r IMm©V cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZH$mcmV H$mT>Ê`mMr `§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo
~Zco. BVa Xoem§Vrc `m g§ñWoÀ`m èmdê$Z ñnï> Pmco H$s, hr g§ñWm cmoH$emhr Am{U ZmJar h¸$m§Mr g§ajH$ R>acocr Amho.
gÚ…pñWVr
nwamoJm_r cmoH$emhr AmKmS>r (UPA) emgZmZo cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$ cmoH$gô_Üò 2004, 2008, Zmoìh|~a 2010 Am{U AmVm
AÊUm hOma|À`m Am§XmocZmZ§Va 4 Am°JñQ> 2011 amoOr nwÝhm EH$Xm _m§S>co. VWm{n AÊUm hOmao nwañH¥$V OZcmoH$nmc {dYo`H$
Am{U H|$Ð emgZ nwañH¥$V cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$m_Üò Ame`mÀ`m Am{U hoVyÀ`m~m~V H$mhr _ycJm_r \$aH$ AmhoV. cmoH$nmcmMr
{Z`wº$s Am{U ~S>V\$s©Mr nÕV, nmÌVm, H$m`©joÌ d A{YH$majoÌ, VnmgUrH$m`© BË`mXr~m~V `m XmoÝhr {dYo`H$m§_Üò {^ÞVm
Amho. emgZmÀ`m cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$m_Üò Ho$di gZXr A{YH$mar Am{U XmoÝhr J¥hm§À`m ImgXmam~m~V IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Z_yX Amho. OZcmoH$nmc {dYo`H$m_Üò `m A{YH$ma joÌmV n§VàYmZ, _§Ìr, ImgXma Am{U gdm}ƒ d Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mMo
Ý`m`mYre `m§Mmhr g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. Cnamoº$ XmoZ cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$m§{edm` gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m© Am{U amï´>r`
g„mJma n[afXoÀ`m gXñ` Agcoë`m Aê$Um am°` `m§Zrhr ñdV§ÌnUo cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$mMm _gwXm àñVm{dV Ho$cm Amho.
cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m`wº$ {dYo`H$, 2011 ho cmoH$gô_Üò 22 [S>g|~a 2022 amoOr gmXa H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m {dYo`H$m_Üò
H$mhr Xþê$ñË`m H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mZ§Va 27 [S>g|~a 2011 amoOr cmoH$gôZo ho {dYo`H$ nm[aV Ho$co.
OZcmoH$nmc {dYo`H$mVrc H$mhr VaVwXr
(1) cmoH$nmcmg Mm¡H$er gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgyZ OZVoH$Sy>Z Vo WoQ>nUo VH«$mar ñdrH$mê$ eH$VmV.
(2) cmoH$nmc hr Ho$di EH$ g„mJma g§ñWm Zgoc. H$moUË`mhr emgH$s` godH$m{damoYmV H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMm Am{U
{eñV^§JmMo AmXoe XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agoc.
(3) E\$AmÀma Zm|X{dUo, \$m¡OXmar Vnmg gwê$ H$aUo Am{U H$madmB© H$aUo `mgmaIo nmo{cgr A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmcm
AgVrc.
(4) ^«ï>mMmamMr àH$aUo hmVmiUmam gr~rAm`Mm ^mJ cmoH$nmcm_Üò {d{cZ H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
(5) cmoH$nmcmÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmV amOH$s` à{V{ZYr, A{YH$mar Am{U Ý`m`_§S>i Agoc.
(6) H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJ Am{U BVa g§nyU© XjVm `§ÌUm§Mo cmoH$nmc_Üò {d{cZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV `mdo.

(7) cmoH$nmcmÀ`m {ZdS> à{H«$òV _w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$, {Z`§ÌH$ Am{U _hmcoImnarjH$ Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` nwañH$ma
{dOoË`m§Mm g_mdoe Agë`mZo nmaXe©H$ Am{U gai {ZdS> à{H«$òMr h_r XoVm òVo.
(8) OZcmoH$nmc {dYo`H$mV "pìhgc ãcmoAa' H$_©Mmè`m§Zm g§ajU Agoc.
(9) ^«ï>mMmam_wio Pmcocr emgZmMr hmZr AmamonrH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZânmB© ñdê$nmV dgyc Ho$cr OmB©c.
(10) AmamontZm {ejm hr {H$_mZ 5 df} Am{U A{YH$V_ AmOÝ_ Agoc.
cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m`wº$ {dYo`H$, 2011
116 do KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr {dYo`H$mgh "cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m`wº$ {dYo`H$ 2011' g§gXo_Üò 22 {S>g|~a 2011 amoOr gmXa
H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m {dYo`H$mVrc H$mhr R>iH$ ~m~r nwT>rcà_mUo-
(1) H|$Ðr` ñVamda cmoH$nmc Am{U amÁ`nmVirda cmoH$m`wº$ `m§Mr ñdm`Îm Am{U ñdV§Ì g§ñWm åhUyZ {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV
òB©c. ^«ï>mMmamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$ Mm¡H$er, VnmgH$m`© Am{U JwÝøm§gmR>r H$m`©dmhr `m~m~V n`©dojU
Am{U g§MmcZ H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zm AgVrc.
(2) cmoH$nmcm_Üò EH$ AÜ`j Am{U H$_mc AmR> gXñ` AgVrc. Ë`mn¡H$s {Zå_o gXñ` Ý`m{`H$ joÌmVrc AgVrc.
gXñ`m§n¡H$s 50 Q>¸o$ gXñ`m§_Üò AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr, BVa _mJmgdJu`, Aëng§»`m§H$ Am{U _{hcm gXñ`
AgVrc.
(3) àmW{_H$ Mm¡H$ergmR>r, H$m`©dmhrgmR>r ñdV§Ì `§ÌUm AgVrc.
(4) cmoH$nmc AÜ`j Am{U gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> hr EH$m "{ZdS> g{_Vr'_m\©$V Ho$cr OmB©c. `m {ZdS> g{_Vr_Üò n§VàYmZ,
cmoH$g^mnVr, cmoH$gôVrc {damoYr njZoVm, gaÝ`m`mYre dm Ë`m§Zr Zm_{ZX}e Ho$cocm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc EImXm
Ý`m`mYre `m§Mm g_mdoe Agoc. `m g{_Vrcm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ "emoY g{_Vr' Agoc.
(5) Am§Vaamï´>r` g§~§Y, amï´>mMr ~mø Am{U A§VJ©V gwajm, gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`dñWm, AUwD$Om© Am{U AdH$me BË`mXr
KQ>H$m§~m~VÀ`m Amamonm§Mm AndmX H$ê$Z n§VàYmZ nX cmoH$nmcmÀ`m H$joV AmUco Amho.
(6) JQ> A, ~, H$, Am{U S> `m dJ©dmarVrc gd© gZXr godH$ Am{U emgZmÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§Mm g_mdoe cmoH$nmcmÀ`m
A{YH$majoÌmV H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
Aê$Um am°` `m§Mo àñVm{dV cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$
gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m© Aê$Um am°` Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr àñVm{dV cmoH$nmcmcm nmM {^Þ g§ñWm§_Üò {d^m{OV Ho$co
Amho, OoUoH$ê$Z `m g§ñWm n[aUm_H$maH$nUo H$m`©aV amhVrc. am°` Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr n§VàYmZmMo nX cmoH$nmcmÀ`m
H$joV AmUÊ`mg g§_Vr Xe©{dcr Amho _mÌ, Ý`m`mYrem§À`m {damoYmVrc Amamonm§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì A{YgÎmm
Agoc. H|$Ð emgZmVrc godH$m§{dê$Õ VH«$marÀ`m Mm¡H$ergmR>r Ë`m§À`m d[að>m§H$Sy>Z nyd© nadmZJr Z KoVm H$m`©dmhr H$aVm
`mdr `mgmR>r H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJmÀ`m H$m`ÚmV Xþê$ñVr H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
cmoH$nmcmMo nwT>rc 5 g§ñWm§_Üò {d^mOZ H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd `m {dYo`H$m_Üò AmhoV -
(1) amï´>r` ^«ï>mMma {damoYr cmoH$nmc … n§VàYmZm§g{hV gd© {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
(2) amï´>r` H|$Ðr` XjVm Am`moJ … _Ü`_ ñVamdarc ZmoH$aemhrÀ`m {damoYmV H$madmB© H$aUo.
(3) amï´>r` Ý`m`mc`rZ à_mUHo$ Am{U CÎmaXm`r cmoH$nmc … Ý`m` _§S>imÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mer VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm Ý`m`_§S>imcm
`mo½`nUo CÎmaXm`r ~Z{dUo.
(4) cmoH$VH«$ma cmoH$nmc … ZmJ[aH$m§À`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUmar H$mc_`m©XrV gj_ `§ÌUm.
(5) ìhrgc ãcmoAa g§ajU cmoH$nmc … pìhgc ãcmoAa `m§Mo amñVnUo g§ajU.
_§Oya {dYo`H$
cmoH$gôZo 27 {S>g|~a 2011 amoOr "cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m`wº$ 2011' ho {dYo`H$ AZoH$ Xþê$ñË`m§gh _§Oya Ho$co. `m
{dYo`H$m~m~VMo H$mhr _hÎdnyU© _wÔo nwT>rcà_mUo -

(1) cmoH$nmcmcm KQ>ZmË_H$ XOm© AgUma Zmhr.
(2) gr~rAm`cm cmoH$nmcmÀ`m H$jo~mhoa R>odÊ`mV Amco.
(3) gd© ñVamVrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm cmoH$nmcmÀ`m H$joV AmUÊ`mV Amco.
(4) cîH$a, Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV AmñWmnZm, H$mnm}aoQ> joÌ, àgma _mÜ`_o, Am{U ñd`§godr g§ñWm `m§Zm cmoH$mnmcmÀ`m
H$joVyZ dJiÊ`mV Amco.
(5) gd© KQ>H$ amÁ`m§da cmoH$m`wº$m§Mr {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ Zmhr.
(6) n§VàYmZm§da H$madmB©gmR>r 3/4 gXñ¶m§Mr g§_Vr KoÊ`mÀ`m AQ>rEodOr 2/3 gXñ¶m§Mr g§_Vr KoÊ`mMr AQ>.
(7) pìhgc ãcmoAa {dYo`H$ _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Amco.
H«$. H$c_ cmoH$gôV gmXa H$aÊ`mV cmoH$gôZo nmarV Ho$coco {dYo`H$
Amcoco {dYo`H$
1 H$c_ 1 … {dñVma, Cn`moOZ {dYo`H$ amÁ`m§Zmhr cmJy Agoc. {d{dY {dYo`H$ EH$Xm nmarV Pmë`mZ§Va {VÀ`m
Am{U Ama§^ amÁ`m§Zm {d{^Þ VmaIm§Zm A{Ygy{MV Ho$co Cn`moOZmgmR>r amÁ`m§Zr g§_Vr [Xcr H$s
OmB©c. Vo amÁ`m§Zm cmJy hmoB©c.
2 H$c_ 2 (0) - cmoH$godH$m_Üò n§VàYmZ; _§Ìr; g§gX cîH$a A{Y{Z`_ (1950), hdmB© Xc
cmoH$godH$mMr ì`m»`m gXñ`; JQ> A, ~, H$ Am{U S> _Yrc A{Y{Z`_ (1950), Zm¡Xc Am{Y{Z`_
A{YH$mar Am{U H$mhr R>am{dH$ ImOJr (1957) Am{U [H$Zmam gwajH$ (1978)
g§ñWm. BË`mXr A§VJ©V òUmè`m godH$m§Zm
"cmoH$godH$m'À`m ì`m»òVyZ dJico
Amho.
3 H$c_ 14 (1) (a) cmoH$nmc g§ñWoVrc EHy$U gXñ`m§n¡H$s 3/4 cmoH$nmc g§ñWoVrc EHy$U gXñ`m§n¡H$s
(ii) n§VàYmZm§g§~§{YV (VrZ-MVwWmªe) gXñ`m§Zr n§VàYmZm§À`m 2/3 (XmoZ-V¥Vr`m§e) ~hþ_VmZo
A{YH$majoÌ {damoYmVrc Mm¡H$ercm _mÝ`Vm XoUo. n§VàYmZm§À`m {damoYmVrc Mm¡H$ergmR>r
_mÝ`Vm Úmdr.
4 H$c_ 20 (5) AÝdofUmMr 6 _[hÝ`m§À`m H$mcmdYrV AÝdofU nyU© coIr ñdê$nmV H$maUo Z_yX Ho$ë`mg
H$m`©nÕVr (cmoH$nmc) H$aÊ`mV `mdo. coIr ñdê$nmV H$maU Z_yX EH$mM doir 6 _[hÝ`m§Mr _wXVdmT> [Xcr
Ho$ë`mZ§Va hr _wXV AmUIrZ 6 _[hÝ`m§Zr Omdy eH$Vo. H$moUË`mdoir _wXVdmT> [Xcr
dmT>{dVm òB©c. `mnwT>rc _wXV dmT>rMm OmB©c Aem àg§Jm§Mr g§»`m Z_yX Ho$cocr
C„oI {dYo`H$m_Üò Zmhr. Zmhr.
5 H$c_ (24) - n§VàYmZ, cmoH$nmc AÝdofU AhdmcmMr EH$ àV H$madmB©~m~VMm Ahdmc cmoH$nmcmcm
_§Ìr Am{U g§gX gXñ`m§À`m g§~§{YV gj_ A{YgÎmoH$S>o nmR>{dc XoÊ`mMr VaVyX dJiÊ`mV Amcr.
{damoYmVrc Mm¡H$erda (cmoH$g^m, n§VàYmZ, n[apñWVrZwê$n
H$madmB© g^mnVr Am{U AÜ`j). gj_ A{YgÎmm
hm Ahdmc g^mJ¥hm_Üò R>odoc Am{U 90
[Xdgm§À`m AmV H$moUVr H¥$Vr Ho$cr Vo
cmoH$nmcm§Zm gy{MV H$aoc.
6 H$c_ 75 - cmoH$m`wº$mMo cmoH$m`wº$mÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌmVyZ Ym{_©H$ Ym{_©H$ g§ñWm§Zm cmoH$m`wº$mÀ`m
A{YH$majoÌ {dídñV g§ñWm dJiÊ`mV Amë`m. A{YH$majoÌm_Üò AmUÊ`mV Amco.

7 H$c_ 81 (5) AÝdofUmMr 6 _[hÝ`mÀ`m H$mcmdYr_Üò AÝdofU H$madmB©~m~VMm Ahdmc cmoH$m`wº$m§Zm

H$m`©nÕVr (cmoH$m`wº$) nyU© H$aUo. coIr ñdê$nmV H$maU Z_yX XoÊ`mMr VaVyX dJiÊ`mV Amcr.
Ho$ë`mg AmUIrZ 6 _[hÝ`m§Mr _wXV dmT>
{_iy eH$Vo. nwT>rc _wXVdmT>rMm C„oI
{dYo`H$m_Üò Zmhr.
8 H$c_ 85-_w»`_§Ìr, _§Ìr cmoH$m`wº$ AÝdofU AhdmcmMr EH$ coIr ñdê$nmV H$maUo Z_yX Ho$ë`mg
Am{U {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§À`m àV gj_ A{YgÎmoH$S>o ({dYmZ g^m, EH$mMdoir 6 _[hÝ`m§Mr _wXVdmT> [Xcr
{damoYmVrc Mm¡H$erda _w»`_§Ìr, n[apñWVrZwê$n g^mnVr dm Omdy eH$Vo. H$moUË`m doir _wXVdmT>
H$madmB© AÜ`j) nmR>dVrc. gj_ A{YgÎmm hm [Xcr OmB©c Aem àg§Jm§Mr g§»`m Z_yX
Ahdmc g^mJ¥hmnwT>o R>odVrc Am{U 90 Ho$cocr Zmhr.
[Xdgm§À`m AmV H$moUVr H$madmB© Ho$cr ho
cmoH$m`wº$m§Zm H$i{dco OmB©c.
cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m`wº$
`ynrE gaH$maZo cmoH$gô_Üò gmXa Ho$coco {dYo`H$ Am{U cmoH$gôZo g§_V/nmarV Ho$coë`m {dYo`H$m_Üò H$m` ~Xc
H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV ho darc VŠË`mÛmao A{YH$ ñnï> hmoB©c.
amÁ`gôV cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$mda MMm©
27 [S>g|~a 2011 amoOr cmoH$gô_Üò cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$ nm[aV H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mMdoir g§gXoÀ`m [hdmir A{YdoeZmMr
_wXV 3 [Xdgm§Zr dmT>{dÊ`mV Amcr. 29 [S>g|~a 2011 amoOr ho {dYo`H$ amÁ`gô_Üò gmXa H$aÊ`mV Amco. 29 d 30 [S>g|~a
2011 `m XmoZ [Xdgm§_Üò {dYo`H$mda MMm© Pmcr nU {dYo`H$ _VXmZmgmR>r KoVm Amco Zmhr. 2012 gmcÀ`m A§XmOnÌH$s`
A{YdoeZm_Üò ho {dYo`H$ MM}cm KoVco OmB©c Ago, gaH$maH$Sy>Z gm§JÊ`mV Amco. 14 _mM© 2012 amoOr amÁ`gôVrc {damoYr
njZoVo Aê$U OoQ>cr `m§Zr cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$ MM}gmR>r KoVco Omdo, Aer {dZ§Vr g^mJ¥hmcm Ho$cr. VWm{n, A§XmOnÌH$s`
A{YdoeZmÀ`m Xþgè`m gÌm_Üò (15 E{àc nmgyZ gwê$ hmoUmè`m) Ë`mda MMm© Ho$cr OmB©c, Ago gaH$maZo ñnï> Ho$co.
VWm{n, [hdmir A{YdoeZmXaå`mZ 29 d 30 [S>g|~a 2011 amoOr amÁ`gô_Üò cmoH$nmc {dYo`H$m~m~V nwT>rcàH$mao
dmX{ddmX Pmcm -
29 [S>g|~a 2011 amoOr H$m{_©H$ (Personnel) _§Ìmc`mMo amÁ`_§Ìr ìhr. ZmamÙñdm_r `m§Zr amÁ`gô_Üò "cmoH$nmc
Am{U cmoH$m`wº$ {dYo`H$, 2011' gmXa Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va Pmcoë`m XmoZ [XdgmÀ`m MM}A§Vr `m {dYo`H$m_Üò {damoYr njm§Zr
(H$mhr {_Ìnjm§Zrhr) Odinmg 187 Xþê$ñË`m gwM{dë`m. {dYo`H$mdarc MM}Xaå`mZ amÁ`gôVrc amOH$s` njm§Mr ^y{_H$m
WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rcà_mUo hmoVr -
(1) V¥U_yc H$m±J«og, {~Oy OZVm Xc Am{U {eamo_Ur AH$mcr Xc - `m VrZhr njm§Zr {dYo`H$mVrc cmoH$m`wº$mÀ`m
{Z`wº$s g§X^m©Vrc g§nyU© {Vgao àH$aU dJiÊ`mV `mdo, Aer Xþê$ñVr gwM{dcr. `m Xþê$ñVrcm VocwJw Xog_ nj, ^mOn, Am{U
_mH$n `m§Zrhr g_W©Z Xe©{dco.
(2) ^mOn - cmoH$nmc `m g§ñWo_Üò AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, BVa _mJmgdJu`, Aëng§»`m§H$ Am{U _[hcm
gXñ` 50 Q>ŠŠ`m§nojm H$_r AgUma ZmhrV, hr H$c_ 3 _Yrc VaVyX Amjonmh© _mZcr AgyZ AYmoao{IV Ho$cocm dmŠ`m§e
dJiÊ`mV `mdm, Aer Xþê$ñVr ^mOnZo gwM{dcr. `m{edm` `mM H$c_mVrc "Aëng§»`m§H$' hm eãXhr dJiÊ`mV `mdm
Am{U H$c_ 4 _Yrc {ZdS> g{_Vr_Üò amÁ`gôVrc {damoYr njZoË`mMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm, Aerhr Xþê$ñVr gwM{dcr.
`m{edm`, cmoH$nmcmZo Ë`mMm g{Md {Z`wº$ H$amdm Am{U emgZmZo [Xcoë`m n°Zoc_YyZ Ë`mMr {ZdS> H$ê$ Zò Aerhr Xþê$ñVr
Z_yX Ho$cr.
(3) _mH$n - _mŠg©dmXr H$å`w{ZñQ> njmZo `m {dYo`H$m_Üò Aer Xþê$ñVr gwM{dcr H$s, {ZdS> g{_VrVrc »`mVZm_
H$m`Xon§[S>V (Eminent Jurist) `mEodOr "_w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$, _hmcoImnarjH$, à_wI {damoYr nj Am{U H|$Ðr` cmoH$godm

Am`moJ `m§Zr Zm_{ZX}{eV Ho$cocr »`mVZm_ ì`º$s', Agm ~Xc H$aÊ`mV `mdm. VgoM cmoH$nmcmÀ`m A{YnË`mImcrc
"Mm¡H$er' emIoMr OmJm "AÝdofU' (Vnmg) emIoZo ¿`mdr. Aem emIogmR>r cmoH$nmcmÀ`m g„m_gcVrZo Ë`mÀ`m AIË`marV
H|$Ð gaH$maZo A{YH$mar Am{U H$_©Mmar CncãY H$ê$Z ÚmdoV. `m{edm` emgZmMr AZwkmár (Licence), ^mS>o H$ama, H$ama,
H$amaZm_m dm ^«ï> _mJm©Zo emgH$s` YmoaUmda à^md nmS>Ê`mMr BVa H$moUVrhr H¥$Vr `m g§X^m©V H$moUË`mhr H$mnm}aoQ> _§S>i, {VMo
à_moQ>g©, {VMo A{YH$mar (g§MmcH$mgh) `m§À`m{damoYmV ^«ï>mMmamMr VH«$ma Agoc Va Ë`mMm g_mdoe cmoH$nmcA§VJ©V H$aÊ`mV
`mdm, Aerhr Xþê$ñVr gwM{dcr. ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m VH«$mar~m~V cmoH$nmcmZo Suo Motu H$madmB© H$amdr, Agohr _mH$nZo gwM{dco.
(4) ^mH$n - gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`dñWoÀ`m (Public Order) g§X^m©V ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m àH$aUm§_YyZ n§VàYmZm§Zm dJiÊ`mV `mdo
`m{damoYr ^maVr` H$å`w{ZñQ> njmZo Xþê$ñVr gwM{dcr. "Mm¡H$erMo A{YH$majoÌ' `m àH$aUm_Üò Á`m {~Ja-emgH$s` g§ñWm
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dm ì`mdgm{`H$ KamÊ`mÀ`m g§MmcH$ _§S>imMo AÜ`j, ì`dñWmnH$s` g§MmcH$ dm g§MmcH$ gXñ` `m§Mmhr cmoH$nmcmÀ`m
A{YH$majoÌmV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm, Aer Xþê$ñVr ^mH$nZo gwM{dcr.
(5) g_mOdmXr nj - {ZdS> g{_Vr_Üò {damoYr nj ZoË`mMm g_mdoe H$aUo, cmoH$nmcmÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌmV NGO
Am{U àgma_mÜ`_m§Mm g_mdoe H$aUo, AÝdofUmMm Ahdmc cmoH$nmcmH$S>o gmXa Z H$aVm "g_w{MV Ý`m`mc`mH$S>o' gmXa H$aUo
Am{U cmoH$m`wº$Mo AÜ`j Am{U gXñ`m§À`m {Z`wº$s_Üò amÁ`nmcmZo Zm_{ZX}{eV Ho$coë`m »`mVZm_ H$m`Xon§[S>VmEodOr Cƒ
Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m 3 gdm©{YH$ d[að> Ý`m`mYrem§À`m _§S>imZo {Z`wº$ Ho$coë`m »`mVZm_ H$m`Xon§[S>VmMm g_mdoe Agmdm.
(6) ~gnm - gr~rAm` emgZmÀ`m AIË`marV Agy Zò.
WmoS>Š`mV, {damoYr njm§_Üò nwT>rc 3 {df`m§da _V¡Š` Pmë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo.
(1) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 252 A§VJ©V amÁ`mÀ`m {d{Y_§S>imMo A{YH$majoÌ g§a{jV H$aUo.
(2) cmoH$nmcmMr {Z`wº$s Am{U ~S>V\$s© à[H«$`m; Am{U,
(3) AÝdofU A{^H$aUmMr ñdm`ÎmVm.
29 [S>g|~a 2011 Z§Va Odinmg Mma _[hÝ`m§Zr åhUOo 22 _o 2012 amoOr "cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m`wº$ {dYo`H$' MM}gmR>r
amÁ`gôV _m§S>Ê`mV Amco. ho {dYo`H$ A§XmOnÌH$s` A{YdoeZmÀ`m eodQ>À`m Xþgè`m [Xder MM}cm KoÊ`mV Amco. gm`§H$mir
5.40 {_. H$m{_©H$ Am{U cmoH$ VH«$ma _§Ìmc`mMo amÁ`_§Ìr ìhr. ZmamÙñdm_r `m§Zr ho {dYo`H$ _m§S>co. Ë`mZ§Va cmJcrM
g_mOdmXr njmMo gXñ` Zaoe AJ«dmc `m§Zr ho {dYo`H$ "{ZdS> (Select) g{_Vr'H$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mMm R>amd _m§S>cm. `mda
{damoYH$ g§Vmnco. g_mOdmXr njmÀ`m gXñ`mÀ`m dVrZo hm R>amd H$m _m§S>cm OmVmo Amho, `mda Ë`m§Mm Amjon hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va
g§gXr` ì`dhma _§Ìr ndZHw$_ma ~Ýgc `m§Zr H$m_H$mO{Z`_ nwpñVHo$VyZ CX²Y¥V Ho$co H$s, H$moUVmhr gXñ` Agm R>amd _m§Sy>
eH$Vmo. `mcm CnmÜ`j nr. Oo. Hw$[a`Z `m§Zr AZw_moXZ [Xco. VWm{n, {damoYH$m§À`m Q>rH$móm_wio ZmamÙñdm_r `m§Zr {dYo`H$
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ho {dYo`H$ amÁ`gôÀ`m 15 gXñ`r` {ZdS> g{_VrH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mV Amco.
amÁ¶gôMr {ZdS> g{‘Vr
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20(3), 20(5), 20(6), 20(7), 20(8), 23, 25, 37, 46, 63-97 Am{U Xþgè¶m n[a{eï>m‘Ü¶o Xþê$ñË¶m gwMdyZ {e’$maer
Ho$coë¶m AmhoV.
{ZdS> g{‘VrZo Ho$coë¶m {e’$maer

amÁ¶gôZo Ho$coë¶m {d{dY gyMZm {dMmamV KoD$Z g{‘VrZo nwT>rc {e’$maer Ho$ë¶m.
(1) gr~rAm¶‘Ü¶o EH$ ñdV§Ì "{’$¶m©X' g§MmcZmc¶ (Directorate of Prosecution) ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo. ¶m
g§MmcZmc¶mMm g§MmcH$ gr~rAm¶À¶m g§MmcH$m§VJ©V H$m¶© H$aoc. gr~rAm¶ g§MmcH$ hm g§nyU© g§KQ>ZoMm à‘wI
Agoc.
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g§MmcH$mMr {ZdS> H$amdr.
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cmoH$nmcmH$S>o AgVrc.
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hmoB©c.
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n°Zoc {Z¶wº$ H$ê$ eH$Vo.
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g{‘VrZo Ho$cr.
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¶m {dYo¶H$mVrc H$c‘ 46 ‘Ü¶o VX²Zwê$n ~Xc H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdm.
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cmoH$m¶wº$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMo ~§YZ Agmdo.
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g§nyU© ñdmV§Í¶ Agmdo.
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g{‘VrVrc gXñ¶m§‘Ü¶o Pmcoë¶m EH$‘VmZwgma {dYo¶H$mVrc "^mJ-3' ~XcyZ Ë¶mcm nwT>rc n¶m©¶ ¶moOÊ¶mV ¶mdm.
H$c‘ 63 - amÁ¶m§H$[aVm cmoH$m¶wº$ ñWmnZ H$aUo. ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘c~OmdUrÀ¶m VmaIonmgyZ 365 {Xdgm§À¶m
H$mcmdYrV amÁ¶ {d{Y‘§S>imZo cmoH$m¶wº$ ¶m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$amdr.

¶m{edm¶ g{‘VrZo Ho$coë¶m AmUIrZ H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© {e’$maetMm C„oI "H°${~ZoQ>Zo ñdrH$macoë¶m {e’$maer' ¶m
Cnerf©H$m§VJ©V H$aVm ¶oB©c.
H°${~ZoQ>Zo ñdrH$macoë¶m {e’$maer
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gr~rAm¶Mo H$m‘H$mO ì¶dpñWVnUo MmcÊ¶mV AS>Wim {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
(2) {ZdS> g{‘VrZo {dYo¶H$mVrc H$c‘ 3(4) ‘Ü¶o "H$moUË¶mhr amOH$s¶ njmer g§~§{YV' (Connected) ¶m {dYmZmEodOr
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g§c½Z AgVrc Va Vo AnmÌ R>a{dÊ¶mV ¶oÊ¶mMr {e’$mag emgZmZo ñdrH$macr.
(3) g{‘VrZo {e’$mag Ho$cr hmoVr H$s, {dYo¶H$mVrc H$c‘ 4(1) (e) ‘Ü¶o cmoH$nmcmÀ¶m {Z¶wº$sgmR>r Agcoë¶m {ZdS>
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H$amdr. emgZmZo ¶m {e’$maerMmhr ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho.
(4) {ZdS> g{‘VrZo {e’$mag Ho$cr H$s, cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z XoUJr ñdrH$maUmè¶m ‘§S>io Am{U g§ñWm§Zm cmoH$nmcmÀ¶m H$joVyZ
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H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr hmoVr. emgZmZo {ZdS> g{‘VrMr Cnamoº$ {e’$mag Z ñdrH$maÊ¶mMo Am{U {dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o
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g§ñWm dm A{YgÎmm ¶m§Mm AndmX ‘mZcm OmB©c.
(5) {ZdS> g{‘VrZo {e’$mag Ho$cr H$s, {dYo¶H$mVrc H$c‘ 20(1) Zwgma, cmoH$nmcmcm EImÚm àH$aUm‘Ü¶o àW‘ Xe©Zr
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(6) {ZdS> g{‘VrZo {dYo¶H$mVrc H$c‘ 20(2) ‘Ü¶o {e’$mag Ho$cr H$s, àmW{‘H$ Mm¡H$er Xaå¶mZ cmoH$ godH$mH$Sy>Z
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{e’$magXoIrc emgZmZo A‘mÝ¶ Ho$cr.
(7) {ZdS> g{‘VrZo {e’$mag Ho$cr H$s, cmoH$ godH$m§da [’$¶m©X XmIc H$aÊ¶mMm emgZmMm A{YH$ma cmoH$nmcmH$S>o
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qH$dm cmoH$ godH$m§H$Sy>Z A{^àm¶ ‘mJdy eHo$c. emgZmZo hr {e’$mag ñdrH$macr.
amÁ¶gôV cmoH$nmcmcm ‘§Owar
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cmoH$gôV cmoH$nmc {dYo¶H$ g§‘V
18 {S>g|~a 2013 amoOr cmoH$gôV {H$aH$moi MM}Z§Va cmoH$nmc {dYo¶H$ g§‘V H$aÊ¶mV Amco. Ë¶m‘wio AmVm ho
{dYo¶H$ g§gXoZo g§‘V Ho$coco AgyZ amîQ´>nVtÀ¶m ‘mÝ¶VogmR>r nmR>{dÊ¶mV Amcoco Amho.
g§gXoZo g§‘V Ho$coë¶m ¶m {dYo¶H$mVrc à‘wI XþéñË¶m nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(1) gr~rAm¶gh H$moUË¶mhr ¶§ÌUoZo Mm¡H$er gwê$ H$aÊ¶mnydu àW‘ Xe©Zr Amdí¶H$ dmQ>ë¶mg cmoH$nmc ho gmd©O{ZH$
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(2) VWm{n Mm¡H$ernydu gmd©O{ZH$ godH$mH$Sy>Z ñnîQ>rH$aU ‘mJ{dUo åhUOo H$moUË¶mhr ¶§ÌUocm (CBI gh)
Amdí¶H$VoZwgma H$amì¶m cmJUmè¶m emoY Am{U Oá ¶m H$m¶m©Vrc hñVjon Zgmdm.
(3) cmoH$nmcZo CBI À¶m H$moUË¶mhr A{YH$mè¶mH$S>o VnmgmgmR>r EImXo àH$aU gmon{dco Agoc Va cmoH$nmcmÀ¶m
g§‘Vr{edm¶ Ë¶mMr ~Xcr H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$ Z¶o.
(4) cmoH$nmcZo g§X{^©V Ho$coë¶m àH$aUmMm à^mdr Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gr~rAm¶ g§MmcH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ dmQ>Umam
{ZYr H|$Ð gaH$ma doimodoir CncãY H$ê$Z XoB©c. Aem VnmgmgmR>r Pmcoë¶m IMm©Mr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar
g§MmcH$m§da Agoc.
(5) IQ>cm H$m¶©dmhr g§MmcH$ Amnco H$m¶© nyU©nUo gr~rAm¶ g§MmcH$mÀ¶m n¶©dojU Am{U {Z¶§ÌUmImcr nma
nmS>oc.
(6) H|$Ð gaH$ma H|$Ðr¶ XjVm Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z IQ>cm H$m¶©dmhr g§MmcH$mMr (Director of
Prosecution) {Z¶wº$s H$aoc.
(7) IQ>cm H$m¶©dmhr g§MmcH$ Ë¶m§À¶m godm{Z¶‘m‘Ü¶o H$mhrhr Z‘yX Agco Var Vo nXJ«hU Ho$ë¶mnmgyZ H$‘rV H$‘r
2 dfmªÀ¶m H$mcmdYrn¶ªV nXmda amhÿ eH$VmV.
(8) cmoH$nmc A{Y{Z¶‘ (amîQ´>nVtZr g§‘Vr {Xë¶mZ§Va) A§‘cmV AmUÊ¶mg gwédmV Pmcoë¶m VmaIonmgyZ EH$
dfm©À¶m AmV àË¶oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ¶m§Zr "cmoH$m¶wº$' ZmdmMo ‘§S>i ñWmnZ H$amdo.


30
gwemgZ Am{U gwemgZmMo ^maVmVrc nwT>mH$ma$
gwemgZ/Mm§Jcr H$ma^maà{H«$¶m (Good Governance)

nma§n[aH$ bmoH$àemgZmV "àemgZ' (Administration) hr g§km _Ü`dVu _mZbr Jobr. emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ A§Jmer
g§~§{YV d emgZmMr C{Ôï>o JmR>Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ gmYZ åhUyZ "àemgZm'H$S>o nm{hbo Jobo. 1970 À`m XeH$mV _mÌ "àemgZ'
`m eãXmEodOr "ì`dñWmnZ' (Management) hm eãX nadbrMm ~Zbm. "Am¡Úmo{JH$ ~m~r, gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mMo
ì`mdgm{`H$ àemgZ' åhUOo ì`dñWmnZ Agm AW© ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mV {Z`moOZ, g§KQ>Z d {ZU©` {ZYm©aUmV Jw§Vboë`m
g§MmbH$ _§S>i d H$m`©H$marUrVrb ì`º$s¨Mm {ZX}e Ho$bm Jobm. "ì`dñWmnZ' hr g§km A{YH$m{YH$ db`m§{H$V d bmoH${à`
~Zë`m_wio "àemgZ' Aem arVrZo narKmda \o$H$bo Jobo. bmoH$àemgZmÀ`m (Pub Administration) EodOr "bmoH$ì`dñWmnZ
- ZdbmoH$ ì`dñWmnZ' (Pub-Management, New Public Management) hr g§H$ënZm H|$ÐñWmZr Ambr. 1990
À`m XeH$mV _mÌ "ì`dñWmnZ' hr g§H$ënZmhr _mJo nS>br Am{U {VMr OmJm H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/emgZ-àemgZ à{H«$`m
(Governance) `m g§H$ënZoZo H$m~rO Ho$br. Vmon`ªV emgZ-àemgZ à{H«$`m hr Ho$di emgZmMr EH$m{YH$maemhr, gmd©^m¡_
~m~ _mZbr OmB©. na§Vw H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/emgZ àemg{ZH$ à{H«$òÀ`m (Governance) àgmam_wio ImOJr joÌ AmnU XoIrb
Ë`mV gh^mJr AmhmoV Agm Xmdm H$ê$ bmJbo. n[aUm_r "JìhZ©Ýg' hr g§H$ënZm àemgZ d ì`dñWmnZ `m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoUmar
Va R>abrM na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a ImOJr joÌ, ZmJ[aH$-J«mhH$ `m§Zm XoIrb A§V^y©V H$aÊmmar R>abr. åhUOo JìhZ©Ýg `m g§koV emgZ
(Goverment), ImOJr joÌ (Private Sector), {~Ja emgH$s` joÌ, (NGO) Am{U ZmJar g_mO (Civil Society) `m§Mm
A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
CX`
"ZdbmoH$ì`dñWmnZm'(NPM) à_mUoM 1980 À`m XeH$mV Mm§Jbr H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/gwemgZ (Good Governance)
hr g§H$ënZm CX`mg Ambr. hm H$mi npíM_r OJVmV ZdCXma_VdmXr (Neo-liberal) amÁ`mMm H$mi hmoVm. `m {dMmamZo
"amÁ`g§ñWoMo H$ë`mUH$mar ê$n' AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio ZmH$mabo. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ AH$m`©j_Vm, ^«ï>mMma, XâVa {Xa§JmB©, A{YH$mam§Mo
A{V[aº$ H|$ÐrH$aU, VmR>aVm, amOH$s` hñVjon BË`mXr Xmofm§Zr `wº$ AgVo. Ë`mEodOr ImOJr joÌmg _wº$ dmd {Xë`mg
g_mOmMm {dH$mg ObX JVrZo hmoB©b Agm `w{º$dmX H$aÊ`mV Ambm. amÁ`mÀ`m g{H«$` ^y{_Ho$EodOr ñnY}À`m VÎdmda AmYm[aV
~mOma`§ÌUm åhUOoM ImOJr joÌmg g_W©Z {Xbo nm{hOo, Á`m_wio bmoH$m§À`m {ZdS>rg `mo½` dmd {_iy eHo$b. WmoS>Š`mV
{Z`§{ÌV AW©ì`dñWoEodOr CXma_VdmXr, _wº$ AW©ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Jobm.
npíM_oV amÁ`{df`H$ ~Xboë`m `m ^y{_Ho$Mm ñdrH$ma A{dH${gV, {dH$gZerb, {Vgè`m OJVmbm XoIrb H$amdm bmJbm.
1980 À`m XeH$mV AW©ì`dñWoVrb g§aMZmË_H$ g_ñ`m, Ë`m gmoS>dÊ`mV emgZmg Ambobo Anè `m_wio {Vgè`m OJVmVrb
~hþVm§e amï´>m§Zm "naH$s` MbZm' À`m noMmg (Foreign Exchange Reserve Crisis) gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. Ë`mVyZ _mJ©
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r hr amï´>o OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYrH$S>o Jobr. npíM_r amï´>m§Mm à^md AgUmè`m `m Am§Vaamï´>r`
{dÎmg§ñWm§Zr _mÌ "Am{W©H$ nwZa©MZm H$m`©H«$_' (SAP - Structural Adjustment Programme) ñdrH$maÊ`m-À`m
AQ>rdaM `m amï´>m§Zm {d{Îm` ghmæ` XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. n[aUm_r {Vgè`m OJmbm CXmarH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMm ñdrH$ma H$amdm
bmJbm. CXmarH$aU, ImOJrH$aU Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m à{H«$òMm n[anmH$ åhUyZ Mm§Jbr H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/gwemgZ
(Good Governance) `m g§H$ënZoMm CX` Pmbm.
erV`wÕmoÎma H$mbI§S>mV {dH${gV amï´>m§Ûmao Oo "{d{Îm` ghmæ`mMo amOH$maU' Ho$bo Jobo Ë`m_Üò gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm

CX` Pmbobm {XgVmo. 1990 À`m àma§^m-nmgyZ OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo Am{W©H$ nwZa©MZm H$m`©H«$_mg (SAP) {dÎmr` ghmæ` H$aÊ`mg
gwédmV Ho$br. na§Vw Ë`mZ§Va 3-4 dfm©VM Ë`mVrb g_ñ`m bjmV òD$ bmJë`m. {d{dY `moOZm§Mr MmoI AmIUr H$ê$Z Ë`mg
n`m©á {dÎmr` ghmæ` Ho$bo Var Ë`m `moOZm§VyZ Ano{jV è {_iV ZìhVo. ~±Ho$À`m _Vo {Vgè`m OJmVrb ì`dñWm§_Yrb amOH$s`
d gm_m{OH$ joÌmV AgUmè`m Xmofm§_wio, AS>Wiçm§_wioM `m {dÎmr` H$m`©H«$_mg d `moOZm§g Ano{jV è òV ZìhVo. AZoH$
H$m`©H«$_ R>ßn Pmbo. X{jUoVrb g§ñWmË_H$ Anèm_wioM ho KS>V Amho, Ago ~±Ho$Mo _V ~Zbo. Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ nwT>rb
{ZîH$fm©g nmoMbr … {dH$gZ{eb amï´>m§Zr Amnbo Am{W©H$ H$m`©H«$_, Am{W©H$ amOdQ>r ~Xbë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` d
gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm OwÝ`mM am{hë`m. "{Vgè`m OJmVrb amÁò YmoaUm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m ~m~VrV H$MImD$ YmoaU (Soft)
ñdrH$maVmV. VoWo gmd©O{ZH$ boIoÀ`m (Acounting) `mo½` nÕVr AmT>iyZ òV ZmhrV. AW©g§H$ënmMr `mo½` nÕVhr {XgyZ òV
Zmhr. VgoM `m amï´>mV _moR>çm à_mUmV ^«ï>mMma AmT>iyZ òVmo. emgZmÀ`m {dH$mg `moOZm§V bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ AmT>iV Zmhr.
bmoH$m§Mr CXmgrZVm d MwH$sÀ`m _m{hVr_wioM bmoH$gh^mJmMm A^md {XgyZ òVmo. `m gd© H$maUm§_wioM/n[aUm_r OmJ{VH$
~±Ho$Mo {d{dY {dH$mgàH$ën Anèr R>aV AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo Cnamoº$ g_ñ`m AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z {dÎmr` ghmæ`mÀ`m nwT>rb H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m ~m~VrV emgZ H$ma^mamg§~§Yr
H$mhr AQ>r KmVë`m. Mm§Jbr H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/emgZ-àemgZ à{H«$`m (Good Governance) Ë`m AQ>rMmM n[anmH$
Amho.OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ AmVm Mm§Jbr H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/emgZ-àemgZ à{H«$`m åhUOoM "gwemgZ' àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m
AQ>rdaM ghmæ` nwadVo.
`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m CX`mMr nwT>rb H$maUo gm§JVm òVmV -
(1) gmopìhEV a{e`mMo nVZ d gmå`dmXr amOdQ>tMr {nN>ohmQ>
(2) {dH$mgàemgZmg Ambobo Anè
(3) {Vgè`m OJmVrb amï´>m§_Üò {Z_m©U Pmbobm naH$s` MbZ noM
OmJ{VH$ ~±H$à{UV g§H$ënZm
OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo, 1989 gmbr àH$m{eV Ho$boë`m "ghmam-Am{\«$H$s CnI§S>m'darb (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Amnë`m XñVEodOmV (AhdmbmV) hr g§H$ënZm àW_ _m§S>br.
`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m _yimer Mma KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma AmT>iVmo -
(1) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ ì`dñWmnZ (Public Sector Management)
(2) emgZmMo CÎmaXm{`Îd (Accountability of Goverment)
(3) {dH$mgmMo H$m`Xoera àmê$n (Legal Framework for Development)
(4) _m{hVr d nmaXe©H$Vm (Information & Transparancy)
"OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo' 1992 _Üò à{gÕ Ho$boë`m H$ma^ma à{H«$`m/emgZ-àemgZ à{H«$`m Am{U {dH$mg'
(Governance & Development) `m XñVEodOmV hr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> Ho$br. ~±Ho$Zo emgZ-àemgZ åhUOo
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm XoemVrb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r gÎmoMo
Cn`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr ({d{eï>) nÕVr, Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br. 1992 À`m `m XñVEodOmV "gwemgZm'À`m g§H$ënZoMr 3 Cn`moOZo
(Applications) gm§{JVbr AmhoV -
(1) ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n - amOH$s` ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©V bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm§Mm Adb§~ H$aUo
(2) nÕV -XoemVrb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g§gmYZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r emgH$s` gÎmoMm {d{eï> nÕVrZo dmna/Cn`moJ
H$aUo.
(3) j_Vm - YmoaUm§Mm AmaIS>m V`ma H$aUo, YmoaU V`ma H$aUo d YmoaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr emgZmMr j_Vm.
Cnamoº$ 3 Cn`moOZm§n¡H$s "amÁ`ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n' R>a{dUo "OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$À`m' H$m`©joÌm~mhoa òV Agë`m_wio BVa XmoZ
Cn`moOZm§da ~±Ho$Zo {deof â {Vbm Amho.
OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$À`m XñVEodOmV gwemgZm g§~§YrÀ`m nyd©AQ>r Amdí`H$ ~m~r AYmoao{IV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. nwT>rbà_mUo -
(1) emgZ hr EH$ {Za§Va (Continuous) MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho.

(2) emgZmg Ano{jV {Xem XoVm òUo eŠ` Amho.
(3) emgZ H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV AmnmoAmn "gwemgZ' ~ZV Zmhr, Va Ë`mgmR>r OmUrd-nyd©H$ à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV.
(4) amÁ`H$V} AmngwH$nUo gwemgZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUma ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ZmJ[aH$m§ZrM gwemgZmMr _mJUr Ho$br nm{hOo.
Ë`mgmR>r àg§Jr emgZmda X~mdhr AmUbm nm{hOo.
(5) ZmJ[aH$m§Mr hr j_Vm gmjaVmàgma d dmT>, {ejU àgma, amoOJmam§À`m g§YrVrb dmT> BË`mXr KQ>H$m§_wio dmT>dVm
òVo. d¥ÕtJV H$aVm òVo.
(6) emgZmZo ZmJ[aH$m§À`m `m _mJÊ`m§g `mo½` à{VgmX {Xbm nm{hOo.
(7) gwemgZ àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m AWdm àË`jmV AmUÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV H$O©Xma, {ZYrnwadR>m H$aUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm
d BVa ~mø A{^H$V} (Outsider Actors) g§gmYZo d g§H$ënZm§À`m nmVirda ghmæ` H$ê$ eH$V Agbo Var hm
~Xb/n[adV©Z {Ma§VZ (Sustainable) R>aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m Ë`m g_mOm_Üò Imobda ê$OUo Amdí`H$ Amho, (~mø
eº$s¨Zr WmonÊ`mnojm)
Cnamoº$ nmíd©^y_rÀ`m g§X^m©V "{dH$mg d gwemgZ' ho {dH$mg àemgZmMo Zdo n[aàoú` (Paradigm) åhUyZ nwT>o Ambo
Am{U Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zr {ZYm©[aV Ho$bobr hmoVr.
OECD amï´>m§Zr nwadbobr g§H$ënZm
boâQ>{dM `m {dMmad§VmZo nwT>rb 3 d¡{eï>o gm§J{Vbr -
(1) {dH$mgghmæ` nwadÊ`m_mJo {Vgè`m OJmVrb AW©ì`dñWm _wº$ H$aUo, ~mOma`§ÌUogmR>r nyaH$ ~ZdUo d ñnYm©Ë_H$
~ZdUo hr C{Ôï>o AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV CXmarH$aU H$ê$Z OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV gh^mJ.
(2) bmoH$emhrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òg g_W©Z.
(3) _mZdr h¸$m§Mr pñWVr gwYmaUo.
amï´>g§Hw$b n[afX d gwemgZ (1991)
1991 À`m hamao amï´>g§Hw$b n[afXoZo Ho$boë`m OmhraZmå`mV gwemgZ, bmoH$emhr, _mZdr h¸$ d H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` `m
g§H$ënZm ê$O{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H¥$Vr AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mVyZ amï´>g§Hw$b n[afXoVrb amï´>m§Mr gwemgZm g§~§YrMr
Ñï>r d ~m§{YbH$s ì`º$ hmoVo.
(1) gmd©O{ZH$ _yë`m§Mm `mo½` gÝ_mZ
(2) ór-g_Vm
(3) gmd©{ÌH$ {ejU
(4) {Ma§VZ {dH$mgmg àmoËgmhZ
(5) Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ
(6) g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm {dH$mgmMo bm^ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo
(7) n`m©daU g§ajU
(8) amï´>g§Hw$b n[afXoVrb bhmZ/N>moQ>çm gXñ` amï´>m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {d{eï> Am{W©H$ d gwajog§~§Yr g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mV ghmæ`
H$aUo.
gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV nwT>rb KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo
(1) Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aU - ImOJr joÌmg dmd
(2) amOH$s` AZoH$gÎmmdmX - {dH|$ÐrH$aU, gÎmoMr AZoH$ H|$Ðo, bmoH$gh^mJ
(3) gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg - _mZdr h¸$, H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ`, ñdV§Ì d ñdm`Îm Ý`m`ì`dñWm d _wº$ àgma _mÜ`_o
(4) àemgH$s` CÎmaXm{`Ëd - nmaXe©H$Vm, H$m`©j_Vm, n[aUm_H$maH$Vm
(5) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb gwYmaUm H$m`©H«$_ - YmoaUmË_H$ {Z`moOZ, ~XbmMo {Z`moOZ.

gwemgZ … OwÝ`m d Zì`m ì`dñWmnZ _yë`m§Mm g_Ýd`
"JìhZ©Ýg' hr EH$ _yë`VQ>ñW à{H«$`m AgyZ "JwS> JìhZ©Ýg' åhUOo JwUmË_H$, _yë`mË_H$ à{H«$`m hmo`. bmoH$emhr Mm¡H$Q>rV
H$m`©j_ d à^mdr àemgZmMr h_r XoUo åhUOo gwemgZ hmo`. `mV bmoH$m§À`m OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r CÔoenyU© d
{dH$mgmË_H$ àemgZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo A{^àoV Amho.ì`dñWoMr H$m`©j_Vm, A{Y_mÝ`Vm d {dídmgmh©Vm dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r
H$ma^mam~m~V Zì`m _yë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo. àemgZmVrb gH$mamË_H$ JwUY_© àñWm{nV H$ê$Z, à^mdr H$ê$Z
ZH$mamË_H$ ~m~tMo CƒmQ>Z Ho$bo OmVo. WmoS>Š`mV `m g§H$ënZoÛmao bmoH$m{^_wIVm, bmoH$gh^mJ Am{U _yë`mË_H$Vm `m
H$m`©j_, A{Y_mÝ` d {dídmgmh© H$ma^ma ì`dñWoÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çmMm {ZX}e Ho$bm OmVmo.
ì`m»`m
nB© nmZ§{XH$a … Amnë`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm em§VVm_`, {eñV~Õ, `mo½`, àJ_Zerb d gh^mJmË_H$ OrdZ OJVm `mdo `mgmR>r
amï´>-amÁ`mZo à`ËZerb AgUo - åhUOo gwemgZmMm Adb§~ H$aUo hmo`.
{ddoH$ Mmoàm … "g_mOmMr _ybVÎdo AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z Vr àË`jmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {Za§Va à`ËZ H$aUo'.
gwemgZmMr g§H$ënZm H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` (Rule of Law) _mZdr h¸$, gh^mJmË_H$ bmoH$emhr, Am{U bmoH$emhrH$aU
`m g§H$ënZmda â XoVo. Ë`m_wio OwÝ`m bmoH$àemgZmVrb Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _mJo nS>bm Amho. _hÎdmMo åhUOo
gwemgZmMr g§H$ënZm amOH$s` {gÕm§VmVrb bmoH$emhr, _mZdr h¸$, bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ, nmaXe©H$Vm, CÎmaXm{`Ëd `m _yë`m§Mm
bmoH$ì`dñWmnZmer _oi KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. _yë`m§Mo åhUOo bmoH$àemgZmVrb ì`dñWmnH$s` Ñ{ï>H$moZ d _yë`mË_H$
Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§Mo g§VwbZ/{_lU/gwdU©_Ü` gwemgZmV AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio gwemgZmMr g§H$ënZm bmoH$àemgZmVrb XmoZ H$irÀ`m
_wÚm§Mm AW©nyU© _oi KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo -
(1) {ZYm©[aV C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoMo ì`dñWmnZ H$amdo.
(2) g§KQ>ZoMm H$ma^ma nmhVmZm bmoH$àemgZmZo H$mhr _yë`m§Mo ^mZ R>odmdo.
åhUOo Mm§Jbo ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmZmM g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Mm g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm bm^ Pmbm nm{hOo. Ë`m
H$m`©H«$_mV bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>bm nm{hOo. Ë`mV nmaXe©H$Vm Ambr nm{hOo, `m ~m~tMrhr H$miOr KoVbr OmVo.
gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoVyZ Imbrb 3 _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ Zì`mZo nwT>o Ambo AmhoV.
(1) ZmJar g_mOmMr g{H«$` ^y{_H$m - gwemgZmZo ZmJar g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm nwT>o AmUbr Amho."ZmJar g_mO
ñd`§godr, ñd`§M{bV, ñdmdb§~r, g_mZ _yë`dñWoZr ~m§Yboë`m bmoH$m§Mm g§K{Q>V g_yh' AgVmo. gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoZo
ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb gm_y{hH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m g_ñ`m§Mr CH$b H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV "ZmJar g_mOm'Mr _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m à{VnmXZ
Ho$br Amho. M¡VÝèrb ZmJar g_mOmZo AmVm amÁ`g§ñWoda Adb§~yZ Z amhVm g_ñ`m§À`m gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda
g{H«$` ^y{_H$m ~Odmdr.
Ë`m_wioM AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb (amÁ`mÀ`m ^y{_Ho$EodOr) EImÚm g_mOmV/g_wXm`mV
ñd`§godr, AZm¡nMm[aH$, ñdm`Îm g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm§Mo Omio {H$Vr à_mUmV Amho `mdaM Ë`m g_mOmMo _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. "am°~Q>©
nyVZm_' `m {dMmad§VmZo ZmJar g_mOmVrb `m g§ñWmË_H$ OmiçmbmM "gm_m{OH$ ^m§S>db' (Social Capital) Ago g§~moYbo
Amho. åhUOo AmVm amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m ^y{_Ho$nojm Ë`m g_mOmVrb ZmJar g_mO {H$VnV OmJ¥V - M¡VÝèrb d H$m`©j_ Amho
`mdaM Ë`m g_mOmMm {dH$mg {ZYm©[aV hmoUma Amho. åhUyZ ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {~Ja amÁ`r`, {~Ja emgH$s` d AZm¡nMm[aH$
nmVirdarb g§ñWmË_H$ d _yë`mË_H$ ~m§YUrbm _hÎd {Xbo OmV Amho. WmoS>Š`mV "ZmJar g_mOm'Mr {dH$mg H$m`m©Vrb ^y{_H$m
_hÎdmMr d Amdí`H$ _mZbr OmV Amho.
(2) bmoH$gh^mJ … {d{dY {dH$mg-àH$ënmV ZmoH$aehm d amÁ`H$V} `m§À`mIoarO BVa bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ `mV A{^àoV
Amho. hm bmoH$gh^mJ {d{dY nmViçm§darb Agy eH$Vmo. àË`j AWdm AàË`j ñdê$nmMm Agy eH$Vmo. AemàH$mao,
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m àemgH$s` H$m`m©g§~§YrÀ`m àËòH$ H¥$Vrg gh^mJ _mZVm òB©b.
(3) {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr ^y{_H$m : {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V} emgZmÀ`m {dH$mgH$m`m©V ghmæ`^yV
^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV. bmoH$ d emgZ `m§À`mVrb Xwì`mMo H$m`© nma nmSy> eH$VmV. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ

d¥qÕJV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_r _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio emgZ AZoH$ `moOZm {~Ja
emgH$s` g§ñWm§H$S>o gmondVm§Zm {XgyZ òVo.
bmoH$_V OmJ¥V H$aUo, {dH$mg H$m_mV bmoH$gh^mJ dmT>dUo, gm_wXm{`H$ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ am~dUo `mgma»`m ~m~VrV
NGOs _hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ H$m`© nmhÿ eH$VmV. WmoS>Š`mV gwemgZmV A{^àoV d Amdí`H$ _mZbobm bmoH$gh^mJmMm
KQ>H$ NGOs Ûmam eŠ` d gwb^ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
gwemgZmMr g§H$ënZm am~dÊ`mVrb AmìhmZo
(1) "gwemgZ åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m`?' hr ~m~ {ZYm©[aV H$aUo.
(2) gj_ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ VÎdm§Mr AmIUr d A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
(3) g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrMr à_mZHo$ V`ma H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo Cn`moOZ H$aUo.
(4) hr _yëò ZmoH$aemhr_Üò ê$O{dUo.
(5) gÚ…pñWVrV gwemgZmV Ano{jV KQ>H$m§À`m/_mZH$m§À`m AJ«H«$_mMr `mXr {Xbobr AgVo. Ë`mVrb H$moUVo KQ>H$
AJ«H«$_mZo ¿`md`mMo ho H$moU d H$go R>a{dUma?
(6) gwemgZmV A{^àoV Agboë`m nmaXe©H$Vm, CÎmaXm{`Ëd `mgma»`m VÎdm§Mo _moO_mn H$go H$amd`mMo? Ë`mMo {ZH$f
H$moUVo?
Q>rH$mË_H$ narjU
(1) gwemgZmÀ`m _wIdQ>çm AmSy>Z H$mhr eº$sembr JQ> d {hVg§~§Y Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$ê$ BpÀN>V AmhoV.
(2) gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZo_wio Á`m§Zm bm^ {_iUma Zmhr Aem JQ>m§H$Sy>Z {damoY hmoÊ`mMr g§^mì`Îmm åhUOo H$mhr KQ>H$
Ë`mg {damoY H$aÊ`mMr g§^mì` ^rVr.
(3) Ë`m_wio AZoH$ ñd`§Kmo{fV g§ñWm gwemgZmV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdÊ`mMo Xmdo H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò naH$s`
amï´>mVrb {hVg§~§YmMo amOH$maU Jw§Vbobo Agy eH$Vo, hm YmoH$m.
(4) àñWm{nV amÁ`H$Vm©dJ© d ZmoH$aehmH$Sy>Z `mg {damoY hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m.
(5) OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ `m_m\©$V ZdCXma_VdmXr H$m`©H«$_ bmXV Amho.
(6) {Vgè`m OJmVrb Xoem§gmR>r hmZrH$maH$.
bmoH$àemgZmÀ`m g§X^m©V gwemgZmMo _hÎd AWdm bmoH$àemgZmg gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoZo {Xbobo `moJXmZ
(1) gwemgZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoZo bmoH$àemgZmMr ì`már dmT>dbr Amho. H$maU bmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mV Am¡nMm[aH$,
g§ñWmË_H$ joÌmÀ`m Aä`mgm~amo~aM AZm¡nMm[aH$, {~Ja-emgH$s` d ñd`§godr joÌmMm Aä`mghr g_m{dï> Ho$bm
Jobm. ¶m g§H$ënZoZo nma§nm[aH$ bmoH$àemgZmV A{YgÎmoÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$, H$m`Xoera g§aMZoda {Xbobm â H$_r H$ê$Z
AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§aMZoMmhr Aä`mg g_m{dï> Ho$bm. åhUOo bmoH$àemgZmg Am¡nMm[aH$, {d{YdV Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ/~§YZmVyZ
_wº$ Ho$bo.
(2) àm_m{UH$nUo bmoH$emhrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gKZ (ê$O{dUmar) H$aUmar g§H$ënZm Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$àemgZ A{YH$
Iwbo, nmaXe©H$ d O~m~Xma hmoÊ`mg ghmæ`^yV R>aUma Amho.
gwemgZmMo ^maVmVrc nwT>mH$ma
cmoH$m§Zr emgZ ì`dhmamV gh^mJr hmoD$Z Amnë`m j_Vm§à_mUo amï´> Am{U g_wXm`godoV `moJXmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Zm
àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mda `m g§H$ënZoMm _w»` â Amho.
1997 gmcr àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U cmoH$ godm {d^mJmZo A{YH$mar, VÁk, ñd`§godr g§ñWm, ZmJ[aH$m§Mo JQ>, àgma
_mÜ`_o BË`mXtH$Sy>Z Amcoë`m à{VgmX Am{U à{V{H«$`m§da AmYmarV "n[aUm_H$maH$ Am{U à{VgmXmË_H$ àemgZ `mda H¥$Vr
`moOZm' {Z_m©U Ho$cr. 24 _o 1997 amoOr _w»`_§Í`m§À`m n[afXoV H¥$Vr `moOZoVrc nwT>rc VrZ joÌm§da g{dñVa MMm© Ho$cr Jocr -
(1) àemgZmcm O~m~Xma Am{U ZmJarH$ - _¡ÌrnyU© ~Z{dUo.

(2) nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma `mMr h_r XoUo.
(3) gZXr godm§Zm Xmof_wº$ Am{U A{^ào[aV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm nmdco CMcUo BË`mXr.
10 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVrc nwT>mH$ma
H¥$Vr `moOZoMr C{Ôï>ço nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwemgZ AË`§V _hÎdmMo Agë`mMo 10 ì`m `moOZoV Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m{edm`,
gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U ZmJ[aH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU, amÁ` Am{U {~Ja-amÁ` `§ÌUm§Ûmao cmoH$m§Mm à^mdr gh^mJ, emgZmMr
{d{dY A{^H$aUo Am{U H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò gwg§JVVm Am{U EH$dmŠ`Vm AgUo, gZXr godm gwYmaUm, nmaXe©H$Vm, emgH$s`
`moOZm Am{U amÁ`m§Zm {dÎmr` ghmæ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU, h¸$m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r gd©gm‘mÝ¶m§gmR>r Ý¶m{¶H$
ì¶dñWm Iè¶m AWm©Zo Iwcr AgUo, ^y_r àemgZmV gwYmaUm Am{U ÑT>rH$aU Am{U emgZì`dhmamgmR>r V§ÌkmZmÀ`m eº$sMm
dmna BË`mXr AÝ` ~m~rhr AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
emgZ ì`dhmamMr JwUdÎmm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r 10 ì`m `moOZoXaå`mZ AZoH$ nmdco CMcÊ`mV Amcr. Vr nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) 2005 gmcr _m{hVr A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_mMr H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. hm A{Y{Z`_ g§K Am{U ñWm{ZH$ A{^H$aUo,
ñWm{ZH$ emgZ Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {ZYr àmá hmoUmè¶m g§ñWm§Zm cmJy AgyZ Ë`mÛmao ZmJ[aH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU hmoVo.
(2) A{Ic ^maVr` godm {Z`_m§_Üò Xwê$ñVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð gaH$maZo H$mhr {deof godm§gmR>r
(nXm§gmR>r) R>amdrH$ {Z{üV H$m`©H$mimMr A{YgyMZm Omar Ho$cr. `m_wio O~m~XmanUm dmT>Ê`mg ghmæ` hmoB©c.
(3) ZdrZ _yë`d{Y©V H$a àUmcr (VAT) gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m_wio H$a ì`dñWoMo gwc^rH$aU hmoD$Z H$a g§aMZoV
à_wI gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mg gH$mamË_H$ à{VgmX cm^cm.
(4) {ZdS>UyH$ {ZYr gwYmaUm Omar H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m_wio nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U amñVnUm `m§Zm MmcZm {_imcr Am{U
{ZYrXmË`m§Zm H$a cm^m§e {_imcm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ nXmgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmè`m C_oXdmam§Mr nmœ©^y_r CKS>
hmoÊ¶mg ghmæ¶ {‘imco.
(5) à_wI 27 joÌm§gmR>r B©-àemgZ `moOZm ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amcr Am{U godoMm XOm© gwYmaUo Am{U _m{hVrMo S>r{OQ>mPoeZ
(Digitization) H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
(6) NREGA, NRHM Am{U BVa Cnm`m§Ûmao gh^mJàYmZ emgZmMo nwT>mH$ma gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco.
(7) H|$Ð gaH$maZo ñd`§godr g§KQ>Zm§~m~V Amnco YmoaU Omhra Ho$co Amho. gh^mJ àYmZ ì`dñWocm MmcZm XoÊ`mV
ñd`§godr joÌmMo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo Agë`mMo `mV à{Vq~~rV H$aÊ`mV Amco.
(8) AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m joÌmMo _hÎd cjmV KoD$Z NDMA Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. AmnÎmrcm A{YH$
H$m`©j_nUo gm_moao OmÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ "nyd©V`mar nwT>mH$ma' KoÊ`mgmR>r hr `§ÌUm ñWmnZ Ho$cr.
cmoH$àemgZ ì`dñWoMr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`m~m~V g{dñVa ãë`y qàQ> V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 2005 _Üò Xwgam àemgH$s`
gwYmaUm Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. emgZmÀ`m gd© nmVù`m§da H¥$Vrerc, O~m~Xma, CÎmaXm`r, emídV Am{U H$m`©j_
àemgZmgmR>r Cnm` gwM{dÊ`m~m~V Xwgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmcm gm§JÊ`mV Amco. `m Am`moJmZo gZXr godm gwYmaUm,
ZmJ[aH$ H|$Ðr àemgZ Am{U emgZmÀ`m g§aMZoMr nwZa©MZm `m BVa joÌmdahr H$m_ Ho$coco Amho. "H$ma^ma g§{hVm' (Code
of Governance) `m ñdê$nmV "àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U cmoH$VH«$ma' `m {d^mJmZo gwemgZmgmR>r H$mhr EH$ AmH¥$Vr~§Y
(Frame Work) àñVm{dV Ho$cm. `m g§{hVoVrc _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ åhUOo - (1) godm nwa{dÊ`mV gwYmaUm (2) Xw~©c KQ>H$
Am{U _mJmg joÌm§gmR>r AgUmè`m H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò àJVr (3) V§ÌkmZ Am{U ì`dñWm gwYmaUm. (4) {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZ Am{U
A§XmOnÌH$ _§Owar (5) O~m~XmanUm Am{U nmaXe©H$Vm (6) cmoH$ godm Zr{V_yëò Am{U ^«ï>mMma{damoY Am{U (7) cm^H$maH$
gwYmaUm BË`mXr.
XoemÀ`m g§KamÁ`r` g§aMZo_wio gwemgZmÀ`m AmYmamda àËòH$ amÁ`m§Mm {ZX}em§H$ _moOUo eŠ` Pmco Amho. `m {ZX}em§H$m_wio
amÁ`m§Zm cm^m§e/cm^ XoÊ`mg H|$Ð emgZmcm _XV hmoVo.
11 ì`m n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZoVrc nwT>mH$ma
gwemgZmÀ`m àñWmnZoH$[aVm 11 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo_Üò AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mV Amcocr ì`yhZrVr nwT>rcà_mUo -

(1) n§Mm`V amO g§ñWm§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U gj‘rH$aU.
(2) H|$Ð emgZ nwañH¥$V `moOZm§À`m H$m_{JarMo {M{H$ËgH$ _yë`_mnZ Am{U CUrdm Xÿa H$aUo d `m `moOZm§Mm AmamIS>m
~XcUo.
(3) {Oëhm {Z`moOZmMm {dH$mg Am{U ~iH$Q>rH$aU.
(4) ñd`§godr g§KQ>Zm§gh g_wXm` AmYm[aV g§KQ>Zm§Mm gh^mJ Am{U gwg§dmX.
(5) AmXmZm§dê$Z àXmZm§H$S>o pñWË`§Va Am{U A§{V_V… \${cVmda â.
(6) n`©dojU Am{U _yë`_mnZ `§ÌUocm ~iH$Q>r XoUo.
(7) CÎm_ godm nwa{dÊ`mH$[aVm B©-emgZmcm MmcZm XoUo.
(8) ^«ï>mMma H$_r H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Cnm``moOZm.
(9) gZXr godm§À`m gwYmaUm§_wio {Z`§ÌH$mÀ`m CÎmaXm{`Ëdmcm Am{U Ë`m§À`m ñdm`ÎmVocm ~iH$Q>r àmá hmoVo.
(10) nmocrg Am{U Ý`m`_§S>im_Üò gwYmaUm H$ê$Z H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` ÑT> H$aUo.
11 ì`m `moOZonwT>rc AmìhmZo
emgZ ¶§ÌUoV {ZUm©`H$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m AmYr gwê$ Ho$coë`m nwT>mH$mamÀ`m AmYmamda 11 ì`m `moOZoMr C^maUr
AË`mdí`H$ Amho.
(1) `m `moOZoZwgma, {deofV… J«m_rU ^mJmgmR>r Am{U _wcr, Aëng§»`m§H$, AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U AZwgy{MV O_mVr,
_mJmg dJ© Am{U Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc Hw$Qw>§~o `m§À`mgmR>r JwUdÎmmnyU© Amamo½` gw{dYm Am{U {ejU XoÊ`mg àmYmÝ`
{Xco. `m{edm`, J«m_rU amoOJma h_r H$m`©H«$_m§VJ©V amoOJma H$m`©H«$_m§da â {Xcm. ñdÀN> Am{U Mm§Jë`m JwUdÎmoMo
nmUr, ñdÀN>Vm gw{dYm, J¥h~m§YUr Am{U drOnwadR>m `mhr _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r AmhoV. `m godm ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda
nwa{dë`m OmVmV Am{U g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`m§Zm gj_rH$aU d O~m~XmanUm `mgmR>r AmdmhZ Ho$co OmVo.
(2) OcX {ZU©`, Ý`m` {ZdmS>m `mgmR>r \$m¡OXmar Am{U ZmJar Ý`m{`H$ ì`dñWocm ~iH$Q>r XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`ÚmÀ`m
amÁ`mMo à^mdr àemgZ A§_cmV AmUUo. {deofV… J[a~m§Zm `mn`ªV nmohmoM {_idyZ XoÊ`mMr h_r _hÎdmMr Amho.
ZjcJ«ñV Am{U OmVr`ÑîQ>çm g§doXZerc joÌmV n[aUm_H$maH$ gwajm Am{U nmo{cgr ì`dñWm JaOoMr Amho.
(3) hr `moOZm _moR>çm à_mUmV Jw§VdUwH$sMm {dñVma H$aUmè`m Am{U amoOJmamÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m J{VàdU
ImOJr CÚmoJ joÌmda Adc§~yZ Amho. `m_wio CÚmoJm§Zm nmofH$ Ago dmVmdaU {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr, CÚmoJm§Mr ñWmnZm
d {dH$mg Am{U H$m`©j_Vocm àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z OmJ{VH$ n«‘mUH$m§er gmå`Vm gmYÊ`mMr JaO Amho.
(4) ZmJ[aH$m§Mm nwT>mH$ma {dH${gV H$aUo, emgZ ì`dñWoMo n`©dojU H$aUo Am{U JQ> nwT>mH$mam§À`m ÑT>rH$aUmgmR>r
ñd`§godr g§KQ>Zm§Zm AdH$me CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcm nm{hOo. hr ~m~ Ho$di g§nyU© nmaXe©H$Vm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mZ§VaM
gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
(5) A§{V_V…, gd©ì¶mnr Am{U emgZmÀ`m JwUdÎmo~m~VÀ`m VH«$matMm CJ_ AgUmè`m ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m g_ñòcm nm`~§X
H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho.
Cnamoº$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r {dñV¥V à_mUmda nwT>mH$ma KoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. H$mhr à_wI joÌmVrc nwT>mH$mam§Mr MMm©
nwT>rcà_mUo H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
(1) ^«ï>mMma - H$mhr Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm§Zr ^«ï>mMmam~m~V ^maVmcm _moR>çm loUrVrc {ZX}em§H$ {Xcocm Amho. CXm.
nmaXe©H$ Am§Vaamï´>r` {ZX}em§H$mZo 2006 _Üò ^maVmcm 70 do ñWmZ {Xco. AmO cmoH$ godoVrc ^«ï>mMmamZo ^`mZH$ ñdê$n
YmaU Ho$co Amho. _mJrc H$mhr XeH$m§nmgyZ {VMo à_mU, d¥{Õ Am{U {dñVma _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>cm Amho. `m joÌmV XmoZ
AmKmS>çm§da H¥$Vr H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho - EH$ åhUOo Xmoft~m~V X§S>mË_H$ X¥{ï>H$moZ Am{U Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Agcoë`m VaVwXr
A{YH$ H$R>moa H$aUo. Xwgao åhUOo ^«ï>mMmamcm ghOmghOr ~ir Z nS>Umè`m ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg H$aUo. gd© ñVamda _moR>çm
à_mUmV nmaXe©H$Vm AmUUo. Ë`mM~amo~a Xj ZmJar g_mO Am{U àgma _mÜ`_m§_wiohr JwUmË_H$ ~Xc g§^dy eH$Vmo.
(2) gZXr godm gwYmaUm - àm_m{UH$ gZXr godH$m§Zm gwajm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r Jm§^r`©nyd©H$ à`ËZ Ho$co OmdoV. amOH$s`
hñVjon Am{U amOH$maÊ`m§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m gÎmoÀ`m Xwê$n`moJmnmgyZ gZXr godH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r -

(A) {Z`wº$s Am{U ~T>Vr~m~V VQ>ñW Am{U nmaXe©H$ {ZH$f Am{U H$m`©nÕVrMm A§_c
(~) d[að> nX YmaU H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$m§gmR>r "H$m`©H$mi' (godmH$mi) {Z{üV H$aUo.
(H$) H$m`©H$mi, ~Xcr Am{U ~T>Vr `m§À`m n`©dojUm_Üò cmoH$godm Am`moJ/àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$aUo `m§Zm ‘hÎdnyU©
^y{_H$m Agmdr.
(S>) cmoH$godm Am`moJmer nyd© g„m_gcV Ho$ë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr gZXr godH$mcm {Zc§{~V Ho$co OmD$ Zò.
(B) emgZ ì`dhmam§À`m {Z`_m§Mo, {deofV… coIr ñdê$nmVrc AmXoem§Mo, Am{U A{^coI ¶m§Mo, H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmcZ Ho$co
Omdo Am{U
(B©) J¡a àH$ma CKS>H$sg AmUUmè`m gZXr godH$m§Zm g§ajU nwa{dë`m Omdo.
gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZm_Üò {dídgZr`VoMo dmVmdaU {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMm àý gÜ`m EoaUrda Amho. Ë`m_wio gZXr godH$ Am{U
BVa gmd©O{ZH$ `§ÌUm§gmR>r Zr{V_yë`m§Mr g§{hVm {dH${gV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {~«Q>Z, ñnoZ `mgma»`m amï´>m§Zr Zr{V_yë`
g§{hVm {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho. àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo `m~m~V _moR>çmà_mUmV {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$mhr _yëò hr
gZXr godH$m§da ~§YZH$maH$ AgmdrV. CXm. {Z…njnmVrnUm, dñVw{Zð>Vm, EH$mË_Vm, cmoH$godm§àVr g_{n©VVm, nmaXe©H$Vm,
H$m`©j_Vm, Mm§Jco dV©Z BË`mXr.
(3) H$m`ÚmMo amÁ`-nmocrg Am{U Ý`m`_§S>i - H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` `m g§H$ënZoV H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZVm Am{U H$m`ÚmMo
g_mZ g§ajU `m XmoZ ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. \$m¡OXmar Ý`m` àemgZmMm amñVnUm åhUOo nmo{cgm§Zr H$moUË`mhr ^rVr dm
Am{_fmcm ~ir Z nS>Vm H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo hmo`. Ý`m{`H$ ì`dñWoZo {ZanamYm§Mo g§ajU H$aUo Am{U AnamÜ`m§Zm
{ejm H$aUo hmo`. nma§n[aH$ÑîQ>çm nmocrg Am{U Ý`m`ì`dñWocm {~Ja-{dH$mgmË_H$ Am{U amÁ`g§ñWoMr {Z`m_H$ `§ÌUm _mZco
OmVo. na§Vw, 11 ì`m `moOZoZo `m§Zm cmoH$emhr Am{U {dH$mgmMm nm`m _mZco Amho. _mZdr h¸$m§Mm AmXa Am{U gd© gm_m{OH$
JQ>m§Mr g_mZVm `m ~m~r amOH$s` gh^mJ Am{U em§VVmnyU© g_mOmMr nyd©AQ> _mZë`m AmhoV. 11 ì`m `moOZo_Üò nmocrg Am{U
Ý`m`mc`rZ ì`dñWo_Üò j_Vm ~m§YUr hr `moOZm {ZYrgmR>r A{Y_mÝ` H¥$Vr åhUyZ ñdrH$macr Amho.
nwT>rc H$mhr joÌm§_Üò 11 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr àJVr g§WJVrZo gwê$ am{hcr -
(1) Zì`m H|$Ð nwañH¥$V `moOZm§À`m AmamIS>çm_Üò ~Xc H$aUo, OoUoH$ê$Z ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda g§gmYZ {ZYrMm àdmh
Am{U A§_c~OmdUr à^mdrnUo H$aVm `mdr.
(2) nwZd©gZ Am{U nwZd©gmhVrH$aUmMr (Rehabiliatation & Resettlement) à{H«$`m Am{U `mg§~§YmVrc O{_ZrMo
{df` AmUIr ÑT> H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. `mÛmao {dH$mg àH$ënm§H$[aVm O_rZ CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo Am{U
nwZd©gZ d nwZd©gmhVrH$aUmÀ¶m Cnm``moOZm§Zm ÑT> AmYma CncãY hmoÊ`mMo Xþhoar C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aVm òB©c.
(3) godm nwa{dÊ`mH$[aVm ñ_mQ>© H$mS>© Omar H$aUo. VWm{n, "AmYma'À`m A§_c~OmdUrZ§Va hr à{H«$`m A{YH$ gwgø
Pmcocr Agoc.
(4) B©-emgZm_m\©$V godm gwcârË`m CncãY H$aUo.
(5) gZXr godm gwYmaUm Am{U Ý`m`_§S>imVrc gwYmaUm OcX arVrZo nma nmS>Uo B.
H$m_{Jar n`©dojU Am{U _yë`_mnZ ì`dñWm (PMES)
H|$Ðr` _§Ìmcò Am{U {d^mJm§_Yrc H$m_H$mO A{YH$ n[aUm_m{^_wI (’${cVm{^‘wI) hmoÊ`mH$[aVm PMES ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV òUma Amho. `mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ àËòH$ {d^mJ "n[aUm_ AmH¥${V~§Y XñVEodO' (RFD) gmXa H$aoc Á`m_Üò
g§~§{YV _§Ìmc`mZo ñWm{nV Ho$coë`m àmYmÝ`H«$_m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. ghm _{hÝ`mZ§Va emgZ H$m_{Jardarc g{_Vr (CoGP)
àËòH$ _§Ìmc`/{d^mJmÀ`m H$m‘H$mO Am{U ’${cVm§Mo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aoc Am{U VËH$m{cZ n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z C{Ôï>m§Mr
nwZ_mªS>Ur H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho. àËòH$ dfm©À`m AIoarg gd© _§Ìmcò/{d^mJ nwZamdcmoH$ZmZ§Va Z_yX Ho$coë`m AmH¥${V~§Ym_
Üò CncãYtMm Ahdmc V`ma H$aVrc.
Owc¡-gßQ>|~a 2007 À`m _wInÌmV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mV 44,819 Am{U Cƒ
Ý`m`mc`m§_Üò 37,12,715 IQ>co àc§{~V hmoVo. Ý`m`mc`rZ à{H«$`m OcX hmoÊ`mgmR>r `m joÌmVrc gwYmaUm§H$S>o {deof cj

nwa{dUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. 11 ì¶m ¶moOZoÀ¶m ‘Ü¶mdYr _yë`m§H$ZmZo H$mhr {d{eð> nwT>mH$ma gwM{dco AmhoV, Ë`m§Mm nmR>nwamdm
hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Vo nwT>rcà_mUo -
11 ì¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘Ü¶mdYr ‘yë¶m§H$Z
(1) nmaXe©H$nÕVrZo IQ>cm `mXr qH$dm ì`dhma `mXrda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m g^mÜ`jm§Zm (Presiding
Officer) gj_ H$aUo. NIC Zo "ì`dhma `mXr _m{hVr ì`dñWm' {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho. Ë`mÛmao dV©{dcoë`m
H$mcmdYrà_mUo gwZmdUr {Z{üV Ho$cr OmVo Am{U Ý`m`mc`mVrc H$_©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z Ë`mV H$moUVmhr ~Xc Pmcm Zmhr
`mMo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
(2) AZoH$ IQ>ë`m§Mm AZweof ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r A{YH$ Ý`m`mcò {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdrV.
(3) ZmJar IQ>ë`m§_Üò Ý`m`mc`m~mhoa dmX {_Q>{dUo Am{U \$m¡OXmar IQ>ë`m§_Üò {dZ§Vr-gm¡Xo~mOrÀ¶m (Plea-bargain)
À`m gwc^rH$aUmgmR>r H$m`Úm§Mo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho.
(4) g„mJma-Aerc g§~§Y Am{U g„mJma \$s Xo` ì`dñWm hr H$mhr à_wI {Z`m_H$mImcr AmUÊ`mV `mdr, OoUoH$ê$Z
Ý`m`mc`rZ à{H«$`m hr A{YH$ Aerc _¡Ìrnyd© hmoB©c. nyduÀ`m IQ>ë`m§À`m {ZU©`m§À¶m OcX KmofUoMr h_r {Xë`mg
g„mJmam§gmR>r cm^m§e XoÊ`mV `mdm.
(5) Ý`m`{ZdmS>m à{H«$ò_Üò A{YH$ à_mUmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
(6) Ý`m{`H$ {ZdmS>çm§Zm A§{V_ ñdê$n àmá hmoÊ`mgmR>r Xwhoar-Anrc ì`dñWoEodOr EHo$ar-Anrc ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV
`mdr. _moR>çm à_mUmV \$s AmH$mê$Z Aem A{Z~ªY Anrcmda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm òB©c.
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z IQ>ë`m§À`m ì`dñWmnZ H$m`m©V _moR>m ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUVm òB©c. `m_wio doioMr ~MV
hmoB©c. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc` Am{U _w»` Ý`m`mYrem§À`m n[afXoZo Ho$coë`m {ZX}em§à_mUo NIC Zo COURTSIS (Ý`m`mc` _m{hVr
ì`dñWm) gd© 18 Cƒ Ý`m`mc`mV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoVcm. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo B©-ñdmjar H$aÊ`mghr gwédmV Ho$cr
Amho.
gwemgZmMo gZXr godoVrc nwT>mH$ma
gZXr godm hm gwemgZmMm AË`§V _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. n[aUm_r gZXr godoVrc gwYmaUm hm XoIrc gwemgZmMm AË`§V
_hÎdnyU© ^mJ Amho. `mg§X^m©Vrc H$mhr gwYmaUm nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) _m{hVr A{YH$ma.
(2) B©-emgZ, amï´>r` kmZ Am`moJ.
(3) nr. gr. hmoQ>m g{_VrZo emgZm_Üò pñWË`§Va (Transform) KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mH$[aVm _m{hVr Am{U g§gyMZ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
(ICT) dmnamda A{YH$ â {Xcm. B©-emgZ ho OwZr H$m`©nÕVr aÔ~mVc H$aUmao Am{U {ZU©`-{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m
pñWË`§VarV H$aUmao AgyZ V§ÌkmZ ho Aem pñWË`§VamVrc Ho$di EH$ gmYZ Amho. `mM~amo~a gmd©O{ZH$ ImgJr
^mJrXmar hm `m Üòæ`mVrc _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎd åhUyZ AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Amho.
(4) cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m joÌmVrc gdm}ËH¥$ï> H$m_{JarH$[aVm n§VàYmZm§Mo nwañH$ma.
(5) ghmì`m doVZ Am`moJmÛmao doVZm_Üò dmT>.
(6) n{hë`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo {deofV… âVr, âVrMr A{^H$aUo, à{ejU, ~T>Vr, godmeVu dJ¡ao ~m~tda â
{Xcocm hmoVm. Xþgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, cmoH$àemgZ/emgZì`dhma (Governance)
hm {df` CX²`moÝ_wI gZXr godH$m§gmR>r AË`mdí`H$ H$aÊ`mV `mdm. `mì`{V[aº$ "amï´>r` cmoH$àemgZ g§ñWm' Am{U
"H|$Ðr` godm A{YgÎmm' (CSA) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m AZwf§JmZo ^maV gaH$maZo 2007 gmcr gZXr godm§Mo
ñdê$n ~XcÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`mM~amo~a Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m OmJ{VH$ AmìhmZm§À`m g§X^m©V emgZì`dhmam_Üò {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m
AmìhmZm§Zm Vm|S> XoÊ`mH$[aVm "cmoH$ godm {dYo`H$ (2007)' V`ma Ho$co.
(7) AmYma qH$dm UID (Unique Identification Authority of India)
(8) {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJm_m\©$V AZoH${dY {ZdS>UyH$ gwYmaUm.
(9) IM© gwYmaUm Am`moJ - `m Am`moJmZo AmYw{ZH$ Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ emgZì`dhmamH$[aVm (Governance) emgH$s`

H$_©Mmè`m§À`m g§»òV cjUr` KQ> H$aÊ`mda â {Xcm. Ë`mM~amo~a emgZmÀ`m dmT>V OmUmè`m doVZ {~cm_Üò KQ>
H$aÊ`mdahr Omoa {Xcm.
(10) 1976 gmcÀ`m S>r. Eg. H$moR>mar g{_VrZo âVr YmoaU Am{U {ZdS> nÕVr `m {df`mdarc {e\$maet~amo~aM narjm
ì`dñWoVrc ~XcmMr à_wI {e\$mag Ho$cr. {VZo nyd© narjm Am{U _w»` narjm Aem {ÛñVar` nÕVrMr {e\$mag
Ho$cr. `m{edm` g{_VrZo gZXr godH$m§À`m à{ejU nÕVrVhr ~Xc gwM{dco.
(11) àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$ma {ZdmaU {d^mJmZo "emgZì`dhmamMr g§{hVm' (Code of Governance)
`m A§VJ©V gwemgZmMm EH$ AmH¥${V~§Y àñVm{dV Ho$cm. `m g§{hVo_Üò nwT>rc ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVm -
(A) godm nwadR>m gwYmaUo.
(~) Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§gmR>r Am{U _mJmg àXoem§H$[aVm H$m`©H«$_ {dH${gV H$aUo.
(H$) V§ÌkmZ Am{U ì`dñWm gwYmaUm.
(S>) {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZ Am{U ñdÀN> d nmaXe©H$ AW©g§H$ënr` à{H«$¶m.
(B) CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{U nmaXe©H$Vm.
(B©) cmoH$godm ZrVrVÎdo Am{U ^«ï>mMma {damoY, Am{U
(\$) gwYmaUm§Zm MmcZm. B.
draßnm _moB©cr `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc Xþgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo (2005, Ahdmc n{hcm) "_m{hVrMm
A{YH$ma' gwemgZmMr Jwê${H$„r Agë`mMo åhQ>co Amho.
gwemgZmnwT>rc AmìhmZo
dmpë_H$s àgmX qgh [_mOr H|$Ðr` J¥hg{Md (1997-99)] `m§À`m _Vo, ^maVmVrc gwemgZmnwT>rc _Ü`dVu AmìhmZ
"gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmer' (Social Development) g§~§{YV Amho. gwemgZmMo Üò` gm_m{OH$ g§YtMm {dñVma H$aUo Am{U
Xm[aÐç {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, qgh `m§À`m_Vo, Ý`m` àmá H$aUo, gj_rH$aU, amoOJma Am{U godm§Mm n[aUm_H$maH$
nwadR>m BË`mXtMm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo åhUOo gwemgZ hmo`.
qgh `m§À`m_Vo, amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU Am{U ^«ï>mMma hr ^maVmVrc gwemgZmnwT>o AÝ` XmoZ à_wI AmìhmZo AmhoV.
gwemgZ ho Ho$di `mo½` YmoaUmË_H$ gëë`mda Adc§~yZ ZgVo Va Vo `mo½` YmoaUm§Mm AmamIS>m Am{U A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmè`m
à{H«$`m Am{U àoaUm§da (Incentives) Adc§~yZ AgVo. qgh Z_yX H$aVmV Ë`mà_mUo, amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëd Oa ^«ï> Agoc dm
gwemgZm~m~V CXmgrZ (Apathetic) Agoc Va godoMr emídVr XoÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ZmoH$aemhr \$ma H$mi AmXe©dmXr dm
H$m`©j_ amhV Zmhr.


31
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX
gwemgZmÀ`m (Good Governance) g§H$ënZo_Üò ZmJ[aH$ ho AË`§V _hÎdmMo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gwemgZ Am{U ZmJ[aH$
H|$Ðr àemgZ `m nañnag§~§{YV ~m~r AmhoV. ZmJ[aH$ H|$Ðr àemgZm_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Mm AmdmO emgZ à{H«$ò_Üò C_Q>cm OmUo
Amdí`H$ _mZco OmVo. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX ho EH$ Ago gmYZ Amho H$s Á`mÛmao g§KQ>Zm nmaXe©H$, O~m~Xma Am{U ZmJ[aH$m§er
gwg§dmXr ~ZVo. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX hr _w»`V… H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>ZoZo Amnë`m godm nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m AmXemªer (Standards) g§~§{YV
Ho$coë`m dMZ~ÕVoMr/~m§{YcH$sMr `mXr AgVo. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX AW©nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ gZXo_Üò H$mhr _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$
AgVmV. Vo nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) g§KQ>ZoMr Ñ{ï> (Vision) Am{U Or{dVH$m`© (Mission) hmo`. `m_wio Ano{jV \${cV Am{U Üò`mÀ`m CncãYVogmR>r
{dñV¥V ì`yhZrVr ñnï> hmoVo. godm nwadR>mXmamÀ`m hoVy~Ôc Cn^moŠË`m§Zm OmUrd Pmë`mZo Vo g§KQ>Zocm O~m~Xma
YaVmV.
(2) g§KQ>ZoZo AmnU hmVmiV Agcoco {df` Am{U ì`mnH$nUo AmnU nwa{dV Agcoë`m godm joÌm~m~V ñnï> C„oI H$aUo
Ano{jV Amho. `m_wio godm nwadR>mXmamH$Sy>Z Cn^moŠË`m§Zm Ano{jV Agcocr EImXr godm ñnï> hmoVo. Aem àH$maMr
~m§{YcH$s hr ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm Jm^m Amho. g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Aem AmídmgZm§Mr Ý`m`mc`m_Üò A§_c~OmdUr H$aVm
òV Zgcr Var àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoZo Aer dMZ~ÕVm ñnï> H$amdr Am{U H$mhr CUrdm {Z_m©U Pmë`mg `mo½` Aer ZwH$gmZ
ânmB©/Cnm` `moOZmË_H$ `§ÌUm nwadmdr.
(3) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoZo Ë`m gZXoÀ`m g§X^m©V ZmJ[aH$m§À`m O~m~Xmarcm àmoËgm{hV H$amdo.
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm CJ_
1980 À`m XeH$mn`ªV amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m H¥$Vt_Üò Pmcocr dmT>, àemgZmMr dmT>Vr Jw§VmJ§wV, ZmJ[aH$ Am{U amÁ`g§ñWm
`m§À`m g§~§YmVrc VUmd Am{U Ý`m` ì`dñWm d {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtdarc VmU dmT>cm hmoVm. `mdoir cmoH$nmc (Amå~wS>g²_Z)
ì`dñWmhr gmd©O{ZH$ CÎmaXm{`ËdmMr h_r XoÊ`mV Anèr R>acr. 1970 À`m XeH$mnmgyZ H$ë`mUH$mar CnH«$_m§_YyZ amÁ`g§ñWoZo
_mKma KoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. 1980 À`m XeH$mV emgZmÀ`m IMm©_Üò dmT> Z H$aVm gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Mr JwUdÎmm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r
emgZ {d{^Þ _mJ© emoYy cmJco. gmd©O{ZH$ godm§_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV H$mQ>H$ga, H$m`©j_Vm, n[aUm_H$maH$Vm AmUÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo _moR>çm gwYmaUm§Mr _m{cH$mM gwê$ Pmcr. H$m`©j_Vm {M{H$ËgH$ (ES - 1997 _Üò gwê$), {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZ
nwT>mH$ma (FMI - 1982 _Üò gwê$) Aem Cnm``moOZm§Zr ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm nm`m amodÊ`mV Amcm. Cn^moº$m§À`m BÀN>m
Am{U JaOm§àVr gmd©O{ZH$ godm A{YH$ à{VgmXmË_H$ hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r {~«Q>ZMo n§VàYmZ Om°Z _oOa `m§Zr OyZ
1991 _Üò ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMr ì`yhZrVr cmJy Ho$cr.
1990 `m XeH$mÀ`m gwédmVrcm Ooìhm ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX cmJy H$aÊ`mV Amcr Voìhm gmd©O{ZH$ godm§À`m nwadR>çm_Üò
_hÎdmMo pñWË`§Va KSy>Z Amco. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm â hm ZmJ[aH$ ho gmd©O{ZH$ godoMo Cn^moºo$, J«mhH$ AmhoV `mda Amho.
gÚ…pñWVrVrc ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX gd©àW_ B§½c§S>_Üò 1991 gmcr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mMm CÔoe åhUOo ZmJ[aH$m§àVr
gmd©O{ZH$ godm§À`m à{VgmXmË_H$VoMr h_r XoUo hmo`. 1992 _Üò àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXodarc n{hë`m
Ahdmcm_Üò ñnï>nUo Z_yX Ho$co hmoVo H$s, ""Cn^moº$mÀ`m Ñ{ï>VyZ ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX gmd©O{ZH$ godm§H$S>o nmhVo. XrK©H$mimn`ªV
nwadR>mXmam§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo Am{U gÜ`m pñWVr Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ~mOyZo Pmcocr {XgVo. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXo_wio JwUdÎmm dmT>rg
cmJoc, n`m©` dmT>Vrc Am{U CÎmaXm{`ËdmMm {dñVma hmoB©c.'' ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX ho EH$ gmd©O{ZH$ {dYmZ Amho Oo EImÚm
{d{eï> godoàVr ZmJ[aH$m§Mo h¸$, godoMm XOm©, Cn^moŠË`m§Zr nyU© H$amd`mÀ`m AQ>r Am{U XOm©Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr Va

ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CncãY Agcocm Cnm` hmo`. gZX g§H$ënZoZo dMZ~Õ godoÀ`m XOm©Mr _mJUr H$aÊ`mg ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gj_ Ho$co
Amho. `m g§H$ënZoMm _w»` ^mJ åhUOo nwadR>m (Supply) EodOr _mJUr (Demand) À`m AmYmamZo gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Zm ZmJ[aH$
H|$Ðr ~Z{dUo hmo`. `m g§X^m©Zo ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMr ghm VÎdo ñnï> H$aVm òVrc -
(1) JwUdÎmm - godm§Mr JwUdÎmm gwYmaUo.
(2) {ZdS> (Choice) - Cn^moŠË`m§Zm eŠ` Agoc VoWo.
(3) XOm© - doioÀ`m ~§YZmV H$emMr Anojm Ho$cr OmVo Vo Z_yX H$aUo.
(4) _yë` OmUUo - H$aXmË`m§À`m n¡emMo.
(5) CÎmaXm{`Ëd - godm nwadR>mXmam§Mo (ì`º$sJV Ë`mMà_mUo g§KQ>Zm); Am{U
(6) nmaXe©H$Vm - {Z`_, H$m`©nÕVr, `moOZm Am{U VH«$ma {ZdmaUm_Üò.
Cnamoº$ VÎdm§_Üò 1998 gmcr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV òD$Z godm nwa{dÊ`mMr ZD$ VÎdo nwT>rcà_mUo Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amcr -
(1) godm§Mm XOm© ñWm{nV H$aUo.
(2) IwconUm amIUo Am{U g§nyU© _m{hVr nwa{dUo.
(3) g„m_gcV Am{U gh^mJ.
(4) nmohmoMcm ~T>mdm Am{U n`m©` {ZdS>rcm MmcZm.
(5) gdmªZm Ý`mæ`nUmZo dmJUyH$ XoUo.
(6) MwH$m hmoV AgVrc Va Ë`m Xþê$ñV H$aUo.
(7) g§gmYZm§Mm dmna n[aUm_H$maH$nUoo H$aUo.
(8) ZdemoY Am{U gwYmaUm, Am{U
(9) BVa nwadR>mXmam§gmo~V H$m`© H$aUo.
MmQ>©a _mH©$ (Mark)
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoÀ`m à^mdm_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1991 gmcr B§½c§S>_Üò MmQ>©a _mH©$ ñH$s_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
g§KQ>Zm§Zm J«mhH$ godm Am{U Cn^moŠË`m§àVr Amnë`m godm§da cj H|$ÐrV H$aUo Am{U gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmamIS>m AmIÊ`m-
_Üò MmQ>©a _mH©$ ho EH$ gmYZ Amho. ghm {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao MmQ>©a _mH©$ ñQ>°ÊS>Q>© {Z_m©U Ho$cm Amho. Vo {ZH$f nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) {ZH$f 1 - XOm© {Z{üV H$aUo Am{U Mm§Jcr H$m_{Jar H$aUo.
(2) {ZH$f 2 - Vw_Mo J«mhH$, ^mJrXma Am{U ñQ>m\$ `m§À`mer g{H«$`nUo g§~§{YV amhUo.
(3) {ZH$f 3 - Ý`mæ` amhUo Am{U àËòH$mcm nmoM AgUo Am{U n`m©`m§Zm MmcZm XoUo.
(4) {ZH$f 4 - gmVË`mZo {dH$mg Am{U gwYmaUm.
(5) {ZH$f 5 - Vw_À`m g§gmYZm§Mm n[aUm_H$maH$VoZo Am{U H$ënH$VoZo dmna H$aUo.
(6) {ZH$f 6 - Vwåhr godm nwa{dV Agcoë`m g_wXm`mÀ`m OrdZm_Üò JwUdÎmmnyU© Am{U g§YtÀ`m gwYmaUo_Üò `moJXmZ
Úm.
MmQ>©a _mH©$ cmJy H$aÊ`mH$[aVm gmd©O{ZH$ godm g§KQ>Zm nmÌ hmoË`m Am{U Cnamoº$ Z_yX Ho$coë`m {ZH$fm§da Á`m§Zr
g_mYmZH$maH$nUo H$m_{Jar Ho$cr Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`Vm åhUyZ "MmQ>©a _mH©$' XoÊ`mV Amco. B§½c§S>_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX `moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ
~mø A{^H$aUmVrc VÁk Ë`mMà_mUo emgZmÀ`m g{_VtÛmao Ho$co OmVo. OyZ 1998 nmgyZ B§½cS>_Yrc MmQ>©a H$m`m©c`mMo "nrnc
\$ñQ> `w{ZQ>' Ago Zì`mZo Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. `mÛmao BVa H$moUË`mhr ~m~r{edm` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àmYmÝ` hr ~m~ ñnï> hmoVo.
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX … ^maVmMm AZw^d
^maV gaH$maZo 1996 gmcr "à{VgmXmË_H$ àemgZm~m~V' amï´>r` MM}cm gwédmV Ho$cr. `m MM}VyZ EH$ à_wI gyMZm
nwT>o Amcr H$s, gd© gmd©O{ZH$ godm g§KQ>Zm§gmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX cmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdr. _o 1997 gmcr Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV
Amcoë`m _w»`_§Í`m§À`m n[afXoZo `m g§H$ënZocm _moR>m nmqR>~m Xe©{dcm. `m n[afXo_Üò VrZ _hÎdmÀ`m joÌmVrc H¥$Vr
`moOZm§~m~V MMm© H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

(1) àemgZmcm CÎmaXm`r Am{U ZmJ[aH$m§er gwg§dmXr ~Z{dUo.
(2) nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U _m{hVr A{YH$mamMr h_r XoUo.
(3) gZXr godocm ÌwQ>r_wº$ Am{U àmoËgmhrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` hmVr KoUo.
Cnamoº$ {df`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H°${~ZoQ> g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m
g{_VrZo Ë`m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrMo _mJ© Am{U gmYZo ñnï> H$amd`mMr hmoVr. `m g§X^m©V CMcÊ`mV Amcoë`m {d{dY nmdcm§_Üò
EH$ _hÎdmMo nmD$c åhUOo H$m{_©H$ {d^mJmÀ`m g{Mdm§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ _hÎdnyU© JQ> ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Z_yX
H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m _§Ìmc`/{d^mJm§H$Sy>Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXm§Mo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© `m JQ>mcm
H$amdo cmJUma hmoVo. ^maVm_Üò "J«mhH$ g_Ýd` n[afX' (CCC) Am{U {VMr ghH$mar g§KQ>Zm ‘Common Cause’ `m§Zr
H°${~ZoQ> g{Mdmc`mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm _wÔm CMcyZ Yacm. CCC Zo Amamo½`, drO, ~±qH$J, Xÿag§Mma Am{U
ZJanm{cHo$À`m godm BË`mXr nmM joÌm_Üò gd}jU Ho$co hmoVo. àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U VH«$ma {ZdmaU `m {d^mJmZo J«mhH$
ì`dhma {d^mJmer g„m _gcV H$ê$Z nmR>nwamdm Ho$ë`mZo `m g§H$ënZocm Iè`m AWm©Zo JVr {_imcr. àemgH$s` gwYmaUm
Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$ma {d^mJmZo àmê$n gZX V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dma§dma _mJ©X{e©H$ VÎdo V`ma Ho$cr. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{dY
emgH$s` {d^mJm§Zm n[aUm_H$maH$ gZX V`ma H$aVm `mdr, `mgmR>r `m {d^mJmZo dos Am{U donts Mr EH$ `mXr V`ma Ho$cr.
_o 1997 _Üò Ooìhm ^maVm_Üò hm H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcm, Voìhm H|$Ðr` ñVamda {d{dY _§Ìmcò, {d^mJ, g§MmcZmcò
Am{U BVa g§KQ>Zm§Zr Odinmg 131 "ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX' V`ma Ho$cr hmoVr. 24 amÁ` emgZmÀ`m Am{U H|$Ð em{gV àXoem§À`m
(_o 2007 _Üò) {d{dY {d^mJ Am{U A{^H$aUm§Zr Odinmg 711 Aem gZXm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U
gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$ma {d^mJmZo ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo AmIyZ {Xcr -
(1) gZX Cn`wº$ R>aÊ`mgmR>r gmYr-gmonr Agmdr.
(2) gZX hr Ho$di d[að> VÁk ì`º$s¨Zr V`ma Z H$aVm A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmè`m `§ÌUm Am{U {VMo Cn^moºo$ `m§À`mer
g„m_gcV H$ê$Z V`ma H$amdr.
(3) Ho$di gZXoMr KmofUm Ho$ë`mZo H$m`m©À`m nÕVr_Üò ~Xc hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r nañna Am§Va{H«$`m Am{U
à{ejUmÛmao à{VgmXmË_H$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$amdr.
(4) godoÀ`m {dYmZmZo Ë`mMr gwédmV H$amdr.
(5) àËòH$ godonwT>o Cn^moŠË`mMo h¸$, godm§Mm XOm© Am{U Oa XOm©Mr nyV©Vm Pmcr ZmhrVa Cn^moŠË`mcm CncãY
AgUmè`m Cnm`m§Mr _m{hVrhr Z_yX H$amdr.
(6) gZXo_Üò Z_yX Ho$coë`m {R>H$mUr CXm. Am°Z cmB©Z \$cH$/nwpñVH$m§_Üò H$m`©nÕVr, qH$_V Am{U AmH$ma (Charges)
`m§Mr _m{hVr XoÊ`mV `mdr.
(7) EImXr ~m~ Ý`m`àdU (Justiciable) Zgoc Va _mÌ gZXo_Üò ~m§{YcH$sMo ñdê$n dMZ~ÕVoà_mUo Agoc Va Ë`mMo
nmcZ H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
(8) àË`mXmZ (Feedback) Am{U H$m_{JarMo _yë`_mnZ àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g§aMZm AmImdr Am{U {H$_mZ Xa ghm
_{hÝ`m§Zr gZXoMo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
(9) _§Ìmc`/{d^mJmer g§c¾ dm g§~§{YV Agcoë`m g§KQ>Zm/A{^H$aUo Am{U {^Þ godm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì gZX AmIÊ`mV
`mdr.
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZX H$m`©H«$_mMo _yë`_mnZ 1998 _Üò àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U cmoH$ VH«$ma {ZdmaU {d^mJmZo hmVr KoVco.
Ë`mZ§Va 2002 nmgyZ gZXoÀ`m A§VJ©V Am{U ~mø _yë`_mnZmgmR>r AmXe© àmê$n {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ì`mdgm{`H$
A{^H$aU ì`ñV Pmco.
~|Jcmoa òWrc cmoH$ì`dhma H|$ÐmZo (PAC) 2007 _Üò ^maVmVrc ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$ê$Z "^maVmVrc
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX - XeH$mMm AZw^d' `m {df`mda Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm. `m AhdmcmZo ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoVrc H$mhr ÌwQ>r
nwT>rcà_mUo Z_yX Ho$ë`m.
(1) gw_ma XOm©Mo AmaoIZ Am{U Ame` - ~hþVm§e g§KQ>Zm§Zr nwaoem j_VoZo gZXoMm _gwXm AW©nyU©arË`m V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ho$cm Zmhr. emgZmÀ`m A{^H$aUm§Zrhr V`ma Ho$coco AZoH$ _gwXo ì`dpñWV AmIcoco ZìhVo. A{^H$aUm§Zm CÎmaXm`r

YaVm òB©c, Aer _m{hVr AZoH$ gZXm§_Üò ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`m§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ gmd©O{ZH$
CÎmaXm{`Ëd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Anè Amco.
(2) cmoH$OmJ¥VrMm A^md - gmd©O{ZH$ godm nwa{dUmao ~hþVm§e nwadR>mXma ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMr A§_c~OmdUr H$arV
AgVmV na§Vw `m_Üò Z_yX Ho$coë`m dMZnyVu~m~V \$maM H$_r cmoH$m§Zm _m{hVr Amho. godm nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m XOm©~m~V
cmoH$g§nH©$ Am{U cmoH$ {ejUmMo \$mago n[aUm_H$maH$ à`ËZ hmVr KoÊ`mV Amco ZmhrV.
(3) Anwao AmYma^yV H$m`© - gZXo_Üò Z_yX Ho$coë`m dMZ~ÕVoÀ`m nyVugmR>r AmYma^yV H$m`m©Mo (Groundwork)
_yë`m§H$Z Am{U gwYmaUm `m nwaoem {dMmamV Z KoVmM emgH$s` A{^H$aUo Zoh_rM ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX V`ma H$aVmV.
(4) gZX Šd{MVM AÚ`mdV Ho$cr OmVo - `m AhdmcmZo ñnï> Ho$co H$s, gZXo_Üò Z_yX Ho$coë`m ~m~r øm AÚ`mdV
ZgVmV.
(5) gZX V`ma H$aVmZm Cn^moº$m Am{U {~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm§er g„m _gcV Ho$cr OmV Zmhr - gd©gmYmaUnUo gZX
V`ma H$aV AgVmZm ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm Am{U Cn^moŠË`m§er MMm© Ho$cr OmV Zmhr. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm
àmW{_H$ hoVy hm gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Zm A{YH$ ZmJ[aH$ H|$Ðr ~Z{dUo hm Agë`mZo ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX V`ma H$aVmZm
Cn^moºo$, gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ Am{U ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm§er MMm© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(6) Áòð> ZmJ[aH$ Am{U Xþ~©cm§H$S>o Xþc©j - `m Ahdmcm_Üò Áòð> ZmJ[aH$ Am{U Xþ~©cm§H$S>o g_mZ nmoM XoUmè`m Ho$di
EH$m gZXoMm g§X^© Amho. AZoH$ A{^H$aUo Áòð> dm Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§Zm godm nwa{dV Agcr Var Ë`mMm C„oI gZXo_Üò
Ho$cocm ZgVmo.
(7) ~Xcm§Zm {damoY - ZdrZ ì`dhmam§à_mUo A{^H$aUo Am{U {VÀ`m ñQ>m\$Mm ZmJ[aH$m§àVr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U dV©Zm_Üò
~Xc Ano{jV Amho. AZoH$ {d{hV {hVg§~§Y ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX à^mdr qH$dm à^mdhrZ ~Z{dÊ`m_Üò H$m`©aV
AgVmV.
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMr CËH«$m§Vr H$er Pmcr hm Aä`mg àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am{U cmoH$ VH«$ma {d^mJmZo nwañH¥$V Ho$cocm
hmoVm. 2008 _Üò B§{S>`Z BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ npãcH$ A°S>{_{ZñQ´>oeZZo hm Aä`mg Ho$cm hmoVm. `m Aä`mgmVrc H$mhr {ZarjU/
{ZîH$f© nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) ZmJar gZXoMm ñdrH$ma gd© _§Ìmc`/{d^mJ `m§Zr AÚmnhr Ho$cocm Zmhr.
(2) {H$ËòH$ àH$aUm§_Üò XOm© Am{U dMZ~ÕVm `m~m~VMr {Z…g§{X½YnUm AmT>iV Zmhr.
(3) gZXo~ahþHy$_ dmJÊ`m_Üò \$maM H$_r g§KQ>Zm§Zm ñdmañ` Agcoco {XgyZ òVo.
(4) g§Xoe dhZmÀ`m AmKmS>rda gZX H$m`©H«$_ hm gw_ma XOm©Mo {Z`moOZ Am{U àgmamgmR>r g§gmYZm§À`m CncãYVoMm
A^md {XgyZ òVmo.
(5) H$mhr àH$aUm§_Üò gZX øm Ho$di EH$doiMrM H¥$Vr Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
(6) CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{U nwZamdcmoH$Z `§ÌUm§Mm gd©gmYmaUnUo A^md {XgyZ òVmo.
(7) à^mdr H$m_{JargmR>r gZXm§_Üò cmoH$gh^mJ `§ÌUm§Mm A^md {XgyZ òVmo.
gwYmaUm§Mr {df`n{ÌH$m
Xþgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmZo (ARC) "emgZmVrc ZrVrVÎdo' `m Amnë`m Mm¡Ï`m Ahdmcm_Üò "ZmJ[aH$m§Mr
gZX' hm {df` WmoS>Š`mV hmVmicm Amho. Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo, gmd©O{ZH$/cmoH$godH$m§Zm CÎmaXm`r ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r "gZX' ho
EH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ gmYZ R>adm`Mo Agoc Va gZXo_Üò Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo XOm© nyU© H$aVm Amcm ZmhrVa H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m
Cnm``moOZm/X§S>mË_H$ H$madmB©/ZwH$gmZ ânmB© BË`mXtMm ñnï> C„oI gZXm§_Üò H$aÊ`mV `mdm nwT>rc H$mhr dMZ~ÕVm§da
(Promises) Am`moJmZo â {Xcocm Amho.
(1) A§VJ©V nwZa©MZm - Ho$di godm§Mr JwUdÎmm gwYmaÊ`m~m~V gZXo_Üò C„oI H$ê$Z MmcV Zmhr. ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m
g§KQ>ZoVrc ì`dñWm à{H«$`m `m§Mo g§nyU© {dícofU hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Am{U Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg Ë`mMr nwZa©MZm Am{U
Zdo ~Xc ñdrH$maÊ`mV `mdoV.
(2) gdmªZm g_mZ àmê$n Agy Zò - g~§Y Xoeâm_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`m_Üò emgZ Am{U

{d^mJm§À`m j_Vm d g§gmYZo Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgUo ho EH$ _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. àËòH$ ñWm{ZH$ pñWVrZwgma Ë`m_Üò \$aH$ nS>Vmo.
Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo, ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX V`ma H$aÊ`mMr H¥$Vr hr {dH|$ÐrV H¥$Vr Agmdr Am{U _w»` H$m`m©c`mZo {dñV¥V _mJ©X{e©H$m
nwa{dÊ`mV `mdr.
(3) ì`mnH$ g„m_gcV à{H«$`m - ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX hr g§KQ>ZoA§VJ©V Am{U ZmJar g_mOmer AW©nyU© g§dmX gmYyZ
V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m nmVirda VÁkm§H$Sy>Z nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m AmXmZm§Zm (Inputs) {dMmamV ¿`mdo.
(4) ÑT> {Zü` H$aÊ`mV `mdm - ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX AË`§V g§{já Agmdr Am{U eŠ` Ë`m à_mUmV XO}Xma godm
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm/J«mhH$m§Zm nwadmì`mV.
(5) VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm - godoÀ`m XO}_Üò ÌwQ>r/CUrdm AmT>iyZ Amë`mda H$moUVo {ZdmaU H$m`© H$aÊ`mg g§KQ>Zm
~m§Yrc Agoc, `mMm ñnï> C„oI ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXo_Üò Agmdm. Ë`mMà_mUo Aem g_ñ`m§da _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$
g§KQ>Zm§_Üò VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm Agmdr.
(6) {Z`{_VnUo _yë`_mnZ - àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoZo A§VJ©V A{^H$aUmcm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z {Z`{_VnUo Amnë`m gZXoMo _yë`_
mnZ H$amdo. Ago _yë`_mnZ AJXr dñVw{Zð>nUo H$aÊ`mV `mdo. _yë`_mnZ AJXr dñVw{Zð>nUo H$aÊ`mV `mdo. _yë`_mnZmVyZ ñnï>
hmoUmè`m ~m~tZwgma gZXo_Üò gwYmaUm/~Xc H$aÊ`mV `mdm. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX hr ~m~ åhUOo J{Verc XñVEodO Amho, Oo
~XcË`m g§X^m©Zwgma AÚ`mdV Pmco nm{hOo.
(7) n[aUm_mgmR>r A{YH$mar O~m~Xma - ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoÀ`m gH$mamË_H$ dm ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_m~m~V g§~§{YV
A{^H$aUmÀ`m/g§KQ>ZoÀ`m à_wImcm O~m~Xma YaÊ`mV `mdo. gZXoVrc godm§~m~V n`©dojU `§ÌUoZo {Z{üV Aer O~m~Xmar
Z_yX H$amdr.
(8) ZmJar g_mOmMm gh^mJ - ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX V`ma H$aUo, {VMr A§_c~OmdUr Am{U _m{hVrMo àgaU dJ¡ao
H$m`mª_Üò g§KQ>ZoZo ZmJar g_mOmVrc JQ> AYmoao{IV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm g_W©Z Úmdo. ZmJar g_mOmMm `m à{H«$`m§_Üò gh^mJ Agoc
Va gZXoVrc Ame`, Ë`màVr ~m§{YcH$s Ë`mMà_mUo XjVm `§ÌUm§~m~VMo ZmJ[aH$m§Mo {ejU `m_Üò AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Üò gwYmaUm
Pmcocr {XgyZ òVo.
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX hr Ý`m`à{dï> Zgcr Var g§KQ>ZoMr Vr cmoH$m§àVr Agcocr ~m§{YcH$s, godoVrc VËnaVm, JwUdÎmm Am{U
VH«$maU {ZdmaU `§ÌUm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr dMZ~ÕVm Amho. na§Vw, `m gZXoà_mUo EImÚm Cn^moŠË`mcm godm {_imcr
Zmhr dm Ë`mMo g_mYmZ Pmco Zmhr Var {Vcm g§~§{YVm§{dê$Õ H$madmB© H$aÊ`mM {d{eð> VaVyX H$moUË`mhr gZXm§_Üò CncãY
Agcocr {XgV Zmhr. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX hr ì`yhZrVr åhUyZ {Z…njnmVrnUo, OmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U ~m§{YcH$sËdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$cr
d A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr Va "gwemgZm'H$S>o dmQ>Mmc hmoB©c.
Xþgè`m àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo, ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX ho H$mhr gmÜ` Zìho Va gmÜ`mH$S>o OmÊ`mMo gmYZ Amho.
åhUOoM H$moUË`mhr godm nwa{dUmè`m `§ÌUoÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr ZmJ[aH$ AmhoV, `mMr h_r XoUma gmYZ Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ godm
nwa{dÊ`mMm àH$m{eV XOm© AgUmao ^maV ho OJmVrc n{hco amï´> Amho.


32
B©-emgZ
""g~§Y OJâmVrc AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr "gwemgZ' ho AË`§V _hÎdmMo Üòæ` Agë`mMr ~m~ AYmoao{IV Ho$cr Amho. ñ_mQ>©
H$mS>© hm B©-emgZmMm Jm^m Amho. _m{hVrMo ñdmV§Í` nwZ{Z©{üV H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mcm {dñV¥V _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mm AmYma
nwa{dÊ`mV `mdm. gwemgZmÀ`m nwT>mH$mam_Üò B§Q>aZoQ> H«$m§VrZo Amncr gmYZmË_H$ à^md j_Vm {gÕ Ho$cocr Amho Am{U
OJmMm àdmg B§Q>aZoQ> emgZmÀ`m {XeoZo gwê$ Amho. B§Q>aZoQ> g§^mì`VoMm EH$ Am`m_ åhUOo H$moUË`mhr doir Am{U
H$moR>ohr godm nwa{dVm òVo. `m~amo~aM emgZmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr ZmJ[aH$m§Zm AmUÊ`mMo OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ hmoV AmhoV.
J«mhH$/Cn^moº$m Am{U Aerc (Clients) `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm godm nwa{dÊ`mV `mdr. B©-emgZ ho ZmJ[aH$m§er
gwg§dmX gmYUmao Agmdo. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm godm nwa{dUo ho emgZmZo Amnco àmW{_H$ H$V©ì` åhUyZ {dMmamV ¿`mdo. _m{hVrMr
nmoM Am{U g§KamÁ` Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò _m{hVrMr CncãYVm `mÛmao cmoH$m§Zm gj_ Ho$co Omdo.''
- S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþc H$cm_
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrÀ`m VwcZoV _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmVrc H«$m§Vr hr VwcZoZo A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ Agë`mMo _mZco OmVo. _m{hVr-
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àgmam_wio _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m àËòH$ joÌmV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc Pmcoco {XgyZ òVmV. g§JUH$m_wio _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMr
JVr àM§S> dmT>cr. Ë`m_wio g§JUH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z _m{hVr gmR>{dÊ`mMo Am{U Vr ~mhoa nmR>{dÊ`mMo emó Am{U H¥$Vr åhUOo
_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ Aerhr ì`m»`m Ho$cr OmVo. [aS>g©² `w{Zìhg©c `m eãXH$moemZwgma, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ åhUOo _m{hVr emóm_Üò
dmnacoco V§ÌkmZ hmo`. `mM eãXH$moem_Üò _m{hVr emómMr ì`m»`m Aer Ho$cr Amho H$s, {deofV… g§JUH$mgma»`m gmYZmÛmao
(Oo V§ÌkmZ Amho) _m{hVr EH${ÌV H$aUo, dJuH$aU, gmR>dU, nyd©dV H$aUo Am{U _m{hVrMo _yë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mer g§~§{YV emó
åhUOo _m{hVr emó (Information Science) hmo`.
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm B{Vhmg ~amM àXrK© Agcm Var ^maVmV `m joÌmH$S>o OmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U Jm§^r`m©Zo 1990 À`m XeH$mV
cj XoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. 1991 gmcr ^maVmZo ñdrH$macoë`m Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aU Am{U _wº$ ~mOmanoR>r` AW©ì`dñWoMm
n[aUm_ åhUyZ _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m à^mdmH$S>o nmhVm òB©c. Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrc _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg g_H$mcrZ
Agë`mMo {XgVo. VWm{n, Joë`m XmoZ XeH$m§_Üò _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m VrZ OZaoeÝg² (Generations) {dH${gV Pmë`m AmhoV.
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m VrZ {nT>çm (OZaoeÝg)
(1) àW_ OZaoeZÀ`m _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo, _m{hVr (Data) da WoQ> à{H«$`m Ho$cr OmV hmoVr.
(2) Xþgè`m OZaoeZ_Üò "ñd`§M{cV {ZU©` {ZYm©aU' (Automated Decision-Making) Ho$co OmV hmoVo. `m
OZaoeZZo ^maVm_Üò "Q>o{cH$å`w{ZHo$eÝg' hr g§km cmoH${à` ~Zdcr. XÿaÜdZr, ImOJr g§JUH$ Am{U Xÿag§Mma
Aem gmYZm§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>cm.
(3) {Vgè`m OZaoeZMo àVrH$ åhUOo, _mo~mB©c Xÿag§MmamMo (Q>o{cH$m°_)Mo CnJ«h AmYm[aV `wJ hmo` Am{U ZdrZ
V§ÌkmZ åhUyZ {~ZVmar _Zmoè`m§Mr (Wireless Towers) C^maUr hmo`. `m OZaoeZ_Üò \°$Šg, B©-_oc, B§Q>aZoQ>
hr CnH$aUo g§~§Y OJâ cmoH${à` Pmcr.
cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m eãXH$moem_Üò _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm g_mdoe H$mhr H$mimnyduM Pmcocm Agcm Var Ë`mMm à^md àM§S>
à_mUmV {XgyZ òVmo. gwemgZà_mUoM _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ hm eãXhr cmoH$àemgZm_Üò nadcrMm eãX ~Zcocm Amho. CXm.
g§XoedhZ, {ejU, amoOJma, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½`, \$m¡OXmar Ý`m` àemgZ, n`m©daU g§ajU, ñWm{ZH$ emgZ g§ñWm§Mo àemgZ,
ZmJar {dH$mg Am{U drO `mgma»`m àemgZmÀ`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m joÌmV Va _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmZo _Ü`dVu ñWmZ àmá Ho$co Amho.

AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMo Cn`moOZ ^y{_ A{^ëoI, dmhZ MmcH$ nadmZm, {dH«$s H$a, H$mofmJma
BË`mXr {R>H$mUr gwê$ Pmco Amho. `m{edm` AmUIrZ H$mhr Zì`m joÌm§Mm g_mdoe _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Cn`moOZ joÌmV hmoV
Amho. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm gdm©{YH$ à«^md cmoH$ àemgZmÀ`m g§aMZm Am{U à{H«$`mda (Structure and process) Pmcocm
{XgVmo. _m{hVrMr gmR>dU Am{U nwZàm©árMr j_Vm `m _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>çm§_wio H$mJX{dhrZ Am{U
\$mB©c{dhrZ (Peperless and fileless) H$m`m©c`m§Mo ñdßZ àË`jmV òÊ`mg ghmæ` Pmco Amho. ^{dî`H$mimVrc g§KQ>Zm
(Organizations) `m {dH|$ÐrV Am{U H$_r nXgmonmZ aMZoÀ`m ~ZÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>cr Amho. Ë`m_wio ZmoH$aemhrMr g§»`m
hr H$_r hmoB©c. n[aUm_ñdê$n emgH$s` godoVrc nXm§Mr âVr H$_r hmoV Amho. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m AmJ_ZmnyduM ^maVmVrc
àemgZm_Üò g§aMZmË_H$ ~Xc H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr hmoVr. na§Vw, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmZo `m à{H«$òcm JVr àmá
H$ê$Z {Xcr. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m à^mdm_wiohr ^maVr` àemgZmVrc gm_mÝ`k (Generalist)
àemgH$m§Mo à^wËd (Hegemony) H$_r hmoUma Zmhr.
_m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m cmoH$àemgZm_Üò Pmcoë`m Cn`moOZmVyZ "B©-àemgZ' (E-Governance) hr g§km {Z_m©U Pmcr
Amho. H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m nwT>rc nwT>mH$mam§_wio ^maVr` cmoH$àemgZm_Üò _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMr AmJoHy$M Pmcr.
H|$Ð emgZmMo nwT>mH$ma
cmoH$ àemgZm_Üò _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Cn`mo{OVocm Am{U àgmamcm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` nmVirda H|$Ð emgZmZo
nwT>rc nmdco CMccocr {XgVmV -
(1) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ A{Y{Z`_, 2000 - B©-ì`mnma, B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao B©-g§XoedhZ Am{U AW©ì`dñWoV _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
dmnamcm àmoËgmhZ {_imdo `mgmR>r 17 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2000 nmgyZ _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ A{Y{Z`_mMr A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Pmcr.
`mH$[aVm EH$m {Z`§ÌH$ A{YgÎmoMr {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. `m A{Y{Z`_mÛmao B©-ì`mnma Am{U B©-ì`dhmam§Zm H$m`Xoera
Mm¡H$Q> àmá hmoUma AgyZ g§JUH$ JwÝøm§Zm à{V~§Y Va B©-H$ama, H$mJXnÌo Am{U A§H$mË_H$ (S>r{OQ>c) ñdmjar BË`mXtZm
_mÝ`Vm àmá hmoUma Amho.
(2) go{_H§$S>ŠQ>a B§{Q>J«oQ>oS> gH$s©Q>g² co-AmD$Q> {S>PmB©Z A°ŠQ>, 2000 - go{_H§$S>ŠQ>a B§{Q>J«oQ>oS> gH$s©Q>g² coAmD$Q>
{S>PmB©Zcm Am{U Ë`m g§X^m©rc BVa {df`m§Zm g§ajU nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r Cnamoº$ H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
(3) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ _§Í`m§Mr n[afX - ^maVm_Üò _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmcm MmcZm XoÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maÀ`m _m{hVr
V§ÌkmZ _§Ìmc`mZo àW_M gd© KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ _§Í`m§Mr EH$ amï´>r` n[afX 15 Owc¡ 2000 amoOr Zdr {X„r òWo
Am`mo{OV Ho$cr hmoVr. `mdoir n§VàYmZm§Zr `m n[afXoMo VrZ {ZU©` Omhra Ho$co. Vo `mà_mUo -
(A) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrc _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mgmgmR>r EH$m H$m`©XcmMr (Task-force) ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV òB©c.
(~) amï´>r` XrK© A§Va H$m`©dmhrMo (National Long Distance Operations - NLDO) g§nyU© {~Ja-{Z`_Z
(Deregulation) H$aÊ`mV òB©c.
(H$) ISP gmR>r Agcoë`m g_wÐmImcrc Am°ßQ>rH$c \$m`~a OmoS>Ur g§nyU© _ºo$Xmar{dhrZ (Demonopolization)
H$aÊ`mV òB©c.
`m {ZU©`m§_wio {ejU Am{U Xÿag§Mma `m§À`m nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Zm ~iH$Q>r àmá Pmcr.
(4) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ Am{U gm°âQ>doAa {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m`©Xc - _o 1998 _Üò n§VàYmZ H$m`m©c`mZo _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ
Am{U gm°âQ>doAa {dH$mgmgmR>r EH$m amï´>r` H$m`©XcmMr (Taskforce) ñWmnZm Ho$cr. H$m`©XcmZo gaH$macm VrZ Ahdmc gmXa
Ho$co. n{hcm Ahdmc hm Xÿag§Mma YmoaUo Am{U H$m`©nÕVr, {\$ñH$c BZgoÝQ>rìhO² Am{U {dÎmr` {df`, emim Am{U J«m_rU
^mJm_Üò _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmcm àmoËgmhZ, gm`~a H$m`Xo, H$m_Jma H$m`Úm§Mo gwc^rH$aU Am{U H$m`©nÕVtMo gwc^rH$aU BË`mXr
{df`m§er g§~§{YV hmoVm. `m AhdmcmVrc 108 {e\$maetMm emgZmZo ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z ^maV gaH$maÀ`m J°PoQ>_Üò ({X. 25 Owc¡
1998) à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Xþgè`m Ahdmcm_Üò IT hmS>©doAaMm {dH$mg, CËnmXZ Am{U {Z`m©V `m {df`mda {e\$maer
hmoË`m Va {Vgè`m Ahdmcm_Üò XrK©H$mcrZ amï´>r` _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ YmoaUmMm g_mdoe hmoVm.
(5) OZVogmR>r _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ - {S>{OQ>c {S>ìhmB©S>, {dH$mgmgmR>r _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ Am{U `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§À`m dmT>Ë`m
à^mdm_wio OZVogmR>r _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna `m~m~V {e\$maer H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m H$m`©JQ>mMr (Working Group) ñWmnZm

_m{hVr V§ÌkmZ _§Ìmc`mZo Ho$cr. `m Aä`mg JQ>mZo YmoaUo, gmYZmË_H$ Am{U godm§gmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~r, OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aUmao
H$m`©H«$_ BË`mXr {df`m§~m~V g_J« ñdê$nmV {e\$maer Ho$coë`m AmhoV. `m {e\$maetÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r EH$m H¥$Vr
`moOZoMr (Action Plan) AmIUr H$aÊ`mV òV Amho.
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Cn`moOZmMr (Application) joÌo
àemgZmÀ`m ì`dhmam_Üò nwT>rc _hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§~m~V Am{U joÌm§_Üò _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna emgZ Am{U ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z
Ho$cm OmVmo -
(1) {dH$mg àH$ën - amï´>r`, amÁ`, {Oëhm Am{U Jmd nmVirda {dH$mg àH$ënm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$ê$Z doioMm d
IMm©Mm Anì`` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
(2) H$a âUm - {dÚwV CnH$aUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm emgZmMo {d{dY H$a ËdarV Am{U doioV âUo eŠ` Pmco
Amho. Am`H$a, {dH«$sH$a, J¥hH$a, drO~rc, XÿaÜdZr ~rc d¡Joao ~m~tMm âUm OcX JVrZo H$aVm òVmo. `m_wio g§~§{YV
A{YH$mè`m§er g§~§Y òV Zgë`mZo J¡aì`dhma hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r hmoVo.
(3) ZmJar gw{dYm - Am°Z cmB©Z godm§_wio {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m ZmJar gw{dYm, CXm. nmUr nwadR>m, drO, XÿaÜdZr, {d{dY
àH$maMr emgZmMr à_mUnÌo d XmIco, AO©, _m{hVr ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CncãY hmoVmV.
(4) VH«$ma XmIc H$aUo - nmocrg ñQ>oeZ dm BVa H$moUË`mhr {d^mJmÀ`m H$m_H$mOm~m~V, godm-gw{dYm§~m~V VH«$ma
Zm|X{dÊ`mMo H$m_ _m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio gmono, H$_r I{M©H$, OcX, AMyH$ Am{U àËòH$mcm eŠ` Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio d[að>m§Zmhr
`m VH«$marMr cJoM XIc KoD$Z Ë`mMr nmoM XoVm òVo.
(5) H$_©Mmè`m§Mr {Z`wº$s Am{U ~Xcr - EImÚm godH$mMr {Z`wº$s dm ~Xcr `m à{H«$òV {Z…njnmVrnUm Am{U
nmaXe©H$Vm AmUUo _m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio eŠ` hmoVo. H$m¡eë`mYm[aV nXm§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmVrc âVr hr ñd`§M{cV nÕVrZo
H$aVm òVo. H$moUË`mhr C_oXdmamcm AO© H$aUo, Ë`mÀ`m AOm©Mr N>mZUr, VnmgUr H$ê$Z Vmo ñdrH$maÊ`mMo dm \o$Q>miÊ`mMo
H$m`©hr ñd`§M{cV nÕVrZo hmoVo.
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZ Am{U ~Xc
cmoH$àemgZm_Üò _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV òD$ cmJë`mZo nma§n[aH$ cmoH$ àemgZm_Üò nwT>rc àH$mao ~Xc Pmcocm
AmT>iyZ òVmo.
(1) nXgmonmZ A{YgÎmoEodOr gÎmoMo Omio {Z_m©U Pmco.
(2) nma§n[aH$ àemgZ ho IMm©{^_wI hmoVo. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio Vo H$m_{JarA{^_wI Pmco.
(3) narjU A{^_wIVoEodOr CncãYr{^_wI ~Zco.
(4) àemgZ dm A{YH$mè`m§H$S>o {dc§~ nmoM Ago. Vr gÜ`m OcX Pmcr.
(5) XâVa {Xa§JmB© EodOr aMZmË_H$ H$m`}.
(6) O¡go-Wo dmXr d¥ÎmrEodOr gmVË`mZo gwYmaUm hmoD$ cmJcr.
(7) ì`º$sdmXmH$Sy>Z g§KQ>ZmË_H$ A{^_wIVm.
(8) _m{hVr CKS> Z H$aÊ`mda â hmoVm. gÜ`m _m{hVr eoAa H$ê$Z gj_rH$aUmda â.
(9) H$mJXnÌm§À`m {T>Jmè`m§EodOr g§JUH$m_Üò _m{hVr gmR>dU Ho$cr OmVo.
B©-àemgZ
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo X¡Z§{XZ àemgZ Mmc{dUo åhUOo B©-emgZ (Electronic Governance) hmo`.
qH$~hþZm àemgZ ì`dñWoV _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMo Cn`moOZ åhUOohr B©-emgZ åhUVm òB©c. B©-emgZm_Üò _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm
dmna CXm. cmoH$c E[a`m ZoQ>dH©$g² (LAN), dmB©S> E[a`m ZoQ>dH©$g² (WAN), B§Q>aZoQ>, _mo~mB©c Am{U g§JUH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna
H$ê$Z emgZm_Üò ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUUo A{^àoV AgVo. hm ~Xc åhUOo Amdí`H$ _m{hVrn`ªV ZmJ[aH$m§Mr nmoM (Access);
A{YH$mè`m§er g§dmX gmYÊ`mgmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gj_ H$aUo; H$moUVohr H$m_H$mO nmaXe©H$ H$aUo Am{U Am°ZcmB©Z gmd©O{ZH$
godm-gw{dYm nwa{dUo hmo`.

B©-emgZmMm AW©
(1) UNDP (2004) - B©-emgZ åhUOo _m{hVr g§XoedhZ V§ÌkmZmMm (ICT) ~hþ_wIr nÕVrZo dmna H$ê$Z
gm_wXm{`H$ emgZm_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo hmo`. `m_Üò godm§Mm nwadR>m A{YH$ nmoMj_ (Accessible) H$m`©j_
Am{U à{VgmXmË_H$ H$aÊ`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(2) gr.Eg.Ama. à^w (2006) - B©-emgZ åhUOo emgZm_Üò B©-CÚmoJmMo Ago àmê$n (Form) hmo` Á`m_Üò
godm nwa{dUmè`m à{H«$`m Am{U g§aMZm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo Am{U {dÚwV CnH$aUm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am§Va{H«$`m/
g§dmX hmoÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm AgVo.
(3) E_. \$s¨Ja Am{U Or. nr H$m°S> (2003) - gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Mm nwadR>m, {Z`§ÌU Am{U YmoaU-{Z{_©Vr `m VrZ
Q>ßß`m§_Üò B©-emgZmMr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$aVm òVo.
(4) {¼ñVmo\$a ~m_ (2004) - B©-emgZ åhUOo _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamÛmao gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmÀ`m A§VJ©V Am{U
~mø g§~§Ym_Üò ~Xc hmoUo hmo`.
(5) am°Oa Am°ŠQ>-C_m - emgZmÀ`m A{^H$aUm§Zr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z ZmJ[aH$ Am{U CÚmoJmgmo~VMo
Amnco g§~§Y ~Xc{dUo åhUOo B©-emgZ hmo`.
(6) {dÚwV gmYZm§Mo nwT>rc XmoZ ~m~t_Üò Cn`moOZ hmoUo åhUOo B©-emgZ hmo` -
(A) emgZ Am{U ZmJ[aH$, Ë`mM~amo~a emgZ Am{U CÚmoJ `m§À`m_Üò Am§Va{H«$`m/g§dmX {Z_m©U hmoUo hmo`,
Am{U
(~) emgZ A§VJ©V H$m`mª_Üò emgZmÀ`m ~mOy§_Üò (Aspects) cmoH$emhr, emgZ (Government) Am{U
CÚmoJ `m§Mo gwc^rH$aU Am{U gwYmaUm hmo`.
B©-emgZmMo dJuH$aU
Am§Va{H«$òMo (Interaction) ñdê$n Am{U Ë`m_Üò Agcoë`m A{^H$aUm§dê$Z (Agencies) B©-emgZmMo dJuH$aU {d{dY
àmê$nm§_Üò Ho$co OmVo. CXm. emgZ Vo ZmJ[aH$ (G2C) àmê$n, ZmJ[aH$ Vo emgZ (C2G) àmê$n, emgZ Vo emgZ (G2G)
àmê$n, emgZ Vo CÚmoJ (G2B) àmê$n, emgZ Vo ñd`§godr g§ñWm (G2NGO) àmê$n B. B©-emgZmÀ`m G2C `m àmê$nm_Üò
emgZ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _m{hVr Am{U {d{dY godm nwa{dV AgVo. `m{edm` YmoaU {Z{_©Vr Am{U A§_c~OmdUr `m AmYmamdahr
B©-emgZmÀ`m dJuH$aUmMo XmoZ JQ> nmS>co OmVmV.
(A) B©-àemgZ - _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm (ICT) Cn`moJ H$ê$Z àemgH$s` H$m`©nÕVr H$m`©j_ H$aUo Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ godm
nwadR>çmcm àmoËgmhZ XoUo `mda B©-àemgZmMm â AgVmo. B©-emgZmÀ`m `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZo Zd cmoH$ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m (NPM)
AmXe© Am{U C{Ôï>m§da _moR>m à^md nmS>cocm Amho. Zd cmoH$ ì`dñWmnZmMm â hm emgZmMm H$_r AmH$ma, ZmoH$aemhr_Üò
H$nmV Am{U AË`ën {Z`_ `mda Amho.
(~) B©-cmoH$emhr - ì`º$sMo A{YH$ WoQ> gj_rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ B©-cmoH$emhr H$aVo.
B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ OZ_V, gmd©_V AO_mdco OmVo. Ë`m_wio àË`j cmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo Am{U AZoH$ B©-
emgZ ì`yhZrVrMo ho EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç ~ZV Amho.
B©-emgZmMm àemgZmdarc à^md
cmoH$ àemgZemómÀ`m {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àemgZmda Pmcoë`m n[aUm_m§Mr MMm© EImÚm joÌmVrc
àXmZ (Output) AmYm[aV Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$cocr AmT>iVo. {dnwc {_Ìm `m§Zr JwOamV_Yrc à`moJmMm AmYma KoV _m{hVr
V§ÌkmZmÛmao emgZmcm Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZmMr `moOZm Am{U Ë`m H$m`©H«$_mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$er èñdrnUo H$aVm òB©c, ho ñnï>
Ho$co Amho. S>r. Eg. {_lm `m§À`m_Vo, ^maVr` àemgZm_Üò ^«ï>mMmamMr _wio Imocda ê$Ocr AgyZ Vo EH$ _moR>o AmìhmZ ~Zco
Amho. {_lm `m§À`m {ZarjUmZwgma amOH$s` BÀN>m eº$s, àemgH$s` ì`yhZrVr, ì`dñWoMm IwconUm `m à`ËZm§gmo~VM _m{hVr
V§ÌkmZmMm à^mdr dmna H$ê$Z àemgZm_Üò nmaXe©H$Vm, O~m~Xmar, emídVnUm, {dídmgmh©Vm Am{U godm nwa{dUmar H$m`©j_
ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. _mÌ Ho$di _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z ^«ï>mMmamMr g_ñ`m g§nwð>mV òUma Zmhr. B§Xa{OV

qgh gmoYr `m§À`m_Vo, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio emgZmÀ`m _m{hVr Am{U godoMo gwc^rH$aU hmoD$Z nmaXe©H$Vo_wio gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Mr
JwUdÎmm gwYmaVo. `mMm A{YH$ cm^ Jar~, _mJmgdJu` KQ>H$, d§{MV Am{U _{hcm d J«m_rU OZVocm _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoD$
eH$Vmo. Eg. EZ. g§JrVm Am{U {dH$mg M§Ð Xmg `m§Zr B©-emgZmMm (_m{hVr V§ÌkmZ) cmoH$ àemgZmdarc à^md nwT>rcà_mUo
ñnï> Ho$cocm Amho.
(1) OcX Am{U H$_r I{M©H$ godm - emgZmH$Sy>Z nwa{dÊ`mV òUmè`m godm øm Anwè`m, I{M©H$ Am{U A{Z`{_V
Agë`mMm ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Zoh_rM AZw^d òVmo. _mÌ, `m godm§À`m hmVmiUrgmR>r _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm ì`dpñWV d H$m`©j_nUo
dmna Ho$cm Va g§~§{YV godm `m OcX Am{U H$_r IMm©_Üò nwa{dVm òD$ eH$VmV, Agm AZw^d Amho. O_rZ, g§nÎmrÀ`m
Zm|Xr-hñVm§VaU H$aUo; emgZmH$Sy>Z {d{dY à_mUnÌo-XmIco {_i{dVmZm `mMm AZw^d òVmo.
(2) nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U O~m~XmanUm - àemgZ Am{U YmoaUm§~m~VÀ`m _mo\$V _m{hVrÀ`m CncãYVo_wio (ICT) gZXr
godH$m§Zm à{VgmXmË_H$ Am{U O~m~Xma ~Zmdo cmJco Amho. B§Q>aZoQ>da Omhra Ho$coë`m _m{hVr_wio gmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$mè`m§Mr
J¡aì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr H$_r hmoV AgyZ cmoH$m§Mm emgZmda {dídmg dmT>Ê`mg ghmæ` hmoVo. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZm_wio àemgZmÀ`m
ì`dhmamV nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U IwconUm {Z_m©U hmoVmo. _w§~B©Vrc àOm \$mD§$S>oeZ `m {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWoÀ`m CnH«$_mMm g§X^©
`m~m~V XoVm òB©c. `m g§ñWoÀ`m g§Ho$VñWimda A{YH$mè`m§{damoYmVrc VH«$mar Zm|X{dë`m OmVmV. R>amdrH$ _wXVrV Ë`m§Mr
XIc KoVcr Zmhr Va Ë`m§Mr XIc KoVcr OmB©n`ªV Vr VH«$ma d[að> A{YH$mè`m§H$S>o nmg hmoV amhVo. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Aem
dmnam_wiohr gZXr godH$ O~m~Xma ~ZV AmhoV.
(3) ^«ï>mMmam_Üò KQ> - B©-emgZm_wio ^«ï>mMmamda _`m©Xm òVo Am{U godm§À`m nwadR>çm_Üò gwYmaUm hmoVo. ICT _wio
àemgH$m§Mm charnUm Am{U ì`dhmamMm IM© H$_r hmoVmo. _m{hVrÀ`m CncãYVo_wio cmoH$m§Mr \$gdUyH$ hmoV Zmhr d H$m`m©À`m
nyV©Vo_Üò _Ü`ñW dm J¡a_mJmªMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm amhV Zmhr. ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX Am{U VH«$ma {ZdmaU H|$Ðm_wio
^«ï>mMmamMo à_mU H$_r hmoÊ`mg ghmæ` Pmco.
(4) cmoH$gh^mJ> - nma§n[aH$ emgZ d àemgZ ì`dhmam_Üò cmoH$gh^mJmcm AË`ën dmd hmoVm. ICT _wio àemgZmVrc
cmoH$gh^mJmMo ñdê$n ~Xcco AgyZ Vo A{YH$ gH«$s` Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmcoco Amho. H$m`Xm {Z{_©VrnyduM cmoH$
gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUm§da MMm©, {ddmX H$aVmV Am{U Amnco _Vhr Zm|X{dVmV.
B©-emgZmÀ`m Cnamoº$ à^mdm~amo~aM g§JrVm Am{U Xmg `m§Zr B©-emgZmÀ`m èñdrVogmR>r nwT>rc AQ>tMr nyV©Vm hmoUo
AË`mdí`H$ _mZco Amho.
(1) emgZmZo nwaoem nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr VaM ICT Mm àgma Am{U n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
(2) àemgZm_Üò ICT Mo Cn`moOZ H$emàH$mao Ho$co Omdo, `mg§X^m©V A{YH$ ârd YmoaU Am{U {d{YË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
(3) cmoH$gh^mJmcm MmcZm XoÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm Cn`wº$ V§ÌkmZ Am{U EH$mpË_H$ ì`dñWmnZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mV
`mdm. ñWm{ZH$ JaOm§Zm d KQ>H$m§Zm `mg§X^m©V {dMmamV ¿`mdo.
(4) B©-emgZ àH$ënm§À`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYrMr Am{U H$m¡eë`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. `m ~m~rÀ`m
n[anyV©VogmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ ImOJr ^mJrXmarcm (PPP) àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
(5) B©-emgZmÀ`m {dñVmamgmR>r H|$Ð d KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zr amOH$s` Am{U àemgH$s` ZoV¥Ëd {dH${gV H$amdo.
(6) ZmJ[aH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ godm nwadR>m `mH$[aVm ZmJar g_mOmZo ICT Mm {dñVma d Cn`moOZ H$ê$Z
gH«$s` ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr.
(7) àemgZm_Üò ICT Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV `mo½` _mZdr g§gmYZ CncãY ZgUo dm j_Vm ~m§YUrMm A^md AmT>iVmo.
Ë`m_wio _mZdr g§gmYZ {dH$mg Am{U j_Vm ~m§YUrda cj H|$ÐrV H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
B©-emgZ nwT>mH$ma
J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò amoOJma {Z{_©Vr Am{U B©-emgZmMo Cn`moOZ `m O~m~Xmar_wio H|$Ð emgZmZo g~§Y ^maVâ gßQ>|~a 2006
_Üò gmd©O{ZH$-ImOJr ^mJrXmarÀ`m ghmæ`mZo EH$ cmI "gm_mÝ` godm H|$Ðm§Mr' (CSC) C^maUr Ho$cr. drO~rc âUm,
XÿaÜdZr Am{U nmUrnÅ>r Am{U AOmªMr àmár `mgma»`m B©-emgZ godm `m H|$Ðm§Ûmao nwa{dë`m OmVmV. `m àH$ënmVyZ J«m_rU

joÌmV 4 cmI amoOJma CncãY hmoÊ`mMr Anojm Amho.
gmd©O{ZH$ godm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zr B©-emgZmMo AZoH$ nwT>mH$ma KoVco AmhoV. H$mhr _hÎdmMo B©-emgZ
nwT>mH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) _w»`_§Í`m§Mr _m{hVr ì`dñWm (CXm. Am§Y« àXoe, _Ü` àXoe Am{U amOñWmZ) - cmoH$ VH«$matÀ`m {ZdmaUmgmR>r
{d{dY {dH$mgcjr H$m`©H«$_m§Mo n`©dojU H$aUo.
(2) Am§Y« àXoe {dH$mg n`©dojU ì`dñWm.
(3) "AnñdmZ' (APSWAN - Andra Pradesh State Wide Area Network) - ÜdZr, _m{hVr Am{U Üd{Z{\$V
g§Xoe dhZmgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$co amÁ`âmVrc Omio. emgZ-ZmJ[aH$ Am{U emgZ-CÚmoJ `m§À`mVrc Am§Va{H«$ò_Üò
gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$cocm nm`m^yV _m{hVrMm _hm_mJ©.
(4) "ñH$s_' (SKIMS - The Secretariat Knowledge Information Management System) - g{Mdmc`m_
Üò H$m`©j_nUo _m{hVrMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§Y«àXoe gaH$maMm nwT>mH$ma.
(5) Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr Xaå`mZ g§XoedhZ amIÊ`mgmR>r JwOamV amÁ`mVrc "AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ ì`dñWm'.
(6) H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`m_Üò àËòH$ {Oëhm Am{U VmcwŠ`mVrc ì`dhmamda cj R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$mofmJmam§Mo g§JUH$sH$aU
H$aÊ`mV Amco.
(7) {dÚwVZoQ> (VIDYUTNET) - VSAT AmYm[aV ^maVmVrc n{hco g§XoedhZ ZoQ>dH©$, JwOamV.
(8) Ho$ai_Yrc gd© 152 JQ> H$m`m©c`m§Zm OmoS>Umam RD-Net àH$ën.
(9) _hmamï´>mVrc 3000 H$m`m©c`m§Zm OmoS>Umam H$ZoŠQ>rìhrQ>r àH$ën.
(10) GIS AmYm[aV {Z`moOZ Am{U YmoaUm§Zm nmqR>~m XoÊ`mgmR>r amOñWmZ_Yrc "{dH$mg Xn©U' hm nwT>mH$ma.
(11) _mc_Îmm ì`dhmamMr Am°Z cmB©Z Zm|XUr (Am§Y« àXoe, Ho$ai, _hmamï´>, amOñWmZ Am{U Vm{_iZmSy>).
(12) dmhZm§Mr Zm|XUr Am{U MmcH$ nadmZm Omar H$aUo (CXm. Am§Y« àXoe, {X„r, JwOamV Am{U Vm{_iZmSy>)
(13) ^y{_ A{^coI (CXm. Am§Y« àXoe Am{U Vm{_iZmSy>)
^maVmVrc B©-emgZ nwT>mH$ma

H«$. KQ>H$amÁ` àH$ën
(1) H$Zm©Q>H$ ^y_r, IOmZo, H$å`w{ZQ>r c{ZªJ g|Q>a àmoOoŠQ>.
(2) Am§Y«àXoe B©-godm, H$mS>©, \$mñQ> (FAST), ìhm°B©g, B©-H$m°ßg,
OLTP, ghH$m`©_².
(3) Ho$ai \«|$S>g² (FRIENDS), Aj`
(4) _Ü`àXoe kmZXÿV, J«m_g§nH©$, hoS>ñQ>mQ>©, B©-Mm¡nmc
(5) amOñWmZ cmoH${_Ì, OZ{_Ì, Amajr.
(6) _hmamï´> ñQ>°ång A±S> a{OñQ´>oeZ gm°âQ>doAa, goVy, dmaUm dm`S>©
pìhcoOog² Am{U "B© Am°\$sg àUmcr'.
(7) n§Om~ do~ (~oñS²> {gQ>rPZ-Am`Q>r B§Q>a\o$g)
(8) {~hma _wÐm
(9) {h_mMc àXoe cmoH${_Ì
(10) JwOamV _m{hVr eº$s, DISK
(11) h[a`mUm, n§Om~, _Ü` àXoe, JwOamV, Amo{S>em Ñ{ï>
(12) Aê$UmMc àXoe, Amgm_, _{Unya, _oKmc`,
{_Pmoam_, ZmJmc±S>, {g¸$s_ Am{U {Ìnwam H$å`w{ZQ>r BÝ\$m°_}eZ g|Q>a
H|$Ð gaH$ma {dÚmdm{hZr, TARAHAAT

(14) EH$ {IS>H$s `moOZm/EH$ Wm§~m gmd©O{ZH$ godm nwadR>m (CXm. Am§Y« àXoe, Ho$ai, _Ü` àXoe, _hmamï´> Am{U
Vm{_iZmSy>).
(15) ^mJrXmar ({X„r), {_VmZrZ (N>ÎmrgJT>), cmoH$dmUr (amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe Am{U CÎma àXoe), cmoH$-{_Ì
(amOñWmZ, {h_mMc àXoe), Amem, YarÌr dJ¡ao H$mhr {deof nwT>mH$ma.
^maVm_Üò Am{U {deofV… ^maVr` àemgZm_Üò _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamda Am{U àgmamda H$mhr g§aMZmË_H$ Am{U
Vm§{ÌH$ AS>MUr òV Agë`m Var ICT À`m _moR>çm à_mUmVrc dmnam_wio àemgH$s` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ñdê$nm_Üò Am{U ì`dhmam_
Üò _moR>m ~Xc KSy>Z òD$ eH$Vmo. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m Cn`moJm_wio gZXr godH$ Am{U àemgZ `m§À`mda cmoH$m§Mo cj amhVo.
gZXr godH$m§Mr A{^_wIVm ~XcVo. {edm`, {dH$mgcjr àemgZm_Üò cmoH$gh^mJmMr g§ñH¥$Vr d¥qÕJV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.


33
gmd©O{ZH$ godm h¸$ A{Y{Z`_
^maVmVrc {d{dY KQ>H$amÁ¶m§Zr "cmoH$ godm h‘r A{Y{Z¶‘' (Public Service Guarantee Acts), Á¶mcm "godm
h¸$ A{Y{Z¶‘' (Right to Service Act) ¶m ZmdmZohr AmoiIco OmVo, g§‘V Ho$coco AmhoV. àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm§‘Yrc EH$
‘hËdmMm nwT>mH$ma åhUyZ ¶m A{Y{Z¶‘mH$S>o nmhVm ¶oVo. ¶m cmoH$ godm h‘r A{Y{Z¶‘m§Mr C^maUr "ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX'(Citizen
Charter) ¶m g§H$ënZoda AmYmarV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Amho. ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m gZXoÛmam cmoH$godm§Mr JwUdÎmm {ZYm©arV Ho$cr OmVo.
¶m A{Y{Z¶‘mÛmao ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$m¶XoeraÑï>çm ~§YZH$maH$ H$mc‘¶m©Xo‘Ü¶o gmd©O{ZH$ godm {‘i{dÊ¶mMm h³H$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àmá
hmoUma Amho. ¶m~m~V A{YH$mè¶m§Zr {Xa§JmB© Ho$cr dm Ë¶m§Zm godm nwa{dÊ`mV An¶e Amco Va {eúmoMr VaVyX Ho$cocr Amho.
‘Ü¶àXoe, {X„r Am{U {~hma amÁ¶m§Zr ¶m H$m¶ÚmMr H$mQ>oH$moanUo A§‘c~OmdUr hmoÊ¶mH$[aVm ghmæ¶H$ ¶§ÌUm CncãY
H$ê$Z XoÊ¶m~m~V H$m¶Xoera VaVyX Ho$cocr Amho Va ha¶mUm gma»¶m amÁ¶m§Zr gd© ‘yc^yV gmd©O{ZH$ godm EH$m g‘mZ B©-emgZ
‘§Ìmc¶m§VJ©V AmUÊ¶mgmR>r àemgH$s¶ AmXoe Omar Ho$co AmhoV. ¶m H$m¶Úm§Mr {d{Y‘§S>ir¶ Mm¡H$Q> {Z‘m©U Pmcocr Agcr
Var {VMr C{Ôï>o Ho$di àË¶úmmV godoÀ¶m nwadR>¶mg àmYmÝ¶ XoD$ZM gmÜ¶ H$aVm ¶oVrc. hr ~m~ AZoH$ KQ>H$m§da Adc§~yZ
Amho. gdm©V ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo nwaoem Am{U ghmæ¶H$ nm¶m^yV gw{dYm§gh Ñ{ï>H$moZm‘Ü¶o ~Xc KS>dyZ godm-nwadR>mXmam§À¶m
úm‘Vm ÑT> Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV.
amÁ¶m§‘Yrc gmd©O{ZH$ godm h¸$ H$m¶Xo
gmd©O{ZH$ godm h³H$ H$m¶Úm§‘Ü¶o d¡Ym{ZH$ (Statutory) H$m¶Úm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶mÛmao emgZ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nwa{dV
Agcoë¶m {d{dY gmd©O{ZH$ godm (Public Services) R>am{dH$ H$mc‘¶m©XoV nwa{dÊ¶mV ¶oVrc. Ë¶mM~amo~a ¶m H$m¶m©‘Ü¶o
{T>gminUm H$aUmè¶m cmoH$ godH$m§Zm (Public Servant) {ejm H$aUmè¶m ¶§ÌUm nwa{dÊ¶mMr h‘r {Xcr OmB©c. godm h¸$
H$m¶Xm åhUOo, emgH$s¶ godH$m§‘Yrc ^«ï>mMma H$‘r H$aUo Am{U nmaXe©H$Vm d gmd©O{ZH$ CÎmaXm{¶Ëdm‘Ü¶o dmT> H$aUo hmo¶.
18 Am°JñQ> 2010 amoOr ¶m g§X^m©V H$m¶Xm H$ê$Z ‘Ü¶àXoe ho amÁ¶ Aem àH$maMm H$m¶Xm H$aUmao XoemVrc n{hco amÁ¶ ~Zco.
{~hmaZo 25 Owc¡ 2012 amoOr H$m¶Xm H$ê$Z Xþgam H«$‘m§H$ Zm|X{dcm. ¶m~amo~aM ZmJ[aH$m§Zm godoMm h¸$ àmá hmoÊ¶mgmR>r n§Om~,
CÎmamI§S>, {X„r, amOñWmZ, {h‘mMc àXoe, Ho$ai, ha¶mUm, CÎmaàXoe Am{U PmaI§S> BË¶mXr amÁ¶m§Zr H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A{YgyMZm
Omar Ho$coë¶m AmhoV.
¶m gd© H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A{YgyMZm§‘Ü¶o g‘mZ AgUmar ~m~ åhUOo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nXgy{MV (Designated) Ho$coë¶m A{YH$mè¶m§H$Sy>Z
R>am{dH$ H$mc‘¶m©XoV gmd©O{ZH$ godm àmá hmoÊ¶mMm h¸$ hmo¶. gmd©O{ZH$ godm h¸$mÀ¶m H$m¶Úm‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> AgUmè¶m godm
ñdV§ÌnUo ¶m H$m¶Úm§VJ©V nwa{dÊ¶mV ¶oUmè¶m H$mhr g‘mZ godm§‘Ü¶o OmV, OÝ‘, {ddmh Am{U A{Ydmg à‘mUnÌo Omar H$aUo,
Bco³Q´>m°{ZH$ H$Zo³eÝg, ‘VXma nÌ, aoeZ H$mS>©, ^y{‘ A{^coImÀ¶m àVr Omar H$aUo BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
g§~§{YV A{YH$mè¶mZo Z‘yX Ho$coë¶m H$mc‘¶m©XoV godm nwa{dcr Zmhr dm godm nwa{dÊ¶mMo ZmH$maco Va nr{S>V ì¶{º$cm
n{hë¶m Anr{c¶ A{YgÎmoH$S>o (FAA-First Appellate Authority) XmX ‘mJVm ¶oB©c. hr A{YgÎmm VH«$maXmamMr ~mOy EoHy$Z
KoVë¶mZ§Va coIr ñdê$nmV H$maUo Z‘yX H$ê$Z Anrc ñdrH$maoc qH$dm Vo ’o$Q>mioc. ¶m~m~V AO©Xmamcm gy{MV Ho$co OmB©c,
Am{U AO©Xmamg godm nwa{dÊ¶m~m~V cmoH$-godH$mcm AmXoe {Xcm OmB©c. n{hë¶m Anr{c¶ A{YgÎmoH$Sy>Z Xþgè¶m Anr{c¶
A{YgÎmoH$S>o (SAA-Second Appellate Authority) Anrc H$aVm ¶oB©c. hr A{YgÎmmXoIrc Anrc ñdrH$maÊ`mMr dm
\o$Q>miÊ`mMr H$maUo coIr ñdê$nmV Zm|Xdoc. `m~m~V AO©Xmamcm gy{MV H$oco OmB©c Am{U cmoH$-godH$m§Zm godm nwa{dÊ`mMo
AmXoe XoÊ`mV òVrc, qH$dm g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mcm X§{S>V H$aVm òB©c. 500 ê$n`m§nmgyZ Vo 50,000 ê$n`m§n`ªV X§S> AmH$macm

OmB©c dm {eñV^§JmMr H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr OmB©c. AO©Xmamcm A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z dgyc H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m aH$_oVyZ
ZwH$gmZânmB© {Xcr OmB©c. Anr{c` A{YgÎmocm {XdmUr Ý`m`mc`mMo A{YH$ma ~hmc H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. H$moUVohr
VH«$maàH$aU "{XdmUr H$m`Xoà{H«$`m g§{hVm 1908' (Code of Civil Procedure, 1908) A§VJ©V hmVmico OmB©c.
H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc "gH$cm' (Sakal) à`moJ
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`gaH$maZo amï´>r` _m{hVr H|$ÐmÀ`m (National Infromatics Centre) ghmæ`mZo "H$Zm©Q>H$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm godoMr
h_r' A{Y{Z`_ A§VJ©V gH$c `moOZoMr ¶eñdrnUo A§‘c~OmdUr Ho$cr Amho. 2 E{àc 2012 amoOr ~|Jcmoa ¶oWo ¶m ¶moOZoMr
gwê$dmV Pmcr. `m `moOZoA§VJ©V amÁèmgZmÀ`m EHy$U à_wI 11 {d^mJm§_Yrc (ì`mnmar H$a, {eúmU, AÞ Am{U ZmJar
nwadR>m, Amamo½` Am{U Hw$Qw>§~H$ë`mU, J¥h, H$m_Jma, _hgyc, n[adhZ, J«m_rU {dH$mg Am{U n§Mm`Vr amO) 151 godm§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$cocm Amho. godm nwa{dÊ`m~m~V {dc§~ Pmcm Va g§~§{YV AO©Xmamcm A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZânmB© åhUyZ à{V{XZ
20 ê$nò `mà_mUo OmñVrV OmñV 500 ê$nò {Xco OmVmV. `m ì`dñWoÛmam AO©Xmamcm EgE_EgÛmao Amnë`m godm{dZ§VrMr
àJVr OmUyZ KoVm òVo.
H|$ÐemgZmZo àñVm{dV Ho$cooco {dYo`H$
"ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$mc_`m©XoV dñVy Am{U godm§À`m CncãYVoMm hŠH$ Am{U Ë`m§À`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU {dYo`H$, 2011' (The
Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances
Bill, 2011) cmoH$gô_Üò 20 {S>g|~a 2011 amoOr gmXa H$aÊ`mV Amco. ho {dYo`H$ H$m{_©H$, cmoH$ VH«$ma, {dYr Am{U Ý`m`
_§Ìmc`mÀ`m ñWm`r {d^mJr` g{_VrH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mV Amco. em§Vmam_ ZmB©H$ `m g{_VrMo AÜ`úm hmoVo. g{_VrZo 30 Am°JñQ>
2012 amoOr Amncm Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm.
`m {dYo`H$mVrc à_wI _wÔo nwT>rcà_mUo-
(1) {dYo`H$mÛmao ZmJ[aH$m§Zm doioV dñVy d godm nwa{dÊ`mMr h_r XoUmè`m `§ÌUoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV òUma Amho.
(2) `m H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Pmë`mnmgyZ 6 _{hÝ`m§n`ªV àËòH$ gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoZo (Public Authority)
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX àH$m{eV (µOmar) H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m gZXo_Üò dñVy Am{U godm§Mm Vnerc Am{U Ë`m
nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmar H$mc_`m©Xm `mMm C„oI Agoc.
(3) ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nwT>rc H$moUË`mhr {df`m~m~V VH«$ma XmIc H$aVm òB©c -
(A) ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX;
(~) gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoMo H$m`© - McZ (functioning); dm
(H$) H$m¶Xm, YmoaU dm `moOZoMo C„§KZ BË`mXr.
(4) {dYo`H$mÝdò gd© gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmm§Zm VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mH$[aVm A{YH$mar {Z`wº$ H$amdo cmJVrc. VH«$matMo
{ZdmaU 30 H$m`© {Xdgm§_Üò (working Days) Ho$co Omdo. `m{edm` "H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` cmoH$ VH«$ma {ZdmaU
Am`moJ' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.
(5) godm nwa{dÊ`mVrc Anèm~Ôc g§~§{YV A{YH$mar dm VH«$ma{ZdmaU A{YH$mè`mcm 50,000 ê$n`m§n`ªVMm X§S>
AmH$maVm òB©c.
{dYo`H$mVrc H$irMo _wÔo
(1) amÁ`godm§Mm {df` amÁ` [d{Y_§S>imÀ`m A{YH$maúmoÌmV òV Agë`mZo g§gXocm amÁ` cmoH$ godH$m§À`m H$m`m©Mo
(H$m`©McZmMo) {Z`_Z H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$maúmoÌ Zmhr.
(2) H|$Ð Am{U amÁ`m§À`m H$m`ÚmZo ñWm{nV Agcoë`m Aem `§ÌUm§Zm g_m§Va Aer `§ÌUm `m {dYo`H$mÛmao {Z_m©U Ho$cr
OmB©c.
(3) H$moUVrhr H§$nZr d¡Ym{ZH$ Am~§YZ (Obligation) dm nadmÝ`mA§VJ©V godm nwa{dV Agoc Va {VZo ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX
à{gÜX H$ê$Z VH«$ma{ZdmaU `§ÌUm CncãY Ho$cr nm{hOo.

(4) g§~§{YV Am`wº$m§Zm J¡adV©Z dm Aj_Vm `m Amamonm§À`m AmYmamda H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mc`rZ Mm¡H$er{dZm nX_wº$ Hoo$co
OmB©c. hr H$m`©nÜXV AÝ` H$m`Úm§VJ©V H$m`©nÜXVrnoúmm {dg§dmXr Amho.
(5) Am`wº$m§Zr ^«ï>mMmam~m~V {Xcoë`m {ZU©`mÀ`m {damoYmV cmoH$nmc dm cmoH$m`wº$m§H$S>o Anrc H$aVm òB©c. VWm{n,
cmoH$nmc Am{U H$mhr cmoH$m`wº$ {Z¶wº$ H$aÊ`mV Amcoco ZmhrV.
ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer
(1) g{_VrÀ`m _Vo, H|$ÐemgZmcm g_dVu gyMrVrc Zm|X H«$_m§H$ 8 Zwgma (Actionable Wrong) `m~m~V H$m`Xm
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. `m {dYo`H$mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$ma ñdV§Ì AgVrc, Aer
emídVr XoÊ`mV `mdr.
(2) g{_VrÀ`m _Vo, gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX {ZpíMV H$aV AgVmZm Ë`m_Üò gd© {hVg§~§{YVm§Mm
(ñQ>oH$hmoëS>g©Mm) gh^mJ ¿`mdm.
(3) "VH«$ma' `m eãXmMm AW© ì`mnH$, g_J« AgyZ Ë`mcm _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mV òD$ Zò.
(4) g§~§{YV _§Ìmc`mZo øm {dYo`H$m_Üò ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$Ëd Zgcoë`m ì`º$s¨Zmhr gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMm {dMma H$amdm.
(5) g{‘VrÀ¶m ‘Vo, {dYo¶H$m‘Ü¶o VH«$ma {ZdmaU ¶§ÌUoV H$m¶©aV Agcoë¶m A{YH$ma nXm§Mo ñdê$n, AmH$ma Am{U Ame¶
¶m~Ôc Mm¡H$Q> AmIyZ Úmdr. {Z¶wº$ A{YH$mar (Designated Authority) {Oëhm Am{U H${Zð> ñVamda CncãY
AgmdoV.
(6) cmoH$nmc Am{U cmoH$m¶wº$ hçm ^«ï>mMma{damoYr ¶§ÌUm Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o Anrc H$aÊ¶mMr VaVyX dJiÊ¶mV
¶mdr. ¶m {dYo¶H$mMm hoVy ZmJ[aH$m§Zm R>am{dH$ H$mc‘¶m©XoV dñVy Am{U godm nwa{dÊ¶mMm Amho.
(7) g{‘VrÀ¶m ‘Vo, {ZH$S>rÀ¶m (Urgent) àH$aUm‘Ü¶o VH«$ma {ZdmaUmMm H$mcmdYr AmUIrZ H$‘r H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdm.
(8) Aà‘m{UH$ hoVy (Mala Fide) {gÜX H$aUo H$R>rU ~m~ Agë¶mZo {dYo¶H$mVyZ ¶m~m~VMr VaVyX dJiÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(9) Bco³Q´>m°{ZH$ {S>{cìhar Am°’$ gpìh©gog {dYo¶H$ 2011 Am{U ho {dYo¶H$ EH${ÌV H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo. ¶m XmoÝhr {dYo¶H$mVrc
VaVwXr EH${ÌV H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m Va g§~§{YV {dYo¶H$mMm CÔoe nyU© hmoB©c.
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34
ZmJar g_mOmMr ^y{_H$m
g_H$mcrZ amOH$s` {gÕm§Vm_Üò ZmJar g_mOm~m~V {dñV¥VnUo MMm© H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. _mŠg©dmX Am{U CXma_VdmXmÀ`m
AmYw{ZH$s^dZmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmcm 1970 nmgyZ hr ~m~ ñnï> Pmcr H$s, amÁ`g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Á`m H$m`m©Mr Anojm Ho$cr OmVo Amho,
Vo H$m`© amÁ`g§ñWm nyU© H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr åhUyZ ZmJar g_mOmH$S>o EH$ n`m©`r ì`dñWm `m Ñïr>Zo nmhÊ`mV òD$ cmJco.
1980 À`m XeH$mV nyd© `wamon_Üò amï´>r` g_mO ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ñdénmV ZmoH$aemhrH¥$V amOH$s` AmXoe _moSy>Z
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g{H«$` Pmco. `mM H$mim_Üò "{dH$gZerc' amï´>m§À`m AZoH$ ^mJm§_Üò nma§n[aH$nUo amOH$s` njm§À`m H$joV Z
òUmè`m {df`m§^modVr amOH$s` g§KQ>Z hmoD$ cmJco. Aem AZw^dmVyZ ZmJar g_mOmZo EH$mM doir XmoZ {dMmam§Zm _yV© ñdén
{Xco. Vmo åhUOo cmoH$emhrMm {dMma Am{U amÁ`g§ñWonmgyZ ñdm`ÎmVm hmo`.
ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m g§H$ënZo_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m, Ë`m§Mo H¥$VràdU JQ>, Üòæ`ào[aV g_yh g§KQ>Zm Aem cmoH$gh^mJmda
_w»` â AgVmo. "gh^mJàYmZ emgZ' `m g_mOm_Üò ñd`§ñ\y$V© AmH$ma Am{U àH$mamÀ`m JQ>m§Zm _hÎd AgVo. `m_Üò g_yh
JQ>, ghH$mar g§ñWm, g§K, g§KQ>Zm, gm_m{OH$ godm A{^H$aUo dJ¡ao KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
g§H$ënZm
"ZmJar g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMo _yi àmMrZ J«rH$ {dMmad§V {ggoamo Am{U BVa amo_Ýg {dMmad§Vm§À`m {dMmam_Üò emoYVm
òVo. VWm{n, ZmJar g_mOmMr A{ÔmV g§H$ënZm hr amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m g_H$j dm g_Vwë`M hmoVr. ZmJar g_mOmMr AmYw{ZH$
g§H$ënZm hr 18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V ñH$m°{Q>e Am{U I§S>àm` amï´>m§À`m à~moYZH$mimV CX`mg Amë`mMo {XgVo. Wm°_g noZ
Vo Om°O© hoJocn`ªVÀ`m amOH$s` {gÕm§VH$mam§Zr amÁ`g§ñWocm nyaH$ nU {VÀ`mnmgyZ ñdV§Ì Aem ZmJar g_mOmMo joÌ {dH${gV
Ho$co. `m joÌm_Üò ZmJ[aH$ Ë`m§À`m ñdV…À`m {hVg§~§YmZwgma Am{U BÀN>oZwê$n g§KQ>rV hmoVmV. `m ZdrZ {dMmam_Üò ~XcË`m
Am{W©H$ dmñVdmMo à{Vq~~ {XgVo. ImOJr g§nÎmrMm CX`, ~mOmanoR>r` ñnYm© Am{U ~wÂdm© dJ© BË`mXr. `m{edm` A_o[aH$Z
Am{U \«|$M H«$m§VrVyZ CX²Y¥V Pmcoë`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m cmoH${à` _mJUrVyZXoIrc `m g§H$ënZocm ~i {_imco. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m
_Ü`mV amOH$s` VÎdkm§Zr Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMm H$m` n[aUm_ Pmcm `mda cj H|$ÐrV Ho$ë`mZo ZmJar g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm _mJo
nS>cr. Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va _mŠg©dmXr {dMmad§V A§Vmo{Z`mo J«m_gr `mÀ`m {cImUmVyZ ZmJar g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm nwÝhm MM}
V Amcr. J«m_grcm COì`m {dMmamÀ`m hþHy$_emhrMr qMVm hmoVr. 1970 Am{U 1980 À`m XeH$mV PoH$, h§Jo[a`m Am{U
nmoc§S>_Yrc hþHy$_emhr {damoYmVrc H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr ZmJar g_mOmMo ~°Za YmaU Ho$co hmoVo. 1990 À`m XeH$mV ZmJar g_mO hm
amÁèmókm§nmgyZ Vo amï´>mÜ`jmn`ªV gdmªgmR>r EH$ _§Ì R>acm. cmoH$emhrH$S>o dicoë`m OmJ{VH$ àd¥Îmr_wio ZmJar g_mOmcm
AdH$me àmá Pmcm. A_o[aH$m Am{U n{ü_ `wamon_Üò ZmJar g_mO ho gm_m{OH$ ZwVZrH$aUmMo gmYZ ~Zco. {deofV…
{dH$gZerc amï´>m§_Üò ImOJrH$aU Am{U BVa ~mOmanoR>r` gwYmaUm§Zr emgZmn`ªV nmoM ìhmdr, `mH$[aVm ZmJar g_mO hr EH$
g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcocr {XgVo.
EH$m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma, ZmJar g_mO hm _wimV Am{W©H$ joÌm_Üò ñWmZm§{H$V Amho. EH$m AWm©Zo hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m
A{VH«$_Um{damoYmV ~mOmanoR>r` AW©ì`dñWo_Üò CncãY AgUmè`m ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$aVmo. n`m©`r Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma ZmJar g_mO
hm amÁ`g§ñWm Am{U AW©ì`dñWm `m XmoZ joÌmnmgyZ ñdV§Ì Agë`mMo _mZco OmVo. `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma, cmoH$emhr Mm¡H$Q>rVrc
{dMmam§À`m _wº$ XodmUKodmUrMo \${cV Agcoë`m EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm, JQ> Am{U Midir `m§Zr ZmJar g_mOmMr ñWmnZ Ho$cr. ho
JQ> ZmJ[aH$m§À`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m {hVajUmgmR>r amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m gÎmoda H$m`_ñdê$nr {Z~ªY AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
g~§Y {dH$gZerc OJVm_Üò cmoH$emhrH$aUmMr cmQ> {Z_m©U Pmë`mda _mJrc H$mhr XeH$m§_Üò ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m

g§H$ënZocm Am{U ^y{_Ho$cm _mÝ`Vm {_imcocr Amho. ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m CX`mMm g§§~§Y hm gmd©O{ZH$ {hV gmYÊ`mVrc Am{U
gm_m{OH$ godm nwa{dÊ`mVrc VgoM EH§$XarVM {dH$mg à{H«$òV amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mm Pmcocm èhmg `m KQ>H$mer g§~§{YV
Amho. VWm{n, ZmJar g_mOmMr gd©g§_V Aer ì`m»`m Zmhr qH$dm {VMo à{V{Z{YÎd H$moU H$aVo `m~m~V EH$dmŠ`Vm AmT>iV
Zmhr. {^Þ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ `m g§H$ënZoMr C^maUr Pmcocr Amho. ZmJar g_mO Am{U amÁ`g§ñWm `m§À`mVrc g§~§Y Zo_Š`m
H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMm Agoc `mda ~arM _V{^ÞVm Amho.
ZmJar g_mOmMm g§ñWmË_H$ _w»` Jm^m åhUOo, amÁ`g§ñWm Am{U AW©ì`dñWm `m§À`m narjoÌm~mhoa {Z_m©U Pmcocm EopÀN>H$
g§K hmo`. ImOJr joÌmà_mUo ZmJar g_mOm_Üò ñdmV§Í` AgVo. g_mZ AmYma Am{U gh_Vr, EH$mË_ Am{U g_yhmË_H$
H¥$Vr ZmJar g_mOm_Üò AmT>iVo. AemàH$mao emofU Zgcocr gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U ImOJr Zgcocr EopÀN>H$ Agm ZmJar g_mO
Amho. amÁ`g§ñWoMo {Z`§ÌU Zgcoco gd© àH$maMo EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Z Am{U gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m ZmJar g_mOm_Üò A§V^©yV
hmoVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, _yë`mË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ZmJar g_mO åhUOo cmoH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU, gh^mJmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm g§K[Q>V H$aUo,
CÎmaXm{`ÎdmMr A§_c~OmdUr, amÁ`g§ñWm Am{U AW©ì`dñWo_Üò ~Xc Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ {hV d gm_m{OH$ godm `m§À`m
nwadR>çmg ghmæ` H$aUo hmo`.
ZmJar g_mOmMr d¡{eï>ço
(1) {VMm g§X^© {~Ja amOH$s` g§KQ>Zm§er Amho.
(2) {VMm g§~§Y emgZ~mø gd© ZmJarH$m§er òVmo.
(3) {VZo g_mOmV _moR>m AdH$me ì`mncm Amho.
(4) Vr gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r nmR>nwamdm H$aVo.
(5) Vr A{YgÎmmdmXmcm {damoY H$aVo.
(6) Vr Iè`m cmoH$emhrMr nyd©AQ> Amho.
(7) amÁ`gg§ñWoMo dM©ñd H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~hþcVmdmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aVo.
(8) amOH$s`-àemgH$s` ì`dhmam_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§Mm gh^mJ ghOgwc^ ~Z{dUo.
ZmJar g_mOmMo {deof JwUY_©
(1) amÁ`g§ñWoMr H$m`©o cmoH$ Á`m ñdem{gV g§ñWm§_m\©$V nma nmSVmV. Ë`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aUo Am{U {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
(2) cmoH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aUo - gÎmm cmoH$m§H$S>o AgVo.
(3) g_yh g§KQ>Zm§Mr gH$mamË_H$ ^y{_H$m.
(4) gj_Vm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ ZrVr_Îmm `mAmYmao chmZ AmH$mamMo emgZ g_¥Õ AgUo.
(5) Üòæ`ào[aV g§KQ>Zm
(6) ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm Am{U _§S>io hr à^mdrnUo godm nwa{dUmè`m, n[aUm_m{^_wI, Üòæ`ào[aV Am{U nwaogm {ZYr d
ñdm`ÎmVm AgUmè`m Agmì`mV.
(7) g_yh AmYm[aV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_.
(8) {dH$mgcjr YmoaU {Z{_©Vr, ñWm{ZH$ ZmoH$aemhr, ñWm{ZH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMo ì`dñWmnZ Am{U ñWm{ZH$
nmVirda Ý`m`{ZdmS>m `m~m~VMm A§{V_ eofm{YH$ma J«m_g^m§H$S>o Agmdm.
cmoH$m§À`m hmVmV àË`j amOH$s` gÎmm gmondy nmhUmar AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` g§ñWm åhUD$Z J«m_gôH$S>o nm{hco OmVo.
(9) gm_m{OH$ coIm narjUmMo gmYZ - gm_m{OH$ coIm narjU åhUOo, Á`m§À`m Zmdo Am{U Á`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r
àemgH$s` g§ñWm A{Y_mÝ` ~Z{dÊ`mV Amcr Ë`m ì`dñWoMo g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»`m cmoH$m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {M{H$Ëgm
H$aUo hmo`.
(1) ZmJar g_mOmMo H$mhr _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$
(1) g_yh AmYm[aV g§KQ>Zm

(2) {~Ja-emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm
(3) `wdH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm Am{U J
(4) _{hcm§Mo JQ> Am{U g§KQ>Zm
(5) Ym{_©H$ g§K
(6) ghH$mar g§ñWm
(7) H$m_Jam g§KQ>Zm
(8) eoVH$è`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm
ZmJar g_mO … AË`mdí`H$ ~m~r
ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Am{U cmoH$m{^_wI cmoH$emhrÀ`m ~iH$Q>rgmR>r nwT>rc ~m~r Amdí`H$ AmhoV.-
(1) ZmJar gj_Vm - H$mhr R>am{dH$ à_mUmV ZmJar gj_Vm Am{U cmoH$m§_Üò cmoH$emhrÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr éOdU
Pmë`m{edm` cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm H$m`©aV hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. cmoH$emhrMr g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo g_Vm, ñdmV§Í` Am{U _ZmMm
IwconUm hmo`. ZmJar g§ñH¥$VrgmR>r _yë`m§À`m g_mZ gh^m{JXmarVyZ gm_m{OH$ {eñV {Z_m©U hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(2) gwemgZ - gwemgZ (JwS> Jìh©Ý_|Q>) åhUOo eŠ` {VVH$m gÎmoMm A§_c g_wXm`mH$Sy>Z hmoB©c Am{U gÎmmYmar njmÀ`m
ZmdmZo ZmoH$aemhr hm A{YH$ma dmnaUma Zmhr. gd© nmVù`m§da, {deofV… ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda, gh^mJmË_H$ emgZ `mÛmao
cmoH$m§Mo gj_rH$aU H$aÊ`mV `mdo.
(3) ñnYm©Ë_H$ emgZ - Iam _wÔm gmd©O{ZH$ {déÕ ImOJr Agm Zmhr. hm g§Kf© {déÕ _ºo$Xmar Agm Amho. gÜ`m
ñnYm©Ë_H$ emgZmMr JaO Amho. hr ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm godm nwa{dÊ`m_Üò g§ñWm `m§À`mem Va ì`dgm`m_Üò ImOJr joÌmer ñnYm©
H$amdr. _ºo$Xmarcm Wmam Z XoVm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Zr ImOJr CÚmoJm§er ñnYm© H$amdr.
(4) {Z`_ ào[aV ZmoH$aemhrEodOr Üò` ào[aV g§KQ>Zm Agmì`mV - gd©gmYmaUnUo Üò` ào[aV g§KQ>Zm H$m`©jU Am{U
n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVmV. Üò` ào[aV emgZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z`_ {Z`§ÌU, cmc{\$Vmemhr `m§Mo _¥Vàm` AmoPo Xÿa H$am`cm
hdo. Ho$di AW©ì`dñWm {Z`§ÌU_wº$ H$ê$Z nwaogo R>aUmao Zmhr Va _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo emgZ {Z`§ÌU_wº$ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
(5) {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr ^y{_H$m dmT>{dUo - _mJrc H$mhr XeH$m§_Üò nmíMmÎ` cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm§_Üò H$mhr
_hÎdnyU© gm_m{OH$ Midir {dH${gV Pmë`m. Ë`m§Zr Z_yX Ho$co H$s, Ë`m amÁ`g§ñWm {damoYr AgyZ g_mOmVrc d§{MV JQ>m§À`m
Xþc©{jV g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmRr ñdEopÀN>H$ JQ>m§Mr ^y{_H$m Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMr dmQ>V hmoVr. emgZmH$Sy>Z Xþc©{jV am{hcoco
d§{MV g_yhm§Mo àíZ Ho$di EopÀN>H$ H¥$Vr JQ> gmoS>dy eH$Vrc, Aem Ë`m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mm CX`
Pmcm. `m g§ñWm amÁ`H|${ÐV ì`dñWocm n`m©` XoD$ nmhV AmhoV. Agm {ddmX Ho$cm OmVmo H$s, AmYw{ZH$ amÁ` ho X_ZH$mar,
ZmoH$aemhrH$aU Pmcoco Am{U A_mZdr ñdê$nmMo Amho. EopÀN>H$ H¥$Vr g_mOmcm _mZdr Am{U gwg§dmXr ~Zdc§.
(6) n§Mm`V amO g§ñWm - amOH$s` BÀN>meº$sMm A^md Am{U ZmoH$aemhrMm nmqR>~m Zgë`m_wio ñWm{ZH$ ñdemgZmÀ`m
g§ñWAm åhUyZ n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWm à~i ~Zë`m ZmhrV. VWm{n, gh^mJàYmZ cmoH$emhrMm à`moJ åhUyZ n§Mm`V amO
ì`dñWoH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {dH$mgmÀ`m àíZm§Mr MMm© H$aUo Am{U YmoaU {Z{_©Vr_Üò g_wXm`mÀ`m _VmMm
{dMma H$aUmar g§ñWm åhUyZ {VÀ`mH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. YmoaU {Z{_©Vr_Üò _{hcm Am{U X{cVm§Mo à{V{Z{YÎd AmT>iV Zgë`mZo
73 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr_Üò Ë`m§À`mgmR>r AmajUmMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m_wio Odinmg 8 cmI _{hcm Am{U 6 cmI
AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr§Mo à{V{ZYr {d{dY KQ>H$amÁ`m§_YyZ n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWoda {ZdSy>Z Amco.
(7) ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gZX ñdrH$maÊ`mMr ì`yhZrVr - 1970À`m XeH$mV B§½c§S>_Üò amÁ`g§ñWoZo H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m
^y{_Ho$VyZ _mKma ¿`m`cm gwédmV Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va cmoH$ àemgZm_Üò H$mQ>H$ga, H$m`©j_Vm Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$Vm `m
AZwf§JmZo {d{dY Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. ZoŠñQ> ñQ>oßg² àmoJ«°_ (1988) hm Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ CnH«$_ hmo`. `m CnH«$_mZo
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMm nm`m KmVcm. gw{dYm§Mm cm^ KoUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§À`m BÀN>m Am{U JaOm§Zm à{VgmX XoD$Z gmd©O{ZH$
godm§Mm XOm© CM§mdÊ`mgmR>r n§VàYmZ Om°Z _oOa `m§Zr OyZ 1991 gmcr ZmJ[aH$m§À`m gZXoMr ì`yhZrVr ñdrH$macr. `m gZXoZo
ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm, gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Mr ñdV§Ì {M{H$Ëgm, CÎmaXm{`Îd, IwconUm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ godm§_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ì`dñWmnZ ~XcmMm CnH«$_ B. KS>m_moS>tZm MmcZm {Xcr. `m ~Xcm§Zm à{VgmX XoV 1996 gmcr ^maV gaH$maZo gd© _w»`

g{Mdm§Mr EH$ n[afX ~mocmdcr. `m n[afXocm "n[aUm_H$maH$ Am{U à{VgmXmË_H$ àemgZmgmR>r EH$ {df`n{ÌH$m' Ago erf©H$
XoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. gmd©O{ZH$ godm `m A{YH$ H$m`©j_, nmaXe©H$, CÎmaXm`r Am{U ZmJ[aH$m§er _¡ÌrnyU© H$aUo, hm `m n[afXoMm
CÔoe hmoVmo. 2000-02-03 `m Am{W©H$ dfm©n`ªV 75 H|${Ð` _§Ìmc`m§Zr/{d^mJm§Zr/g§KQ>Zm§Zr Ë`m§Mr gZX V`ma Ho$cr hmoVr.
`m{edm` {d{dY KQ>H$amÁ`/H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Zr 498 gZX V`ma Ho$ë`m hmoË`m.
AemàH$mao amÁ`g§ñWoMm hñVjon H$_r H$ê$Z cmoH$m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo gd© joÌmVrc ì`dhma Am{U Ë`m§Mo {Z`_Z hmoÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo ZmJar g_mOmMr g§H$ënZm H$m`©aV {XgVo.
ZmJar g_mOmMm _Ü`q~Xÿ … EZOrAmo
gmd©O{ZH$ {hVajUmgmR>r g_{n©V Agcoco g_W©H$ JQ> qH$dm {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m _Ü`dVu AmhoV.
A{cH$S>À`m H$mimV {deofV… cmoH$emhr g§H«$_UmdñWoVrc Xoem§_Üò Aem JQ>m§Mr g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>VmZm {XgVo.
VWm{n ZmJar g_mO Am{U EZOrAmo `m§Zm nañnaì`má, g_H$j dm g_Vyë` _mZUo A`mo½` R>aoc. ZmJar g_mO hr EH$ ì`mnH$
g§H$ënZm AgyZ Ë`m_Üò amÁ`g§ñWm (amOH$s` njmgh) Am{U ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m ~mhoa ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m gd© g§KQ>Zm Am{U
g§ñWm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Üò amÁ` emókm§Zr Z_yX Ho$coco {hVg§~§Yr JQ>, Ho$di g_W©H$ JQ> dm EZOrAmo ZmhrVa H$m_Jma
g§KQ>Zm, ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm (S>m°ŠQ>g© Am{U d{H$cm§À`m), ì`mnmar JQ>, dm§{eH$ g§KQ>Zm Am{U BVam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
`m{edm`, Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm, {dÚmWu JQ>, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§KQ>Zm, ñnmoQ>©g² Šc~ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ g_wXm` JQ> `m§Mmhr g_mdoe
hmoVmo. {dH${gV Am{U {dH$gZerc amï´>m§_Üò {~Ja-emgH$s` g§ñWm (EZOrAmo) _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. emgZmda
X~md AmUyZ qH$dm YmoaU {Z_m©Ë`m§Zm V§Ìkm§Mo ghmæ` nwadyZ YmoaUm§Zm AmH$ma {Xcm OmVmo. Vo ZmJ[aH$m§Mm gh^mJ Am{U ZmJar
{ejUmcm ~T>mdm XoVmV. amOH$s` njmÛmao H$m_ H$aÊ`mV ñdmañ` Zgcoë`m nU ZmJar OrdZm_Üò H$m`© H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m
`wdH$m§Zm EZOrAmo ZoV¥ËdmMo à{ejU XoVmV. ~wÂdm© EZOrAm|da A{ÔZ dJm©Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. ZmJ[aH$m§er Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y hm
Ho$di Zm__mÌ AgVmo Am{U Ë`m§À`mdVrZo H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm Vo Xmdm H$aVmV VgoM Vo Am§Vaamï´>r` XoUJrXmam§da Adc§~yZ
AgVmV. _mJrc H$mhr XeH$m§_Üò nmümË` cmoH$emhr amï´>m§_Üò H$mhr _hÎdnyU© gm_m{OH$ Midir CX`mg Amë`m. AmnU
amÁ`g§ñWm {damoYr AmhmoV Am{U gr_m§V JQ>mMo/g_yhm§À`m g_ñ`m hmVmiÊ`mV EopÀN>H$ JQ> _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV,
`mda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg Amho. g_mOmVrc Xþ~©i Am{U Xþc©{jV g_mO JQ>m§À`m g_ñ`m hmVmiÊ`m_Üò amÁ`g§ñWm gj_ Zgë`mZo
Am{U `mg§X^m©V ñd`§godr H¥$Vr JQ> _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmSy> eH$VmV, `m YmaUoda ñd`§godr JQ>m§Mm CX` Pmë`mMo {XgVo.
Agm {ddmX Ho$cm OmVmo H$s, AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`g§ñWm hr X_ZH$mar, ZmoH$aemhrdmXr Am{U A_mZdr Pmcocr Amho. ñd`§godr
H¥$Vr g_mOmcm _mZdr Am{U gm¡hmX©nyU© ~Zdoc. ñd`§godr H¥$Vr hr H¥$Vr JQ>, {dH$mg A{^H$aUo, g_W©H$ JQ>, g_W©Z g§ñWm,
ñd`§godr {dH$mg g§KQ>Zm BË`mXr ZmdmZo AmoiIë`m OmVmV. ~mOmanoR>r` AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m
^y{_Ho$Mr Am{U H$m`mªMr nwZa©MZm hmoV Amho. gm_m{OH$ godm§À`m H$m`©H«$_m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ, Á`mMm g§~§Y gr_m§{VH$ cmoH$m§À`m
OrdZmer Agoc, Vo ñd`§godr g§ñWm§H$S>o gmon{dÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$cr OmV Amho. Ago hñVm§VaU åhUOo H$m`©j_nUo,
H$mQ>H$garZo Am{U _mZdr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ godm nwa{dUo hmo`.
ZmJar g_mO Am{U cmoH$emhr
gH«$s` Am{U {^Þ ZmJar g_mO cmoH$emhrÀ`m {dH$mgmV _mocmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vmo. ZmJar g_mO amÁ`g§ñWocm {eñV
cmdVmo. ZmJ[aH$m§Mo {hVg§~§Y Jm§^r`m©Zo KoVco OmVrc Aer h_r XoVmo Am{U _moR>çm à_mUmVrc ZmJar Am{U amOH$s`
gh^mJmcm MmcZm XoVmo. 1997 gmcr eoar ~_©Z `m àmÜ`mnH$mZo doB©_ma O_©ZrVrc ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mo {dícofU Ho$co.
Ë`m§À`m _Vo, 1920 Am{U 1930 À`m XeH$mV O_©Zr_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ OrdZ hmoVo. cmoH$ AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m
g§KQ>Zm§er g§~§{YV hmoVo. VWm{n ho ZmJar g_mO cmoH$emhr Am{U CXma_VdmXr _yë`m§Zm ÑT> H$ê$ eH$co ZmhrV. Xþ~©i amOH$s`
g§ñWm øm ZmJar g_mOm§À`m _mJÊ`m§Zm à{VgmX XoÊ`m_Üò AH$m`©j_ R>aë`m Am{U gd© g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm ZmPr njmer OmoS>ë`m
Joë`m. ZmPr njmÀ`m JVrerc amOH$s` `§ÌUoÀ`m OcX {Z{_©VrH$S>o Ë`m AmH${f©ë`m Joë`m. 1960 À`m XeH$mV n[anŠd
cmoH$emhr_Üò {hVg§~§Yr JQ>m§Mm \¡$cmd àm{V{ZYrH$ g§ñWm§À`m H$m`m©_Üò AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aVmo Am{U lr_§V d gwg§KQ>rV
g_mO KQ>H$m§À`m ~mOyZo YmoaUmMr ì`dpñWVnUo _m§S>Ur H$aVmo, Agm Bemam H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr {Xcm hmoVm.

OnmZ ho amï´> Joë`m AY©eVH$mnmgyZ pñWa cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm AgUmao amï´> AgyZhr A_o[aH$m dm `wamonà_mUo à~i ZmJar
g_mO {Z_m©U Pmcocm {XgV Zmhr. H$mhr A_o[aH$Z amOH$s` {dícofH$m§Zr OnmZ, \«$mÝg, ñnoZ Am{U BVa Xoem§da ZmJar
gh^mJmÀ`m AË`ën à_mUm_wio Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo `m amï´>m§Vrc cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm hr H$mR>mdaMr ì`dñWm Amho.
IaoVa A_o[aH$Z nÕVr/e¡crà_mUo ZmJar g_mO ZgVrc Va Aer cmoH$emhr hr Iar cmoH$emhr Zmhr, Ago åhUUo ho Ho$di
MwH$sMo ZmhrVa YmoH$mXm`H$gwÕm Amho.
ZmJar g_mOmMm CX` åhUOo amÁ`g§ñWoMm èhmg?
ZmJar g_mOmMm CX` Pmë`mZo amÁ`g§ñWoMm èhmg hmoVmo, Ago åhUVm òV Zmhr. Ago åhUUo hm EH$ H$ënZm{dcmg dmQ>Vmo.
H$Xm{MV amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m VwcZoV ZmJar g_mO hm A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$nUo amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUm§Zm AmH$ma XoV Agoc qH$dm Ë`m§Mr
ì`dpñWVnUo A§_c~OmdUr H$aoc. Mm§Jë`m EZOrAmo Am{U g_W©H$ (advocacy) JQ>mÀ`m H$m`m©Zo IaoVa amÁ`g§ñWoMr j_Vm
Xþ~ir hmoV ZgyZ Vr A{YH$ à~i hmoVo. CXm. A_o[aHo$Mo n`m©daU YmoaU. n`m©daU {df`mdarc ZmJar g{H«$`Vo_wio `mo½`
emgH$s` n`m©daU A{^H$aUo, H$m`Xo Am{U A§_c~OmdUrË_H$ `§ÌUm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg ghmæ` Pmco Amho. hþHy$_emhrMm g§X^©
dJiVm {ZH$mon ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò amÁ`g§ñWm _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdy eH$Vo. EZOrAmo joÌmgmR>r ñnï>, H$m`©aV
{Z`m_H$ AmH¥$Vr~§YmMr ñWmnZm, Z\$mYm[aV ZgUmè`m JQ>m§gmR>r H$a MmcZm/gdcV XoD$Z, nmaXe©H$ H$m`©nÕVr ñdrH$mê$Z
Am{U EZOrAm|er ^mJrXmar H$ê$Z amÁ`g§ñWm ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm ghmæ` H$ê$ eH$Vo. WmoS>Š`mV, ZmJar g_mO Am{U
amÁ`g§ñWm øm nañnam§Zm n`m©`r ì`dñWm ZmhrV. EH$m n[apñWVr_Üò `m XmoÝhr g§ñWm§Mo ghApñVËd Agy eH$Vo.
ZmJar g_mO Am{U gwemgZ
ZmJar g_mOmMo gwemgZmcm `moJXmZ åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r amÁ`mÀ`m g§ñWm§Zm à^m{dV H$aÊ`mMo Am{U Ë`m§À`mer
Am§Va{H«$`m gmYÊ`mgmR>r g§K{Q>V {hVg§~§Ym§Zm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcocr gmYZo hmoV. Ago H$aV AgVmZm ZmJar g_mO hm
gmd©O{ZH$ godH$ Am{U gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`m_Üò Xþdm gmYÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmo. gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU Am{U YmoaU-{Z{_©Vr;
amÁ`mÀ`m H$m_{Jarcm CÎmoOZ; nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U _m{hVr; gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Am{U H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` `m Mma erf©H$m§VJ©V
ZmJar g_mOmMo gwemgZmcm Agcoco H$m`m©Ë_H$ `moJXmZ nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) nhmaoH$ar - _mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Am{U emgZ ì`dhmamVrc CUrdm§{damoYmV.
(2) Am§XmocH$ - AÝ`m`J«ñVm§À`m dVrZo.
(3) à{ejH$ - ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo h¸$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m `m§Mm Va emgZmcm cmoH$m§À`m ZmS>r~m~V/__©ñWmZm~m~V.
(4) g§KQ>H$ - YmoaUmÀ`m dm H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m {damoYr qH$dm AZwHy$c OZ_VmMo g§KQ>Z H$aUo.
ZmJar g_mO hm "gm_m{OH$ ^m§S>dcmÀ`m' (Social Capital) (åhUOo, Amnë`m g_mZ XrK©H$mcrZ {hVmgmR>r ñdoÀN>oZo
EH${ÌV òD$Z H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMr cmoH$m§Mr j_Vm) _m\©$V H¥$Vr H$aVmo. gm_m{OH$ ^m§S>dc ho gm¡hmX©nyU©, g_mZVmdmXr g_mOmÀ`m
~mOyZo à~i AgVo.
gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU Am{U YmoaU {Z{_©Vr
à^mdr Am{U gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm dM©ñdemcr JQ>m§Zr amOH$maU Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dhmam_Üò A{YH$ gh^mJ ¿`mdm åhUyZ
EImÚm {d{eð> KQ>H$m§Zm g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`m_Üò ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. Aem à^mdr Am{U
gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm dM©ñdemcr JQ>m§À`m gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ñWmZm_wio gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUmda Ë`m§Mm XIc
KoÊ`mBVnV à^md nS>Vmo. Amnco {hVg§~§Y n[aUm_H$maH$arVrZo Am{dîH¥$V Am{U gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo _Ü`_ ñVamdarc
g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm g_W©Z XoD$ eH$VmV. Aem g§KQ>Zm cmoH$m§Mo {hVg§~§Y Am{U Ë`m§Mo cmoH$emhr AmH$m§jm§Mo
Am{dîH$aU d g_W©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m _hÎm_ A{^H$Vm© (Agent) AgVmV. MMm© {dídmMm {dH$mg Am{U ZdrZ gmd©O{ZH$
YmoaUm§À`m {Z{_©Vrda Vo _moR>çm à_mUmV à^md Q>mHy$ eH$VmV.
nmaXe©H$Vm Am{U _m{hVr
emgZmÀ`m YmoaU{Z{_©Vr Am{U A§_c~OmdUr~m~V A{YH$ _m{hVr CncãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z Am{U nmaXe©H$Vm gwH$a Ho$ë`m_wio

ZmJar g_mO g§KQ>Zm gwemgZmcm Mm§Jco `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$VmV. ZmJar g_mOm§VJ©V øm Yoæ`m§Zm MmcZm XoÊ`m_Üò emoY,
àH$meZ Am{U H$m`ÚmÀ`m {d{dY _m{hVrMo {dIwaconU, H$m`Xoera VaVwXr, gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©Mo dmQ>n, YmoaUo Am{U H$m`©H«$_m§Mr
A§_c~OmdUr Am{U H$mhr {deof Mm¡H$er BË`mXr H¥$Vr Ë`mV òVmV. Aer _m{hVr {d{^Þ JQ> ZmJar g_mOm_Üò WoQ>nUo
àH$m{eV Am{U dmQ>n H$ê$ eH$VmV qH$dm ZdrZ dm ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m àgma_mÜ`_mÛmao àgm[aV H$ê$ eH$VmV. emgZm_Üò
nmaXe©H$VoÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm àmoËgmhZ {_imë`m_wio {dH$mgmÀ`m g§emoYZmda Am{U ZmoH$aehm dm ñWm{ZH$ A{ÔZm§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m
g§gmYZm§À`m AZmdí`H$ dmnam§da ZmJ[aH$m§Zm n`©dojU H$aVm òVo Am{U Ë`m_wio J[a~r H$_r hmoÊ`mg `moJXmZ cm^y eH$Vo.
`m_wio ZmJar g_mOmcm g{H«$` ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r AdH$me CncãY hmoVmo.
amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m H$m_m{Jarcm ~T>mdm
gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Mr JwUdÎmm d n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Am{U IM© `m gwemgZmÀ`m A§VJ©V ~m~r AmhoV. `m Q>ßß`mda ZmJar
g_mOmVrc g§KQ>Zm øm gmd©O{ZH$ godm§Zm AmH$ma, {dÎmnwadR>m Am{U Ë`m§À`m dmQ>nm_Üò emgZm~amo~a H$m`© H$ê$Z `moJXmZ XoD$
eH$VmV. H$mhr àH$aUm§_Üò `m AmYmamda amÁ`g§ñWm§Zm A{YH$ A{Y_mÝ`Vm cm^Vo Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$m_{Jar_Üò ZmJ[aH$m§À`m
ghH$m`m©Zo gwYmaUm hmoVo.
OmJ{VH$ ZmJar g_mO Am{U OmJ{VH$ emgZ
goD$c òWo 23-27 _o, 2005 amoOr âcoë`m OmJ{VH$ ghmì`m n[afXo_Üò (emgZmMm nwZem}Y `m {df`mda) 140 amï´>m§À`m
à_wIm§Zr Am{U à{V{ZYtZr gmd©O{ZH$ g§gmYZm§Mo Mm§Jë`m arVrZo g§KQ>Z hmoÊ`mH$[aVm emgZ Am{U ZmJar g_mOm_Üò dmT>Ë`m
^mJrXmarMo g_W©Z Ho$co. g§`wº$ amï´>mÀ`m ì`dñWoZo 26 Owc¡ 2000 amoOr ½cmo~c H$m°ån°ŠQ> ñH$s_ AmUcr. hr `moOZm OmJ{VH$
emgZ `§ÌUm, emgH$s` A{^H$aUo, ZmJar g_mO Am{U ImOJr joÌ `m§À`m_Üò AmKmS>r Am{U ghH$m`© KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mcm
MmcZm XoVo. g§`wº$ amï´>mÀ`m n°ZocZo (_§S>imZo) OmJ{VH$ emgZ `§ÌUm Am{U ZmJar g_mOmVrc g§~§YmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm.
ZmJar g_mOmVrc A{^H$Ë`mª_Yrc (actors) {eñVrË_H$ Am§Va g§~§YmÀ`m (Net Working) AZwHy$c ho _§S>i hmoVo. nyaH$
cmoH$emhrÀ`m {Z{_©VrVyZ cmoH$emhr ÑT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§Yr àmá hmoVo. ~«±Q> (Brandt) Am`moJmZo 1980 _Üò ZmJar$ g_mO Am{U
emgZmÀ`m ^mJrXmarMr JaO à{VnmXZ Ho$cr hmoVr. 2005 gmcr XmAmog_Üò âcoë`m OmJ{VH$ Am{W©H$ n[afXoÀ`m ~¡R>H$s_
Üò gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m nwZ{Z©{_Vr_Üò OmJ{VH$ emgZ `§ÌUm Am{U ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m ^mJrXmarcm MmcZm {Xcr. AZoH$
Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afXm§À`m ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z OmJ{VH$ emgZ Am{U ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m ^mJrXmarMo g_W©Z, nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
OJmVrc Am{U {deofV… ^maVmVrc, gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ CcWmnmcWr_wio cmoH$emhrMo _hÎd Am{U AW© `mda nwZ{d©Mma
gwê$ Amho. cmoH$emhr åhUOo Ho$di {Z`VH$m{cH$ {ZdS>UwH$m ZmhrV Va amÁ`g§ñWoMo CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{U O~m~XmanUm, nm`m^yV
h¸$m§àVr Am{U _m{hVràVr ZmJ[aH$m§Mm Xmdm, Am{U Ë`m§À`mda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m YmoaUm§À`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò Ë`m§À`m _Vmcm ñWmZ
AgUo, BË`mXrhr ~m~r hmoV. `mÛmao amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` Am{U Am{W©H$ g_Vm `m§Zm MmcZm {_iVo.
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35
amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU Am{U àemgZ
AmO, ^maVr` g§gXr` cmoH$emhr Am{U àemgZmnwT>o "amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU' hr EH$ _hÎdmMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcocr
Amho. JwÝhoJmarMr nmœ©^y_r AgUmao JwÝhoJma gmd©O{ZH$ {ZdS>UwH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ cmoH$à{V{ZYr ~ZV AmhoV. gÜ`mÀ`m
cmoH$gôVrc Odinmg 20 Q>¸o$ gXñ`m§À`m {damoYmV JwÝømMr àH$aUo Ý`m`mc`m_Üò àc§{~V AmhoV. ZmZr nmcIrdmcm
`m§À`m_Vo, ""Joë`m 5 hOma dfmªÀ`m ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV AmVmgmaIr H${Zð> nmVir ^maVmZo `mnydu H$YrM JmR>cr ZìhVr...
ho _hmZ amï´> gÜ`m Z¡{VH$ AY…nVZmÀ`m AdñWoV AgyZ JwÝho, AamOH$ Am{U ^«ï>mMma hr {VMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço ~Zcr AmhoV.''
amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU Pmë`m_wio CX²^dcoë`m n[apñWVrMo {MÌU H$aVmZm AVwc H$mohcr `m§Zr {ZarjU Zm|X{dco H$s,
""AmVm qH$dm Z§Va gd© {dH$gZerc amï´>m§Mo emgZ Mmc{dUo H$R>rU hmoUma Amho Am{U Joë`m XmoZ XeH$m§nmgyZ ^maVmZo `m
{XeoZo dmQ>Mmc gwê$ Ho$cr Amho.'' amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU ¶m K{Q>VmMo XmoZ Am¶m‘ AmhoV. EH$, JwÝhoJmam§Mm amOH$maUmV
{eaH$md Am{U XmoZ amOH$s¶ à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar JwÝhoJmar H¥$Ë¶o hmo¶.
amOH$maUmÀ`m JwÝhoJmarH$aUm~m~V {Q>ßnUr
Ø
gr~rAm`Zo XoIrc Amnë`m AhdmcmV Z_yX Ho$co hmoVo H$s, XoemÀ`m AZoH$ ^mJmV JwÝhoJmar Q>moù`m, nmo{cg,
ZmoH$aehm Am{U amOH$maUr `m§À`mV cmJo~m§Yo AmhoV.
Ø
Ec. Eg. amR>moS> `m§À`m_Vo, JwÝømÀ`m amOH$s`rH$aUm_Üò g_mO {dKmVH$ KQ>H$m§Zm nj{ZYr C^maUo, {ZdS>UwH$m
hmVmiUo, ~¡R>H$m Am`mo{OV H$aUo, H${Zð> nmVirda H$m`©H$V} âVr H$ê$Z KoUo Aem {d{dY amOH$s` H$m_m§_Üò gm_
mdyZ KoVco OmVo. `mMmM AW©, JwÝhoJmar ì¶º$s Am{U ‘m{hVrMm dmna amOH$s` à{VñnÜ`m©cm ãc°H$_oc H$aÊ`mgmR>r
EH$ amOH$s` gmYZ åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU åhUOo, amOH$s` nj Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>imV
JwÝhoJmam§Mm WoQ>, àË`j n«doe hmo`. åhUOoM, JwÝhoJmar nÕVtMm Am{U H$m¡eë`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z amOH$s` à{H«$`m
Am{U H$m`©nÕVr à^m{dV H$aUo hmo`.
Ø
_mOr {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$ Or. ìhr. Or. H¥$îU_yVu `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$co (1997) hmoVo H$s, VËH$mcrZ g§gXoVrc 40
gXñ`m§da JwÝhoJmar IQ>co Mmcy hmoVo Am{U 4072 {dYr_§S>i gXñ`m§n¡H$s Odinmg 700 gXñ` JwÝhoJmar nmíd©^y_rMo
hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo, H$m`Xo _moS>Umao ho H$Yrhr H$m`Xo ~Z{dUmao Agy eH$V ZmhrV.
Ø
AmD$Q>cyH$ {Z`VH$m{cH$mZwgma 14 ì`m cmoH$gôVrc 128 ImgXmam§{damoYmV JwÝhoJmar IQ>co XmIc Ho$coco hmoVo.
Ø
S>r.Ec.goR> - cmoH$m§À`m Amnë`m à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z Anojm ~Xcë`m AmhoV. amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Z¡{VH$ Agmd§, ho ZmH$ac§
OmV Amho. gä`, ñdÀN> nU n[aUm_H$maH$ ZgUmè`m à{V{ZYtnojm cmoH$m§Zm "Xcmc' ñdê$nmVrc à{V{ZYr hdo
AmhoV. ho gd© KQ>rV "gÎmoMo ~mOmanoR>rH$aU' Amho.
Ø
S>r. EZ. ghm`, _mOr nmocrg _hmg§MmcH$ ({~hma) - 1967 n`ªV JwÝhoJma Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` _mcH$m§Zm _XV H$aV
hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va Vo ñdV… gÎmmYmaH$ ~Zco. AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV g§O` Jm§Yr_wio Aem àd¥Îmrcm Aml` {_imcm.
Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ> ê$n gmH$maco Am{U Ë`m§Mo g§ñWr^dZ KSy>Z Amco. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo H$m`Xo_§S>imV
JwÝhoJmam§Mm àdoe Pmcm.
amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU `m à{H«$ò_Üò XmoZ KQ>H$ ‘Ü¶dVu ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmZm AmT>iVmV -
(1) ~imMm dmna (Muscle Power) - ^maVr` amOH$maUmV ~imMm dmna hr ~m~ \$ma OwZr Amho. 1977 gmcÀ`m
amï´>r` nmocrg Am`moJmMo AÜ`j Agcoë`m Ya_ dra `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$co hmoVo H$s, ""amOH$s` nj, {deofV… {ZdS>UwH$m§À`m AmYr,

doJù`m nÕVrZo dV©Z H$aVmV. _VXmam§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda Am{U dV©Zmda à^md Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r amOH$s` nj ~cemcr Am{U "XmXm'
cmoH$m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVmV. ZwH$Ë`mM Pmcoë`m n§Mm`VrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$mVyZhr hr ~m~ ñnï> Pmcr H$s, ^maVmVrc amOH$maU ho
AmOhr OmV Am{U Q>moirdmXmda (J±JñQ>arP²_) AmYmarV Amho.''
JwÝhoJmam§À`m ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z AZoH$ cmoH$à{V{ZYtZr Amnco amOH$maU nwT>o aoQ>co Amho. amOH$maU Am{U JwÝhoJmar OJV
`m§À`mVrc g§~§Y AË`§V YmoH$mXm`H$ AmhoV.
(2) n¡emMm dmna (Money Power) - g§gX Am{U {dYr_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m qOH$Uo \$ma I{M©H$ ~Zco Amho,
hr ~m~ gd©_mÝ` ~Zë`mZo {ZdS>UwH$sMm IM© ho ^maVmVrc ^«ï>mMmamMo EH$ H$maU ~Zcoco Amho. {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m IMm©gmR>r
àËòH$ amOH$s` njmcm amÁ`g§ñWoZo {ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z Úmdm, Aer _mJUr {ZdS>UyH$ gwYmaUm§À`m AZwf§JmZo hmoV AgVo.
C_oXdmam§À`m {ZdS>UyH$ IMm©dahr H$mhr _`m©Xm KmVcoë`m AmhoV. na§Vw {ZdS>UwH$m§Mm àË`j ì`dhma `mnojm {^Þ AgVmo.
Ë`m_wio JwÝhoJmar Q>moù`m§H$Sy>Z _Zwî` ~imà_mUoM n¡emMrhr _XV ñdrH$macr OmVo. Ad¡Y _mJmªÛmao O_m Ho$coco H$moQ>çmdYr énò
{ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m IMm©gmR>r dmnaco OmVmV. `mÛmaohr JwÝhoJma Am{U amOH$maU `mV K{Zð> g§~§Y {Z_m©U Pmcocm {XgVmo.
amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo
amOH$maUmÀ¶m nwT>rc KQ>H$ JwÝhoJmarH$aUmg H$maUr^yV R>aco AmhoV -
(1) _yë`m§Mm èhmg - gÜ`m gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVyZ àm_m{UH$nUm, EH${Zð>Vm, A{^_mZ, EoŠ`, Z¡{VH$Vm dJ¡ao _yë`m§Mm
èhmg Pmcocm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. `mMm n[aUm_ amOH$maU Am{U àemgZmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU hmoÊ`mg MmcZm {_iV Amho. nydu, gm_m{OH$
{Z`§ÌU Am{U gm_m{OH$ O~m~XmarÀ`m `§ÌUm§Ûmao ì`º$sMr dV©UyH$ Am{U dV©Z {Z`§{ÌV hmoV Ago. gÜ`m gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dhmam§Zm
{Z`§{ÌV H$ê$ eH$Umè`m Z¡{VH$ `§ÌUm§Mr CUrd ^mgVo. ^m¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm g_¥Õ² ~ZUo hoM OrdZmMo Üòæ` ~Zë`mZo gmYZew{MVoMm
{dMma Z H$aVm Üòæ`àmárgmR>r H$moUË`mhr _mJm©Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmUo, Bï> _mZco OmV Amho. `mVyZ amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU
hmoÊ`mg AdH$me àmá hmoVmo.
(2) ìhmoQ> ~±H$ - {ZdS>UwH$m§_Üò _VXmam§Zm à^m{dV H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` nj Am{U C_Xodma, cmoH$ à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z
JwÝhoJmam§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV _VXmam§Zm "cmoH$emhrVrc Amnë`m _VmMo _hÎd' Z g_Oë`m_wio _VmMr
{dH«$s hmoVo dm ^rVr, XheVrImcr _VXmZ Ho$co OmVo. amOH$s` nj JwÝhoJmam§Zm ~imÀ`m d n¡emÀ`m à^mdm_wiohr {ZdS>UwH$sV
C_oXdmar XoVmV Am{U {ZdSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va _§ÌrnXohr {Xcr OmVmV.
(3) Xm[aÐç, ~oamoOJmar Am{U {ZajaVm - ^maVr` amOH$s` ì`dñWocm ñdV§Ì Pmë`mnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V Cnamoº$
g_ñ`m ôS>gmdV AmhoV. Cnamoº$ n[apñWVr_wio gmd©O{ZH$ _yë`ì`dñWocm ~mYm nmohmoMVo. VgoM `m KQ>H$m§_wio g_mOmV
JwÝhoJmarMo à_mUhr dmT>Vo. amOH$maU ho n¡gm, à{Vð>m, _mZgÝ_mZ Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ A{YgÎmoMo àVrH$ ~Zë`mZo AZoH$ JwÝhoJma
amOH$maUmH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVmV dm {d{dY nmVù`m§da Ë`m§Zm amOH$maUmV gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co OmVmV.
(4) ^«ï>mMma - OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmcm ^«ï>mMmamZo doT>co Amho. ^«ï>mMma XmoZ Q>ßß`m§Vrc à{H«$òVyZ {dñVmaVmo. n{hë`m
Q>ßß`mV g§ñWm ^«ï>mMmar hmoD$ cmJVmV Va Xþgè`m Q>ßß`mV ^«ï>mMmamMo g§ñWr^dZ hmoD$ cmJVo. `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m§_wio H$m`Úm§Mr
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm ~moWQ> ~ZVo Am{U {Z`§ÌU d {Z`_ZmÀ¶m gd© `§ÌUm Xþ~©i Pmë`mZo amOH$maU Am{U JwÝhoJma àd¥ÎmtMm g§`moJ
hmoÊ`mcm à{V~§Y H$aVm òV Zmhr. ^«ï>mMmam_wio Ad¡Y ~m~tZm d¡YVm {_idyZ {Xcr OmVo.
(5) à~i OZ_VmMm A^md - ^maVmV AmOhr amOH$maUmH$S>o {Z{fÕ joÌ åhUyZM nm{hco OmVo. Ë`m_wio amOH$maUmV
òUmè`m Anàd¥Îmt~Ôc Ho$di {Q>H$m{Q>ßnUr Ho$cr OmVo. na§Vw gX²àd¥ÎmrMo cmoH$ amOH$maUmV òV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio EH$m ~mOyZo
amOH$maUmàVr OZVoMr "A{cánUmMr' ^mdZm Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOycm amOH$maUmVrc Anàd¥ÎmtÀ`m {damoYmVrc à~i OZ_VmMm
A^md `mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m nmoH$irMm cm^ Anàd¥ÎmtZm hmoVmo. `mVyZ amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU hmoÊ`mg dmd {_iVmo.
(6) {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m H$m`m©Vrc _`m©Xm - JwÝhoJmam§Zm amOH$maUmV òÊ`mnmgyZ amoIÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo
Ho$coë`m H$m`m©_Üò H$mhr CUrdm AmhoV. àËòH$ C_oXdmamZo Amncr JwÝhoJmar nmœ©^y_r Kmo{fV H$aÊ`m_wio Ho$di Ë`m~m~VMr
_m{hVr OZVocm {_iVo. na§Vw, Aem C_oXdmam§Zm _Vo XoÊ`mnmgyZ Am`moJ OZVocm amoIy eH$V Zmhr. `m{edm` AZoH$ C_oXdmam§darc
àH$aUm§Mm/VH«$matMm {ZH$mc Ý`m`mc`mV àc§{~V AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Am`moJmcm {ZH$mcnyd© H$moUVrhr à{V~§YmË_H$ H$madmB©
H$aVm òV Zmhr. Aem C_oXdmam§Zm AnmÌ R>adÊ`m~m~VMo Am`moJmMo A{YH$mahr \$ma _`m©{XV AmhoV. `m nidmQ>m§Mm/_`m©Xm§Mm

\$m`Xm amOH$maUmV òUmè`m JwÝhoJmam§Zm hmoVmo.
(7) Ý`m`XmZmg {dc§~ - amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ à^mdhrZ AgUmao à{V~§YmË_H$ Am{U X§S>mË_H$
H$m`Xo EH$Va H$mc~mø Pmcoco, Ag§{X½Y, Anwao Am{U ^«ï>mMmam_wio AmhoV. `m{edm`, \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mc`m§_Üò AZoH$ IQ>co
àc§{~V AmhoV. àH$aUmMm {ZH$mc cmJon`ªV ~amM H$mi cmoQ>V Agë`mZo JwÝhoJmam§Mm amOH$maUmVrc dmda Am{U àdoe
à{V~§{YV H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ý`m`XmZ à{H«$òVrc `m CUrdm§‘wio amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU hmoÊ`mg hmV^ma cmJVmo.
H$m`Xoera à{V~§Y
amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r emgZ nmVirda H$mhr nwT>mH$ma KoÊ`mV Amco, Vo `mà_mUo -
(1) ìhmoam g{_Vr - 13 _mM© 1993 amoOr _w~§ B© _Üò 12 ~m°å~ñ\$moQ> Pmco Am{U `m KmVmnmVmVyZ JwÝhoJmar OJV, H$ñQ>_
A{YH$mar, nmocrg Am{U Ë`m§Zm Aml` XoUmè`m amOH$s` à{V{ZYt~m~V MMm© gwê$ Pmcr. `m {^Þ KQ>H$m§_Yrc nañnag§~Y§
VnmgÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mcrZ J¥h g{Md EZ. EZ. ìhmoam `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr H|$Ð gaH$maZo 9 Owc¡ 1993 amoOr EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ
Ho$cr. emgH$s` `§ÌUm Am{U amOH$s` ì`º$s¨Mo JwÝhoJmar Q>mù o `m Am{U _m{\$`m g§KQ>Zm§er g§~Y§ AmhoV H$m` qH$dm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
Aem JwÝhoJmam§Zm g§ajU {Xco OmVo H$m`, ho VnmgÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m g{_Vrda hmoVr. g{_VrZo 5 Am°ŠQ>m~o a 1993 amoOr Amncm
Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm. emgZmZo 18 _{hZo hm Ahdmc Omhra Ho$cm ZìhVm. eodQ>r, {damoYH$m§À`m X~mdm_wio 1 Am°JñQ> 1995 amoOr
Ahdmc g^mJ¥hm_Üò _m§S>Ê`mV Amcm. `m Ahdmcm_Üò Z_yX Ho$co hmoVo H$s, ""{d{dY JwÝhoJmar Q>mù o `m/_m{\$`m g§KQ>Zm§Zr Amnë`m
~imMm Am{U n¡emÀ`m gÎmoMm {dH$mg Ho$cm Amho Am{U Amnë`mcm H$moUË`mhr YmH$m{edm` H$m`© H$aVm `mdo `mgmR>r emgH$s`
`§ÌUm, amOH$s` ZoVË¥ d Am{U BVam§er g§~Y§ àñWm{nV Ho$coco AmhoV.'' `m g{_VrÀ`m {ZarjUmZwgma, Amnë`m {ZdS>UHw $m§_Üò
H$mim n¡gm _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVmo Am{U {ZdS>UHw $sVrc `m H$mù`m n¡emÀ`m dmnam_wio amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU KSy>Z òV.o
hdmcm KmoQ>mù`mVyZhr H$mí_rar A{VaoH$s, CÚmoJnVr, amOH$maUr, ZmoH$aehm Am{U JwÝhoJma `m§Mo g§~Y§ g_moa Amco hmoV.o 1993
gmcÀ`m _w~§ B© ~m°å~ñ\$moQ>mVyZhr AemM àH$maMm K{Zð> g§~Y§ ñnï> hmoV Agë`mMo ìhmoam g{_VrZo Z_yX Ho$co hmoV.o
na§Vw, `m g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmcmda {Q>ßnUr H$aVmZm nr. Ama. Xþ^mfr (2002) åhUVmV H$s, ""^maVmVrc amOH$maUmÀ¶m
JwÝhoJmarH$aUm {df¶H$Mm ìhmoam g{_VrÀ`m AhdmcmMo dU©Z "\w$gH$m ~ma' (Aèñdr à`ËZ) Am{U "_w»` {df`mcm ~Jc
XoUo' (A cut out of the bag) Ago H$aVm òB©c. H$maU `m Ahdmcm_Üò Ago g§~§Y AgUmè`m H$moUË`mhr amOH$maÊ`mMo
Zmd Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Zmhr. Or ~m~ gdmªZm _m{hV Amho Am{U {H$ËòH$ dfm©nmgyZ Á`m~m~V MMm© Ho$cr OmVo, AerM
gd©gmYmaU MMm© `m_Üò Amho. Ë`mMdoir hm Ahdmc "_w»` {df`mcm ~Jc XoVmo' åhUOo n{hë`m§XmM EH$m Am¡nMm[aH$
AhdmcmZo, _m{\$`m Q>moù`m§Zr dmT>dcocr VmH$X Am{U emgZ `§ÌUm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Vo MmcdV Agcoco g_m§Va emgZ `m~Ôc
{dYmZ H$ê$Zhr hr n[apñWVr H$er hmVmiVm òB©c, amOH$maU d àemgZmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU H$go Wm§~{dVm òB©c Am{U Ë`mMo
CƒmQ>Z H$go H$aVm òB©c, `m~m~V g{_VrZo H$mhrhr Z_yX Ho$coco Zmhr.''
(2) gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mMm {ZdmS>m - 2 _o 2002 _Üò {ZdS>UyH$ gwYmaUm IQ>ë`mV Ý`m`_yVu E_. ~r. emh `m§Zr
{ZdmS>m {Xcm H$s, àËòH$ ^maVr` _VXmamcm Amnë`m {ZdS>UyH$ C_oXdmamMr JwÝhoJmar nmœ©^y_r VgoM Am{W©H$ Am{U e¡j{UH$
nmœ©^y_r OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho, åhUyZ àËòH$ C_oXdmamZo Aer _m{hVr Omhra H$amdr. gmd©O{ZH$ godH$m§_Yrc
^«ï>mMmamcm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {ZdmS>m {Xcm H$s, ^«ï> gmd©O{ZH$ godH$m§Zm H$moUË`mhr H$m`ÚmZo g§ajU
nwa{dÊ`mV òD$ Zò Am{U Aem godH$m§da IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r gj_ A{YgÎmoÀ`m nyd© nadmZJrMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. gdm}
ƒ Ý`m`mc`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m A{YH$mamdarc A{VH«$_Um~m~V H$m`©H$mar Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>imZo ZmamOr ì`º$ Ho$cr. VWm{n,
Ë`mMm \$magm n[aUm_ Pmcm Zmhr.
gdm}MoM Ý`m`mc`mMm {ZH$mc XmoZ J¥{hVH$m§da AmYm[aV hmoVm.
(1) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma Am{U _m{hVrnyU© _VXmZ, H$c_ 19 A§VJ©V. Am{U,
(2) {ZdS>UwH$m§Mo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mMo H$V©ì` Am{U A{YH$ma, {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ (H$c_ 324).
_o 2002 _Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m {ZdmS>çm_mJo nwT>rc nmœ©^y_r hmoVr -
(1) {Jc IQ>cm (1978) - Ý`m`_yVu H¥$îU Aæà `m§Zr Ý`mæ` Am{U _wº$ dmVmdaUmVrc {ZdS>UwH$m§Mo ñWmZ AYmoao{IV
Ho$co.

(2) {gå~m°c Am°S>©a IQ>cm (1985).
(3) BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ dmoqQ>J IQ>cm (1984) - `m XmoÝhr IQ>ë`m§_Üò Ý`m`mc`mZo {ZdS>UwH$m§~m~V {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmH$S>o
Agcoë`m eofm{YH$mam§Zm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr.
(4) H$m°_Z H$m°O IQ>cm (1996)- Ý`m`mc`rZ gyMZoÛmao Ý`m`mc`mZo Z_yX Ho$co H$s, amOH$s` nj {ZdS>UwH$m§da 1 hOma
H$moQ>tnojm OmñV IM© H$aVmV Am{U VarXoIrc `m n¡emMm òmoV H$m` Amho, ho H$moUmVM nj CKS> H$aV Zmhr.
(5) ìhmoam g{_Vr (1997) - `m IQ>ë`m_Üò Ý`m`mc`mZo Z_yX Ho$co H$r, emgZmÀ`m gd© nmVù`m§da n¡gm, emar[aH$ ~i
Am{U gÎmm `m§À`m_Üò cmJo~m§Yo AmhoV.
(3) {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmMo AmXoe - 28 Am°JñQ> 1997 Mm AmXoe - `m AmXoemZwgma EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m {damoYmVrc
IQ>cm qH$dm Anrc Cƒ nXñW Ý`m`mc`m§_Üò Mmcy Agoc qH$dm Vr ì`º$s Om{_Zmda _wº$ Pmcocr Agcr Var {ZdS>UyH$
cT>{dÊ`mg {Vcm nadmZJr {Xcr OmUma Zmhr. C_oXdmar AO© XmIc H$ê$Z KoVmZm `m~m~V ImVaO_m H$ê$Z KoD$Z `mo½` Vr
H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {ZdS>UyH$ {ZU©` A{YH$mè`m§da gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr.
28 OyZ 2002 Mm AmXoe - gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m H$mc_`m©XoV (2 _{hZo) {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo Ý`m`mc`m§À`m
AmXoem§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr. 1961 gmcÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$ H$m`ÚmVrc \$m°_©g² 2 E `m_Üò XþéñVr H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Am`moJmZo
emgZmcm Ho$cr. Ë`mZwgma Am`moJmZo AmXoe Omar H$ê$Z àËòH$ C_oXdmamZo nwT>rc _m{hVr XoÊ`mMo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$co. _mJrc
JwÝhoJmar {gÕmnamY, XmoZ dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mimnmgyZ {gÕnamY IQ>co àc§{~V AmhoV H$m`, g§nÎmr, XoUr ({deofV… gmd©O{ZH$
XoUr) Am{U e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm B. ~m~VMr _m{hVr XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ ~Zco. JwÝhm {gÕ Pmcoë`m VmaIonmgyZ g§~§{YV C_oXdma
AnmÌ _mZcm OmB©c, Ago Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amco.
`m{edm` _mOr {ZdS>UyH$ Am`wº$ Q>r. Eg. H¥$îU_yVu `m§Zr n§VàYmZm§Zm nÌmÛmao {dZ§Vr Ho$cr hmoVr H$s, EImÚm C_oXdmamda
{ZdS>UwH$snydu {H$_mZ 6 _{hZo AmYr JwÝhm XmIc Pmcocm Agoc Va Ë`mcm {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mda ~§Xr KmcÊ`mV `mdr.
(4) _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma - 2 _o 2002 gmcÀ`m Amnë`m {ZdmS>çmV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo _m{hVrMm A{YH$ma hm
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 19 (1) (A) A§VJ©V ZmJ[aH$m§Mm _yc^yV h¸$ åhUyZ Z_yX Ho$cm. `m{edm`, cmoH$emhrÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r
Vmo nm`m^yV Agë`mMohr åhQ>co. `mM A{YH$mam§VJ©V àËòH$ _VXmamcm Amnë`m amOH$s` à{V{ZYr/C_oXdmam§Mr JwÝhoJmar,
Am{W©H$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ nmœ©^y_r OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho Am{U C‘oXdmam§Zr Vr à{gÕ H$aÊ¶mMo XoÊ`mMo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV
Amco. Ë`m_wio JwÝhoJmar nmíd©^y_r AgUmè`m C_oXdmam§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mg à{V~§Y Am{U OZ_V OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mV _moR>r
_XV hmoVo. `m{edm`, gmd©O{ZH$ `§ÌUm d nXñWm§~m~VMr _m{hVr {_i{dVm òD$ cmJë`mZo JwÝhoJma, ZmoH$aehm, amOH$maUr
`m§À`mVrc g§~§Y CKS> hmoÊ`mghr ghmæ` hmoV Amho.
Cnamoº$ H$mhr nwT>mH$mam§{edm` amOH$maUmMo JwÝhoJmarH$aU amoIÊ`mH$[aVm nwT>rc H$mhr Cnm` Cn`wº$ R>ê$ eH$VmV -
(1) {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò amOH$s` nj Am{U C_oXdma _moR>çm à_mUmV H$mim n¡gm dmnamV AmUVmV. {ZdS>UwH$sVrc IMm©À`m
Zm|Xr Am`moJ _mJ{dVo. VWm{n, H$mù`m n¡emcm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOg§ñWoZo amOH$s` njm§Zm d C_oXdmam§Zm
{ZdS>UyH$ {ZYr Úmdm Am{U Xþ^mfr `m§À`m_Vo, {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo AmMma g§{hVoMr d {ZdS>UyH$ H$m`Úm§Mr H$S>H$
A§_c~OmdUr H$amdr.
(2) amOH$maUr, ZmoH$aehm Am{U JwÝhoJma `m§À`m g§~§YmVyZ ~m§YH$m_, {dÎmr` g§ñWm, Am`mV-{Z`m©V, Ad¡Y Y§Xo Aem
~m~tVrc A^Ð g§~§Ym§Mo à_mU dmT>co Amho. Ë`m_wio ^y{_ H$m`Úm§Mr H$S>H$ A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `mH$m_r
H$m`Xoera Am{U XjVm `§ÌUm§Mr _XV KoÊ`mV `mdr. àm_m{UH$ gZXr godH$m§Zm (pìhñQ>c ãcmoAa) g§ajU XoÊ`mV
`mdo.
(3) H$moUË`mhr Cƒ nXmda AgUmè`m JwÝhoJma ì`º$scm H$R>moa {ejm, emgZ Pmco Va BVa JwÝhoJmam§dahr Oa~ ~gy eH$Vo.
`m~m~V 1951 gmcÀ`m E. S>r. Jmoadmcm g{_VrZohr {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.
(4) àc§{~V amOH$s` gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV.
(5) amOH$maU Am{U àemgZmÀ`m JwÝhoJmarH$aUm{damoYmV OZ_V OmJ¥V H$aUo.
26 Am°JñQ> Vo 1 gßQ>|~a 1997 `m Xaå`mZ cmoH$gôZo EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ R>amd g§_V Ho$cm. R>amdm_Üò Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo,

""Amncr g§gX Am{U BVa {d{Y_§S>ir` g§ñWm§_Üò g§VwcZ amIÊ`mgmR>r Am{U cmoH$emhrMr gmYZo, amOH$s` OrdZ Am{U
à{H«$`m hr {dnarV à^md d JwÝhoJmarH$aUmgma»¶m KQ>H$m§nmgyZ _wº$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©nyU© {ZdS>UyH$ gwYmaUm A§_cmV AmUUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.''
2004 À`m cmoH$gô_Üò JwÝhoJmar nmœ©^y_r AgUmao 128 ImgXma hmoVo Va 2009 gmcÀ`m cmoH$gôVrc hr g§»`m 153
Pmcr. `m_Üò H$m±J«og (41), ^mOn (43), g_mOdmXr nj (9) Am{U BVa H$mhr njm§À`m ImgXmam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 2009
gmcÀ`m _hmamï´>mÀ`m {dYmZg^m {ZdS>UwH$sV JwÝhoJmar nmíd©^y_r AgUmao 143 C_oXdma {ZdS>UyH$ qOHy$Z Amco Ë`mn¡H$s
gdm©{YH$ 31 Am_Xma {edgoZoMo, ^mOn Am{U H$m±J«ogMo àËòH$s 26 Va 24 Am_Xma amï´>dmXr H$m±J«ogMo AmhoV. Cd©arV 36
Am_Xma ho Anj dm BVa njm§Mo AgyZ Ë`m§À`m {damoYmVrc \$m¡OXmar IQ>co àc§{~V AmhoV.


36
H$m`Xm gwì`dñWm Am{U nmocrg gwYmaUm
Ho$di Am{W©H$ g_¥{ÕgmR>r H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm amIUo _hÎdmMo ZgVo Va XoemMr EH$mË_Vm, AI§S>Vm A~m{YV
R>odÊ`mgmR>rXoIrc Vr _hÎdmMr ~m~ AgVo. dgmhVdmXr H$mim_Üò H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMr àmW{_H$ O~m~Xmar
amÁ`g§ñWoH$S>o hmoVr. {VZo cmXcoë`m {Z~ªYm§Zm AmìhmZ XoUo AeŠ` hmoVo.
AW© - "H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm'
Am°Šg\$moS>© eãXH$moe - "H$m`Xm' åhUOo {ZX}{eV qH$dm Mmcr[aVtZm AZwgê$Z Agcoë`m {Z`_m§Mr g§ñWm, Or ~§YZH$maH$
AgyZ g_yhm§Zr {Vcm _mÝ`Vm {Xcocr AgVo. "gwì`dñWm' åhUOo, ñWm{nV A{YgÎmoMm àKmV, H$m`Xo ~ahþHy$_ MmcUmao amÁ`,
X§JcpñWVr ZgUo, Jm|Yi Am{U qhgmË_H$ JwÝøm§Mm A^md. ¶m J¥{hVH$m§À`m AmYmao "H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm' åhUOo -
~§YZH$maH$ Aem nma§n[aH$ {Z`_m§À`m A{Y~cZm_wio gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWo_Üò em§VVoMr pñWVr AgUo Am{U qhgonmgyZ _wº$Vm
AgUo hmo`.
g_mOmV H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMo H$m`© nwT>rc A{^H$aUm§Ûmao Ho$co OmVo, Ago Eg. Eg. Ioam `m§Zm dmQ>Vo. (1)
Ý`m`mYre (2) nmo{cg (3) Ý`m`mc` (4) geó Xco Am{U (5) ZmJarH$. ¶mVrc nmo{cg Am{U Ý`m`mc`m§Zm "H$m`Xm d
gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMo àemgH$s` H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. "gmÜ`m JwÝømMr pñWVr' Am{U "H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm' `m_Üò \$aH$ Amho.
Xþgè`m g§H$ënZo_Üò ~hþg§»` cmoH$ Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ à^m{dV hmoV AgVo. gmÜ`m JwÝømÀ`m pñWVr_wio Ago hmoB©cM
Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWoMo àemgZ åhUOo \$m¡OXmar àemgZm~amo~aM H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWoda {deof â
XoUo hmo`.
H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm `m g§H$ënZo_Üò {ZhrV Agcocr nmM VÎdo nwT>rcà_mUo Z_yX H$aVm ¶oVmV.
(1) H$m¶Xm d gwì¶dñWm ho KQ>H$ XmoÝhr A{d^mÁ` AmhoV.
(2) H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` à~i Agmdo.
(3) gdmªÀ`m gwa{jVVoMr h_r Agmdr.
(4) ~imÀ`m dmnamcm _mÝ`Vm Úmdr.
(5) ZmJar gdm}ƒVoMo VÎd à^mdr AgVo VoWo H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm à~i AgVo.
amÁ` A{^H$aUo
^maVr¶ KQ>ZoVrc A{YH$ma dmQ>nmÀ¶m ì¶dñWoZwgma H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm hm amÁ`gyMrVrc {df` Amho. _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m
g§_VrZo YmoaU {Z{_©Vr, {d{dY {df` hmVmiUr dJ¡ao ~m~r J¥h_§Í`mH$S>o gmondcoë¶m AgVmV. J¥h_§Ìr hm H$m`Xm Am{U
gwì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc gd© ~m~tgmR>r {dYr_§S>imcm O~m~Xma AgVmo. `mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr _moR>r nmo[cg `§ÌUm
H$m`©aV AgVo. `m nmocrg `§ÌUoMm H$m`©H$mar Am{U àemgH$s` à_wI amÁ`mMo nmocrg _hmg§MmcH$ (DG) AgVmV. `m XmoZ
A{YgÎmm§À`m Xaå`mZ J¥h g{Mdmc` òVo. J¥h g{Md hm {dYr_§S>imcm H$moUË`mhr àH$mao O~m~Xma ZgVmo, VgoM Vmo nmo{cg
àemgZmMm KQ>H$hr ZgVmo. VargwÕm J¥h _§Í`mH$S>o OmUmam àËòH$ H$mJX (\$mB©ëg) J¥h g{Mdm_m\©$V OmVmo. ~T>Vrg§X^m©V
AgUmè`m {d{dY g{_Ë`m§Mm Vmo gXñ` AgVmo. AemàH$mao AmYw{ZH$ emgZ ì`dñWo_Üò BVaÌ Z AmT>iUmao _Ü`ñWmMo
Ago nX Ho$di ^maVm_Üò AmT>iyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio J¥h g{MdmMo nX aÔ H$amdo Aer AZoH$Xm _mJUr Ho$cr OmVo. nmocrg
_hmg§MmcH$m§ZmM nX{gÕ J¥h g{Md H$aÊ`mV `mdo, Agm àñVmd _m§S>cm OmVmo.

amÁ`m_Yrc nmo{cgXcmMr nX gmonmZmË‘H$/loUr~Õ KZmH¥$Vr ({na°{_S>rH$c) aMZm Imcrcà_mUo -
(1) nmocrg _hmg§MmcH$ (DGP)
(2) Aßna nmocrg _hmg§MmcH$ (Addl. DGP)
(3) nmocrg _hm{ZarjH$ $(IGP)
(4) nmocrg AYrjH$ (SP)
(5) Aßna nmocrg AYrjH$$ (Addl. SP)
(6) nmocrg Cn AYrjH$ (Dy. SP)
(7) _§Sc {ZarjH$$ (C. I)
(8) nmo{cg {ZarjH$ AWdm \$m¡OXma (PI)
(9) nmo{cg Cn{ZarjH$ (PSI)
(10) _w»` hdmcXma$ (HC)
(11) hdmcXma
amÁ`m_Üò nmocrg `§ÌUo{edm` \$m°aopÝgH$ gm`Ýg c°~moaoQ>ar Am{U amÁ` nmo[cg dmàcog g§KQ>Z B. `§ÌUm H$m`©aV AgVmV.
1861 À`m nmocrg H$m`Úmà_mUo {OëømVrc nmo[cgm§Mo {Z`§ÌU {Oëhm Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mè`mH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. nU Vmo
nmocrg `§ÌUoÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ àemgZmV hñVjon H$arV Zgë`m_wio (Vgm A{YH$ma Z {Xë`mZo) {OëømVrc nmocrg `§ÌUoda gÜ`m
nmocrg AYrjH$m§Mo {Z`§ÌU _mÝ` Ho$co Amho. JwÝhçm§À`m g§X^m©V {Oëhm{YH$mè`mcm H$moUVrhr ^y{_H$m Zgcr Var H$m`Xm Am{U
gwì`dñWo~m~V Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho. {OëømÀ¶m nmo{cg àemgZmMm Vmo à_wI AgVmo. gd© `§ÌUm§da Vmo {Z`§ÌU
R>odVmo, Ë`m§À`mV g_Ýd` gmYVmo. Ë`mÀ`m `m nXñWmZm_wio Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr R>aVo.
H|$Ðr¶ A{^H$aUm§Mr ^y{_H$m
(1) ^maVr` nmocrg godm - amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 312 AÝdò ¶m godoMr VaVyX Ho$cocr Amho. A{Ic ^maVr` godm§n¡H$s
EH$ godm åhUOo nmo{cg godm hmo¶. ñdmV§Í` nyd©H$mimV {VMo Zmd ^maVr` nmocrg (IP) hmoVo. gaXma d„^^mB© nQ>oc
`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1946 gmcr Pmcoë`m _w»` àYmZm§À`m ~¡R>H$sV ^maVr` nmocrg gododa {e¸$m_moV©~
H$aÊ`mV Amco. ¶m godog amï´>r` EoŠ` Am{U AI§S>Vm `m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð nmVirdarc àíZ hmVmiVm
òVmV. J¥h _§Ìmc` `m godm§da {Z`§ÌU R>odVo. `m godoV WoQ> Ë`mà_mUoM ~T>VrÛmaohr âVr Ho$cr OmVo.
(2) H|${Ð` nmocrg ~c (CPFs) - H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m AIË`marV gmV H|${Ð` nmocrg Xco AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s amÁ`m§VJ©V
gwajm ì`dñWoV amÁ`m§Zm ghmæ` H$aUmaom _w»` Xc åhUOo CRPF hmo`. CRPF Mr {deofrH¥$V emIm AgUmar erK«
H¥$Vr Xc (RAF) X§Jc n[apñWVr hmVmiVo. H|${Ð` nmocrg Xcm§Vrc gmV Xco nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.
(a) Amgm_ am`\$ëg (AR) - nhmS>r cmoH$m§Mm {_Ì åhUyZ ¶m XcmMr AmoiI Amho. ho Xc Xþhao r ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo.
(1) CÎma-nyd}H$S>rc àXoemV A§VJ©V gwa{jVVm amIUo Am{U
(2) B§S>mo-å`mZ_ma gr_oda nhmam XoUo. `m{edm` cîH$amgmo~V Oå_y-H$mí_ra Am{U lrc§Ho$Vrc H$m`m©V
gh^mJ KoUo.
(b) gr_m gwajm Xc (BSF) - 1965 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmcoco ho Xc eoOmarc amï´>m§gmo~V g§c½Z AgUmè`m gr_m
aofoda nhmam XoUo Am{U gr_oMo ajU H$aÊ`mMo _w»` H$m`© H$aVo. `m_Üò 157 nojm A{YH$ ~Q>m{c`Ýg, 7
H$m°Ò², à_wI 5 à{ejU g§ñWm, 1 âVr H|$Ð Am{U BVa KQ>H$ H$m`©aV AmhoV. ¶m XcmMo _w»`mc` {X„r
òWo Amho.
(c) H|${Ð` amIrd nmocrg Xc (CRPF) - ñdmV§Í`mnydu 27 Owc¡ 1939 gmcr Zm_M (MP) òWo amOnX
à{V{ZYr nmocrg (CRP) `m ñdê$nmV ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va CRPF Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ¶mV
Amco. ¶m XcmMo _w»` H$m`© H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm amIUo, CÐoH$-~§S>mirMm à{VH$ma H$aUo, A{VaoH$s
Am{U XheVdmX {damoYr H$m`©o, H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mV KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm _hÎdmMo ghmæ` H$aUo ho Amho.
`m{edm` _hÎdmÀ`m g§ñWm§Zm, dmñVy§Zm g§ajU nwa{dUo. CXm. _mVm d¡îUmoXodr, aKwZmW _§{Xa (Oå_y), am_ OÝ_

^y_r/~m~ar _pñOX, H$mer {dídZmW _§{Xa, kmZdnr _pñOX, H¥$îU OÝ_ ^y_r, emhr B©XJmh ho _pñOX B.
erK« H¥$Vr Xc (CRAF) ñWmnZm 1992. ho erK« H¥$Vr Xc CRPF Mo _hÎdmMo A§J Amho. O_mVr` X§Jc
qH$dm VËg_ KQ>Zm hmVmiÊ`mMr à‘wI O~m~Xmar ¶m Xcmda gmondcr Amho.
(d) H|${Ð¶ Am¡Úmo{JH$ gwajm ~c (CISF) - ¶m XcmMr ñWmnZm 1969 ‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. gÜ`m 267 nojm
A{YH$ gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Zm ho Xc gwajm nwa{dVo. XoemVrc gw‘mao 75 g§ñWm§Zm A¾r{damoYr gwajm àXmZ H$aVo.
CXm. AdH$me Am{U AUw D$Om©, {d_mZ Vi, H$moiem ImUr, ñQ>rc ßc±Q>g², OS> CÚmoJ dJ¡ao. VmO _hcMr
gwajm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m XcmH$S>o Amho. `m XcmÀ`m H$m`©joÌmV dmT> H$ê$Z A{V _hÎdmÀ`m ì`º$s¨Mr
(VIP) gwajm, gwajm Am{U A¾rg§ajU `m~m~V Vm§{ÌH$ g„m nwadUo ¶m ~m~tMm g‘mdoe Ho$cm Amho.
(e) B§S>mo - {V~oQ>Z gr_m nmocrg Xc (ITBP) - ^maV-MrZ g§Kfm©À`m Xaå`mZ 1962 _Üò `m XcmMr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ^maVmÀ`m CÎma-n{íM_oH$S>rc ^maV-MrZ gr_onmgyZ Vo ^maV, MrZ Am{U Zonmi `m§À`m
gr_m EH$Ì òVmV òWn`ªV 2115 {H$._r. cm§~ gr_maofoMo g§ajU H$aUo. `m{edm` H¡$cmg _mZgamoda `mÌoMo
g§McZ H$aÊ`mV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo. _Ü`dVu Am{U {h_mc`rZ àXoemV AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZm_Üò
ghmæ` H$aÊ¶mMr ‘hÎdnyU© O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Vo.
(f) amï´>r` gwajm JmS>© (NSG) - ¶m XcmMr ñWmnZm 1984 gmcr H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. `wHo$ Am{U O_©ZrVrc
`§ÌUm§À`m àmê$nmà_mUo NSG Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m Xcm_Üò XmoZ nyaH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. EH$, {deof
H¥$Vr JQ> (SAG) - `m_Üò cîH$amMo A{YH$mar AgVmV Va XmoZ, ñnoec a|Og© J«wn (SRG), `m_Üò H|$Ð/
amÁ` nmocrg XcmVrc A{YH$mar AgVmV. AnhaU{damoYr Am{U XheVdmX {damoYr H$madm`m H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zm
à{ejU {Xco OmVo. ho EH$ H$m`© H¥$Vr Xc Amho. `m{edm` Ë`m§Zm A{V_hÎdmÀ`m (VVIP) ì`º$s§Zm g§ajU
XoÊ`mMo H$amdo cmJVo. emgZmÀ`m {ZU©`mà_mUo Vo ñH$m` _me©cMohr H$m`© H$aVmV.
(g) geó gr_m ~c (SSB) - ^maV-MrZ `wÕmÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda 1963 _Üò ñnoec gpìh©g ã`wamo (SSB) Mr
ñWmnZm Ho$cr. gr_m^mJmVrc cmoH$m§Mo ZrVrY¡`© C§MmdUo Am{U gr_mnma hmoUmè`m g§^mì` YmoŠ`m§Mm à{VH$ma
H$aÊ`mMo gmhg ào[aV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m ã`wamoMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr hmoVr. `m XcmÀ`m H$m`m©V ~Xc H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm
^maV-Zonmi Am{U ^maV-^yVmZ gr_m gwajoMo H$m`© XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. 2003 _Üò Ë`m§Mo Zmd ~XcÊ`mV
Amco. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©~Ôc 2004 _Üò amï´>nVtMm ÜdO XoÊ`mV Amcm. AmO ho ~c 1751 {H$._r. cm§~ gr_oMo
g§ajU H$aVo.
H|${Ð` nmocrg Xco àm_w»`mZo A{VaoH$s H$madm`m, XheVdmX{damoY, KwgImoar, A§VJ©V gwajm B. ~m~V _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m
nma nmS>VmVM. `m{edm` {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m§À`mdoir Ë`m§Mr V¡ZmVr Ho$cr OmVo.
BVa nmocrg g§KQ>Z
(1) Z°eZc H«$mB©_ aoH$m°S>©g ã`wamo (NCRB) - ¶m ã¶yamoMr ñWmnZm 1976 gmcr H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. JwÝho _moO_mn Am{U
{dícofU, JwÝho {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r ì`yhZrVr V`ma H$aUo, amÁ` nmocrg Xcm§Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aUo, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ Am{U JwÝhoJmar
AÝdofU `mÛmao nmocrg Xcm§Zm à~i ~Z{dUo, hr à‘wI H$m¶} ¶mÛmao nma nmS>cr OmVmV.
(2) g|Q´>c {\§$Ja qàQ> ã`wamo (CFPB) - hm ã¶yamoMr ñWmnZm 1955 ‘Ü¶o Pmcr. Am§VaamÁ`/Am§Vaamï´>r` JwÝhoJmam§Mm
_mJmodm KoÊ¶mV ‘Ü¶dVu ^y{‘H$m ~OmdVo. A°Q>mo_oQ>oS> {\§$Ja qàQ> Am`S>|{Q>{\$Ho$eZ {gpñQ>_ (AFIS) À`m {Z{_©VrV _mocmMo
`moJXmZ {Xco Amho.
(3) S>màoŠQ>moaoQ> Am°\$ \$m°aopÝgH$ gm`Ýg (DFS) - ñWmnZm - 31 {S>g|~a 2002. ¶mda J¥h_§Ìmc`mMo {Z`§ÌU AgyZ
1 E{àc 2003 nmgyZ H$m`m©g gwê$dmV Ho$cr.
(4) S>màoŠQ>moaoQ> Am°\$ H$mo-Am°a{S>ZoeZ nmo{cg dmàcog (DCPW) - ho EH$ _Ü`dVu A[^H$aU Amho. XoemVrc
nmocrg g§XoedhZmV g_Ýd` H$aUo Am{U POLNET àH$ën am~dUo, Am§VaamÁ` nmo{cg g§XoedhZ, nmocrg ao{S>Amo H$_©Mmè`m§Zm
à{ejU XoUo, {H«$ßQ>moJ«m\$s nwadUo, ao{S>Amo {\«$ŠdoÝgrV g_Ýd` H$aUo, nmocrg g§XoedhZmMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU B. H$m`} H$amdr
cmJVmV.

(5) g|Q´>c \$m°aopÝgH$ gm`Ýg c°~moaoQ>ar (CFSL) - hr ¶§ÌUm J¥h_§Ìmc`mÀ`m AIË`marV ¶oVo. {d[dY JwÝøm§_Üò
emór` \$m°aopÝgH$ godm XoUo, JwÝhm Xeu {dícofU H$aUo, Ý`m`mc`mH$S>o VÁk Ahdmc nmR>{dUo, A{YH$mè`m§Zm \$m°aopÝgH$Mo
à{ejU XoUo B. ‘hÎdnyU© H$m¶© nma nmS>Vo.
(6) ã`wamo Am°\$ nmocrg [agM© A±S> S>oìhcn_|Q> (BPR & D) - ¶m ã¶yamoMr ñWmnZm 1970 ‘Ü¶o H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
XoemVrc nmo{cgm§À`m JaOm Am{U g_ñ`m AYmoao{IV H$aUo, `mo½` g§emoYZ àH$ën hmVr KoUo, Ë¶m{df¶H$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z
Ë`m~m~V ~Xc gwM{dUo, XoemV qH$dm OJmV {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZ joÌmV KS>Umè`m {dH$mgm§Mr _m{hVr R>odUo, Ë`mMm dmna H$ê$Z
nmocrg Xcm§Zm AÚ`mdV ~Z{dUo, hr H$m¶} ¶m ã¶yamoda gmondÊ¶mV Amcr AmhoV.
(7) Z°eZc BpÝñQ>Q>`yQ> Am°\$ {H«$_rZm°cm°Or A±S> \$m°aopÝgH$ gm`Ýg - ¶m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm 1972 ‘Ü¶o Pmcr.
{H«$_rZm°cm°Or Am{U \$m°aopÝgH$ gm`Ýg `m joÌmVrc A{YH$mè`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo, `m joÌmV g§emoYZ H$aUo. ho ‘hÎdmMo H$m¶©
nma nmS>Vo. 3 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2003 nmgyZ `m g§ñWoMo Zmd - cmoH$Zm`H$ O`àH$me ZmamÙ Z°eZc BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ {H«${_Zm°cm°Or
A°ÝS> \$m°aopÝgH$ gm`Ýg (LNJNNICFS) Ago H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.
(8) ZmaH$mo{Q>Šg H§$Q´>moc ã`wamo (NCB) - ¶m ã¶yamoMr ñWmnZm 17 _mM© 1986 amoOr H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. gwédmVrcm {dËÎm
_§Ìmc`mVrc _hgyc {d^mJ A§VJ©V hm ã`wamo H$m`©aV hmoVm. 18 \o$~«wdmar 2003 nmgyZ hm ã`wamo J¥h _§Ìmc`mÀ`m AIË`marV
Amho. A§_cr nXmWm©Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$aUmè`m Q>moù`m Am{U XheVdmXr `m§À`m g§~§Ymda ZOa R>odUo, {d{dY Vnmg H$m`©
H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§_Üò g_Ýd` gmYUo, A§_cr nXmWmªMm Xþén`moJ amoIUo, Ë`m§À`m \¡$cmdmcm à{V~§Y KmcUo hr H$m¶} gmondcr
AmhoV.
nmocrg gwYmaUm
cmoH$emhr g_mOm_Üò H$m`ÚmMo amÁ`mÛmao nmo{cqgJMo H$m¶© {Z`§{ÌV Ho$co OmVo. ^maVr` nmocrg Xc ho dgmh{VH$ amÁ`mÀ`m
C[Ôï>nyVugmR>r {Z_m©U Am{U à{e{jV Ho$coco hmoVo. AmOhr `m Xcmcm cmoH$emhr Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò nwaoer ñdm`ÎmVm, òmoV Am{U
à{ejU ho ì`mdgm{`H$sH$aUmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo XoÊ`mV Amcoco Zmhr. emgZmÀ`m BVa {d^mJm§er VwcZm Ho$ë`mg Ago [XgVo H$s,
à{VHy$c n[apñWVr_ÜòXoIrc nmocrg `§ÌUoZo gmd©O{ZH$ [hVmgmR>r Mm§Jco H$m_ Ho$coco Amho. nmo{cqgJMm T>mgiVm XOm©,
nmo{cgm§_Yrc dmT>Vr ~oH$m`Xoera d¥Îmr Am{U nmocrg g§KQ>Zm§_Yrc Jw§VmJw§VrMo ZoV¥Îd B. KQ>H$m§_wio gÜ`m nmocrg àemgZm~m~V
qMVm ì`º$ Ho$cr OmV Amho. Aem CUrdm§_wio AmJm_r H$mimV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nmocrg XcmH$Sy>Z VËna Am{U g_mYmZH$maH$ godm
CncãY hmoB©c, Agm g§Ho$V [XgV Zmhr. \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mg§X^m©Vhr AgoM åhUmdo cmJoc.
nmocrg Xcm~m~V Ag_mYmZ AgÊ`mMr H$maUo
(1) nmocrg hoM H$m`ÚmMo à_wI C„§KZ H$V} AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Zm {ejoMr ^rVr am[hcocr Zmhr.
(2) nmo{cgm§_Yrc H$mhr JQ> ho g_mO-{dKmVH$ KQ>H$m§gmo~V AmhoV. n[aUm_ñdê$n Ë`m§Zm AZwHy$c AemM H$m`Úm§Mr
A§_c~OmdUr Vo H$aVmV.
(3) nmo{cgm§Mo dV©Z Agä`, ^mfm Aícrc AgVo Am{U _mZdr h¸$ d Ý`m`mc`mMr _mZI§S>Zm H$aUmam Ñ{ï>H$moZ AgVmo.
(4) cmoH$m§Mm gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ XOm©, Am{W©H$ ~i Am{U amOH$s` à^md `mZwgma nmocrg Ë`m§À`mH$S>o òUmè`m§Zm {^Þ
àH$maMr dmJUyH$ XoVmV. Ago H$aVmZm g_Vm Am{U ì`º$s à{Vð>m S>mdccr OmVo.
(5) _mZdr h¸$m§À`m ZrVr{Z`_m§~Ôc nmo{cgm§Zm _m[hVr ZgVo [H¨$dm AQ>H$, Mm¡H$er, VnmgH$m`©, à{V~§Y `m g§X^m©V Vo
OmUrdnyd©H$ `m ZrVr {Z`_m§Zm ~Jc XoVmV.
(6) JwÝøm§Mr èñdr emoY _mohr_ Am{U à{V~§Y H$aV AgVmZm nmo{cgm§_Üò Or{dV Am{U _mc_ÎmoÀ`m g§ajUm~m~V
O~m~XmanUm [XgV Zmhr.
(7) JwÝøm§Mo ñdê$n AË`mYw{ZH$ ~ZV AgVmZm nmocrg ho daModa H$_r ì`mdgm{`H$ ~ZV AmhoV. OZ_mZgmVrc Amncr
à{V_m nwÝhm COi H$aÊ`mMo gm_y[hH$ à`ËZ nmocrg g§KQ>Zm§_Üò hmoVmZm [XgV ZmhrV.
(8) [h¨gmË_H$ JwÝøm§_Üò ~ir OmUmè`m§~m~V nmocrg ho Ag§doXZerc Pmco AmhoV. Aem JwÝømcm ~ir nS>Umao ho
OUyH$mhr Ë`m§À`m Zer~mZoM ~ir R>aco AmhoV, Aer Agä` dV©UyH$ nmocrg H$aVmV.

(9) nmo{cgm§_Yrc H$mhr JQ>m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, H$m`ÚmÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$ A§_c~OmdUr_Üò _mZdr h¸$m§Mm AS>Wim
òVmo. Ë`m§À`m ñdV…À`m AH$m`©j_VogmR>r Vo H$m`Xm, dH$sc Am{U Ý`m`mc`m§Zm Xmofr R>a{dVmV.
(10) H$mhr nmocrg A{YH$mar/H$_©Mmar ho _ycVÎddmXr Am{U XheVdmÚm§~m~V OmhranUo gm¡å` ^y{_H$m KoVmV, Ë`m_wio
gwa{jVVm Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$ emgZmcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
da Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m ~m~r H$‘r-A{YH$ à‘mUmV nmocrg Xcm§~m~V gË` AmhoV. CÎmamoÎma Ë`m§Mo à_mU _mÌ
A{YŠ`mZo OmUdVo. `m~m~V Iwcmgm XoÊ`mV [H¨$dm Ë`mMm Xmof BVam§da cmXÊ`mnojm nmocrg àemgZm_Üò gwYmaUm hmoUo JaOoMo
Amho.
H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmVrc amOH$s` ì`dñWoÀ`m ApñVËdmMr nyd©AQ> åhUOo g_mOmV H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWoMr àñWmnZm hmo¶.
AWm©V Ë¶mgmR>r H$m`Xm gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUmar dm H$m`Úm§Mr à^mdr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmar `§ÌUm Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
^maVmV, H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m H$mimV Aer `§ÌUm H$m`©aV Agcocr AmT>iVo. _mÌ, EH$ àemgH$s` g§ñWm åhUyZ nmocrg {d^mJmMr
gwñWmnZm Iè`m AWm©Zo _m¡`© H$mim_Üò Pmcocr {XgVo. H$mcm¡KmV nmocrg àemgZm~amo~aM H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWm Am{U \$m¡OXmar
Ý`m`mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r BVa `§ÌUmhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
^maVm_Üò {~«{Q>em§Mo amÁ` ñWm{nV Pmë`mZ§Va Ý`m` àemgZm_Üò H$mcm§VamZo ~Xc hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. {~«{Q>em§Zm
~§JmcÀ`m {XdmUrMo (1765) A{YH$ma {_imë`mZ§Va _hgwcmÀ`m dgwcrgmR>r H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUmar Am{U em§VVm
àñWm{nV H$aUmè`m `§ÌUoMr Amdí`H$Vm OmUdy cmJcr. n[aUm_ñdê$n _wKcH$mcrZ àmê$nmMm Cn`moJ H$arV dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½O
`mZo g§KQ>rV nmo{cqgJMm CnH«$_ hmVr KoVcm. na§Vw `m_wio JwÝhoJmam§da \$magm dMH$ {Z_m©U Pmcm Zmhr. `mZ§Va H$m°Z©dm°{cg
`mZohr Ho$coë`m à`ËZm§Zm \$mago è Amco Zmhr. ga Mmc©g² Zm{nà (Napier) `mZo qgY àm§Vmdarc ñdmarZ§Va am°`c Amàre
H$m°ÝñQ>çmã`wcarÀ`m AmYmamda ñdV§Ì "nmocrg Xc' g§KQ>rV Ho$co. hr ì`dñWm qgY_Üò èñdr R>aë`mZ§Va ~m°å~o, _Ðmg Am{U
g§`wº$ àm§Vm§_Üò {VMm Adc§~ gwê$ Pmcm. Ë`mZ§Va cJoM 1860 _Üò nmocrg Am`moJ Am{U 1861 gmcr nmocrg A{Y{Z`_
(nmMdm A{Y{Z`_) V`ma H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Pmcr.
nmocrg Am`moJ (1860)
qgY àm§VmVrc nmocrg XcmÀ`m àmê$nmda AmYm[aV nmocrg XcmMr ñWmnZm (1849) n§Om~_Üò H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 1857
gmcÀ`m CR>mdmZ§Va `m XcmZo nyd©pñWVr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdcr. na§Vw nmocrg XcmMr g§»`m dmT>ë`mZo
IMm©Mm VmUhr dmT>cm. Ë`m_wio nmocrg XcmMr gmYmaUnUo nwZa©MZm H$ê$Z IMm©_Üò H$nmV gwM{dÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr n§Om~
gaH$maZo ^maV gaH$maH$S>o Ho$cr. Am¢YÀ`m nmocrg gwYmaUm Ho$coë`m ga am°~Q>© _m±Q>Jmo_oar `m§Zr hm àý CMcyZ Yacm. n[aUm_r
Am°JñQ> 1860 _Üò {~«{Q>e ^maVmVrc nmocrg àemgZmMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z IMm©V H$nmV gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ñdV§Ì `§ÌUm Agcoco "cîH$ar nmocrg' ~aImñV H$aÊ`mV òD$Z gd© àH$maMr H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r EH$M
ZmJar nmocrg Xc {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Am`moJmZo Ho$cr. `m{edm` Am`moJmZo nwT>rc H$mhr _hÎdnyU© {e\$maer Ho$ë`m -
(1) H$m`m©_Üò EoŠ` gmYÊ`mH$[aVm àËòH$ àm§VmVrc XcmMo gmYmaU ì`dñWmnZ _hm{ZarjH$m§H$S>o gmondmdo.
(2) àËòH$ {OëømVrc nmocrg ho {Oëhm AYrjH$mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr Agoc Am{U {OëømMo joÌ _moR>o Agoc Va VoWo
ghmæ`H$ {Oëhm AYrjH$ Agoc. ho XmoÝhr A{YH$mar `wamonr`Z AgVrc.
(3) H${Zð> Xcm_Üò {ZarjH$, _w»` hdmcXma, gmOªQ>g² Am{U hdmcXma BË`mXr H$_©Mmar AgVrc. nmocrg Mm¡H$sMm
à_wI _w»` hdmcXma Agoc. H$mhr Mm¡H$s¨À`m JQ>m§Mm à_wI hm {ZarjH$ Agoc.
(4) Am`moJmZo nmocrg Cn-_hm{ZarjH$ nXmÀ`m g_Vyë` AÝ` H$moUË`mhr nmocrg A{YH$mè`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Zmhr. na§Vw
{d^mJm§Mo Am`wº$ ho nmocrg AYrjH$m§à_mUo H$m`© H$aVrc.
(5) {Oëhm Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$marnojm H${Zð> XOm©À¶m Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mè`mZo H$moUVohr nmocrg H$m`© nma nmSy> Zò.
Am`moJmZo _Ðmg nmocrg A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m AmYmamda {dYo`H$ gmXa Ho$co. Am`moJmÀ`m Cnamoº$ {e\$maetZm n[aUm_H$maH$Vm
XoÊ`mgmR>r 1860 Mm nmMdm A{Y{Z`_ g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amcm. gÜ`mMr ^maVr` nmo{cgm§Mr g§aMZm hr 1861 À`m H$m`ÚmVyZ
CËH«$m§V Pmcocr Amho. `m nmocrg Xcm§H$S>o JwÝhoJmar {Z`§{ÌV H$aUmar EH$ cîH$amMr emIm `mM Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ OZVm nmhV
Amcr.

1861 Mm H$m`Xm
dgmh{VH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r 1861 gmcr nmocrg H$m`Xm (nmMdm) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcm. àñWm{nV ì`dñWoMo
{hVajU H$aUo, ho `m H$m`ÚmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. `m H$m`ÚmVrc H$mhr _hÎdnyU© VaVwXr nwT>rcà_mUo -
(1) goŠeZ 15 Zwgma, ñWm{ZH$m§À`m dV©UwH$s_wio EImÚm àXoemV AamOH$, Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmcm Va Ë`m{R>H$mUr A{V[aº$
nmocrg Xc V¡ZmV Ho$co OmB©c Am{U `m A{V[aº$ XcmÀ`m V¡ZmVrMm IM© ñWm{ZH$m§H$Sy>Z dgyc Ho$cm OmB©c.
(2) goŠeZ 17 Zwgma, {Z`{_V nmo{cgmcm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Zdmgr A{YH$mar åhUyZ EH$m {deof nmocrg A{YH$mè`mMr
{Z`wº$s Ho$cr OmB©c.
(3) goŠeZ 23 Zwgma, gj_ A{YgÎmoZo H$m¶XoeraarË¶m Omar Ho$coco AmXoe Am{U hþHy$_ `m§Mr Amkm nmiUo Am{U
A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo hr A{YH$mè`m§Mr H$V©ìò AmhoV. gmd©O{ZH$ em§VVoda n[aUm_ H$ê$ eH$Umar _m{hVr Jmoim
H$aUo Am{U g§dmX gmYUo; gmd©O{ZH$ Jm|Yi Am{U JwÝhm KS>Ê`mg à{V~§Y H$aUo; emoY KoUo Am{U JwÝhoJmam§Zm
Ý`m`mc`mnwT>o hOa H$aUo; Am{U nwaoem H$m`Xoera AmYmam§da JwÝhoJmam§Zm H¡$X H$aUo.
(4) goŠeZ 30 Zwgma, cmoH$m§Zm EH${ÌV O_Ê`mgmR>r Am{U _moM} H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r nadmZJr XoUo qH$dm H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWocm
YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoB©c `m H$maUmñVd nadmZJr ZmH$maUo.
(5) goŠeZ 44 Zwgma, gd© A{YH$mè`m§À`m hmcMmcrMr Zm|X R>odÊ`mgmR>r ñQ>oeZ hmD$g Am°{\$gaZo EH$ X¡Z§{XZr gm§^miUo
H${Zð> nXm§da ~hþg§»` ^maVr` godH$ Agë`m_wio gmVË`mZo Ë`m§À`m {Zð>m Vnmgë`m OmV.
Cnamoº$ VaVwXt_YyZ VËH$m{cZ nmocrg ì`dñWoMm hoVy dgmh{VH$ emgZmÀ`m {hVg§~§YmMo g§ajU H$aUo hmM hmoVm Am{U
Ë¶mMo ñdê$n X_ZH$mar Ago hmoVo. H${Zð> ^maVr` godH$m§da n`©dojU H$aÊ`m~amo~aM àË`j O~m~XmarMo H$moUVohr VÎd Z
nmiVm gd© gmYmaU OZVoda A{YgÎmm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. g§~§{YV nmocrg ì`dñWo~m~V g_mYmZ Z dmQ>ë`mZo
1902-03 _Üò cm°S>© H$P©Z `mZo nwÝhm EH$ nmocrg Am`moJ ñWmnZ Ho$cm.
nmocrg Am`moJ (1902)
`m Am`moJmZo Z_yX Ho$co H$s, "nmocrg Xc ho H$m`©j_ ZgyZ Ë`m§À`m à{ejU Am{U g§KQ>Z_Üò C{Udm AmhoV. cmoH$m§Mm
{dídmg Am{U gm¡hmX©nyU© ghH$m`© {_i{dÊ`m_Üò Xcmcm Anè Amcoco Amho.' `m nmíd©^y_rda Am`moJmZo nwT>rc {e\$maer
Ho$ë`m.
(1) nmocrg XcmMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Ê`mgmR>r à{ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo. `m {e\$maerZwgma ^mJcnya, _moamXm~mX, do„moa Am{U
{\$„za (Phillur) `m {R>H$mUr nmocrg à{ejU H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
(2) d[að> A{YH$mar nXmda âVr Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m C_oXdmam§gmR>r XmoZ dfm©Mm C_oXdmar Aä`mgH«$_ Agmdm. `m_Üò
\$m¡OXmar H$m`Xo Am{U ì`dhma `m§Mm VgoM \$m¡OXmar IQ>co, ^maVr` B{Vhmg, ^maVr` g_mO, ^yJmoc, d§eemó
Am{U KmoS>ogdmar `m AZwf§JmZo Aä`mgH«$_ Agmdm.
(3) à{ejUmgmR>r Vo H$moUË`mhr EH$m àm§Vr` à{ejU emioer g§~§{YV AgmdoV Am{U `m à{ejU emim {~Ja-
g§ñWm{ZH$ eham§_Üò Agmì`mV. C_oXdmam§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©H$mÛmao 18 _{hÝ`m§Mo à{ejU {Xco Omdo.
(4) eó Am{U H$gaV `mda à{ejUmMm â Agmdm.
1934 gmcr _moamXm~mX à{ejU H$m°coOZo C_oXdmar H$aUmè`m ghmæ`H$ nmocrg AYrjH$m§gmR>r gwédmVrcm à{ejU
Aä`mgH«$_ am~{dcm. AemàH$mao ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV nmocrg à{ejU ì`dñWoMo g§ñWr^dZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ {~«{Q>e emgZmZo
Ho$cm Agcm Var Ë`mcm g_mYmZH$maH$ ñdê$n àmá Pmco ZìhVo. 1860 §Va {Z_m©U Pmcoco nmocrg Xc ho ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVr`
n[apñWVrV Cn`wº$ R>aUmao ZìhVo. Vo cmoH$m§Mo nmocrg ZìhVo Am{U hr ì`dñWm ñVarH¥$V àm§V nmocrg ì`dñWmM hmoVr.
H$mohcr g{_Vr (1966)
gr~rAm`À¶m g§MmcH$mÀ`m AÜ`jVoImcr Am{U H|$Ðr` nmocrg à{ejU H$m°coOMo (_mD§$Q> A~y) g§MmcH$ `m§À`mgh
1966 gmcr à{ejU H$m`©H«$_ Am{U Ë`mVrc gwYmaUm `m~m~V {e\$maer H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m
g{_VrZo Ago gwM{dco H$s, `m H$m°coOÀ`m ZmdmVyZ {VMo amï´>r` Mm[aÍ` gy{MV hmoÊ`mH$[aVm `m H$m°coOMo Zmd ~XcyZ "amï´>r`

nmocrg AH$mX_r' Ago H$aÊ`mV `mdo Am{U {VMo ñWcm§Va h¡Ðm~mX òWo H$aÊ`mV `mdo. `m{edm` IPS C_oXdmar H$aUmè`m
C_oXdmam§Mo à{ejU ho nmocrg CnAYrjH$m§À`m à{ejUmnojm {^Þ Ago Agmdo.
1960 gmcr ~r. EZ. _wirH$ `m§Zr àmË`{jH$ (Practical) à{ejUmMm gwM{dcocm AmH¥$Vr~§Y ^maV gaH$maZo ñdrH$macm.
nwT>rc nÕVrZo àmË`{jH$ à{ejU g§KQ>rV Ho$co hmoVo -
(1) n{hcm Am{U Xþgam _{hZm - amÁ` nmocrg à{ejU H$m°coO qH$dm nmocrg _hm{ZarjH$m§Mo H$m`m©c` - ñWm{ZH$ H$m`Xo
Am{U ^mfm AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r.
(2) {Vgam _{hZm - {OëømMr àmH¥${VH$ aMZm, A{YH$mar Am{U n[apñWVrer gwn[a{MV hmoÊ`mgmR>r {OëømÀ`m
_w»`mc`mV nmoñQ>tJ.
(3) Mm¡Wm _{hZm - J«m_rU Am{U ehar nmocrg Mm¡H$s¨_Üò à{ejU.
(4) nmMdm _{hZm - ñQ>oeÝg hmD$g Am°{\$g.
(5) ghmdm _{hZm - n[ajoÌ {ZarjH$/H$m`m©c`mer g§c¾.
(6) gmVdm _{hZm - {\$`m©X (Prosecution) emIoer g§c¾Vm.
(7) AmR>, ZD$ Am{U Xhmdm _{hZm - {Oëhm nmocrg H$m`m©c` Am{U {Oëhm _w»`mc`mer g§c¾Vm.
(8) AH$amdm _{hZm - JwÝho emIm, amÁ` grAm`S>r BË`mXrer g§c¾Vm.
(9) ~mamdm _{hZm - geó nmocrg VwH$S>çm§À`m _w»`mc`m_Üò XmoZ AmR>dS>o Am{U BVa {~Ja-nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§gmo~V
XmoZ AmR>dS>o. amÁ` gaH$ma Amnë`m A{YH$mam§VJ©V H«$_m§H$ (9) _Yrc XmoZ AmR>dS>o H«$_m§H$ (1) À`m à{ejUm_Üò
dmT>dy eH$Vo.
Jmoao g{_Vr (1971-73)
nmocrg Xc Zì`mZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m AmìhmZm§Zm gm_moao Omdy eH$V Zgë`mMr ~m~ hiy-hiy ñnï> hmoD$ cmJcr, Ë`mà_mUmV
Ë`m§À`m à{ejU H$m`©H«$_mVrc {deofrH$aUmMr JaO OmUdy cmJcr. 1971 gmcr E_. Eg. Jmoao `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr nmocrg
à{ejUm~m~V AmUIrZ EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m {df`mMm gImoc Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r g{_VrZo AmR> Aä`mg
JQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. Xoem§VJ©V n[apñWVrMm AZw^d KoÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mg JQ>mVrc gXñ`m§Zr g~§Y XoemMm Xm¡am Ho$cm Am{U Amncm
Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm. g{_VrZo à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m§Vrc gXmofVm AYmoao{IV Ho$cr. IPS A{YH$mè`m§À`m à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò
A{YH$ â H$m`Xm, nmocrg emó, eómMm dmna, H$dm`Vr Am{U BVa H¥$Vtda {Xcm OmV Agë`mMo g{_VrZo Z_yX Ho$co. na§Vw,
~XcË`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m g§X^m©V nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§Mr ^y{_H$m Ho$di H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mnwaVrM _`m©{XV Zmhr.
{dícofU j_VoÀ`m AmYmao g§^mì` KQ>Zm cjmV KoUo, OZVoMr _mJUr Am{U AmH$m§jm§Zm {dMmaV KoD$Z OmUrd {dH${gV H$aUo
dJ¡a|_wio nmo{cgm§Mr ^y{_H$m ~XcV Amho. `m{edm` `m à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò ì`dñWmnZmMr g§H$ënZm Am{U V§Ì `m§Mmhr A^md
Agë`mMo g{_VrZo _V _m§S>co. AmYw{ZH$ JwÝhoJmaemó Am{U X§S>ZrVremó g§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmao nmo{cqgJÀ`m à{V~§YmË_H$
~m~rda A{YH$ â {Xcm Omdm. `m{edm`, C_oXdmam§À`m ì`{º$_Ëd {dH$mgmdahr A{YH$ â {Xcm Omdm. dJ© {ejUm~amo~aM
àË`j joÌmdarc g_ñ`m§Mo AmH$cZ ìhmdo `mgmR>r EH$mpË_H$ {ejU nÕV Agmdr, Ago g{_VrZo gwM{dco.
g{_VrZo à{ejUmÀ`m nwT>rc Am`m_m§da â {Xcocm Amho -
(1) joÌ à{ejU - d[að> A{YH$mè`m§À`m _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U n`©dojUmda joÌ à{ejUmMo è dm Anè Adc§~yZ AgVo.
VgoM {OëømVrc A{YH$mè`m§Zmhr C_oXdmam§H$S>o cj XoÊ`mgmR>r nwaogm doi ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio àmË`{jH$ à{ejUmVrc EH$ _{hZm
H$_r H$ê$Z Vmo AH$mX_rÀ`m g_mamon Aä`mgH«$_m_Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag g{_VrZo Ho$cr.
(2) à{ejUmMo g±S>{dM àmê$n - ghH$m{cH$ joÌ g§nH©$ à{ejU eŠ` hmoUma Zgoc Va n`m©` åhUyZ à{ejUmMo
g±S>{dM àmê$n dmnaÊ`mV `mdo, Ago g{_VrZo gwM{dco. _yë`m§H$ZmÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$ narjmnÕVrEodOr àýmoÎmamMm Vmg, JQ>MMm©,
^y{_H$m ~OmdUo Am{U g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sÀ`m BVa H$gaVr `mAmYmao _yë`m§H$Z Ho$co Omdo.
^maV gaH$maZo g{_VrÀ`m ~hþg§»` {e\$maetMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm. _mÌ, g§ñWmË_H$ à{ejUmMm H$mcmdYr 12 _{hÝ`m§dê$Z
15 _{hZo H$aUo, hr {e\$mag _mÌ ñdrH$macr Zmhr. Odinmg EH$m XeH$mZ§Va à{ejUmÀ`m g±S>{dM àmê$nmMr A§_c~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

amï´>r` nmocrg Am`moJ, 1977
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ^maV gaH$maZo àW_M 15 Zmoìh|~a 1977 amoOr Ya_ dra `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr amï´>r` nmocrg
Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `m Am`moJm_Üò EZ. Ho$. aoÈ>r, Ho$. E\$. ê$ñVw_Or, EZ. Eg. gŠgoZm, E_. Eg. Jmoao Am{U gr.
ìhr. Zaqgh BË`mXr Cd©[aV gXñ` hmoVo. `m Am`moJmcm nmocrg g§KQ>Z, {VMr ^y{_H$m, H$m`}, O~m~XmarËd, OZVoer g§~§Y,
{VÀ`m H$m`m©Vrc amOH$s` hñVjon, A{YH$mam§Mm Xþê$n`moJ Am{U {VÀ`m H$m_{JarMo _yë`m§H$Z BË`mXr {df`m§À`m g§X^m©Zo
{e\$maer H$aÊ`mg gm§JÊ`mV Amco. 1979 Vo 1981 `m H$mcmdYrVrc AmR> Ahdmcm§_YyZ Am`moJmZo {e\$maetÛmao nmo{cgm§À`m
g§aMZo_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmVrc ~Xc gwM{dco.
n{hë`m Ahdmcm_Üò nmo{cgm§À`m {damoYmV AgUmè`m VH«$matÀ`m {ZdmaUmgmR>r ZmJ[aH$ d nmo{cgm§Zm amñV Am{U Ý`mæ`
dmQ>Umar VaVyX H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nmocrg nXgmonmZmVrc n`©dojH$ XOm©À`m H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mè`mZo `m
VH«$matH$S>o cj nwadyZ Ë`m§Mm {ZnQ>mam H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m{edm` nmocrg H$moR>S>r_Üò Amamonr _{hcoda
~cmËH$ma, nmocrg H$moR>S>r_Üò J§^ra XþImnV Am{U _¥Ë`w; VgoM ~oH$m`XoeraarË`m O_coë`m O_mdmcm nm§J{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m
nmocrg Jmoir~mam_Üò XmoZ dm A{YH$ cmoH$m§Mm _¥Ë`w Pmcm Agoc Va g§~§{YV nmo{cgm§Mr Ý`m`mc`rZ Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mV `mdr,
Ago Am`moJmZo Z_yX Ho$co. amÁ` emgZmZo `m CÔoemH$[aVm àËòH$ {Oëøm_Üò {Z`wº$ Ho$coë`m Aßna gÌ Ý`m`mYremH$Sy>Z Aer
Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m~amo~aM amÁ` ñVamda nmocrg VH«$ma _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMrhr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
Xþgè`m Am`moJm_Üò {d{^Þ {df`m§da {e\$maer H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`XmZ à{H«$òÀ`m gd© `§ÌUm§Zr H$m`©j_nUo
H$m`© Ho$ë`mZ§VaM nmo{cgm§Zm è àmá hmoD$ eH$Vo, Ago dmQ>ë`m_wio gd© A{^H$aUm§À`m H$m_{JarMo g_J«nUo n`©dojU H$aUmar
Am{U doimodoir gwYmaUmË_H$ Cnm` `moOUmar g§ñWm/_§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr. gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agcocm {dYr
Am`moJ d¡Ym{ZH$VoÀ`m AmYmao "\$m¡OXmar Ý`m` Am`moJ' åhUyZ Ë¶mÀ`m H$m`m©Mm {dñVma H$aÊ`mV `mdm. H|$Ðmà_mUoM amÁ`
nmVirdahr Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV `mdr. nmo{cgm§Zm godm{^_wI H$m`} nma nmS>Vm `mdrV `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm à{e{jV Am{U gwg‚m
Ho$co Omdo. nmo{cgm§À`m H$m`m©Vrc amOH$s` hñVjonm_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV A{YH$mam§Mm Xþê$n`moJ, H$m`ÚmÀ`m A{YamÁ`mMm èhmg
Am{U EH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ g§KQ>Z åhUyZ nmo{cgm§Mr {dídgZr`Vm hanV Amho. ~Xcr, ~S>V\$s© `m Am`wYm§Ûmao nmo{cgm§À`m H$m`m©da
_moR>m amOH$s` à^md nmS>cm OmVmo. Am`moJmZo `m~m~V {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, H$m`Úm§Zm AZwgê$Z nmo{cgm§Mr H$m_{Jar hmoVo qH$dm
Zmhr `mn`ªVM amÁ` emgZmMo nmo{cgm§darc n`©dojUmMo H$m`© _`m©{XV Agmdo. {^Þ n[apñWVr_Üò ñdrH¥$V H$aVm òVrc Aer
{dñV¥V YmoaUo gaH$maZo AmImdrV Am{U `m YmoaUm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma nmo{cgm§Mr H$m_{Jar {Z`§{ÌV Agmdr. VWm{n, joÌmdarc
(field) àË`j H$m`©dmhr~m~VÀ`m gyMZm `m_Üò Agy ZòV. Vnmg H$m`m©~m~V H$m`©H$mar à_wI dm amOH$maÊ`m§Mm H$moUVmhr
hñVjon Agy Zò. amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm n`©dojUmMo Amnco H$m`© nma nmS>Vm `mdo `mH$[aVm H$m`ÚmÛmao àËòH$ amÁ`m_Üò "amÁ` gwajm
Am`moJ' ñWmnÊ`mV `mdm, Aerhr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nmocrg à_wIm§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H$mimMr emídVr XoÊ`mV `mdr.
Mma df} qH$dm godm{Zd¥Îmr `mn¡H$s AmYr òUmè`m dfmªn`ªV hm H$m`©H$mi {Z{üV Agmdm. VËnydu nmocrg à_wImcm nXmdê$Z Xÿa
H$amd`mMo Agoc Va amÁ` gwajm Am`moJmMr g§_Vr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nmocrg XcmÀ`m à_wImMr {Z`wº$s hr Ë`m amÁ`mVrc
VrZ IPS A{YH$mè`m§À`m n°ZocZo H$amdr. `m n°ZocMr {Z{_©Vr g§K cmoH$godm Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`jmÀ`m AÜ`jVoImcrc g{_VrZo
H$amdr. nmocrg H$m`Úm_Üò gwYmaUm H$ê$Z {d{^Þ XOm©À`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m ~Xë`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r gj_ A{YgÎmm Z_yX H$aÊ`mV
`mdr. `m A{YgÎmo{edm` BVam§Zr `m g§X^m©V Omar Ho$coco AmXoe Ad¡Y _mZÊ`mV `mdoV.
{Vgè`m Ahdmcm_Üò Z_yX Ho$co H$s, AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O_mVr `m§À`m {damoYmVrc N>idUwH$sÀ`m Am{U ZmJar
h¸$ g§ajU A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V àH$aUm§À`m VnmgmMr àJVr nmhÊ`mH$[aVm amÁ` ñVamda nmocrg {d^mJm_Üò EH$m {deof Vnmg
gocMr ñWmnZm H$amdr. {Oëhm ñVamda Cn-{d^mJr` A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr AZwgy{MV OmVr/O_mVtZr Ho$coë`m
VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ goc ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nmo{cgm§À`m ~XcrMr O~m~Xmar nmocrg
AYrjH$m§H$S>o Va nmocrg AYrjH$m§À`m ~XcrMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar nmocrg à_wIm§H$S>o Agmdr.
gÜ`m nmo{cgm§Zm Agcoë`m AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mam_wio ì`º$sMm N>i Am{U A_mZdr H¥$Ë`mcm AdH$me àmá hmoVmo. Va
amOH$s` hñVjonm_wio AQ>H$ Ho$coë`m§Mr gwQ>H$m Ho$cr OmVo. ~§Xr àË`jrH$aUmÀ`m AmXoemImcr Aem H$mhr _Z_mZr AQ>Ho$Mr
àH$aUo g_moa òVmV. nmo{cgm§À`m AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m H¥$Vr~m~V H$S>H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdrV Am{U d[að>

n`©dojH$ XOm©À`m A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mMo X¡Z§{XZ àemgZ nhmdo, Aer {e\$mag Am`moJmZo Ho$cr Amho. `m{edm` hmVH$S>çm§À`m
(Handcuffs) dmnam~m~Vhr {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AmhoV. nmocrg Mm¡H$sÀ`m H$mhr X¡Z§{XZ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r nmocrg Mm¡H$s¨Zm
H$mhr {ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV `mdm. OoUoH$ê$Z ^«ï>mMmamcm Amim ~goc.
Mm¡Ï`m Ahdmcm_Üò \$m¡OXmar X§S> g§{hVo_Üò H$mhr AZwf§{JH$ gwYmaUm, Xþê$ñË`m H$aÊ`m~m~VÀ`m {e\$maer AmhoV.
\$m¡OXmar H$m`Xo g§{hVoÀ`m goŠeZ 154 _Üò Xþê$ñVr H$ê$Z Ago ~§YZ KmcÊ`mV `mdo H$s, EImXm JwÝhm g§~§{YV nmocrg
Mm¡H$sÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmV KS>cocm Zgcm Var àW_ ‘m{hVr Ahdmc (FIR) XmIc H$ê$Z ¿`mdr Am{U Z§Va Amdí`H$Vm Agoc
Va g§~§{YV nmocrg Mm¡H$sH$S>o Vr hñVm§VarV H$aVm `mdr, Aer {e\$mag Am`moJmZo Ho$cr. KQ>ZmñWir dm g§~§{YV gmjrXmamÀ`m
{Zdmg ñWmZmOdi gmo`rñH$a {R>H$mUr gmjrXmam§Mr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mV `mdr. gmjrXmam§Mr gmj ({dYmZ) Zm|XdyZ KoÊ`m~m~V
Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m nÕVrEodOr doJir nÕV Adc§~Ê`mV `mdr. `mZwgma gmjrXmam§Mr Mm¡H$er
H$aV AgVmZm {ZXe©Zmg òUmè`m VÏ`m§Mr Zm|X Vnmg A{YH$mè`m§Zr H$amdr. ho VÏ` {dYmZ V¥Vr` nwéfr (Third Person)
^mfo_Üò Agy eH$Vo. Ë`mZ§Va gmjrXmamÀ`m _mÝ`VogmR>r {dYmZmMr EH$ àV Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mV `mdr. gÜ`m Mm¡H$er
Xaå`mZ hñVJV Ho$cocr g§nÎmr, dñVy nmocrg Ý`m`mc`mH$S>o gwnyX© H$aVmV. {^Þ Q>ßß`m§da {^Þ H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m hmVmiUr-
_wio dñVy§Zm ZwH$gmZ nmohMy eH$Vo. `m_wio àH$aUmMm emoY èñdrnUo cmJcm Var g§~§{YVm§Mo _mZ{gH$ g_mYmZ hmoV Zmhr.
`m nmœ©^y_rda Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, Mm¡H$er Xaå`mZM g§~§{YV ì`º$sH$S>o g§nÎmr, dñVy gmon{dÊ`mV `mì`mV Am{U
Ë`m§Mr XoI^mc d Ý`m`mc`mnwT>o gmXa H$aÊ`m~m~VMm `mo½` ~m°ÝS> (Bonds) Ë`m ì`º$sH$Sy>Z {chÿZ KoÊ`mV `mdm. VnmgmÀ`m
nmVirdaM gmYmaU àH$aUm§_Üò g_PmoVm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Úm_Üò Xþê$ñVr H$aÊ`mV `mdr. gÜ`m Aem àH$maMm
g_PmoVm àH$aUmMr gwZmdUr gwê$ AgVmZm H$aVm òVmo. \$m¡OXmar X§S> g§{hVoÀ`m 5 ì`m àH$aUm_Üò goŠeZ 50-A hm ZdrZ
goŠeZ Z_yX H$ê$Z AQ>H$ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ì`º$scm nyd©gyMZm XoÊ`mV `mdr, Aerhr {e\$mag Am`moJmZo Ho$cr Amho. nmocrg
H$moR>S>rVrc "WS>© {S>J«r'Mm dmna H$_r H$aÊ`mV `mdm, `mgmR>rhr Am`moJmZo H$mhr {e\$maer gwM{dë`m AmhoV. `m{edm` {Oëhm
Ý`m`mc`m§Mr {Z`{_VnUo VnmgUr H$aÊ`mV `mdr. dmñVdmÀ`m AmYmamda gmjrXmam§Zm Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ë`m§À`m CnpñWVr~m~V
amñV ^Îmo XoÊ`mV `mdoV Am{U ho dmQ>n gmYr H$m`©nÕV, {dZm{dc§~ Am{U J¡agmo` Q>miyZ ìhmdo.
nmMì`m Ahdmcm_Üò Am`moJmZo ñnï> Ho$co H$s, hdmcXma Am{U ^maVr` nmocrg godm Ho$di `m XmoZ nmVù`m§daM nmocrg
âVr Ho$cr Omdr. `m {ZdS> à{H«$ò_Üò nyU©V… {dH${gV Ho$cocr _mZ{gH$ MmMUr KoÊ`mV `mdr. g§ajU _§Ìmc`mÀ`m gëë`mZo
H|$Ð gaH$maZo Aer MmMUr {dH${gV H$amdr. à{ejUmXaå`mZ gmVË`mZo C_oXdmam§Mr H$m_{Jar, Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U dV©ZmMo
_yë`_mnZ Ho$co Omdo. A`mo½` AgUmao C_oXdma dJiÊ`mV `mdoV. H$moUË`mhr hoVy{edm` {OëømVrc nmocrg Xcmcm {Oëhm
Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mè`mÀ`m (DM) A{YH$mè`m§VJ©V AmUÊ`mÀ`m H$m`ÚmVrc VaVwXtZm Am`moJmZo {damoY Xe©{dcm Amho. _mÌ, _w»`
g_Ýd` gmYUmar A{YgÎmm åhUyZ nmo{cgm§Zr DM Mm AmXa H$amdm, Ago åhQ>co Amho. nmocrg Am{U ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`mVrc
g§~§Y ~XcÊ`mgmR>r nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§Mo/H$_©Mmè`m§Mo dV©Z ~XcUo Amdí`H$ Amho. \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {H«${_Zc
BZÁ`warO² ZwH$gmZânmB© A{Y{Z`_ V`ma H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. H$m`©dmhr, JwáMa, ì`º$sMr ImOJr~m~ Am{U
Ý`m{`H$ Amdí`H$Vm BË`mXr ~m~tMm AndmX Ho$ë`mg eŠ` {VVŠ`m H¥$Vt~m~V nmaXe©H$Vm AgÊ`mMr JaO Amho. _{hcm
nmo{cgm§Mr g§»`m dmT>dyZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Vnmg H$m`} gmondmdrV. _{hcm nmo{cgm§Zm nmocrg g§KQ>ZoMm A§VJ©V ^mJ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r
Cnm` `moOÊ`mV `mdoV. ghmæ`H$ nmocrg Cn{ZarjH$ Am{U nmocrg Cn{ZarjH$ `m nXm§da _{hcm§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV âVr
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV `mdr.
ghmì`m Ahdmcm_Üò A{YH$mè`m§Mr ~T>Vr, H|$Ðr` IPS Ho$S>aMr {Z{_©Vr, à_wI eham§gmR>r nmocrg Am`wº$mc`, O_mVr`
X§Jcr, Xcm§_Üò AmajU BË`mXr~m~V {e\$maer Ho$coë`m AmhoV. nmocrg AYrjH$, nmocrg Cn_hm{ZarjH$ Am{U nmocrg
_hm{ZarjH$ `m nXm§da ~T>Vr XoÊ`mnydu gd© IPS A{YH$mè`m§Zr ~T>Vr-nyd© Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$ê$Z narjm Úmdr Am{U
dñVw{Zð>nUo Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr Omdr. XmoZ g§Yr XoD$Zhr Ë`m§Zm `m nXmgmR>r nmÌ hmoVm Amco Zmhr Va Ë`m§Zm godoVyZ nX_wº$
H$aÊ`mV `mdo. {Z_ cîH$ar g§KQ>Zm Am{U IB, CBI, RAW Aem g§KQ>Zm§gmR>r H|$Ðr` IPS Ho$S>aMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV `mdr. {H$_
mZ 5 cmI dm Ë`mnojm A{YH$ cmoH$g§»`m AgUmè`m {R>H$mUr dm OcX eharH$aU, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU dJ¡ao H$maUm§_wio {dH${gV
hmoUmè`m {R>H$mUm§gmR>r nmocrg Am`wº$mc` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdo. O_mVr` X§Jct_Üò emoY H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` CID À`m

A§VJ©V {deof emoY nWH$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdo. cmoH$g§»òVrc à_mUmZwgma Aëng§»`mH$ Am{U BVa Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§Zm nmocrg
Xcm_Üò AmajU XoÊ`mg Am`moJmZo {damoY Xe©{dcm Amho. OmV Am{U O_mVr` VÎdmZwgma AmajU {Xë`mg nm`m^yV nmocrg
VÎdkmZmcmM VS>m OmVmo Ago Am`moJmZo åhQ>co Amho.
gmVì`m Ahdmcm_Üò Am`moJmZo {e\$mag Ho$cr H$s, J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò EH$m nmocrg Mm¡H$sMo A{YH$majoÌ 150 {H$._r. nojm
A{YH$ Agy Zò. ehar ^mJm_Üò cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm {dMmamV KoVcr Omdr. amÁ`mVrc g§nyU© nmocrg Xcmda nmocrg à_wImMo
{Z`§ÌU Agmdo. amÁ` geó nmocrg VwH$S>çm§_Üò EH$gmaIonUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$ÐmZo H$m`Xm H$amdm. g„mJmamË_H$
Am{U n`©dojUmMo H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` nmocrg g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m g{_VrZo gmYmaU ñdê$nmVrc nmocrg
g§KQ>Z Am{U nmocrg gwYmaUm; AÚ`mdVrH$aU Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ` nmocrg Xcm§Zm H|$Ðr` AZwXmZ Am{U H$O©; d amÁ`
nmocrg Xcm§Zm A§XmOnÌH$s` dmQ>n BË`mXr {df`m§da H|$Ð gaH$ma Am{U amÁ` gwajm Am`moJm§Zm Amdí`H$ g„m XoÊ`mMo H$m_
`m g{_VrZo H$amdo, Ago Am`moJmZo ñnï> Ho$co. A{^`m§{ÌH$s, gZXr coImnmc Am{U BVa ì`mdgm{`H$m§à_mUoM A{Ic ^maVr`
nmocrg g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
AmR>ì`m Ahdmcm_Üò Z_yX Ho$co H$s, nmo{cgm§À`m H$m_{JarMo _yë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` gwajm Am`moJm§VJ©V EH$ ñdV§Ì
goc Agoc. 1973 gmcÀ`m \$m¡OXmar X§S> g§{hVoVrc goŠeZ 132 Am{U 197 Zwgma gmd©O{ZH$ nXñWm§À`m (godH$m§À`m) {d{dY
dJ©dmatZm Ë`m§Mo H$m`m©c`rZ H$V©ì` nma nmS>Vm `mdo åhUyZ H$mhr g§ajU {Xcoco Amho. Ë`m§À`mda IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mnydu d[að>
gj_ A{YgÎmoH$Sy>Z Ver _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr cmJVo. Ý`m`mc`rZ {ZdoXZmgmR>r (Judicial Pronouncement) nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§À`m
{damoYmV IQ>cm Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r Aem nyd©nadmZJrMr AQ> Agy Zò, Aer {e\$mag Am`moJmZo Ho$cr Amho. Ë¶mgmR>r 1861
gmcÀ`m nmocrg H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.
nmocrg Am`moJmÀ`m Cnamoº$ H$mhr à_wI {e\$maetMr gaH$maZo AmOVmJm`V A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cocr Zmhr. gÚ…pñWVrVrc
nmocrg g§KQ>Z {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`m_Üò amOH$maUr Am{U ZmoH$aehm§Mo {hVg§~§Y Jw§Vcoco Agë`mZo nmo{cg gwYmaUm§Zm {damoY hmoVmZm
{XgVmo. Ë`m_wio 1997 gmcr VËH$m{cZ H|$Ðr` J¥h_§Ìr B§Ð{OV Jwám `m§Zr nmocrg Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maÊ`m~m~V
amÁ`mÀ`m _w»`_§Í`m§Zm g§Xoe nmR>{dcm hmoVm. na§Vw `m AmdmhZmcm H$moUrM à{VgmX {Xcocm Zmhr.
[a~oamo g{_Vr (1998)
nmo{cg gwYmaUm~m~VÀ`m EH$m OZ{hV `m{MHo$da {ZdmS>m XoVmZm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m AmXoem§_wio 1998 _Üò
[a~oamo g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m g{_VrZo Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1998 _Üò n{hcm Ahdmc Va _mM© 1999 _Üò Xþgam Ahdmc
gmXa Ho$cm. `m g{_VrZo amÁ` gwajm, DGP Mr {ZdS> Am{U nmo{cgm§{damoYmVrc VH«$mar `m gma»`m nmM _hÎdmÀ`m joÌm§g§~§Yr
{e\$maer gmXa Ho$ë`m. `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maetMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr.
nX²_Zm^¡æ`m (Padmanabhaiah) g{_Vr (2000)
H|$Ðr` J¥h _§Ìmc`mZo OmZodmar 2000 _Üò nmocrg gwYmaUm§~m~V EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr. nX²_Zm^¡æ`m (_mOr H|$Ðr`
J¥hg{Md) `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc `m g{_Vr_Üò AmUIr Mma gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. ho gd© gXñ` nmocrg A{YH$mar hmoVo.
{~Ja nmocrg àemgZmVrc EH$hr ì`º$s g{_Vr_Üò ZìhVr. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2000 _Üò g{_VrZo Amncm Ahdmc H|$Ð gaH$macm
gmXa Ho$cm. `m g{_VrZo 12 {dñV¥V g§X^mªÀ`m AmYmao Ahdmc gmXa H$amd`mMm hmoVm. g{_VrZo hmVmicoë`m {df`m§n¡H$s
H$mhr _hÎdnyU© {df` nwT>rcà_mUo -
(A) nmo{cgm§Mo amOH$s`rH$aU Am{U JwÝhoJmarH$aU - g{_VrÀ`m _Vo, nmo{cgm§Mo amOH$s`rH$aU Am{U JwÝhoJmarH$aU
hmoÊ`m_Üò ^«ï>mMma ho _yi H$maU Amho. `mH$[aVm hdmcXmam§Mm XOm© gwYmaUo Am{U Ë`m§Mr godm d amhUr_mZ gwYmaUo; ZdrZ
ImË`m§VJ©V {d^mJr` Mm¡H$er H$m`©nwpñVH$m Am{U nmo{cgm§gmR>r ZdrZ AmMmag§{hVm V`ma H$aUo; amOn{ÌV VgoM {~Ja-amOn{ÌV
nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§Zr Amnco àm°nQ>u [aQ>Z©g² âUo; nmocrg {d^mJm§VJ©V XjVm gwYmaUo; OZVoMr nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§n`ªV ghO
nmoM AgUo Am{U nmocrg ñQ>oeZÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m AQ>H$oÀ`m Zm|Xr VnmgUo BË`mXr {e\$maer g{_VrZo Ho$ë`m. VWm{n,
nmo{cgm§Mo JwÝhoJmarH$aU `m àýmH$S>o `m g{_VrZo g§Hw${MV AWm©Zo nm{hë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo.
âVr Am{U ~T>VrMr YmoaUo/H$m`©nÕVr `m_wio nmocrg àemgZmV amOH$s` hñVjon hmoVmo, Ago g{_Vrcm dmQ>Vo. `mg§~§YrMo

A{YH$ma nmo{cg àemgZmH$S>o dm nmocrg AmñWmnZm _§S>imH$S>o {Xë`mg amOH$s` hñVjon H$_r hmoB©c, Ago g{_VrMo åhUUo
hmoVo.
(~) nmo{cgm§darc amOH$s` {Z`§ÌU - `m g{_VrZo NPC Zo gwM{dcoco amÁ` gwajm Am`moJ, J«oQ> {~«Q>ZMo nmo{cgm§darc
amOH$s` {Z`§ÌUmMo àmê$n (Model) ZmH$maco Am{U OnmZÀ`m àmê$nm_Üò H$mhr ~Xc H$ê$Z Ë`mMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mMo
gwM{dco. VWm{n, eodQ>r g{_VrZo nwañH¥$V Ho$coco àmê$n ho OnmZÀ`m àmê$nmnojm \$ma {^Þ Agë`mMo {XgVo. g{_VrÀ`m _Vo,
~Xcr Am{U nmoñQ>tJÀ`m A{YH$mam_wio d H$m`©H$mim~m~V `mo½` YmoaU Zgë`mZo nmo{cgm§Mo amOH$s`rH$aU hmoV Amho. nmocrg
AmñWmnZm _§S>imMr (PEB) ñWmnZm; gd© nmocrg A{YH$mè`m§Mm {H$_mZ H$m`©H$mi 2 df} Am{U nmocrg AYrjH$ dm Ë`mdarc
nXmÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr nmoñQ>tJ Am{U ~Xcr~m~V {Z`_m§Mo C„§KZ Ho$co Va Ë`m~m~V _V {dMmamV KoUmar Cƒ ñVar` g{_Vr
dJ¡ao {e\$maer `m g{_VrZo Ho$ë`m.
(H$) nmo{cgm§Mr O~m~Xmar - `m g{_VrÀ`m _Vo, ""nmocrg {d^mJmÀ`m H$m`m©À`m ñdê$nm_wio Xadfu nmocrg H$_©Mmè`m§À`m
{damoYmV Ag§»` VH«$mar XmIc hmoVmV.'' `m VH«$mar g§~§{YV {d^mJmVrc d[að> A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z hmVmië`m Omì`mV. Ë`m§À`m
{ZU©`m~m~V VH«$maXma g_mYmZr Zgoc Va Ë`mZo "{~Ja d¡Ym{ZH$ Aem {Oëhm nmocrg VH«$ma A{YgÎmoH$S>o' XmX _mJmdr. `m
A{YgÎmoMm à_wI {Oëhm Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mar Agoc Am{U ghmæ`mgmR>r d[að> Aßna gÌ Ý`m`mYre, nmocrg AYrjH$ d DM Zo
Zm_{ZX}{eV Ho$cocr à{gÕ ì`º$s (ZmJarH$) `m_Üò AgVrc. `m A{YgÎmoH$S>o ñdV…Mr Mm¡H$er/Vnmg `§ÌUm Zgë`mZo {VMr
_`m©Xm ñnï> hmoVo.
_cr_W g{_Vr (2001-03)
\$m¡OXmar Ý`m` ì`dñWm, Mm¡H$er, IQ>cm Mmc{dUo, Ý`m`mc`, JwÝhm Am{U {ejm BË`mXr VÎdm§~m~V {dMma H$ê$Z \$m¡OXmar
Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrc gwYmaUm§~m~V H$aÊ`mgmR>r {e’$maer H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 2001-2003 `m H$mcmdYrgmR>r _cr_W> (Malimath)
g{_Vr \$m¡OXmar Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrc gwYmaUm§~m~V {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. `m g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmcmda _mZdr h¸$ g§KQ>Zm§Zr
{VÀ`m 'Changing the burden of proof' `m gyMZoda Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. g{_VrZo 158 {ZarjUo Am{U {e\$maetMr Zm|X Ho$cr.
55 à_wI {e\$maetn¡H$s H|$Ð gaH$maZo 42 Va amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr 26 {e\$maetMr A§_c~OmdUr H$amd`mMr Amho.
draßnm ‘moB©cr Am¶moJ (2005)
¶wnrE gaH$maZo (’o$O-I ) draßnm ‘moB©cr ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr JR>rV Ho$coë¶m "Xþgè¶m àemgH$s¶ gwYmaUm Am¶moJmZo'
Amnë¶m 5 ì¶m Ahdmcm‘Ü¶o (gmd©O{ZH$ gwì¶dñWm) nmocrg gwYmaUm§~m~V H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© {e’$maer Ho$ë¶m AmhoV. Ë¶m
nwT>rcà‘mUo -
(1) BVa nmocrg H$m¶mªnmgyZ "JwÝømMm Vnmg' ho H$m¶© ñdV§Ì H$amdo. àË¶oH$ amÁ¶m‘Ü¶o "JwÝho AÝdofU A{^H$aU' (CIA-
Crime Investigaton Agency) ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo.
(2) amÁ¶ nmocrg H$m‘{Jar Am{U CÎmaXm{¶Ëd Am¶moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdm.
(3) ‘w»¶ g{Mdm§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr "amÁ¶ nmocrg AmñWmnZm g{‘Vr' (SPEC) ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr. ¶m g{‘VrZo
nmocrg ‘hm{ZarjH$ (IGP) Am{U ¶m nXmnojm d[aîR> nXm§er g§~§{YV àH$aUo hmVmimdrV.
(4) {Oëhm A°Q>Zu ì¶dñWm ñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr. {Oëhm Ý¶m¶mYre nXmÀ¶m XOm©Mr A{YH$mar ì¶º$s {Oëhm A°Q>Zu
åhUyZ {Z¶wº$ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(5) J¥h‘§Ìmc¶m§VJ©V H¥$Vr Xc {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo. ¶m XcmZo A§‘c~OmdUr {d^mJmH$S>o hñVm§VarV H$aVm ¶oVrc Aem
A§‘c~OmdUrj‘ H$m¶Úm§Zm AYmoao{IV H$amdo.
(6) 10 cmIm§nojm A{YH$ cmoH$g§»¶m Agcoë¶m gd© eham§‘Ü¶o "‘hmZJa nmocrg A{YgÎmm' (MPA) ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV
¶mdr. ¶m A{YgÎmoH$S>o H$å¶w{ZQ>r nmocrqgJÀ¶m ¶moOZm AmIUo Am{U Ë¶m§Mo n¶©dojU H$aUo, nmocrg-ZmJarH$ g§dmX
gwYmaUo, nmocrgm§Mr JwUdÎmm gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r Cnm¶ gwM{dUo, dm{f©H$ nmocrg ¶moOZm§Zm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoUo Am{U Aem
¶moOZm§À¶m A§‘c~OmdUrMo nwZamdcmoH$Z H$aUo BË¶mXr A{YH$ma gmon{dÊ¶mV ¶mdoV.
(7) àË¶oH$ KQ>H$amÁ¶mZo VmËH$mi EH$m ~hþ-{dÚmemIr¶ H¥$Vr XcmMr ñWmnZm H$amdr. ho H¥$Vr Xc AmD$Q>gmog© H$aVm

¶oB©c Aem {~Ja-‘hÎdmÀ¶m nmocrg H$m¶mªMr ¶mXr V¶ma H$aoc. Aer H$m¶} AÝ¶ A{^H$aUm§H$Sy>Z Q>ßß¶m-Q>ßß¶mZo
H$ê$Z KoVm ¶oVrc.
(8) gÚ… pñWVrVrc "nmocrgXc ì¶dñWm' (Constabulary) ~XcyZ Ë¶mEodOr ghmæ¶H$ nmocrg Cn{ZarjH$ (ASI) ¶m
ñVamda nXdrYmaH$m§Mr âVr H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(9) {OëømVrc nmocrgm§À¶m {damoYmVrc VH«$mar hmVmiÊ¶mgmR>r "{Oëhm nmocrg VH«$ma A{YgÎmm' ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
EImXr »¶mVZm‘ ZmJarH$ ¶m A{YgÎmoÀ¶m AÜ¶jnXr Agmdr, Va »¶mVZm‘ dH$sc Am{U godm{Zd¥Îm gZXr godH$
{VMo gXñ¶ AgVrc. amÁ¶emgZmZo amÁ¶ ‘mZdr h¸$ Am¶moJmÀ¶m à‘wImer gëcm‘gcV H$ê$Z ¶m A{YgÎmoÀ¶m
AÜ¶j Am{U gXñ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$amdr. emgH$s¶ godH$mMr ¶m A{YgÎmoÀ¶m g{MdnXr {Z¶wº$s H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(10) {d^mJm§VJ©V n[aUm‘H$maH$ n[ajUmMr (inspection) h‘r XoÊ¶m~amo~aM nmocrg H$m‘{Jar Am{U CÎmaXm{¶Ëd
Am¶moJmÀ¶m n¶©dojUmImcr "ñdV§Ì nmocrg n[ajUmc¶' (IIP- Independent Inspectorate of Police) ñWmnZ
H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdo. ho n[ajUmc¶ n[ajUmMo nwZamdcmoH$Z ¶mÛmao nmocrg ñQ>oeÝg Am{U BVa nmocrg H$m¶m©c¶m§À¶m
H$m‘{JarÀ¶m Am°{S>Q>Mo H$m¶© nyU© H$aoc.
(11) ñdV§Ì "amï´>r¶ Am{U amÁ¶ ’$m°aopÝgH$ gm¶Ýg g§KQ>Z' (NSFSO) {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. amÁ¶ ñVamda
ho g§KQ>Z Vnmg ‘§S>imÀ¶m (BOI) n¶©dojUmImcr H$m‘ H$aoc.
(12) JwßV ‘m{hVr àmßV H$aUmè¶m (JwßVMa) ¶§ÌUm§Zm ~iH$Q> H$aÊ¶m~amo~aM Ë¶m§Zm A{YH$ CÎmaXm¶r ~Z{dUo Amdí¶H$
Amho. ‘mZdr JwßVMam~amo~aM V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m A{YH$V‘ dmnamda â XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
(13) ¶mo½¶ gw{dYm Am{U ^Îmo ¶m AZwf§JmZo à{ejU g§ñWm§darc à{V{Z¶wº$s (deputation) A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ H$aÊ¶mV
¶mdr, OoUoH$ê$Z VÁk àemgH$ ¶m nXmda H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg CËgwH$ amhVrc. nmocrg H$m‘{Jar Am{U CÎmaXm{¶Ëd
Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerdê$Z amÁ¶mVrc à{ejU à‘wImMr {Z¶wº$s H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(14) nmocrg XcmVrc gd© ñVam§darc ‘{hcm§À¶m g§»¶oV dmT> ìhmdr ¶mH$arVm gH$mamË‘H$ Cnm¶¶moOZm H$aÊ¶mV ¶mì¶mV.
¶mÛmao nmocrg XcmVrc 33 Q>¸o$ nXm§da ‘{hcm A{YH$mar Agmì¶mV.
(15) AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVr ¶m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m§~m~V àemgZ Am{U nmocrg Xcmcm A{YH$ g§dXoZerc ~Z{dUo.
(16) amîQ´>r¶ gwajm Am¶moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$Z Ë¶mH$S>o H|$Ðr¶ geó Xcm§À¶m à‘wIm§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aÊ¶mH$arVm {ZdS>
‘§S>im~m~V {e’$maer H$aÊ¶mMo ‘¶m©{XV A{YH$ma gmon{dÊ¶mV ¶mdoV.
(17) H|$Ðr¶ J¥h‘§Ìmc¶mZo amÁ¶m§er g„m‘gcV H$ê$Z gH«$s¶nUo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶o VgoM amÁ¶m§VJ©V à^mdr g‘Ýd¶mH$arVm
Am¡nMmarH$ g§ñWm Am{U àmoQ>moH$m°ëg {dH${gV H$amdm.
Oo. Eg. d‘m© g{‘Vr (2012)
{X„rVrc gm‘y{hH$ ~cmËH$mamÀ¶m KQ>ZoZ§Va H|$Ð gaH$maZo 23 {S>g|~a 2012 amoOr gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mMo ‘mOr Ý¶m¶‘yVu
Ý¶m. Oo. Eg. d‘m© ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr. ¶m g{‘VrZo nmocrg gwYmaUm§~m~V nwT>rc {e’$maer Ho$ë¶m -
(1) amÁ¶ gaH$maZo amÁ¶ nmocrgm§da Amncm à^md {Z‘m©U H$ê$ Z¶o ¶mH$arVm "amÁ¶ gwajm Am¶moJ' (SSC) ñWmnZ
H$amdm.
(2) amÁ¶mMo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr dm J¥h‘§Ìr ¶m Am¶moJmMo AÜ¶j AgVrc. Am¶moJ ì¶mnH$ YmoaU ‘mJ©X{e©H$m Omar H$aoc.
(3) nmocrg A{YH$mè¶m§Mr ~Xcr, Zo‘UyH$ (nmoñQ>tJ) Am{U ~T>Vr ¶m~m~V {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r "nmocrg AmñWmnZm
‘§S>imMr' (PEB) ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr.
(4) nmocrg ‘hm{ZX}eH$/‘hmg§MmcH$ (DGP) Am{U nmocrg ‘hm{ZarjH$ (IGP) ¶m§Mm H$mcmdYr {H$‘mZ 2 df} BVH$m
Agmdm.
gwYmaUm§_mJrc ^y{_H$m
Xoem_Üò _mZdr h¸$m{^_wI nmo{cg Am{U H$m`Úm§À`m A§_c~OmdUr_Yrc gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV nmocrg, emgZ Am{U
g_mOmcm Amnmncr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr cmJUma Amho. gaH$maZo amï´>r` nmocrg Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$mê$Z amÁ` gwajm

Am`moJ ñWmnZ Ho$co Va `m VrZ KQ>H$m§_Üò H¥$Vr~m~V g_Ýd` amIÊ`mMo H$m_ hmVr ¿`mdo cmJoc. amÁ` gwajm Am`moJmÀ`m
AZwnpñWVr_Üò emgZm~amo~aM nmocrg {d^mJmZo `mg§X^m©V nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm. OZVoH$Sy>Z gwYmaUm à[H«$òcm nwaogm à{VgmX Am{U
àoaUm ghOnUo {_iy eH$Vo.
nmocrg àemgZmV§J©V gwYmaUm
nmocrg Xcm§_Yrc ZoV¥ËdmZo gwYmaUm§àVr ~m§{YcH$s ñdrH$macr Va _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUVm òVrc. g§KQ>Zm§_
Yrc gwYmaUm øm Cƒ nXñWm§H$Sy>Z gwê$ ìhmì`mV Am{U Mm§Jë`m dV©ZmMo {ZX}e gd© {ZåZV_ nmVù`m§n`ªV nmohMmdoV. à{ejU
Am{U {ejUmVrc gmVË` `mMr {ZînÎmr åhUOo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ dV©Z AgVo. Ame` Am{U nÕVrÀ`m ~m~VrV nmo{cgm§Mo à{ejU
ho àmMrZ ñdê$nmMo Amho. AmOhr à{ejUm_Üò _mZdr _Z `m EodOr emar[aH$ VmH$Xrda â [Xcm OmVmo. nmocrg Xcm_Üò
85 Q>¸o$ AgUmè`m hdmcXmam§Zm _mZdr h¸$m§~m~V à{ejU [Xco OmV Zmhr. nmocrg Xcm§_Yrc Cng§ñH¥$Vr cmoH$emhrË_H$
nmo{cgtJcm AZwHy$c AgocM Ago Zmhr. _mZdr h¸$m§~m~VMm d[að> A{YH$mè`m§Mm ZH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~XcUo Amdí`H$
Amho.
nmo{cgm§{damoYmV AgUmè`m VH«$matMo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ý`mæ`, OcX Am{U O~m~Xma nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`m~m~V
gwYmaUm H$aVm òD$ eH$VmV. VH«$ma {ZdmaU H$aUmè`m ì`dñWoMo g§ñWr^dZ H$aÊ`mV `mdo Am{U nmo{cgm§Mr ^y{_H$m d
O~m~Xmar `m~m~V Vr EH$mË_ ìhmdr. cmoH$m§À`m VH«$mar XmIc H$ê$Z KoUo Am{U Ë`mcm à{VgmX XoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ nmocrg
Mm¡H$s_Üò {Z`{_VnUo "nmocrg AXmcV' â{dÊ`mV `mdr. nmaXe©H$Vo_wio H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo Am{U cmoH$m§Mm nm[R>¨~mhr {_iVmo.
cmoH$gh^mJm{edm` gwg‚m Am{U à{e{jV Ago H$moUVohr nmocrg Xc g_mOmVrc JwÝøm§{déÕ cTy> eH$V Zmhr. g_mOmVrc
gd© KQ>H$m§er g§dmX {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ghH$m`© {_i{dUo \$m`ÚmMo R>aVo.
emgZmZo H$amd`mÀ`m gwYmaUm
{ZYrÀ`m H$_VaVo_wio emgZ nmocrg gwYmaUm§H$S>o Xþc©j H$arV ZgyZ g§Hw${MV Aem njr` [hVg§~§Ym_wio XoIrc Ë¶mH$S>o
Xþc©j Ho$co OmV Amho. gÎmmYmar AgUmam H$moUVmhr nj `mcm AndmX _mZVm òUma Zmhr. amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëdm_m\©$V nmo{cgm§Mm
Xþê$n`moJ H$ê$Z Amnco [hVg§~§Y Am{U ~oH$m`Xoera H¥$Ë` cn{dco OmVo. ImOJr ñdê$nmV gm§^mië`m OmUmè`m "goZm§_wio'
(ImOJr Xco) H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` S>mdcco OmV AgyZ nmo{cgm§darc cmoH$m§Mm {dídmg H$_r hmoV Amho. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo
nmo{cgm§À`m X¡Z§[XZ H$m_H$mOm_Üò hñVjon H$ê$ Zò.
nmocrg H$m`ÚmV ~Xc
Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV, H|$Ð gaH$maZo 145 dfu` OwÝ`m nmocrg H$m`ÚmVrc ~XcmMr à[H«$`m gwê$ Ho$cr. `m_Üò gmocr
gmoam~Or n°ZocZo Ho$coë`m gyMZm§Mm g_mdoe H$amd`mMm hmoVm. gmocr gmoam~OrZo àñVm{dV Ho$coë`m _m°S>oc nmocrg H$m`Úm_Üò
\$m¡OXmar (JwÝhoJmar) Vnmg H$m`m©À`m ì`mdgm{`H$sH$aUmda (àmo\o$eZ°{cP_) â XoÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`mVrc _hÎdmÀ`m {e\$maer
nwT>rc ~m~ter g§~§{YV AmhoV -
(1) godm emídVr - _hÎdnyU© `§ÌUm§gmR>r [H$_mZ XmoZ dfmªMm H$m`©H$mc.
(2) S>màoŠQ>a OZac Am°\$ nmocrg `m nXmgmR>r JwUdÎmoda AmYmarV {ZdS> Am{U {Z`wº$s.
(3) H$m_{Jar {ZX}em§H$ R>a{dUo Am{U à^mdr nmo{cqgJÀ¶m YmoaUmË_H$ _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r amÁ` nmocrg _§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr
H$aUo.
(4) nmo { cgm§ M r ~Xcr Am{U nXmdarc {Z`w º $s `m~amo ~ aM H$mo U Ë`mhr Ad¡ Y AmXo e mÀ`m {damo Y mV nmo c rg
A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m VH«$mar hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r "BñQ>°pãce_|Q> H${_Q>r' Agmdr.
(5) nmo{cgm§Mo JwÝho - nmo{cgm§H$Sy>Z MwH$m Pmë`mg \$m¡OXmar {ejm àñVm{dV Ho$cr Amho. Aem JwÝøm§_Üò E\$AmÀma
XmIc H$ê$Z Z KoUo, ~oH$m`Xoera AQ>H$, ñWmZ~ÕVm, PS>Vr KoUo [H¨$dm Oár B. ~m~tMm g_mdoe Agoc.
nmocrg gwYmaUoMo H$mhr àñVmd
(1) CÎmaXm{`Ëd - Amncr godm nma nmS>Ê`m_Üò nmo{cgm§Mo CÎmaXm{`Ëd AË`ën à_mUmV OmUdVo. CXm. VH«$matMr Zm|X

H$ê$Z KoUo Am{U Ë`mda `mo½` H¥$Vr/H$madmB© Z H$aUo. BVa godm§À`m ~m~V CXm. BcoŠQ´>r{gQ>r [H¨$dm Q>o{cH$m°_ `m§À`m VH«$ma
{ZdmaU godm§~m~V J«mhH$ g_mYmZr Zgoc Va Ë`mcm ñdV§Ì {Z`m_H$ _§S>imH$S>o XmX _mJVm òVo. Aer `§ÌUm nmo{cgm§{damoYmVrc
VH«$mat~m~V ApñVËdmV Zmhr.
(A) à{VgmXmË_H$ Am{U O~m~Xma ñWm{ZH$ nmo{cqgJ - gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m X¡Z§[XZ OrdZmer g§~§{YV AZoH$
nmo{cqgJ H$m`} AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n \$ma ñWm{ZH$ Ago Amho. CXm. JñV KmcUo, dmhVyH$ {Z`§ÌU, gmd©O{ZH$ CnÐd
[H¨$dm Ìmg `mH$[aVm JwÝho XmIc H$aUo B. Aem IQ>ë`m§gmR>r H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ñWm{ZH$ Xcm§H$S>o
A{YH$ma AgmdoV Am{U Vo n§Mm`V [H¨$dm ZmJ[aH$m§À`m g{_Vrcm O~m~Xma AgVrc. `m ñWm{ZH$ Xcm§À`m A{YH$majoÌmImcr
chmZ àXoe Agmdm, Á`m_wio ZmJ[aH$m§er Mm§Jcm g§dmX {Z_m©U hmoB©c.
(~) nmaXe©H$VoZo ~Xcr Am{U ~T>Vr - nmocrg {d^mJm_Üò ~Xcr Am{U ~T>Vr H$aÊ`mH$[aVm _moR>çm à_mUmV
cmMImoar MmcVo, ho gd©lwV Amho. n[aUm_ ñdê$n Oo nmocrg godH$ cmM XoVmV, Ë`m aH$_oMr nwZàm©ár cdH$amV cdH$a
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo H$m`©aV hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio Ho$coë`m "Jw§VdUwH$sVyZ' Mm§Jcm naVmdm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r "^«ï>mMma' ho EH$ gmYZ ~ZVo.
H$mhrdoim, A{YH$mè`m§da X~md Q>mH$Ê`mMo/{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo V§Ì åhUyZ ~XcrMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
VWm[n, àËòH$ H$_©Mmè`mgmR>r EH$m H$mcmdYrZ§Va AmnmoAmn godm [R>H$mU Kmo{fV hmoB©c Aem AmkmdcrMm AmamIS>m
Am{U ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr Va ^«ï>mMmamMm EH$ _moR>m ^mJ Zï> H$aVm òB©c. Ë`mà_mUoM ~T>VrgmR>r dñVw{Zð>
{ZH$f ñnï> Ho$co Am{U à{gÕ Ho$co Va ì`{º$JV n[ajUmMm AdH$me H$_r hmoB©c. `m_wio ~T>Vr Am{U ~XcrgmR>r cmMImoar
H$aÊ`mMr JaO ^mgUma Zmhr.
(2) H$m_{Jar n`©dojU - nmo{cgm§À`m H$m_{JarMo n`©dojU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWm ñWm{nV Ho$ë`mg nmocrg Xcm§_Üò
CÎmaXm{`Ëd dmT>rg cmJoc. H$m_{JarMo dñVw{Zð> Am{U H$m`©j_ {ZX}e Z_yX H$aVm òVmV Am{U Ë`mAmYmao nmocrg Xcm§À`m
H$m_{JarMo n`©dojU H$aVm òVo.
(3) H$_rV-H$_r amOH$s` hñVjon - amï´>r` nmocrg Am`moJmZo nwañH¥$V Ho$ë`mà_mUo amÁ`mÀ`m nmocrg à_wIm§Mm
H$m`©H$mi {Z{üV Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo H$m`} nma nmS>Vm òVrc. ^maVm_Üò A{YH$mè`m§Mr nX{Z{üVr Am{U ~Xcr `m§Mm
dmna nwañH$ma Am{U {ejm åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ AZoH$ nmocrg à_wI amOH$s` njm§er g§YmZ ~m§YVmV.
Ë`mMà_mUo nmocrg à_wImÀ`m {ZdS>rMr h_r VÁk g{_VrH$S>o (H$Xm{MV `ynrEggrMo AÜ`j `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr) Agmdr.
godm Áòð>Vm Am{U JwUdÎmm `m AmYmao {ZdS> H$amd`mÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Mo EH$ _§S>i `m g{_VrZo gy{MV H$amdo.
(4) _m[hVr-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna - VH«$matMr Zm|X H$ê$Z KoVcr OmV Zmhr, Aer EH$ gm_mÝ` VH«$ma nmocrg {d^mJm~m~V
AgVo. VH«$marMr Zm|X H$aUo [H¨$dm E\$AmÀma XmIc H$ê$Z KoUo hr Ý`m`mMm nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mVrc n[hcr nmàr AgVo. na§Vw
`mgmR>r cmMImoar _moR>çmà_mUmV MmcVo. Ë`m_wio Aem IQ>ë`m§Mr Zm|X H$aUo Am{U hmVmiUr H$aÊ`mV V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z
A{ddoH$s H¥$Vr Q>miVm òVo.
l B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ E\$AmÀma/IQ>ë`m§Mr Zm|X H$aVm òB©c Am{U Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg g{dñVa _m[hVr [Xcr
OmB©c.
l IQ>ë`mMr pñWVr H$m` Amho, `mMr Am°ZcmB©Z _m[hVr CncãY H$ê$Z nmaXe©H$Vm AmUVm ¶oB©c Am{U nmocrg Xcm§Zm
A{YH$ CÎmaXm`r ~Z{dVm òB©c.
l E\$AmÀma Zm|XdUo [H¨$dm Ë`mMr nmoM MoH$nmoñQ> [H¨$dm {\$aVo dmhZ `mÛmao {_iy eHo$c.
nmocrg H$_©Mmar ho Ë`m g_mOmMo à{Vq~~ Xe©{dVmV, Ë`m_wio nmocrg gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmV ~Xc
hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.


Public Service Professionalism :

37 Its Ethical Dimension
(United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division
for Public Economics and Public Administration)
g§`wº$ amï´>m§À`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm ImË`mZo àemgZ d àemgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§À`m g§X^m©Vrc
Zr{VemómMr MMm© `m {Q>nÊUrV Ho$cr Amho. `m_Üò ^«ï>mMma VgoM gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm MmoI àemgH$s` à{H«$`m§Mo
_hÎd, àemgZmVrc nmaXe©H$Vm, àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zr nmim`Mr Zr{V_Îmm Aem AZoH$ ~mOy§Zr {dñV¥V MMm©
Ho$cr Amho. `mMm Cn`moJ àemgZmVrc Zr{V_Îmo{df`r {c{hV AgVm§Zm g§X^© åhUyZ H$aVm òD$ eH$Vmo. $
17.1 Introduction
Professionalism in government, or any other field, rests on two foundations: one is a competence
base, a special body of knowledge or a definable skill acquired through study and practice. In Europe,
Plato’s Statesman began the quest for answers on what particular knowledge is needed in order to rule.
Of course, the quest continues. The concept of professionalism, however, also suggests a shared values
system, a code of ethical conduct that manifest themselves in the application of knowledge, the use of
particular skills, and in the exercise of control over practice. To Aristotle we owe the idea that ethical
behaviour is the result of socialization and habit, as ethics, a derivative of ethos (habit) implies.
The wave of discontent against the current prevalence of graft and corruption explains, to some
extent, the focus on this malady in any discussion of ethics in the context of the public service. While
this is understandable, we should not overlook the broader dimensions of ethics and its important role
in shaping professional conduct. Approaches on ethics and corruption in public administration can
roughly be grouped into three categories: economic, legal and behavioural. The economic approach
tends to focus more on corruption than ethics, emphasizing the financial causes of bribery, fraud, the
use of public office for personal gain, etc. This approach argues that personal financial enrichment is
a powerful motivating force and that corruption flourishes when benefits outweigh costs.
Corruption is, at best, an alternative response to government failure; at worst, it is a highly distorted
method of public choice. Because corruption increases the costs of doing business or receiving services,
it restricts investment and slows economic growth. When the State loses credibility, then investors are
reluctant to take risks with their capital. This economic approach advocates a realignment of economic
incentives to corruption: decrease benefits and increase costs. These can range from eliminating
corruption-inducing situations, such as poorly paid public servants to steeply increasing penalties for
financial irregularities. The legal approach tends to stress encoding standards of behaviour for public
officials and building capability for the enforcement of those standards.
This approach argues that illegal and corrupt behaviour in the public sector is a failure of the law

and a threat to the rule of law itself. When laws do not clearly spell out the rights and duties of public
servants, or do not give independent investigative or adequate prosecutorial powers to the government
agencies charged with oversight, then unethical and corrupt conduct arises. To remedy this situation,
proponents of this approach suggest conflict-of-interest and disclosure-of-assets laws, codes of conduct
and protective reporting procedures, including whistleblowing. The United Nations Commission on
Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice has drafted a code of conduct approved by the General Assembly,
a Model Law Against Corruption, for consideration by national legislatures and a manual for use by law
enforcement agencies. Still, it is not enough to have laws on conduct in the public sector. There should
also be laws which allow the citizenry access to decision-making processes. These lift the veil of secrecy
on governments allowing more transparency and ultimately accountability.
The behavioural approach points out that although proper economic incentives and legal
frameworks are in place, these in themselves are inadequate to influence and shape behaviour of
public officials. This approach is concerned not merely with eliminating corruption, but also with
promoting professionalism and performance through higher standards of motivation and integrity.
Socializing factors help public officials avoid not only illegal but also unethical acts. They seek to
reinforce pride in the public service through exemplary conductby leadership, proper induction and
training and sensitising public officials on common moral dilemmas. Environmental pressures within
the public service incorporating ethics into management frameworks, accountability controls and
performance measurements keep undesirable behaviour in check. Environmental pressures outside
of the public service, such as citizens- advocacy groups, professional associations and active mass
media also serve to keep governments honest. The United Nations approach is a blend of all three
approaches. For instance, conferences on professionalism and ethics in the public service encompass
the legal and behavioural approaches. Technical cooperation assists in better managing anti-corruption
government agencies, stopping tax evasion, improving auditing and other financial management
measures which foster the economic approach. Furthermore, the Department of Economic and Social
Affairs recognizes that globalization, technological advances and fiscal crises are challenging the
State to deal with strong external forces, to be smart in serving citizens and to divest itself of obsolete
activities. As public servants are asked to take on new roles, there is a need for cost-effective structures
and a supportive culture in order to strengthen integrity and fight corruption. These goals can be best
achieved within a governance setting which fosters partnership between public administration and
civil society.
Professor Robert Klitgaard defines corruption as ‘the misuse of office for official ends’ and
comments on its prevalence world-wide. It thrives under conditions of power monopolization, lack
of transparency and accountability. Combating corruption, accordingly, begins with better systems,
more competition, transparency and accountability in government. In line with this approach, anti-
corruption strategies should focus on repairing institutions prone to corruption, involving people at
large in both the diagnosis and remedy of those ills and punishing major offenders. Progress in this
direction may be slow and politically costly. Precisely on this account, international cooperation

can prove a useful strategy by helping national leaders justify anticorruption measures that might
otherwise be embarrassing, or difficult to make credible. Top leadership initiative, active participation
by heads of key departments and the involvement of civil society are critical components of a successful
strategy. A regional approach could prove extremely effective in galvanizing systemic action by both
the private and public sector to reduce corruption in a region. The need for this approach and broad
cooperation in targeted activities over a period of time highlight a role for international organizations
like the United Nations, which can help establish and sustain the required programme framework.
Professor Denhardt takes as her point of departure the premise that ethical foundations are
necessary for both effective government and a stable democracy. Hence measures to reinforce values
and ethical standards go hand in hand with the reform agenda of the new public management. Thus,
process re-engineering and performance measurements have been applied to strengthen transparency
and accountability in government. Other strategies for ethics reform include enforcement of the rule
of law, regulations relating to conflict of interest and legislative measures to enhance transparency
in government. Accountability mechanisms point in the same direction but often, on account of
bureaucratic controls, carry a cost in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. Professor Reinhardt’s
paper further explores the role of Ethics Oversight Agencies and conditions to make them effective.
The former includes prevention, detection and investigation; the latter call for operational autonomy,
adequate funding and enforcement capability. Citizens review panels and telephone hotlines are other
instrumentalities that serve a similar goal. The place of codes of ethics, training and socialization
are alson discussed. Professor Denhardt concludes that the key to successful ethics socialization is
making it meaningful, responsive to important issues of the day and, as much as possible, taking the
high road of appealing to the nobler instincts of participants.
In this regard, most countries rely on a mix of approaches, some stressing the need for compliance,
while others are more integrity based. The need for wider sharing of information among the countries
concerned is stressed in Professor Reinhardt’s report, which sees a major role for the United Nations
in developing an information network and promoting a region-wide debate on both ethics and
related management reforms. Building partnerships of government, civil society actors and private
corporations is a strategy conducive to creating a much needed consensus on baseline ethical practices
and providing moral leadership on issues of global concern. A healthy esprit de corps and codes of
professional conduct can be effective antidotes against the fragmentation brought by overspecialization
and the attitudes it breeds within the public service: departmental rivalry, complacency, isolation and
tunnel vision. As Professor Gerald Caiden has pointed out in his paper on the Essence of Public Service
Professionalism. it is also a powerful argument against the simplistic belief that public administration
consists of routine tasks, which can be safely entrusted to amateurs and persons without substantial
qualifications or training. This view, which all too often has served to excuse the practices of jobbery
and patronage, has over time produced a certain downgrading of government and undermined the
core of public service professionalism, which constitutes the backbone behind a competent, capable
and creditworthy public administration.

On a very different level, a reductionist approach, which excluded public servants from the
policymaking arena has also had the effect of lowering expectations and narrowing the range of
values, skills and knowledge required for the performance of public service functions. The tendency
to equate public administration with programme implementation and the management of service
delivery has, as one might expect, accorded pride of place to efficiency and effectiveness in the
hierarchy of values. By the same token, however, it has obscured the relevance of another set of
values to which Professor Caiden’s paper has aptly drawn attention. These include: objectivity,
fairness, open-mindedness, responsiveness, courage, accountability, compassion, civic mindedness
and selfless devotion to duty. Perhaps most important of all are commitment to democracy, respect
for human rights and for the rule of law.
17.2 Combatting Corruption and Promoting Ethics in the Public Service

Corruption may be defined as the misuse of office for official ends and is prevalent worldwide.
It thrives under conditions of power monopolization, lack of transparency and accountability.
Combatting corruption, accordingly, begins with installing better systems, and promoting competition,
transparency and accountability in government. In line with this approach, anti-corruption strategies
should focus on repairing institutions prone to corruption, involving people at large in both the
diagnosis and remedy of those ills and punishing major offenders. Progress in this direction has
been slow and politically costly. Precisely on this account, international cooperation can prove a
useful strategy by helping national leaders justify anticorruption measures that might otherwise be
embarrassing, or difficult to make credible. Top
leadership initiatives, active participation by heads of key departments and the involvement of civil
society are critical components of a successful strategy. A regional approach could prove extremely
effective in galvanizing systemic action by both the private and public sectors to reduce corruption in
a region. The need for this approach and broad cooperation in targeted activities over a period of time
highlight a role for international organizations, like the United Nations, which can help establish and
sustain the required programme framework.
As if there were any doubt. In Belgium and Great Britain, Japan and Italy, Russia and Spain,
among other countries, corruption is today playing a more central role in politics than in recent
memory. Corruption is hardly a problem that is exclusive to the Third World. The fact that much Third
World corruption has important First World sources and participation is also now a commonplace.
The international non-government organization Transparency International focuses on corruption in
international business transactions and points out that there are First World givers of many Third
World bribes. In coming years, the World Trade Organization will find this issue to be a central one.
A reminder that corruption exists everywhere, in the private as well as the public sectors, in rich
countries and in poor, is salutary, because it helps us avoid unhelpful and misleading stereotypes.
But to contextualize the discussion in this way is not to end it. In fact, noting that corruption is
widespread may convey its own unhelpful subliminal messages. It may suggest, for example, that

all forms and instances of corruption are equally harmful. Even more perniciously, it may lead lazy
listeners to the conclusion that because corruption exists in every country, nothing can be done about
it here. As in the case of the Mexican newspaper, saying it is not only our problem and it is not all our
fault, may sidetrack more useful discussions on how to do better. Consider the analogy of pollution or
disease. Both exist everywhere on the planet. However, the extent and patterns of the problems differ
radically. Questions of how much and what kind are crucial and so they are with regard to corruption.
No one would conclude, for example that, because water pollution and AIDS exist in every country,
nothing can or should be done to reduce them. Corruption is a term of many meanings, and indeed the
beginning of wisdom on the issue is to subdivide and unpack the vast concept. On the broadest level,
corruption is the misuse of office for unofficial ends.
The catalogue of corrupt acts includes bribery, extortion, influence-peddling, nepotism, fraud, speed
money, embezzlement and more. Although we tend to think of corruption as a sin of government, of
course it also exists in the private sector. Indeed, the private sector is involved in most government
corruption.Different varieties of corruption are not equally harmful. Corruption that undercuts the
rules of the game for example, the justice system or property rights or banking and credit devastates
economic and political development. Corruption that lets polluters foul rivers or hospitals extort
patients can be environmentally and socially corrosive. By comparison, some speed money for
public services and mild corruption in campaign financing are less damaging. Of course the extent of
corruption matters, too. Most systems can stand some corruption, and it is even possible that some
truly awful systems can be improved by it. However, when corruption becomes the norm, its effects
are crippling. So, although every country has corruption, the typology and extent differ. The killer is
systematic corruption that destroys the rules of the game. It is one of the principal reasons why the
most underdeveloped parts of our planet stay that way.
Corruption as a system
Can anything be done to reduce corruption? It is surprising how cynical many of us have become.
We tend to short-circuit policy analysis with fatalistic refrains. And yet experience teaches us that
broad social changes, as well as specific anti-corruption efforts, can make a big difference. In the long
run, more democracy and freer markets will help. The benefits of privatization in this domain are less
clear. If we privatize a corrupt governmental activity and simply call a price what was a bribe, has
much changed? In general, it may help to reduce state monopolies, but it is hardly an improvement to
inst all another monopoly that is private. Metaphorically, corruption follows a formula: C = M +
D - A. Corruption equals monopoly plus discretion minus accountability.
Whether the activity is public, private, or non-profit, whether you are in New York or Nairobi, you
will tend to find corruption when someone exercises monopoly power over a good or service; has the
discretion to decide whether or not you receive it and how much you get; and also is not accountable.
Corruption is a crime of calculation, not passion. True, there are saints who resist all temptations and
honest officials who resist most. But when the size of the bribe is large, the chance of being caught
small and the penalty, if caught, meager, many officials succumb. Combating corruption, therefore,

begins with better systems. Monopolies must be reduced, or be carefully regulated. Official discretion
must be clarified. Transparency must be enhanced. The probability of being caught must increase and
the penalties for corruption (for both givers and takers) must rise. Each of these headings introduces a
vast topic. But notice that none immediately refers to what most of us think of first when corruption is
mentioned: new laws, more controls, a change in mentality, an ethical revolution. Laws and controls
prove insufficient when systems are not there to implement them. Moral awakenings do occur, but
seldom by design of our public leaders. If we cannot engineer incorruptible officials and citizens,
we can nonetheless foster competition, change incentives, enhance accountability; in short, fix the
systems that breed corruption. Four components of an anti-corruption strategy This is not easy.
However, successful examples do exist and they contain several themes.
Punish some major offenders
Firstly, they begin by frying the big fish. In situations where corruption has grown extensive, people
no longer believe even the finest promises from politicians and chief executives. When a culture of
impunity exists, the only way to break it is for a number of major corrupt figures to be convicted
and punished. Often, there are many cases pending, which have been set aside for reasons ranging
from political sensitivity to corrupted justice officials. These cases should be pushed forward, or the
government should quickly attempt to identify a few big tax evaders, a few big bribe dispensers, and
a few high-level government bribe-takers. Since a campaign against corruption can too often become
a campaign against the opposition, the first big fish that are fried should come from the party in power.
Involve the people in diagnosing corrupt systems
Secondly, successful campaigns involve the people. If only they are consulted, citizens can be
fertile sources of information on where corruption occurs. The mechanisms for consulting them
include systematic client surveys, citizens oversight bodies for public agencies, the involvement of
professional organizations, hot lines, call-in shows, educational proqrammes, village and borough
councils, and so forth. Business people and groups should participate with the protection of anonymity
in diagnostic studies of how corrupt systems of procurement, contracting and the like actually work.
The emphasis is on systems and not individuals. Self-policing by the private sector, especially when
supported with international investigative capabilities (and credibility), can help businesses say no
to requests for bribes.
Focus on prevention by repairing corrupt systems
Thirdly, successful anti-corruption efforts fix corrupt systems. They use a formula such as C =
M + D - A to carry out vulnerability assessments of public and private institutions. Like the best
public health campaigns, they emphasize prevention. Of course reducing corruption is not all that we
care about. We might spend so much money attacking corruption, or generate so much red tape and
bureaucracy, that the costs and losses in efficiency would outweigh the benefits of lower corruption.
Suppose that you are the principal and I am your agent. Let us suppose that you are not corrupt and
that your objectives coincide with the public’s interest. However, as your agent, I am tempted by

corruption. You wish to induce me to undertake productive activities and to deter my corrupt activities.
Therefore, you consider reducing my (or our agency’s) monopoly powers, clarifying and
circumscribing my discretion over who receives how much service, for what price and enhancing
accountability. You want to intensify my incentives to undertake productive activities and raise the
effective penalties for corruption. However, each of these possible initiatives may be costly, in several
dimensions. They may cost money. They carry opportunity costs. They may create externalities. Your
economic problem is, therefore, much more complicated than fighting corruption. Ideally, you would
balance the social benefits of your efforts (in terms of improved productivity and reduced costs of
corruption, which you would need to estimate) and their social costs. From such considerations, one
can derive a framework for policy analysis. The principal may select agents, alter their incentives,
collect information in order to raise the probabilities of corruption being detected and punished,
change the relationship between agents and clients and raise the moral costs of corruption. In my
consulting work around the world, I have found that this sort of economic perspective on corruption,
combined with case studies of successful anti- corruption efforts, can stimulate tremendous creativity
on the part of political leaders and top public managers.
The method is often a workshop running ten to sixteen hours over 1 to 5 days. It begins with a case
study of a corrupt situation outside the country in question. Participants are given the problems via an
overhead projector and break into small groups attempting to find lines of attack. After presenting their
analyses and recommendations in plenary sessions, they learn what actually happened in the successful
anti-corruption story, again with the help of an overhead projector. In later sessions, they learn how to
analyze corruption as a systematic phenomenon, rather than as a purely legal or moral problem. They
analyze other cases of successful anti-corruption efforts, sometimes in a particular ministry, sometimes
a bureau or programme, sometimes in a whole country (such as Hong Kong, in the 1970s). The last
hour or two are spent trying to apply the same logic to corruption in their country. One indirect result of
such workshops is that participants learn to apply the same analytical effort and managerial creativity
to corruption as they do to other problems of policy and management. This removes what is almost a
conceptual block for many of us in dealing with corruption.
Reform incentives
Finally, governments wishing to stop corruption must improve incentives. In many countries
public sector wages have fallen so low that a family cannot survive on a typical officer’s salary.
Moreover, measures of success are often lacking in the public sector, so that official earnings are
not linked with what they produce. It should be no surprise that, under such conditions, corruption
flourishes. Fortunately, around the world experiments in both the public and private sectors are
emphasizing performance measurement and the overhauling of pay schemes. Fighting corruption
is only one part of a broader effort that I call institutional adjustment, the systematic recasting of
information and incentives in public and private institutions. Institutional adjustment is the next big
item on the development agenda. But is this too bloodless, all this talk of systems analysis and civic
involvement and pay for performance? Doesn’t this leave out the heart of the problem, namely our

shortcomings in public duties and civic ethics? Should we not be sermonizing about how venal leaders
and materialistic cultures lead to social disintegration? I will not argue with these indictments. What
I am suggesting, however is that successful reforms proceed on a different track; one that brackets
issues of permissiveness and decay and instead focuses on the economics of corrupt systems and on
practical steps toward systematic reform.
Political will
What you say is fine, it might be argued, but what if the people at the top are themselves corrupt?
What if international business people and local business cliques have powerful incentives to do the
corrupting? If the people on top in the public and private sectors are benefiting, can the reforms you
mention have a chance of taking hold? The worry is that corrupt officials on top are monopolists
unwilling to sacrifice their rents; that international and local businesses people are locked in a prisoner’s
dilemma, where the dominant strategy is to bribe. A corrupt equilibrium results, where rulers and
top civil servants gain and some private companies gain, but society loses. In such a situation what
can be done? The reflexive answer is nothing. Consider, on the other hand, the analogous question:
Why would national leaders, in their self-interest, ever undertake free-market reforms, privatization
and the like, all of which sacrifice their personal control over the economy? And yet such reforms
have swept the world, as has a remarkable third wave of democratic reforms. It is true that some
governments resist good governance. However, in the decade ahead the paradigmatic problem will
not be inducing governments to do something about corruption, but deciding what in fact should be
done and how. Because of democratic reforms, new leaders, dedicated to fighting corruption and
improving public administration, are entering power as never before. Most election campaigns now
feature corruption as a major issue. New leaders would like to improve customs and tax agencies,
clean up campaign financing and elections, reduce bribery and intimidation in legal systems and the
police and, in general, create systems of information and incentives in the public sector that foster
efficiency and reduce corruption. Their problem is less absence of political will than a lack of know-
how. It is true that, in many countries, leaders are of two minds. They do appreciate and decry the
costs of systematic corruption. However, they also recognize that a lone actor has little chance to make
the difference even a Minister or perhaps a President and they are aware of the personal and party
benefits of the corrupt system. To assist them in moving ahead, toward a long-term strategy, several
almost psychological steps are necessary: ` Firstly, leaders must see that improvements are possible
without political suicide. Here is where the workshops mentioned above, with their examples from
other countries and an analytical framework for analyzing corruption, can be particularly helpful;
Secondly, leaders must develop a strategy which recognizes that not everything can be done at once.
Behind closed doors, one should undertake a benefit-cost analysis, assessing those forms of corruption
where the economic costs are greatest (for example, corruption that distorts policies, as opposed to who
gets a specific contract), but also taking into account where it is easiest to make a difference. The anti-
corruption effort might begin where the public perceives the problem acutely. A good rule of thumb
is that, to be credible, an anticorruption campaign must have some tangible successes within a six

month period; Thirdly, leaders need political insulation. International collaboration can help provide
it, as countries together admit a common problem and move to address it (corruption is not just our
problem, or my party’s or my administration’s). Indeed sometimes, international conditionality that
applies across many countries can help a national leader justify anti-corruption measures that might
otherwise be embarrassing, or difficult to make credible.
The question of political will has yet another dimension: if there is the political will, how can this be
communicated credibly? In both theory and practice, when a situation grows systematically corrupt,
it is difficult even for leaders with political will to make their reforms believable. Citizens may have
grown too cynical; a culture of impunity may exist; and actors, both national and international, will
not believe an announcement that the rules of the corrupt game have changed. Given such a situation,
what can a leader, for instance, the Head of State or Government do? Here are some practical ideas:
Organize a high-level workshop for ministers and leaders of the private and NGO sectors to address
corruption and what to do about it. From this event, ideas will emerge, including a six-month action
plan, which will be followed up with the help of international agencies. This workshop might be
followed by other seminars, in various key ministries (particularly finance), public enterprises,
the police, and the judiciary. The participation of international experts may help make clear that
corruption, like pollution and AIDS, is a problem everywhere, not just in the country in question.
Announce that all public officials will sign a standard of conduct that precludes the acceptance
of bribes. At the same time, declare that no one will be allowed to bid on a public contract who
has not signed a similar standard of conduct concerning the offering of bribes. The private sector
will be enlisted to form an independent monitoring capability to follow up complaints. International
organizations offer financial support for such investigations, by international NGOs and investigative
firms, among others.
Announce an experimental programme within the Customs Agency and Tax Bureau, whereby
officials will be paid a proportion of additional tax revenues generated within the next year. The bonus
will amount to about 25 to 50 percent of existing pay and will only come into play if revenues exceed
a certain target increase (perhaps 25 percent). At the same time, officials in the both agencies will be
assisted to develop a performance evaluation system, where revenue targets are conditioned by region
and activity and where non- revenue indicators of excellence and abuse are generated (for example,
time to clear customs). International organizations provide technical assistance and credibility to the
design and evaluation of the experiment;
Announce a focal point for a coordinated, interagency campaign against corruption. The focal
point may be the Minister of Justice, the Attorney-General, the Comptroller-General, or perhaps the
Minister of State Administration; or it may be a new agency, such as Hong Kong’s Independent
Commission Against Corruption. Perhaps with the help of international consultants, this new focal
point will coordinate a review of bureaucratic procedures, with an eye to reducing opportunities for
corruption and abuse, what Hong Kong’s ICAC calls vulnerability assessments.
The first agencies to be reviewed will be those where the public perceives that corruption is

systematic: for example, permit and licensing agencies, tax bureaus, procurement, and so forth. This
new focal point will seek ways to involve the public in the fight for clean government. The people
know where corruption exists; they need vehicles for reporting what they know. Ideas include: giving
village or district councils and urban groups lists of the projects to be undertaken in their areas, over
the next year, with detailed specifications and offering these groups a chance to report shortfalls and
excellence; funding small, confidential surveys of the private sector, to identify the areas where
corruption exists in the procurement system, the courts, various licensing schemes, customs and
other spots of concern; carrying out systematic client surveys, which cover negative bureaucratic
behaviour, as well as the benefits and costs of public programmes; organizing focus groups, where
manifestations of corruption can be revealed and analysed in confidence; creating citizen oversight
boards, at various levels of the police and the courts, the prosecutors, the procurement authority,
customs, internal revenue and the comptroller general, or equivalent; involving associations of
accountants and lawyers in both the diagnosis and oversight; organizing a hot line for people to
report illicit activities; putting together teams of senior civil servants and young, excellent university
graduates to investigate reported instances and also random samples of important cases of tax
payments/exceptions, public procurement, and so forth.
The Head of State or Government may initiate a process to identify and prosecute several big fish
tax evaders, smugglers, and bribe-givers or receivers. He/she may challenge the providers of social
services to indicate measures of success against which their performance may be pegged. Then the
President sponsors experiments linking increased compensation to such performance.
Co-operation between countries can help engender both the will to fight corruption and the
capability to do so. Despite the obvious sensitivity of devising and implementing strategies against
systematic corruption, organisations like the United Nations can help and indeed already does help,
through aid for democratic reforms, the growth of more competitive economies and the improvement
of governance. However, a more focused effort is needed.
In coming years donor nations will face ever greater pressures from their citizens not to aid countries
perceived as corrupt. At the same time, the new wave of democratically elected governments in the
developing world will be looking to the international community for help in controlling bribery,
extortion, kickbacks, fraud and other forms of illicit behaviour. They recognize that neither free
markets nor multi-party democracies will survive and succeed, if the institutions of the private and
public sectors are riddled with systemic corruption. As a few countries make progress in fighting
corruption, others will follow. Outsiders can assist in a variety of ways, ranging from the indirect and
subtle to the direct and forceful. Let us mention some international initiatives that could galvanize the
incipient international movement against corruption :
The international community should also take steps that acknowledge that international actors are
also both part of the problem and part of the solution. It is in this light that the OECD recommendation
and its focus on bribery in international business transactions have strategic importance. Because of
corruption sensitivity, foreigners will not be welcome discussants, until they show that they recognize

their own complicity in many corrupt activities. It may be only after the countries of the OECD show
that they are serious about their part in the corruption problem of developing countries especially
the bribes that their citizens pay that the developing countries will be willing to accept international
assistance in addressing systematic corruption. Concluding remarks A campaign against systematic
corruption needs more than better economic policies and better laws and more training, helpful though
these may be. It requires a shock to upset a corrupt equilibrium. In this shock treatment, governments
must be bold. They should challenge citizens to become involved in the diagnosis and improvement
of corrupt systems, with an early step being confidential surveys and interviews. Public officials must
be challenged to design experiments with measurable results, which might help break the incentive
systems that now encourage and even demand corrupt behaviour. Impunity must be rooted out.
Thus, a campaign to improve governance should supplement the usual capacity-building
activities and new laws, with such programmes as: the formation of a national-level coordinating
body that is responsible for devising and following up a strategy against corruption, along with a
citizens oversight board; the identification of a few key agencies or areas where the anti-corruption
efforts might be focused in the first year, with hopes of achieving some momentum-building
successes; a capacity-building strategy, within key ministries, that takes the problems of incentives
and information seriously, including experiments with performance-based pay; the identification
of a few big fish, whose cases will be prosecuted; For maximum impact, these steps should be
carefully prepared before being announced, and their announcement should be simultaneous. What
about the promotion of ethics in the civil service? As part of a wide-ranging campaign against
corruption, the promulgation of a simple and easy-to- understand code of conduct may be a useful
step. For example, government officials would sign a simple declaration to the effect that they will
not accept bribes. All firms participating in public-sector procurement would also sign one saying
that they will not offer bribes. The symbolism is helpful. However, experience in many countries
shows that efforts to improve public service ethics through codes of conduct and exhortations alone
are non-starters.
There are numerous examples of the most scandalous regimes making the loudest noises about
public ethics. It is true that, if we could transform ourselves into more ethical beings, corruption would
be reduced or vanish altogether. It is also true that governments lack ready tools for accomplishing such
transformations. Therefore, combatting corruption should focus on the reform of systems, combined
with great political sensitivity and strategy. The design and implementation of the measures which
have been discussed must obviously be tailored to each country’s special conditions. And yet, as we
have seen, international cooperation can make a big difference. Providing specialized skills can help,
inter alia, in organizing high-level seminars or in hiring international investigators to track down ill-
gotten deposits overseas.
International action can help develop or stiffen political resolve. International cooperation conveys
the recognition that we are all involved in the problem of corruption and together must find ways out.
Discussions such as those of this Conference are important. We need to advance the debate beyond

which country has a higher degree of corruption than what other. We need to remind people and
policy makers that fighting corruption is not a morality play, at least not only that. It is a sensitive
subject, where we in closing I would like to offer an exhortation: corruption can be reduced, even
where it seems to be endemic; international cooperation should be part of the solution.
17.3 Enhancing Ethics in the Public Service : Setting Standards and

Defining Values
Democracies survive, in the long run, only if there is a sufficient level of confidence that government
officials will act ethically. At a recent conference of the Council of Europe’s forty Member States,
ministers from several nations bluntly acknowledged that corruption and lack of accountability
among public officials poses a serious threat to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Some
officials saw corruption and organized crime as undermining the fragile foundations of emerging civil
society. Few discerned sufficient political will among government officials to be optimistic about
meaningful reform. However, failure to achieve ethics reform spells economic, social and political
disaster. Ethics reform will be an enormous challenge in some nations, but the unimaginable costs of
failing in this effort demand that the challenge be met with creativity and perseverance. When faced
with mounting disaster on the Apollo 13 space flight and no known solution to the problem, the
flight engineer supervising the mission on the ground gathered a group of people together to solve a
problem that everyone thought was impossible to resolve. Nevertheless, the flight engineer pushed
them to do the impossible, saying Failure is not an option. They succeeded, and Apollo 13 returned to
earth safely. While the challenge of corruption and the lack of political will to mount a serious reform
movement might make this seem impossible, failure is not an option. The costs of failure are simply
too high to contemplate.
Ethics reform must succeed in order that democratic and economic reforms can move forward.
Legal, organizational and institutional frameworks which might be utilized to enhance ethics in the
public service should be presented. Civil service standards, codes of ethics and ethics enforcement
agencies are also discussed as potentially useful approaches to ethics reform efforts. In addition,
integrity based approaches are included, in which values, individual integrity and moral leadership
serve as the foundation of the reform effort rather than rules, regulations and procedures. All of
these approaches will be discussed in light of past experiences with creation, implementation and
enforcement. Choosing which approaches are most likely to succeed in a particular nation is a task
best done by those closest to the situation and most knowledgeable about the unique complexities of
that locale. But choose something and try it, because failure is not an option.
Ethics and democracy
It is the premise of this paper that ethics reform is central to the survival of democratic governments
because institutions based on sound ethical principles are necessary preconditions for stable
democracies. Sabrina Maret suggests two sets of preconditions necessary for a stable democracy to
exist. The situational preconditions are: a modicum of economic prosperity; general system stability

and ethnic harmony; agreement on the rules of the game; the presence of valued and effective
institutions; and general popular contentment. The institutional preconditions are: free elections for a
popular mandate, with elected officials held responsible to the citizenry; the existence of an effective,
independent judiciary; a depoliticized bureaucracy functioning according to written rules; legal
guarantees (usually of a constitutional nature) of basic rights; and a free press. Any democracy
considering ethics reform should scan this list to determine which preconditions, by their absence,
most imperil success of both the democratic institutions and the ethics reform efforts. A second scan
should determine which preconditions do exist that can be utilized in an ethics reform effort. Knowing
the opportunities and the threats will allow the reform effort to be designed more effectively. For
example, a strong free press can help hold elected officials responsible to the citizenry by publicizing
their deeds and misdeeds. If a nation is experiencing instability and ethnic clashes, this might be
countered and influenced by the enforcement of basic rights by an effective, independent judiciary.
An effective ethics reform strategy should target the greatest threats to a nation’s stability and utilize
its strengths.
Ethics and effective government
A second premise of this paper is that ethics reform efforts should not come at the expense of
effective and efficient government. Many times improvements in ethics are a by-product of improved
management strategies. Certainly, it is the case that ethics reform efforts can go hand in hand with a
management reform agenda, including the new public management reforms sweeping through many
governments today. For example, performance measurement is one form of holding oficials accountable
and accountability is a fundamental principle in public service ethics. Process re-engineering, another
management reform strategy popular today, simplifies and publicizes processes that were once
overly bureaucratic, time consuming or confusing. Process re-engineering can contribute to both the
fairness and the transparency of government, as well as to its effectiveness. When ethics is thought
of as separate and apart from good management, then it is possible to create reforms that make it
impossible to govern effectively. For example, purchasing regulations intended to assure that no
preferential treatment is given to certain suppliers, has led to such a complex purchasing system in the
United States federal government, that government often pays much higher prices than is necessary
for some products and services. The goal should be to enhance ethical accountability, but to do so
in a way that also enhances good management practice, or at least does little harm. For example, a
system that allows individual public officials complete discretionary control over purchasing, with no
accountability, invites ethical abuse and is fundamentally bad management. Reform of such a system
can either be presented as a management reform effort or as an ethical reform effort, whichever
would be most successful in the climate of the time. But that reform effort should not result in such
a morass of complicated rules and procedures that the public official spends excessive resources in
time and energy to purchase something in a procedurally correct manner, which could have been
purchased more easily at the corner store. Strategies for ethics reform

The Rule of Law
Public servants are subject to the rule of law, just as all citizens are subject to the laws and
constitutions of a nation state. Respect for that legal framework and adherence to the rule of law are
the most fundamental of all ethical precepts for public servants and serve as a minimum standard
to which all will be held. Charges of public officials considering themselves above the law are not
uncommon and are perhaps the most devastating to overall citizen confidence in government. Bribery,
theft, abuse of position and inappropriate favouritism or discrimination are common elements of
laws that could be violated by public servants. The enforcement of criminal codes of law, as well as
specialized civil service laws, should be a cornerstone of any ethics infrastructure. Enforcement of
the law is lacking or sporadic in many national, provincial, and local governments. Sometimes this
is true because corruption extends to law enforcement agencies and the judiciary. Sometimes lack of
enforcement occurs because the laws even ethics reform laws were never intended to be more than
‘window dressing’ to appease critics of government corruption, so that serious efforts to enforce
the laws were never undertaken. Such abuses of the legal system further undermine the rule of law
in any government. Citizens lose confidence and respect for legal institutions, imperiling the very
foundations of democratic government. While the law is a powerful force in establishing minimum
standards of behaviour, nations must be cautious not to create rules of law that cannot be enforced
reasonably, or that step out too far ahead of common practices in the society. The law can and should
be used as a force for social change, when values and norms in a society are undergoing change (e.g.
with regard to tolerance for corruption and bribery), but having laws that are openly disregarded will
soon undermine confidence in the underlying sanctity of the rule of law. When this happens, civil
society is in great peril. The consistent and fair enforcement of laws should be the first ethics reform
strategy considered. It is an essential element in both ethics reform and in maintaining the foundations
of a civil society.
Conflict of interest regulations
Avoiding a conflict of interest between the official obligations of a public servant and the private
commitments or self-interest of that individual is a fundamental way of assuring a government in which
public office is a public trust. This ethical commitment to public office as a public trust enhances
popular contentment and confidence that government officials are serving the public interest. It
enhances both the value of and the effectiveness of public institutions. Requiring financial disclosure
of all investments and financial dealings that could give rise to a conflict of interest is one way in
which senior public officials (especially in policy-making positions) can be subjected to scrutiny. By
openly revealing these financial entanglements, conflicts can be detected even if the public servant
does not recognize or acknowledge the conflict publicly. Even the appearance of a conflict of interest
can have a deleterious effect on public confidence in the decision or the office. There is some concern,
however, that many honest and qualified people will find such full public disclosure of their finances
to be too much of any invasion of their personal lives and will choose not to seek public office. When

financial disclosure is not required, the government will have to rely upon the individual public
servant publicly identifying potential conflicts of interest, when these arise. By stating for the public
record that this decision impacts a personal investment or a friend or family member, the public
official has allowed the public and peers to judge for themselves the official’s words and actions
in light of the potential conflict of interest. In many cases, the public official might be expected to
recuse himself or herself from the discussion and decision as a way of honouring the public trust.
Employment past, present, and future is another potential area for a conflict of interest, often dealt with
by imposing employment restrictions. Many wonder whether a former chemical industry executive
can fairly and objectively regulate the environmental impacts of the chemical industry, especially if
close relationships are maintained with former colleagues. Government employees serving as project
managers on a major construction project could be perceived as compromising their professional
objectivity, if they are considering an employment offer from the business building the project. Public
servants planning a career move into the private sector could be tempted to court favour with a
particular business or industry, if they think this might enhance their chances for later employment.
Thus, some governments have imposed requirements that public servants cannot conduct business
with former employers, cannot consider employment offers from current projects and are restricted
from going to work for businesses that directly benefited from their actions, in a public capacity.
Standards of reasonableness for these kinds of restrictions tend to revolve around a balance of the
burden and benefit to the public servant. A high level public official making key policy decisions and
receiving a substantial salary can be expected to bear a reasonable burden of disclosure and restriction
from future opportunities. On the other hand, a lowly paid entry-level public administrator, or a
person serving on an unpaid advisory committee might reasonably object to bearing the same burdens
and restrictions. The balance seems to be achieved when the restrictions do not prevent a sufficient
number of qualified and capable people from seeking the positions. Even where such restrictions are
not imposed, the value of avoiding even the appearance of a conflict of interest should lead public
servants to avoid these situations or announce the conflict publicly, when it arises in order to allow
others to hold them accountable for their actions. Family and friends are another form of personal
association that can create a conflict of interest for a public servant. Here there are some cultural
differences that influence whether helping members of one’s family or group is seen as detrimental to
the public good. What does seem to effectively cross cultural boundaries, however, is that the help or
form of favouritism should be widely known and understood as how things are done and accepted by
the general public on whose behalf public servants are acting. In other words, favouritism should be
conducted in the open and subjected to open debate, rather than merely accepted because it has been
standard practice in the past.
Transparency in government
The intent of transparency in government is to assure that governmental decision-making and
implementation take place according to rules and regulations that are known and understood by the
affected parties and citizens. In addition, transparency assures that citizens (including the press)

have access to decision-makers, procedures, and government documents as a method of assuring
accountability, detecting wrongdoing, and achieving full knowledge of government’s inner workings.
Transparency supports several of the preconditions of a stable democracy mentioned above: agreement
on the rules of the game; a depoliticized bureaucracy functioning according to written rules; and
transparency allows a free press access to information necessary to keep the public informed. Four
different approaches to assuring transparency in government will be discussed: written administrative
procedures; government in the sunshine laws; freedom of information laws; and whistle blower
protection laws. Administrative procedures regulations, as well as other methods of assuring due
process are common elements of transparency regulations.
These assure affected parties that procedures will be fair, will be known in advance, will be followed
appropriately and that there will be recourse if procedures are not followed, as intended. Both internal
systems, such as grievance procedures and external systems, such as recourse through the judicial
system are common. Often, due process and other administrative procedures guidelines are thought
to be time-consuming and a hindrance to quick decisions because they may require specified advance
notification periods before action is taken.
While such protections are needed to help assure that all parties are aware of the action and can
participate appropriately, protections can cause unnecessary delays, when all parties are in agreement
to move forward. In the development of procedural protections, then, consideration should be given
to creating expedited procedures for uncontested or emergency situations, being aware that such
expedited procedures could become an opportunity to abuse or manipulate the system. The expeditious
treatment of these special situations should not harm any party or violate the spirit of transparency
and fairness. What is the best way to accomplish this outcome? Procedural requirements can be
developed, in consultation with the affected parties, thus assuring that the potential uses and abuses
are understood and negotiated in advance. Many governments are finding that such a negotiated
approach to developing regulations of any type bringing all interested stakeholders to the table to
discuss and design regulations results in far more effective regulations that are more easily enforced.
A different approach to transparency in government is government in the sunshine laws that are
intended to assure that the deliberation and decision-making of government officials (both elected
officials and civil servants) take place in a manner open to public scrutiny and participation. In its
simplest form, this requires open and public meetings, with notice given to the public in advance when
and where a meeting will be held and what topics will to be discussed and decided upon. In addition,
there would be a definition of which proceedings are public and which can be legally and reasonably
kept confidential (e.g. certain personnel deliberations and decisions are usually kept confidential).
In a more extreme form, sunshine laws can restrict access to public officials and restrict
conversations and casual meetings of officials in order to avoid the opportunity or even appearance
of making secret agreements or deals. Experience in the United States is that these more extreme
versions of sunshine laws do more to interrupt and detract from accomplishing the public’s business
than they do to help the public be assured access. Restricting public officials from riding in the same

car to a meeting in a nearby location violates the standard of common sense and is likely to increase
public disdain for government rather than enhance public trust. These issues become particularly
acute at the local government level, where elected officials are friends, neighbours, and co-workers
of others in the community, as well as being elected representatives of a constituency. It is necessary
to adopt an approach that accommodates the natural tendency of people to bring up public business
during routine contacts at the soccer field or during a casual conversation on the street.
The best approach would seem to be one which sensitizes public officials to the potential for
violations of the public trust and prepare those officials to recognize and ward off actions of themselves
or others that would create opportunities for wrongdoing. A public official who consistently acts in
accordance with the spirit of sunshine laws and other transparency rules is in a much stronger ethical
position than an official who abides by the letter of the law, but does not fully believe in the public’s
right to be a party to decisions made on their behalf, or who believes that public office may be used for
private gain. Therefore, educating public officials in the values and ethical principles of public service
should receive as much or more attention than creating rules and restrictions.
Rules, however, do provide recourse when public officials choose to violate these values and
principles. Freedom of information laws have become fairly common methods of assuring public
access to information. These specify what public documents are, who has access to them, and under
what circumstances. It provides the public, the media and any other interested party some assurance
that they can gain access to information that might be crucial to detecting or proving that a public
servant or an agency is engaging in unethical actions. Providing access to the financial disclosure
statements of high ranking public officials has been a cornerstone for deterring and detecting conflicts
of interest among these officials. While there is some controversy about requiring such disclosure for
all public officials, it has proven very effective within the limited scope of elected representatives
and certain high ranking officials with policy-making authority. Requiring the financial disclosure,
but not providing the press and the public access to the information is likely to defeat the purpose
of the reform effort. Freedom of information regulations need provisions to protect the bureaucracy
from unwarranted and unreasonable expectations in terms of copying, searching or providing access
to information. However, broad public access to the internet could prove a boon to easily and simply
providing access to information.
Whistle-blower protection laws are another method governments have used to assure that the
public and the media can gain access even to information government organizations might wish
to withhold. These work by stating that employees, contractors, or clients who reveal truthful but
damaging information about a government agency or policy will not be subject to retribution. Given
the powerful forces of self-protection within government agencies, it is too much to expect that
whistle-blower protection laws will really prevent retribution, but they can assure some recourse for
the whistle blower in order to offset any retribution experienced. In healthy, ethical organizations,
however, embarrassing or negative information is welcomed as an opportunity to identify and
solve problems and one would find no retribution against the messenger. Therefore, it may be more

effective to focus on developing healthy organizations, with a culture oriented to identifying and
solving problems, in order to prevent the whistle blower phenomena.
Routine accountability mechanisms
Routine requirements such as mandatory reports, internal and external audits, programme
evaluations and procedural requirements, such as multiple signatures or levels of approval, all help
assure that public servants are acting ethically and appropriately. Recent cases of unethical use of
public funds such as the high ranking military official who sold two aircraft-carrying cruisers to
South Korea and used the money to buy housing for the fleet’s officers might have been prevented
through mandatory approval processes from individuals or agencies that can serve as a check on the
appropriateness of the use of funds.
Yet these same requirements are often criticized for creating bureaucratic inefficiency and
preventing public servants from doing their jobs in the most effective and responsible manner possible.
Excessive paperwork and time-consuming procedures can detract from effective governmental
action. Some governments have found the appropriate balance by engaging both the bureaucrats
and the outside auditors or accountability groups in re-engineering accountability mechanisms in a
manner that provides the necessary accountability information without negatively affecting efficiency,
effectiveness and responsiveness. Such cooperation between the oversight body and those being held
accountable need not lead to cooptation of either, but rather to a healthy respect and cooperative
working relationship that achieves the desired outcomes for both. Technological advances are one
way in which accountability mechanisms can be routinely built into organizational systems.
For example, technology that counts cars going through a toll plaza, riders on a bus, or the quantity
of material used in a road paving job can all serve to detect and deter cheating. However, this type
of surveillance can also create an element of mistrust, as it conveys a presumption that employees or
contractors will cheat if not checked upon. Prevention of this negative by-product starts with working
with not against employees and contractors who are working for the government. Involving employees,
unions, and contractor groups in the design and development of accountability mechanisms can make
these systems work to the advantage of both groups. For example, contractors have an interest in being
able to prove that they complied with the specifications of a contract, especially if the job (e.g. road
pavement) begins to crumble prematurely. Employees have an interest in being able to demonstrate
the quality and accuracy of the work they are producing and might welcome the routine feedback
provided by accountability mechanisms, so that they can detect and correct their own mistakes.
Having shared in the development of the accountability mechanisms, employees are more likely
to utilize the information to improve their work rather than seek ways to circumvent or to escape
accountability. If used appropriately, new public management strategies that focus on performance
measurement and accountability for outcomes can enhance both ethical behaviour and citizen
confidence in government. An appropriate use would be characterized by measures that take into
account such matters as the fair distribution of services, as well as the absolute cost or quantity of a
service. Citizen or client involvement in the development of these measures can help assure this type

of balanced approach. Another characteristic would be the involvement of those whose work is being
measured in the development of the performance measures, including both public employees and
those whom governments contract to perform a service. Experience shows that measures developed
in this cooperative manner are both better measures and far less likely to exploit workers, or to be
subject to cheating.
Ethics oversight agencies
Ethics agencies serve three general purposes: Prevention, i.e. to prevent or avoid unethical conduct
through devising and publishing standards, training public servants and offering advice and assistance
to those facing questionable issues; Detection, i.e. to detect potential conflicts of interest, usually
through the collection of information such as the financial disclosure forms; and Investigation, i.e. to
investigate formal complaints utilizing investigatory powers such as the subpoena hearings and quasi-
judicial administrative proceedings, with the potential for civil or criminal prosecution. Ethics agencies
can serve as an institutionalized, permanent message that ethical issues are important, and that the
government is committed to assuring high standards of ethical behaviour. However, ethics agencies
can also be structured as inflexible, unilateral reactions to one form of unethical conduct, their reason
for being created and might be very ineffective in serving the current needs or ethical challenges of the
government and nation. In evaluating the capacity of ethics agencies to do the job expected of them,
observers have suggested three essential ingredients: autonomy, adequate funding and enforcement
capability. Those serving on the ethics agency or commission should have independent authority and
should be insulated from the influence of other government agencies, political parties, or individuals.
Their funding should be adequate for doing the job, including investing in the computer technology
necessary to develop and access the database that financial disclosure, campaign finance and other
regulations necessitate. Ideally, the funding would be based on a formula or a fee that would allow it
to be independent of politicized budget battles, where ethics agencies traditionally do not fare well
because they take unpopular actions against public officials, or are seen as expendable, when no
recent ethics crisis has made the headlines of the newspapers.
Finally, the ethics agency needs the power to enforce the laws through sufficient staff to offer
advisory opinions and training, having the authority of full investigatory power, public disclosure,
and enforcement of standards when violations occur. An ethics agency that does not have a autonomy,
adequate funding, and enforcement capability undermines the very foundation of any call for high
standards of integrity among public officials by being viewed as a mockery of the government’s own
commitment to ethics.
Other oversight and reconciliation mechanisms
Citizen review panels that examine or investigate complaints against government agencies are
one method by which the public’s expectations regarding ethical standards are communicated and
enforced Inspectors-General assigned to specific government agencies can offer an independent
oversight and reporting mechanism that can detect problems of ethics or management, and report

wrongdoing or questionable conduct. The inspector-general may or may not have the power to remedy
the situation. Ombudsman institutions, coming in many forms, can serve as a method of oversight if
they receive complaints from the public, or from harmed parties. Their ability to investigate and seek
alternative solutions can find resolutions to problems that could be idiosyncratic in nature or could
represent a more serious and pervasive problem. Telephone hot lines, in which suspected wrongdoing
can be reported (sometimes anonymously), are another method of bringing ethical misconduct to
the attention of the authorities, which can act upon it. The body receiving the reports must do a
thorough and fair investigation in order to ascertain whether the complaints were warranted, but the
importance of having some method of reporting wrongdoing that does not put the person reporting it
in jeopardy cannot be overemphasized. Despite the efforts of many nations and many laws to protect
whistle-blowers, it is nevertheless a fairly pervasive problem that whistle-blowers feel the effects of
retaliation for reporting what they considered to be wrongful conduct.
17.4 Codes of ethics and ethics socialization

While ethics agencies and even civil service law might outline standards of conduct, it is usually
left to either professional associations or to individual agencies to develop codes of ethics. Codes
vary from highly specific and enforceable codes, to what are known as aspirational codes, which
are intended to convey the highest ideals and aspirations of the profession without necessarily being
enforceable. Professional associations and agencies are in a position to get beyond the general standards
of conduct normally contained in civil service law because they are able to take into consideration the
special needs and circumstances of the client population, the relationship between the professional
and the client, the unique forms of wrongdoing or temptations for that profession or agency.
For example, public administrators working in penal systems have certain obligations in the
treatment of clients, who are in the system against their will. Similarly, professionals working with
children or other vulnerable populations, have special ethical obligations to those clients. Professional
education can and should involve socialization into the norms, values and responsibilities of the
profession. However, professional education and ethical socialization may not be sufficient for those
going into public service. Many engineers, physicians, and accountants enter public service fully
versed in the ethics of their profession, but unprepared for the ethical obligations of the public sector.
For example, they may be unaware or unaccustomed to the public scrutiny of every action that takes
place in the fishbowl of public service.
They may not be accustomed to the obligation to look beyond the interests of the organization or
administrative superior, in order to consider the public good, legislative intent and judicial opinions.
Socialization into the ethics of public service must take place as people enter the public realm, making
them aware of the special nature of public service values and why these values are essential to the
successful functioning of a democratic government. This is true for professionals, whose ethical
training did not prepare them for the specific values of public service, just as it is true for others
entering public service for the first time. The same can be said for contractors, consultants, newly

elected officials and others, who enter into contractual or other partnerships with the public sector.
Socialization into the ethics of public service is a crucial element in successful partnerships and
collaborations on behalf of the public.
Many promising collaborations have been derailed because of missteps made out of ignorance of
the ways of operating ethically in the public realm. Socialization can be approached in a variety of
ways: making a code of ethics part of a contractual agreement; orienting new people into the culture
and values of public service; the creation of an ethics committee to consider ethical matters routinely;
formal training in ethics and ethical decision making; making values congruence an intentional part
of selecting employees and contractual partners; developing mechanisms for an ongoing ethics
dialogue about ethical issues of current concern.
Any of these approaches can backfire, however. Some common mistakes have trivialized well
intentioned ethics socialization efforts: expecting employees to adhere to standards that administrative
superiors ignore; mandatory, repetitive and boring ethics training; creating an ethics committee whose
recommendations are ignored and whose work has no impact on actions in the organization. The key
to successful ethics socialization is making it meaningful, responsive to important issues of the day
and, as much as possible, taking the high road of appealing to the nobler instincts of participants.
Some concluding observations
Compliance-based or integrity-based ethics regimes?
One fundamental choice to be made in the design of an ethics reform programme is whether to develop
a more compliance-based ethics regime or a more integrity-based ethics regime. Compliance based
approaches depend on rules and enforcement, while integrity-based approaches are based on aspirational
values, inducements and support. Most countries take a mixed approach, but the United States provides
an example of a more compliance-based ethics regime, while New Zealand’s recent reforms were based
on an integrity-based ethics regime. Compliance-based approaches seem more appropriate to situations
in which unethical behaviour is rampant and will be difficult to change widespread corruption, for
example. Integrity-based approaches seem more appropriate to situations in which there is a strong
shared sense of values, and a higher degree of homogeneity. However, every situation requires some
enforceable rules, that provide recourse when wrongdoing occurs. Every situation also requires an appeal
to the higher standards to which most people adhere, even in a government experiencing widespread
corruption. Responding only to the corrupt is demoralizing to the exemplary.
Designing an action agenda for ethics reform
Because an ethics reform may be a necessary precursor to successful economic, political and
social reform, the action agenda should be carefully designed for success. It is necessary to design
the action agenda with the goal of achieving high ethical standards in mind. This agenda may be
successfully linked with other reform efforts currently experiencing broad popular support, such as
new public management reforms, reinventing government efforts, or programmes to build democratic
institutions and civil society.

All of these reform efforts can support and encourage such ethical principles as honesty,
accountability and fairness, as well as make them mutually reinforcing and also help assure that
ethics becomes institutionalized throughout the culture of government. Logical steps in developing an
effective action agenda include the following : Scan the environment to determine which preconditions
for a stable democracy are present and which are absent and in need of development. Enhancing ethics
can only be accomplished in the context of a stable government. Focus on developing the weaknesses
identified in the above by utilizing the strengths. For example, if a strong free press is present, build
policies and regulations that publicize information about areas of weakness, such as the absence of an
effective, independent judiciary. If there is general agreement on the rules of the game and only a few
individuals or agencies are violating those rules, then enforcement through the judiciary or publicity
through exposure in the press could bring the errant ones into line with the accepted rules of the game.
If there are no accepted rules of the game, perhaps they can be produced through the process of
developing written administrative rules, that agencies are expected to follow and publicizing these
to the general public. Choose an approach to ethics that addresses the problems most important
to the citizenry. Remember that ethics reform is a method of civic engagement and building civil
society, just as much as it is an effort to develop good government. Citizen involvement is essential
to designing a good system that will build confidence and trust in government. Select reforms that
can and will be implemented effectively and enforced consistently and which provide an appropriate
balance between compliance-based approaches and integrity-based approaches. Only in this way will
they have the effect of changing the culture and climate of society and government.
17.5 The role of the United Nations in ethics reform

The United Nations has served as an international forum in which dialogue about basic values and
principles can take place. Certainly this was the case with human rights. Perhaps that same model could
be applied in the arena of generally accepted ethical practices. Through dialogue and debate, some level of
consensus can be established, which would serve as the baseline standard of international ethical practice.
Nations or governments, which fall short of meeting these standards, could be subject to the type of scrutiny
and international pressure that is seen in the arena of human rights. While there will be controversy associated
with this role for the United Nations, the need for an international dialogue about these issues is sufficiently
great that it should be explored. The United Nations might also support governments in their ethics reform
efforts by providing a network of resources such as model laws and codes of ethics, so that governments can
have ready access to information about the practices and experiences of others.
Since all nations benefit from rising levels of ethical integrity, there should be general support for
this role and activity within the United Nations. The economic reform efforts of many countries are
slowed or impeded by corruption. The international business community, as well as the nation itself
suffers under such circumstances. Therefore, it might be possible for the United Nations to cultivate
creative partnerships with international firms in developing mechanisms for building strong ethical
foundations in developing economies.

Finally, there is considerable international interest in developing methods of civic engagement
and empowering civil society. A fundamental part of this is developing shared values and ethics
to which the citizenry can hold public officials and to which the citizens themselves can be held.
The United Nations could be instrumental in creating opportunities for a constructive dialogue and
civil discourse around these issues. Through this process, shared ethical values would be articulated,
while simultaneously developing civic engagement. Just as they have in the arena of human rights,
the United Nations could provide much needed moral leadership in calling for the highest ethical
standards among nations throughout the world. By providing a forum for ethical dialogue and
leadership in creating partnerships to encourage and sustain ethics reform efforts, the United Nations
could play a key role in supporting reform movements. In nations where corruption is rampant, or
where ethics violations are constantly in the news, this type of international attention and support
could be essential in bringing about the change in culture necessary to overcome these problems.
17.6 The Essence of Public Service Professionalism

Aim above morality. Be not simply good; be good for something. The need has been recognized
for career public servants to staff its machinery to ensure that public policies were implemented
and made a reality. This was in contrast to employing amateurs who proved unfit, unqualified,
incompetent, exploitative, untrustworthy and corrupt. It was a mistake to believe that government work
was so simple that anyone could do it. Actually, it was quite complicated and required considerable
skill and experience to do it well, as many goodhearted and otherwise qualified volunteers have
found throughout the years. It was a mistake to think that blind loyalty, blood ties or friendship or
ideological identification alone were sufficient to prevent deceit, fraud, skimming, theft and other
criminal acts. It was a mistake to assume that amateurs had the best interests of the rulers or the ruled
at heart, rather than their own irresponsible and dangerous self-interests. Time and time again, the
incompetent deserted or abandoned their posts, misled the military, sold out to foreigners, absconded
with funds, plotted treason, provoked civil war or civil disobedience; in short, made a complete
mess of public business. Nevertheless, despite the overwhelming historical evidence, some rulers still
ignore professionalization and have only themselves to blame when disaster strikes and their regimes
turn into plutocracies or kleptocracies, for lack of a professional public service infrastructure.
For centuries, it has been recognized that a proper professional public service has been a crucial
link between rulers and the ruled. It transmitted instructions from the rulers to the ruled and relayed
the reactions and responses of the ruled to the rulers For the rulers, it was seen as an important tool
through which they exercised their power and commanded obedience. For the ruled, it represented the
majesty and authority of government and delivered a host of public goods and services unavailable
from any other source. As intermediaries, public service professionals were expected to give their
undivided loyalty to the rulers and devote themselves wholeheartedly to conducting public business,
giving assistance to the best of their abilities, in return for which they were accorded favoured status
and a secure remunerative livelihood. Like other embryonic professions, career public servants were

expected or obliged to (a) learn their craft (in their case, the craft of public administration) carefully;
(b) become experts in some chosen specialty (such as conducting diplomacy, raising, preparing and
organizing the military, supervising the construction and maintenance of public works and buildings,
obtaining loans and raising taxes, keeping records and auditing accounts, issuing and enforcing
regulations, administering justice and guarding prisoners, and delivering welfare to the needy; (c) set
a personal example of exemplary behavior and conduct; (d) maintain the highest level of knowledge
and skill; (e) avoid conflicts of interest, by placing their concern for the public interest over their
own self-interest; (f) discipline wrongdoers and any other member believed to be disgracing the
profession; (g) exposing malpractices; and (h) generally advance the state of their art through research,
experimentation, creativity and innovation.
In time, with the evolution of democracy, public service professionals were obliged to stay in the
background in order not to embarrass their superiors, but more importantly, to be advocates of the
public interest, guardians of public property and resources, stewards of properly conducted public
business, protectors of the rule of law, patrons of the under-represented (including the under-privileged,
the defenceless, and the future generations), and social change agents (planners, policy formulators,
educators, socializers, mediators, community activists, and reform advocates). Like Trappist monks,
as John Portelli suggests, they were seemingly bound by vows of silence and poverty, if not quite
chastity. Indeed, their origins as public administrators and managers of public organizations have been
increasingly obscured by a higher responsibility to see that the machinery of government runs smoothly.
This calling has become more constitutional politics centered on democratic governance than
techniques of policy implementation and specialized management knowledge. It is professionalism
in the profession of public administration ... where the public develops distinctive selection and
promotional criteria, ethics, values and, perhaps, administrative and other technologies. Public service
professionalism is no longer just another job or occupation. It is a challenging calling involving a
commitment to serve the public interest and, therefore, to resist temptations to put oneself before one’s
civic and professional obligations and responsibilities. It entails that one’s actions and behaviour are
open at all times to public scrutiny; that one is subject to public judgement over one’s failure to act.
This implied obligation to go to the assistance of fellow human beings, to help others in distress, is
law in some countries, but it applies especially to all professional public servants, often at great risk
to themselves. There are no time limitations; they are on call all the time, vacations not exempted. In
short, the public is a hard taskmaster, though not a particularly rewarding employer.
Professional public servants, short of the bureaucratic pinnacle, rarely enjoy the largesse that
private organizations may provide because prerequisites and even competing salaries are considered
unnecessary or wasteful public expenditures. The rewards have to come from within the job itself,
from satisfaction in serving the public and the community, delivering much needed public goods
and services, without which the public would gravely suffer, being close to the centre of government
power and thus able to exert some impact on decision makers. Public servants are better able than
most to influence the shape of the society and environment of the future. Often, they earn the respect

and admiration of the public at large for a job well done. Changes in shared assumptions about the
role of governance bring about a parallel quest for reorientation in the role of public servants. While
a professional public service remains an essential requirement for effective government, budgetary
pressures, perceived lack of responsiveness to public concerns together with and globalization of
many domestic issues have made new demands for enhanced skills, attitudes and ways of doing public
business. Public servants everywhere are working in an environment in which they need to cope
with accelerating changes, increasingly complex problems, intense citizen pressures requiring rapid
governmental response, together with demands for transparency and accountability in all activities.
Professionalism now takes on enhanced connotations as public servants are involved in a fundamental
analysis of the role, scope and organization of government. Public service professionals are expected
to exercise judgement in making diagnoses of complex situations, in offering recommendations and in
taking responsibility for their actions. They are expected to act according to high standards of honesty
and objectivity. They are committed to their chosen field, in which they are expected to advance their
knowledge and skills, to perform at the cutting edge and to be passionately involved in the issues
concerning their practice. These qualities expertise, judgement and commitment to excellence are
underpinned by training, membership of professional bodies, codes of ethics, accreditation, regulation
and socialization. In government, professionalism is characterized and complicated by the fact that
there is no single profession of overnment, but many. Governments employ all kinds of persons in all
manners of occupations, crafts and skills. What unites them all are a common employer and certain
shared attributes. They work in an institutional framework, which offers its own constraints and
opportunities. They share a commitment to use their skills for the public good as against private gain,
for a fixed remuneration. They are subject to public accountability for their actions. These particular
characteristics exert extraordinary demands on the normal professional obligations for expertise,
judgement, standards and commitment.
They give rise to special problems, including conflicts of interest, privileged information, enhanced
decision responsibilities, politicization, transparency and elitism. In addition, their responsibilities
are multifaceted and often complex. They include such activities as policy advice, management of
human and financial resources, provision of services, interpretation and application of regulations
and administration of contracts. All these are undertaken not for their own sake, to maintain a regime
in power, or to bolster party rule, but to serve the public by upholding law and order, providing for a
common defence, protecting the weak and the environment, and advancing the health and welfare of
the public. Today, so many conflicting demands are made on professional public servants, that they
have to prioritize and choose among several competing value sets. Which particular set is preferred
depends on cultural socialization, political regime, social conditions, economic pressures, institutional
arrangements, peer group pressure, organizational culture and even personal orientation.
Again, which set is employed varies from country to country, regime to regime, government to
government, organization to organization, according to the conditions obtaining at any particular time
and the nature of the organization’s activities, supporting groups, vested interests and clienteles; not

just internal rules, group norms and individual preferences. An example of a specific model code of
ethics for a particular public service profession, that of public policing/law enforcement, is given in the
appendix to this paper. Providing public benefits No professional public organization works entirely
for its own benefit. There has to be a much wider redeeming social, community or global purpose.
This should, in theory, eliminate self-perpetuation and bureaucratic aggrandizement. Furthermore, a
professional public service organization endeavours not to harm, but to advance human welfare and
values.
Meeting an identifiable social need
The activities pursued must be grounded in a perceived public need. They must add value to
society. They must advance certain objective standards of public welfare and public well-being. The
costs and efforts involved must be judged by people to be worthwhile and demonstrably so as they
are, for instance, in saving and preserving life and alleviating pain, hunger or sickness. Public service
means exactly what it says, namely, service of the public; service of real value to those for whom it
it provided.
Doing good or furthering the public interest
All government activities give discretion to public administrators to use the authority and
resources entrusted to them to greater effect, which suggests that they use their expertise to shape
their programmes by questioning their future direction, objectives, policies and outcomes to discover
whether they could be improved in furthering the public interest. The idea of the public interest,
advancing the human condition, encompasses expressions of doing good for (a) fellow human
beings, indeed for all humanity; (b) not only the present generation but future generations too; (c) not
only human beings, but other living creatures, too; (d) not only other living creatures but the whole
environment, and also presumably one day; (e) the galaxy and the universe, once human beings
voyage outside the planet.
Advancing universal human values
In the United States, the Constitution specifically mandates public officials to establish justice,
insure domestic tranquility, provide common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. But these are universally cherished objectives
of all representative democratic and responsible governments. The U.S. Constitution also includes
a bill of human rights, which has since become a model throughout the world. Such a statement of
fundamental human rights has since been extended through the United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (1948), which enjoins all Member States to enforce them along with several other
United Nations declarations for the benefit of mankind, such as the declarations against genocide,
capital punishment, dangerous substances and organized crime.
Improving the quality of life
As public benefits include qualitative gains which are not quantitatively measurable, so the theory
and practice of economics do not suffice. Making a difference in people’s lives for their betterment

is considered a worthy aim in itself. Such is the goal of helping people become more secure, more
comfortable, and more capable of coping with their situation. No accurate price can be put on preventing
war, crime and violence, avoiding epidemics, ensuring peace of mind, developing better citizens,
preserving natural beauty, safeguarding clean air and water and the like, which are valued in themselves.
Avoiding harm
Public service professional do not act out of malice, or spite. They do not kill for the sake of
killing. They do not torture or maim or inflict unreasonable punishment. They do not cause needless
pain or discomfort. They do not tax or charge just because they have the power to do so. They do not
exploit their position to hurt others.
Doing one’s civic duty
Public service professionals understand that they are required to put the greater public benefit
above their own comfort or convenience and even life. Members of the military, police, fire-fighting
and emergency health services are reminded of this every working day. However, every professional
public servant is expected to lead the way in doing their civic duties and in being on call at all times
to volunteer to help others in distress.
Being accessible and allowing access
It is not enough for professional public servants to promise to deliver key public goods and services;
they actually have to deliver, not merely go through the motions. The public have to receive those
public goods and services; not just a select few, but all who need them. They should be physically and
financially accessible to all who are entitled to receive them. Such access should be made convenient
to those who need to avail themselves, not deliberately inconvenient, in order to discourage access and
thereby reduce demand. Of course, the public goods and services provided should the best available
under prevailing conditions. Enforcing the rule of law The law is meaningless unless it is enforced.
Meaningless law makes a mockery of government and of the rule of law. Uncertainty and unreliability
wreck the credibility of government. Arbitrariness invites exploitation, abuse, discrimination and
corruption. If the situation should get completely out of hand, chaos gives way to anarchy or to
the harsh imposition of order under tyrannical rule. People like to know where they stand, even if
they disagree with the law; they prefer the law to the discretionary rule of fallible human beings.
They know that the worst excesses of government have been committed by rulers who considered
themselves above and beyond the law. The rule of law affords some protection against the wanton
misuse of power. It is the first principle of democratic government.
Following constitutionalism
Constitutions put express limitations on the jurisdiction and the power of government and build in
institutional safeguards against its worst excesses. They override all other laws, which must conform
to their provisions, with the possible exception of martial law. They determine who really exercises
legitimate authority; where legitimate power is located; what valid procedures and processes must
be followed; and how disputes over interpretation are resolved. Whether or not professional public

servants are obligated to pledge allegiance to the constitution, they are expected to uphold its precepts,
which detail what they are or are not permitted to do by defining their rights and obligations, their
liabilities and immunities.
Respecting political subordination
Professional public servants are subordinate to the lawmakers legislators, elected officials, judges
and non-career executives. They serve their will and hence are politically directed. Although they
may try to convince their superiors to do their bidding, they cannot overstep their subordinate position
without usurping government itself, thereby exiting public administration for the political arena,
where they will be judged like other politicians. Otherwise, there are strict boundaries to their political
initiatives and, when exercised, they may be publicly attributed to their political superiors, while they
themselves must keep in the background, unless permitted to take front stage. Furthermore, they may
be bound by rules that limit their active participation in public political activities meant to keep them
visibly neutral and their personal views unknown outside their offices.
Accepting governmental restraints
To ensure that experts remain on tap rather than usurp power on top, the three branches of
government (executive, legislative, and judiciary) impose restraints on their public administration
subordinates and issue orders as to what they may or may not do. They have their separate and
independent means of enforcement. Similarly, different levels of government restrain the freedom of
action on one another, as do institutionalized bureaucracies at the same level of government, which
protect their turf when threatened by possible intruders.
Observing official propriety
Professional public servants are loyally expected to support the institutional status quo. Besides
pledges of allegiance, they may be obliged to demonstrate daily their support by wearing speacial
uniforms and displaying certain symbols representing government. Should they find that, in good
conscience, they can no longer serve loyally, they are expected to resign and leave the public service.
They may not undermine or sabotage the government from within. Even so, their willingness to show
support may be restricted by prohibitions on holding office in more than one jurisdiction, on public
political activities, and on public demonstrations of fidelity.
Obeying administrative limitations
Professional public servants may not commit their governments to any course of action without
express delegation of authority before, or permission after. This is especially true of pledges of public
resources and finance, which must receive higher approval. On the other hand, they must apply the
law without reservation. Slipshod application, half-hearted implementation and, worse still, neglect
of enforcement makes for ineffective government, discrimination and corruption, as government
decisions lose their authority.

Pursuing justice and fairness
Since all are subject to the same law, all should be treated with the same respect when being judged.
Everyone, from the highest to the lowest, should be informed of all relevant information, provided
with equal protection, dealt with according to fair and non-discriminatory procedures, accorded a
proper hearing and allowed the right of appeal to a separate and independent authority removed
from the original hearings. The whole process should be open and transparent to prevent possible
miscarriage of justice. In short, similar judicial procedures should prevail in public administration
to ensure fair administrative practices, recognizing that administration operates differently from
the parliament and the judiciary. It is difficult in public administration to justify giving special
consideration and treatment to particular individuals or groups, unless such privileges are provided
specifically in legislation binding public administrators and other delegated agents. Ensuring public
responsibility and accountability What largely distinguishes the public from the private realm is that,
in the latter, the actors are only responsible to and for themselves, within the bounds set by the law. In
the public realm, actors are responsible to the public both for what they do and for what they should
have done, but failed to do. Professional public servants cannot just sit idly by and watch the public
being wilfully harmed and the law ignored. They are obliged to pursue the public interest and enforce
the law irrespective of the difficulties encountered, or the harm that may befall them. They act not on
their personal behalf, but on behalf of all the public.
Being in the very heart of government, professional public servants are in the best position to act
as protectors of the public interest, guardians of their property and stewards of public welfare. They
have to act as if they were dealing with their own personal affairs and were affected personally by
everything the government does. As children are dependent on their parents, so members of the public
are, in a way, dependent on public servants in many respects. Besides being patrons of the weak, the
underprivileged and the poor, they have now become patrons of the arts and sciences, wild life, the
wilderness, sustainable development, fair market conditions, equal opportunities and a whole range
of research and cultural amenities. While we all may be responsible for one another, professional
public servants are becoming increasingly responsible for everyone in need.
Being open and transparent
As secrecy tends to hide wrongdoing, as much of government as possible should be known to
the public. Openness guarantees that wrongdoing will eventually be exposed, even if at a later stage
it cannot be reversed, corrected or compensated. Openness deters simply because public officials
always have someone looking over their shoulder; the onlookers get to know all that is knowable.
Being informed
In government, ignorance of the rules is no defence. Professional public servants are obliged to
inform themselves fully about government intentions and anything else relevant to public decision-
making and administrative actions affecting their work. Being knowledgeable is a key indicator of
professionalism and professionals, worthy of the name, keep current.

Being on record
The great virtue of bureaucracy is that it rarely forgets. It can be relied on to reproduce the facts when
required, as so often is the case when people lose personal documents issued by the government, which are
all part of the permanent public record. Thus, professional public servants not only obtain information; they
must also release it to inform, explain, educate, guide and report. Official reports are major instruments for
keeping the public informed about public administration and justifying administrative expediency.
Being honest
If the government does not tell the truth to the public, or if the public is deliberately misinformed
and misled, then there is little reason why the public should not reciprocate by lying, cheating and
defrauding. Without mutual trust and fair dealing, there can only be corrupt and ineffectual government.
It is incumbent on professional public servants to see that governments do not exceed the bounds of
good taste and correctness. The public always has the choice to withdraw its cooperation and openly
defy an officialdom it no longer trusts or respects.
Being responsive
Besides following the law and political instructions, professional public servants also have to consider
the recipients of their goods and services and everyone else with whom they deal in conducting public
business. Recipients have decided views on what they want, how they wish to be treated and what
they consider satisfactory service. Often they are made to take what is offered without having any say
at all. They have to follow unnecessary bureaucratic requirements just to be considered. If mistreated,
they may be unable to seek let alone obtain redress. In short, they may not find public administration
at all user-friendly. Professional public servants understand this and do their best to overcome negative
outcomes and feelings. Specifically: they try to make dealing with public administration simple and
understandable; they respect people’s rights to fair and courteous treatment; they provide easy and cheap
avenues for redress of grievances; they insist on proper training in handling members of the public; they
try to find out what people think of their work and ask for suggestions on how to improve performance;
they take public relations and information seriously; they encourage genuine public participation in
all their activities, thereby sharing decisionmaking, policy changes and administrative designs; they
endeavour to be as flexible as possible, within general guidelines to accommodate individual needs;
they understand that ensuring greater public accountability and responsiveness is currently considered
a distinct professional activity that requires continuous attention. Setting an example Public service
professionals are always in the public eye. Their every action is carefully watched by someone. Their
conduct sets a standard and provides an example to the rest of society. What may be accepted in private,
may be outrageous public behaviour. What the government condones, quickly becomes the practice
for everybody. So, if the government wants to change people’s behaviour, it must set the example itself
by practicing what it preaches and refraining from doing what it wants nobody to do. By government,
we mean not only the transitory holders of public office, but also the permanent career public service
professionals, who buttress them and on whom they rely for their effectiveness.

Being idealistic
Public service professionals have to be committed to the ideals of serving the public altruistically,
advancing the public interest and improving the human condition, even though they may not receive
adequate recognition, compensation and reward. On the contrary, one’s stance may be frequently
misunderstood or resented. Worse still, one can be blamed or villainized, even when later proved
right. In short, one must really believe in what one is doing and seriously committed to one’s mission,
to weather the trials and tribulations of making a lasting impact on the human condition.
Being virtuous
Higher moral standards have always been expected of public leaders. For those who conduct public
business, the consequences of setting a bad example can be grave. For public service professionals,
doing good also means being good. They are expected to demonstrate all the virtues of the righteous,
such as being kind, decent, tolerant, considerate, hard-working, modest, respectful and so forth. And
they are expected to avoid doing evil and exhibiting vices.
Being correct
One of the things that people often complain about is that public service professionals seem to
have an answer for everything and conduct themselves so correctly that it is hard to find specific
fault with them. They are law-abiding. They respect the spirit, as well as the letter of the law and this
correct attitude is carried over into their private lives.
Being human and humane
Professional public servants present the human face of a distant government and anonymous
bureaucracy. Understanding and compassion translate into being human and humane in conducting
the public’s business. Discerning weaknesses in others, means also recognizing fallibility in one’s
profession and oneself. Although they profess to know better when it comes to the practice of
government, professionals know where their expertise is full of holes. Therefore, they need to temper
any air of superiority with a good dose of humility. In government, there is much that cannot be
correctly diagnosed, many outcomes that are unpredictable and many cause-effect relationships that
cannot be linked. In short, much is still subject to chance and circumstance.
Being meritorious
Like other great professions, the public service profession is grounded on the merit system. That is
to say, entry is based on open competition among the talented. Career progression is similarly based
on competition among proven performers, and the highest positions must go to the professionally
most deserving, based on objective criteria that include competence, knowledge, innovation and
contribution to the profession. Because of their public nature, public service professions try to act
as model employers in avoiding prejudicial/exclusionary criteria unrelated to job performance in
selection procedures. They provide decent working conditions, embrace fair employment practices
and encourage selfdevelopment.

Being fit
Public service professions in many countries require high levels of physical fitness and mental
alertness and generally expect their members to keep in good shape while in practice. They are keen
to promote good habits, regular exercise and the avoidance of harmful substances. They hope that
professional example and education will encourage other people to follow their lead. Improving
professional performance Professions are given much leeway in self-government, because they
enforce at least certain minimum standards of performance and try to push their members to achieve
increasingly higher standards. Public service professions, because of their politically subordinate
nature, may have less autonomy, but because of their idealism they are intent on improving professional
performance. Where once they were confined to merely improving house-keeping activities, in
time their vision has been widened to include the smooth running of the machinery of government,
improving the relations between government and other social institutions, improving the quantity
and quality of public goods and services, improving the quality of public leadership and policy-
making, and generally improving the effectiveness of government on their way to improving the
human condition. The trend in recent years has been away from the style of the reactive, overcautious
bureaucrat to that of a more proactive, innovative administrator/manager, altogether more business-
like, more entrepreneurial, more resourceful, more creative and more change-oriented.
Questioning public sector utility
Where once government may have been the only social institution capable of performing certain
activities, other social institutions have developed to the point where they are now in a position to
share those activities or assume their discharge altogether. Professionals now realize that, if they
can indeed do a better job, then government should give up rowing and becoming a steerer instead.
On the other hand, they understand that, where no other social institution can yet provide needed
public goods and services, or where others are obviously failing to deliver to public expectations,
the government needs to intervene and either take the responsibility altogether or assist other social
institutions do a much better job. Thus, in turbulent times, the public professions may find themselves
sharing or shelving certain activities, while adding others in a constant state of flux.
Expanding public policy-making capacity
Oftentimes, better performance results from improvements in public policy-making abilities,
rather than in managerial abilities. The policy sciences now claim professional status and recognition,
in their own right.
Undertaking continuous legal, regulatory and administrative reforms
So much government and professional work deals with daily operations that public service
professionals rarely have the opportunity of stepping back and reviewing arrangements from afar.
A perspective reveals shortcomings and remedial difficulties that get obscured in the detail. Legal,
regulatory and administrative reformers, like their colleagues in the policy sciences, now seek
professional status and recognition.

Adopting more businesslike methods
Public service professionals recognize that, although government is not a business, public
administration could benefit by adopting a more businesslike approach to their work. Specifically:
they must seek to be more cost-conscious, not to be cheap but more economical; not extravagant
and wasteful, but cost-effective by keeping costs down without cheeseparing; they seek to be more
productive, to accomplish more with less without being exploitative, or punitive, by adopting proven
organizational and managerial techniques; they seek to be more efficient by applying rationality
and scientific method to the conduct of public business, by streamlining arrangements, cutting out
unnecessary intermediaries, eliminating bottlenecks and delays, reducing paperwork and, generally
reducing the time taken for transactions; they seek to establish meaningful standards of performance,
competence and responsibility for achieving such standards and applying the results of systematic
study and research to become more effective; they seek to strengthen professionalism, through better
training, higher standards of conduct and approved accreditation.
Combatting bureau pathologies
All large organizations suffer from deficiencies and shortcomings which, if untreated, get out
of hand and eventually result in severe obstacles to work. Public service professionals realize that
these bureaupathologies need to be admitted, diagnosed quickly and tackled promptly, with the best
available remedies.
Proving worth
Public servants know how valuable their work and contribution are, but the true value of public
goods and services is never self-evident and has to be justified to every generation, not by slick public
relations, but by understandable and provable information and performance measures. Because public
service professionals do perform so well, people tend to take them for granted until things go wrong,
or their particular dealings do not turn out as expected. Nevertheless, there is no substitute for good
performance and valid measures of public worth Promoting democracy The international community
seems set on democratization as a key means to better governance. However, democratization
involves not just simple tinkering with the political system, but fundamental changes in the roles
of social institutions, the readjustment of the rights of individuals vis-a-vis the State, liberalization
of social and economic arrangements, as well as political arrangements and the transformation of
the organizational culture of public administration. Public service professionals have to adopt an
additional set of values, which, like others, may require some reordering of priorities.
Altering the master-servant relationship
Professionals often assume to be master and their clients to be servants, but democratization
reverses the relationship and enthrones the clients a masters, while they become the servant. The
roles are reversed. Any traces of past authoritarianism have to be eliminated; thus, symbols have to be
changed, nomenclature revised and titles and places renamed. The State’s subjects are now citizens,
with guaranteed rights and freedom enforced by public service professionals.

Enforcing liberty and individual rights
Instead of the State restricting liberty and rights, dedicated public service professionals actually seek
to enlarge the scope of liberty and protect individual rights against unwarranted interference by the State.
Advancing deconcentration of power
The State divests itself of any old totalitarian features, abandons central direction of all aspects
of people’s lives and encourages the diversification of social institutions. Instead of public service
professionals holding on to their monopolies, they do all in their power a) to promote a civic culture
through greater voluntarism and private initiatives; b) to support greater institutional competition by
strengthening the market system and property rights; and c) to master all the complicated technical
complexities, from utility regulation to land titles, from antimonopoly laws to protection of intellectual
property, from secure banking to viable coproduction. In short, public service professionals promote
a genuine pluralist society.
Decentralizing government
Just as the State no longer attempts to do everything but stimulates devolution and pluralism, so
government does not centralize all public business, but decentralizes government activities which can
better be handled regionally, locally or communally. Public service professionals possess the expertise
to determine which government activities can best be centralized or decentralized, what trade-offs are
involved and how much can be entrusted to more directly participatory forms of public administration,
more closely identifiable responsibility and accountability and more publicly responsive and sensitive
kinds of activities.
Guarding against corruption
Democracy cannot be built on shaky foundations and the many forms of corruption imperil both
the basics and operations of democratic public administration. Public service professionals cannot
allow corruption to take root by ignoring it and failing to discipline professional offenders. Unless
public service professionals clearly demonstrate that they do not tolerate corruption, there is little
possibility that good governance can survive, let alone flourish. Democratic governments and public
service professionals are obliged to keep their hands clean and rebuke those who cannot.
Experimenting with public participation
Professional public servants have long pondered how to share decision-making in public
administration with the public directly. Democratic public administration entails bringing people, other
than fellow professionals, into the machinery of government and into administrative arrangements
such as juries in criminal justice systems and volunteers in public libraries and hospitals, not to
relieve them of routine work, but to give administration a human face, provide expression for public
opinion, educate citizens, foster partnerships and strengthen policy-making.
Conclusion
These sets of values are not unique to the public service professions: other callings, occupations

and social institutions may also share them. However, no other social institution embraces them as a
whole. It is this inclusiveness that sets the public service profession apart and makes public service
professionals different from other people. These values seem so obvious that few of their professional
associations even bother to articulate them as listed here. Obvious or not, they are the threads that run
through public service professionalism; that link the public service professions of the world together;
that public service professionals accept as their leitmotif. Without them, the institution of government
cannot win the respect trust and cooperation of those it seeks to serve. Thus, being professional
means more than just paying lip service to professional values. It requires a thorough understanding
of professionalism and strict adherence to public norms of model behaviour. It entails providing
an organizational environment that promotes professionalism and enables professionals to thrive by
doing what professionals do best. It demands the promotion of professional standards, monitoring
professional performance and adherence to higher performance measures. Above all, it necessitates
seeing the bigger picture, the overall progress toward bettering the human condition and avoiding
making matters worse.
Globalization, the rapid advances of science and technology, and the emergence of a vibrant civil
society not only make transition a universal phenomenon, but also appear to set the course of change
in the direction of a State markedly different from that which emerged after the Second World War. A
State accustomed to thinking for its citizens, telling them what to do, is gradually ceding its place to
one that listens and communicates, one that actively seeks partnerships with business and other civil
society actors.
Such a State, requires a civil service of a very different type. A new configuration of requisite skills,
values and attitudes is slowly emerging, shaped by the changing tasks of government and growing
specialization, which make the quest for unity in the midst of increasing diversity particularly difficult.
Notwithstanding this diversity and its related problems, there were common attitudes, values and skills
which formed the core of public service professionalism. These need to be strengthened. Regarding
the knowledge and skills increasingly required of public service professionals, competent, efficient
and effective public managers on the one hand, and highly qualified, creative and conscientious policy
advisors on the other is the need of the hour.
Promoting the culture and practice of performance measurement is a necessary underpinning of
professionalism. This should go in tandem with the strengthening of organizational structures which
support and motivate individual performance. To this end, definition of standards and criteria of
performance was regarded as essential for addressing systemic defects, as opposed to individual
inadequacies. Regarding values and attitudes the critical importance of probity and integrity needs
to be emphasized. Though it might be pivotal to the success of efforts to improve its public image,
combating corruption was not a sufficient condition for raising ethical standards and levels of
performance in government.
Public service ethics encompassed a wide range of principles and values that must not be overlooked.
These should include objectivity, impartiality, fairness, sensitivity, compassion, responsiveness,

accountability and selfless devotion to duty. More than anything else, transition to a free and open
society calls for rededication to democratic values and belief in the service of the citizens and of the
common good. Though the focus of the Conference was on central government, participants believed
that its findings and conclusions applied with equal force to the field of local government, where
needs are very great. Enhancing the capacity, professional status and values of local government staff
was seen as a prerequisite for making a success of decentralization.
Two working groups advanced specific recommendations on those points. Both recognized the
limits imposed by resource scarcity and budgetary constraints, but as the third group put it, in a slightly
different context, a cheap civil servant costs the State a lot. Implicit in transition is the concept of
change. There is a universal need for building up capacity to chart and steer the course. In stressing the
significance of long-term strategic approaches to administrative reform and civil service improvement,
they called for the reinforcement of those institutional structures, legislative frameworks, information
and high-level skills that constitute prerequisites for a sustained development in the desired direction.
The timely availability of accurate, reliable and relevant data is a necessary condition for sounding
policy-making, but also for the measurement and monitoring of public sector performance. In this age
of globalization and swift technological progress, knowledge of prevalent practices in the world at
large conditions our ability to make informed critical choices. A fortiori, convergence or approximation
to the institutional patterns followed in Western Europe, which is a set prerequisite for accession
to the European Union, demands continuous sharing of information and advice on policy matters.
Institutional capacity for systematic gathering, sharing, comparing and using critical data effectively
for informed decision-making and problem-solving purposes is, no less than political will, a necessary
condition for satisfactory progress in the transition process. In the views of the participants, both are
necessary underpinnings of any sustainable effort to raise performance standards, as well as improve
the role and image of the public service, as urgently required. Both are also needed to enhance
public service professionalism and ethics which, in the last analysis, rest on the value accorded to
knowledge, integrity and merit within the public service and in society at large. A modern information
network could provide the essential support and institutional framework for regional cooperation in
the desired direction.
A cost-effective tool at the service of the Governments, it would also facilitate an ongoing
dialogue and networking among several other partners from many countries for the study of new
ideas, systematic in-service training and the design of plans or project of reform. In light of resource
scarcity, as many participants saw it, there is a need to avoid duplication and overlapping functions.
Effective coordination and cooperation, at both the national and international levels, largely condition
the quality and cost of service delivery. However, in these days of advanced information technology,
the establishment of and operation of a regional or global online network does not entail creation, as
in the past, of large bureaucratic entities, but rather a flexible structure to develop and sustain joint
activities as called for.


Zmo§Xr

Zmo§Xr

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Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude

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