ITEC 90 (Network Fundamentals)

by: Raymond Cruz

What is Computer Network?  Network Layer – is responsible for packet

 A computer network is a group of computers forwarding including routing through
that use a set of common communication intermediate route.
protocols over digital interconnections for
the purpose of sharing resources located on
or provided by the network nodes.
 OSI – Open Systems Interconnections (OSI)
model is a conceptual model created by the
International Organization for
Standardization which enables diverse
communication systems to communicate
using standard protocols.

Layers of Computer Network

 Transport Layer – is responsible for

delivering data to the appropriate application
process on the host computers. This involves
statistical multiplexing of data from
different application processes, i.e. forming
data segments, and adding source and
destination port numbers in the header of
each transport layer data segment.

 Physical Layer – is aimed at consolidating

the hardware requirements of a network to
enable the successful transmission of data.

 Session Layer – provides the mechanism for

opening, closing and managing a session
 Data Link Layer – this layer is the protocol between end-user application processes, i.e.,
layer that transfers data between nodes on a a semi-permanent dialogue.
network segment across the physical layer.
 ITEC 90 (Network Fundamentals)
by: Raymond Cruz
 Presentation Layer – is layer 6 and serves as
the data translator for the network. It is
sometimes called syntax layer.
 Application Layer – is an abstraction layer
that specifies the shared communications
protocols and interface methods used by
hosts in a communications network.
Physical Layer OSI
 The physical layer in the OSI Model is the
lowest layer and is used for transmitting data
in its basic form: bit-level. The transmission
medium can either be wired or wireless.
Components
 Basic hardware components used in the OSI
physical layer include Network Interface
Cards (NICs), connectors and interfaces, and
cables that facilitate the transmission of data
from source to destination.
Network Interface Card
 The Network Interface Card is a component
installed in a computer in order to connect it
to any available network. Connectors and
Interfaces are used to connect cables from
one source to another.
Physical Layer Cable Types
 Shielded Twisted Pair – this cable type
involves placing foil shielding around pairs
of twisted wires to prevent electromagnetic
interference.
 Unshielded Twisted Pair – this cable type is
made the same way as a shielded twisted
pair but without the extra foil shielding
around the wires.
 Coaxial Cable – this cable type contains a
wire covered by alternative conducting and
insulating shields. This makes the cable
more reliable when connecting different
networks.
Cable Scheme
 Straight Through Cable – is a type of twisted
pair cable that is used in local are networks
to connect a computer to a network hub such
as a router.
 Crossover Ethernet Cable – is a type of
Ethernet cable used to connect computing
devices together directly.CROSSOV
STRAIGHT-
TROUGH ER
 ITEC 90 (Network Fundamentals)
by: Raymond Cruz
Network Connector
 A device that terminates a segment of
cabling or provides a point of entry for
networking devices such as computers,
hubs, and routers.
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
 Is a computer standard designed to eliminate
the guesswork in connecting peripherals to a
PC. It is expected to replace serial and
parallel ports. A single USB port can be
used to connect up to 127 peripheral
devices, such as mice, modems, keyboards,
digital camera’s, printers, scanners, MP3
players, and many more. USB also supports
Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging.
RJ11 (Registered Jack) – standard telephone calbe
connectors, RJ-11 has 4 wires (and RJ-12 has 6
wires). RJ-11 is the acronyms for Registered Jack-
11, a four or six wire connector primarily used to
connect telephone equipment.
RJ45 (Registered Jack) – the acronym for
Registered Jack-45 is RJ-45. RJ-45 connector is an
eight-wire connector that is commonly used to
connect computers to a local area network (LAN),
particularly Ethernet LANs. Although they are
slightly larger that the more commonly use RJ-11
connectors, RJ-45 can be used to connect some
types of telephone equipment.
F Type Connector
 The F Connector is a type of RF connector
commonly used for cable and universally for
satellite television.
ST (Straight Tip) and SC (Standard Connector)
 Fiber network segments always require two
fiber cables: one for transmitting data, and
one for receiving. Each end of a fiber cable
is fitted with a plug that can be inserted into
a network adapter, hub, or switch. In the
North America, most cables use a square SC
connector (Subscriber Connector or
Standard Connector) that slides and locks
into place when inserted into a node or
connected to another fiber cable, Europeans
use around ST connector (Straight Tip)
instead.
Fiber LC (Local Connector)
 These connectors are used for single-mode
and multimode fiber-optic cables. LC
connectors offer extremely precise
positioning of the fiber-optic cable with
respect to the transmitter’s optical source
emitter and the receiver’s optical detector.
LC connectors feature a position locatable
notch and a threaded receptacle.
MT RJ (Mechanical Transfer)
 MT-RJ connectors are used with single-
mode and multimode fiber-optic cables. The
MT-RJ connectors are constructed with a
 ITEC 90 (Network Fundamentals)
by: Raymond Cruz
plastic housing and provide for accurate
alignment via their metal guide pins and
plastic ferrules.
Network Devices
 Hardware devices that are used to connect
computers, printers, fax machine and other
electronic devices to a network are called
network devices.
Modem
 Modem is a devices that enables a computer
to send or receive data over telephone or
cable lines. The data stored on the computer
is digital whereas a telephone line or cable
wire can transmit only analog data.
Types of Modem
o Modem can be categorized in several
ways like direction in which it can
transmit data, type of connectionn to the
transmission line, transmission mode etc.
1. Simplex – a simplex modem can transfer
data in only one direction, from digital
device to network (modulator) or
network to digital device (demodulator).
2. Half Duplex – a half duplex modem has
the capacity to transfer data in both the
direction but only one at a time.
3. Full Duplex – a full duplex modem can
transmit data in both the direction
simulataneously.
Switch – is network device that connects other
devices to Ethernet networks throught twisted pair
cables. It used packet switching technique to
receive, store, and forward data packets on the
network. The switch maintains a list of network
addresses of all the devices connected to it.
WI – FI Card
 Wi-Fi technology is used ot achieve wireless
connection to any network. Wi-Fi card is a
card used to connect any device to the local
network wirelessly. The physical area of the
network which provides internet access
throught Wi-Fi is called Wi-Fi hotspot.
Hub – is commonly used to connect segments of a
LAN(Local Area Network). A hub contains
multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it
is cpied to the other ports so that all segments of the
LAN can see all packets. Hub acts as a common
connection point for devices in a network.
Router – is connected to at least two(2) networks,
commonly two(2) LANs or WANs (Wide Area
Network) or a LAN and its ISP (Internet Service
Provider) network. The router is genrally located at
gateways, the places where two(2) or more
networks connect. Using headers and forwarding
tables, router determines the best path to forward
the packets. In addition, router uses protocols such
as ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to
communicate with each other and configures the
best route between any two(2) hosts. In a word,
router forwards data packets along with networks.
Hub vs Switch vs Rouer
 Hub – to connect a network of personal
computers together, they can be joined
through a central hub.
 Switch – allow connections to multiple
devices, manage ports, manage VLAN
security settings.
 Router – direct data in a network.
ITEC 90 (Network Fundamentals)
by: Raymond Cruz