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EnvE 320 - 7 - Hydrological Simulation - 1pp No Blanks
EnvE 320 - 7 - Hydrological Simulation - 1pp No Blanks
Env E 320: Environmental Hydrology
TOPIC 7: HYDROLOGICAL
SIMULATION MODELS
Most information in Topic 7 is from pages 297‐335 of Bedient et al. (2019)
Section overview
http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro06/W
aterQuality/GIStoHSPF/GIStoHSPF.htm
Introduction and model Video 1
classification
Watershed modelling Video 2
HEC‐HMS Video 3
Rossman (2010), EPA/600/R‐05/040
HEC‐HMS Synchronous
This is the full set of notes for Topic 7. You may
wish to annotate them as you complete the
asynchronous and synchronous topic components.
http://www.ic3.cat/detail_topic.php?menu=95
&tema=34
Video 1
WHAT IS A “SIMULATION MODEL?”
“If you want to understand some aspect of the Universe, it helps if you
simplify it… and include only those properties and characteristics that are
essential for understanding. If you want to determine how an object drops,
you don’t concern yourself with whether it is new or old, is red or green, or
has an odour or not. You eliminate those things and thus do not needlessly
overcomplicate matters.
The simplification you can call a model or a simulation and you present it
either as an actual representation on a computer screen or as a
mathematical relationship…
Such simplified simulations make it far easier to grasp a phenomenon than
it would be if we had to study the phenomenon itself…”
(Asimov, 1988, Prelude to Foundation, pg. 146)
http://www.crwr.
utexas.edu/gis/gis
hydro99/byu/wms
hydro/wmshydro.
html
http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/ http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishyd
3 proc98/proceed/to400/pap400/p400.htm ro01/data/swmm/swmm_project.htm
Introduction
Watershed modelling
Engineering hydrology application “may require complex
analyses involving temporal and/or spatial variations of
precipitation, hydrological abstractions, and runoff. Typically,
such analyses involve a large number of calculations, and are
therefore suited for use with a computer…
“Catchment modelling comprises the integration of key
hydrological processes into a modelling entity – i.e. a
catchment model – for purposes of analysis, design, long‐
term runoff‐volume forecasting, or real‐time flood
forecasting.
“A watershed model is a set of mathematical abstractions
describing relevant phases of the hydrological cycle, with the
objective of simulating the conversion of precipitation into
runoff…” (Ponce, 1989: 389)
4
Introduction
Advantages of simulation models
“A major advantage of simulation models is the insight
gained by gathering and organizing data required as
input... This exercise can often guide the collection of
additional data or direct the improvement of
mathematical formulations to represent watershed
behaviour better.
“Another advantage is that many alternative schemes
for water supply systems, urban development, or flood
control can be tested quickly and compared through
simulation models”
5 Bedient et al. (2019: 300)
Introduction
Disadvantages of models
“The major limitation of simulation models is the
inability properly to calibrate and validate applications
in which input data are lacking. Current practice
assumes the simplest model that satisfactorily
describes the system for the given input data should be
used.
“Model accuracy is largely determined by available
input data, and observed input and output time series
at various locations in a watershed.”
And, of course, there is the issue of stationarity…
6 Bedient et al. (2019: 300)
Introduction
Model components
Since watershed models aim to simulate conversion
of precipitation into runoff, which characteristics of
precipitation and watersheds are important?
– Rainfall intensity and duration are major driving forces
– Watershed characteristics translate rainfall input to
output hydrograph:
Size, slope, shape, soils, storage
capacity
– Land use and land cover can
alter natural hydrological
response
Impervious cover, altered slopes,
improved drainage channel
networks
7 Bedient et al. (2019)
Introduction
Model characteristics and uses
Models incorporate various equations for
hydrological transport and storage processes, and
to account for water balances in space and time
Models can be used to simulate hydrological
response under a number of assumptions, and for
complex rainfall patterns and heterogeneous
watersheds
Can test various design and control schemes
8 Bedient et al. (2019)
Introduction
Rationale: Integration
Learned about components of hydrological cycle
– Computational methods for rainfall averages, ET, infiltration, runoff
hydrographs
– Also, conversion of input rainfall to ET, infiltration, and runoff
Now see how they interact dynamically!
Also… Models are fundamental to planning and management
9 Bedient et al. (2019)
History and classification
Early models
Advances in computers since 1970s, larger
databases and more extensive monitoring efforts
allowed development and application of a number
of hydrological models
– Earlier, in 1960s, pioneering efforts by Harvard and
Stanford Universities, and the US ACE, aimed to use
digital computers to simulate watershed behaviour on
continuous basis
– Developed the “Stanford Watershed Model”
– Later evolved into “HSPF” (Hydrological Simulation
Program—Fortran), the first major watershed model and
still in use
10 Bedient et al. (2019)
History and classification
Early models
Early efforts led to development of range of
modelling approaches from 1970s
– Event‐based models (“single storm”) for urban
stormwater, floodplain hydrology, agricultural
drainage, reservoir design, river‐basin management
– Much of the model development driven by interest
in stream and lake water quality, urban runoff
implications
11 Bedient et al. (2019)
History and classification
MODEL CLASSIFICATION
Hydrological models classified according to several
important characteristics:
– Material vs. formal
– Theoretical, conceptual, empirical
– Lumped parameter vs. distributed parameter
– Event vs. continuous
– Stochastic vs. deterministic
12 Bedient et al. (2019); Ponce (1989)
History and classification
Material vs. formal
Models can be a scaled physical representation of a prototype
material models
– Simpler in structure, but with properties similar to prototype
– Rainfall simulator and experimental watersheds
Mathematical abstractions can represent idealized situation that
preserves important characteristics of prototype formal model
– Called mathematical models, and if used with computers, “computer models”
– Typically the preferred tool for watershed modelling
http://eltahir.mit.edu/research/highlights/hydrology‐
entomology‐and‐malaria‐transmission‐simulator‐hydremats
13 http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the‐conservation‐of‐mass‐17395478 Ponce (1989)
History and classification
Theoretical, conceptual, empirical
Mathematical watershed models consist of
many components, each describing certain
phase(s) of hydrological cycle
– Theoretical and empirical (opposites)
– Conceptual are in the middle
Theoretical models are based on physical and
chemical laws, described by differential
equations
– Implied cause‐and‐effect relationship between
parameter values and results from solution to
equations
– Can be deterministic or stochastic
14 Ponce (1989)
History and classification
Theoretical, conceptual, empirical
Conceptual models are simplified representations
of physical processes
– Simulate processes in the mean using a few key
conceptual parameters
– Used extensively in engineering hydrology because of
inherent complexity of hydrological phenomena, and
inability to represent processes at appropriate scales
SAC‐SMA conceptual model
http://chrs.web.uci.edu/research/hydrol
ogic_predictions/activities07.html
15 Ponce (1989)
History and classification
Theoretical, conceptual, empirical
Empirical models (or black‐box models) are the simplest of all
– Usually consist of algebraic equation (or equations) containing one of
more parameters determined through data analysis
– Applicability restricted to range of data used to derive parameter
values
– Useful if theoretical or conceptual models impractical or too expensive
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0231e/A0231E05.htm http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.
16 org/article.aspx?articleid=1439419 Ponce (1989)
History and classification
Lumped vs. distributed parameter
Lumped parameter models transform actual rainfall input
into runoff output by conceptualizing the watershed
processes as occurring in a single, representative area
– An example: the unit hydrograph one UH for whole watershed
Distributed models incorporate spatial differences, and
can use a grid or other representation of spatial
differences
– Aided by GIS data, digital elevation maps, etc.
http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userco http://wegc203116.uni‐
17 nf/proc97/proc97/to200/pap198/p198.htm graz.at/meted/hydro/basic/Runoff/print
_version/05‐runoffmodeling.htm
Bedient et al. (2019)
History and classification
Event‐based vs. continuous
Event‐based models simulate hydrological
response to single storm event
– Useful for planning and design purposes
Continuous models simulate hydrology over the
longer term multiple events
– Useful for planning and design, also for
understanding watershed hydrology
18
History and classification
Stochastic vs. deterministic
Deterministic models are formulated following laws of
physical and chemical processes
– Formulated in terms of set of variables and parameters, and the
equations relating them
– Give “single number” outputs
Stochastic models follow laws of chance or probability
– Deal with observed samples or random structure observed in some
hydrological timeseries
– An example is stochastic or random input rainfall
– Predict hydrological variables, but also try to quantify errors in model
outcomes (as probability distribution)
20 Beckers et al. (2009: 3), FORREX Series 25
Modelling steps
Watershed modelling: Choices
Many, many hydrological models available
– In fact, very little new model development currently supported
Engineers must therefore choose among the existing models based on,
– Characteristics of system under study
– Objectives to be met
– Available budget for data collection and analysis
Beckers et al. (2009), FORREX Series 25
Bedient et al. (2019)
Modelling steps
Watershed modelling steps
Model selection is difficult and important decision success
of project hinges on accuracy of results
– Unless digital watershed data extensive in space and time, usual
approach is to use deterministic event model with lumped
parameters for developing hydrographs and flood routing
HEC‐HMS used widely for typical watershed analysis to convert rainfall to
runoff and streamflow We will learn this model in this Topic
– For watershed with extensive rainfall, infiltration, baseflow,
streamflow and soils and land use data, HSPF from US EPA BASINS
model can be used
Calculate continuous long‐term water balances, outflow hydrographs
– For well‐defined urban drainage networks, distributed event model
like SWMM can be applied
Define hydrological response for components throughout system
22 Bedient et al. (2019)
Modelling steps
Watershed modelling steps
After model selection, steps are generally:
23 Bedient et al. (2019)
Modelling steps
Watershed modelling steps
Clarification of Step 5: Calibration and validation
– Calibration: Adjusting (or “fitting”) model parameters to produce
accurate results in steps 6 and 7
Select a set of measured input data and measured output hydrographs
Adjust controlling parameters until “best fit” obtained for the set of data
– Validation: Simulate second or third event (use different rainfall)
Keep all other parameters unchanged
Compare predicted and measured hydrographs
http://eltahir.mit.edu
/research/highlights/
hydrology‐
entomology‐and‐
malaria‐
transmission‐
simulator‐hydremats
http://www.goldsim.com/wiki/Model%20Library.Optimization‐
Used‐for‐Model‐Calibration.ashx Bedient et al. (2019)
Calibration and Validation
Observed Simulated
Discharge m3/sec
Uncalibrated
Discharge m3/sec
Calibrated
25 M. Gaafar, 2017, Simulations with MIKE URBAN
Major models
MODEL DESCRIPTIONS
Table shows some of the most popular event, continuous
and urban runoff models for hydrological simulation
– Developed by Universities and federal agencies
– Many well‐documented, have been used widely; others have been used only
in a few specific locations
Next slides review several of the surface water models…
Bedient et al. (2019)
Major models Read On Own
HSPF
“Model of choice for evaluation of continuous runoff and
nonpoint‐source loads”
HSPF:
– Older model, commercial successor of Stanford Watershed Model
– Includes water quality, kinematic wave routing (overland and river
flows), and variable timesteps (model stability)
– Integrated simulation of land and soil contaminant runoff, and
incorporates in‐stream hydraulic and sediment‐chemical interactions
– Infiltration divided into three moisture zones: surface runoff,
interflow, percolation to groundwater
Inputs: continuous record of rainfall and evaporation
Outputs: dynamic runoff rate, sediment load, nutrient and
pesticide concentration, hydrograph at outlet
27 Bedient et al. (2019: 302)
Major models
HSPF
Stanford Watershed
Model structure –
HSPF similar
28 Figure 5.6 in Subramanya (2008)
Major models Read On Own
ISBA‐TOPMODEL
ISBA is the “Interaction Sol‐Biosphère‐Atmosphère” model
– Land surface model interfaced with atmospheric and hydrological models
TOPMODEL is the “TOPography based hydrological MODEL”
– A physically‐based, distributed hydrological model
– Simulates fluxes of water (overland flow, infiltration, exfiltration,
subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel routing) through a
watershed (http://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model:TOPMODEL)
http://www.cnrm‐game.fr/spip.php?article274
http://www.cnrm‐ http://www.cnrm‐game.fr/spip.php?rubrique180
game.fr/spip.php?article146
Major models Read On Own
EPA SWMM
“Most comprehensive urban runoff model and provides for
continuous and/or event simulation for a variety of catchments,
conveyance, storage, treatment and receiving streams. Both
water quantity and quality can be simulated…”
SWMM:
– Model development begun in 1970s, now on version 5
– Flow routing through kinematic wave, nonlinear reservoir methods,
full Saint Venant equations
– Can simulate backwater effects, reversed flow, surcharged flow,
pressurized flow, interconnected ponds
Many “wrappers” available : PC‐SWMM, XP‐SWMM, MIKE
URBAN these provide GIS interfaces, data management,
2D overland flow (flooding), distribution system flows
30 Bedient et al. (2019: 302)
Major models Read On Own
DHI’s MIKE models
Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) Water and
Environment Inc. provides variety of models
– Address engineering problems of rainfall‐runoff, pipe
flows, overland flows, water quality, sediment transport
MIKE URBAN: simulates water, wastewater, storm water in one
integrated GIS‐based framework
MIKE SHE: simulates watershed hydrology, water quality,
irrigation and drought management, floodplain management
http://www.mikebydhi.com/Download/Documents http://www.mikebydhi.com/Products/
31 AndTools/Tools/CityTools.aspx WaterResources/MIKESHE.aspx
Read On Own
http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall05articles/city‐of‐ballerup.html
http://dhiuk‐demos.blogspot.ca/2011/02/release‐news‐countdown‐
to‐mike‐by‐dhi.html
https://youtu.be/XPOZllbVHi0 MIKE URBAN flood water and spread of wastewater
Major models Read On Own
MIKE FLOOD
“Suitable for handling flood assessments, flood hazard mapping,
flood risk analysis, and integrated urban drainage design…”
Simulates river inundation, floodplains, urban drainage
systems
– Couples different DHI programs (MIKE 11, MOUSE, and MIKE 21) into
integrated numerical modelling tool
http://dhiuk‐demos.blogspot.ca/2010/10/comment‐new‐flood‐risk‐management.html
33 Bedient et al. (2019: 304)
Video 3
ENV E 320: SINGLE EVENT MODELS
Single event models designed to simulate rainfall‐
runoff from single storms they are our focus
– Models like original HEC‐1 Flood Hydrograph Package
(1981), and revised HEC‐HMS (1998‐)
– More sophisticated SWMM (Storm Water Management
Model; US EPA 1971‐)
SWMM used for storm event or continuous simulation
One of most comprehensive models for urban runoff dynamics,
drainage design, hydraulic analysis, nonpoint source water quality
http://www.instagua.upv.es
/swmm/intro.htm
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/
34 wq/models/swmm/ Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
HEC‐HMS
“The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC‐HMS) is designed to
simulate the precipitation‐runoff processes of dendritic
watershed systems.
“It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographical
areas for solving the widest possible range of problems. This
includes large river basin water supply and flood hydrology, and
small urban or natural watershed runoff.
“Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly or in
conjunction with other software for studies of water availability,
urban drainage, flow forecasting, future urbanization impact,
reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, floodplain
regulation, and systems operation.”
US ACE, Hydrologic Engineering Center
35 http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec‐hms/
HEC‐HMS
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec‐hms/
36
Figure 241 in HEC‐HMS Users Guide Manual v. 3.5
HEC‐HMS
Download HEC‐HMS!
HEC‐HMS is a Windows‐based hydrological model
that has been upgraded over the years
– Current version is 4.6.1, released September 2020
– User guides and program available FREE at
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec‐hms/
37
HEC‐HMS
HEC‐HMS capabilities
General flood hydrograph package with
following capabilities:
1. Simulation of watershed runoff and streamflow
from historical or design rainfall
2. Determination of flood flows at various locations
for floodplain studies
3. Evaluation of land use or topographic changes in
watershed area
4. Simulation of flood control measures – reservoir
storage and channel options
5. Computation of damage frequency curves and
expected annual damages
38 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
HEC‐HMS characteristics
HEC‐HMS converts precipitation to direct runoff for
small to large, complex watersheds
Has basic components for subbasin runoff, channel
and reservoir routing, and combining hydrographs
– Routing: “movement of a flood wave down a channel or
through a reservoir and the associated change in timing or
attenuation of the wave…” (Bedient et al. 2013: 229)
– Subbasin boundaries delineated, and lumped
precipitation excess and watershed parameters used
– Calculations proceed from upstream to downstream
– Hydrograph data, plots available at any convenient point
Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
HEC‐HMS process
Historical or design storm rainfall events
transformed to runoff using UH methods (Topic 6)
– Example shows individual discharge hydrograph
calculations for a given rainfall affecting subbasins 10, 20,
30, 40, and 50
40 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Important components
HEC‐HMS models have
several components:
– Watershed areas: subbasin
delineation, routing reaches
– Precipitation: historical or
synthetic design storm,
snowfall and snowmelt
– Loss rates: interception,
infiltration
– Subbasin runoff calculations:
several common methods
– Baseflow calculations
– Flood routing: several
common methods
41 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS Details to Read on Your Own
Watershed representation
HEC‐HMS uses watersheds divided into small,
relatively homogeneous subbasins, based on
drainage divides from maps or GIS data
Subbasins should be 1‐25 km2, based on UH
theory
HEC basin sizes, routing reaches and
computation interval based on basin
physiography, rainfall data, streamflow data
and accuracy requirements
– Routing reaches should be long enough that flood
wave does not travel faster than computation
timestep; otherwise, numerical errors in calculations
will occur
42 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS Read On Own
Precipitation
Precipitation (𝑃) computed for each subbasin using
historical data or synthetic design storms. Can use,
1. Incremental 𝑃 (𝑃 at each timestep) for each subbasin
2. Total cumulative 𝑃 and and time distribution
3. Historical gauge data and areal weighting coefficients (Thiessen)
for subbasins
Design storms can have the form of,
1. Depth vs. duration data
2. Probable maximum 𝑃
3. Standard project 𝑃
Snowfall and snowmelt also simulated
– Can include different elevations (10 zones)
– Provide air‐temperature lapse rate
– Snowmelt when air temperature > melt temperature
43 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS Read On Own
Loss rates (infiltration)
Methods for computing loss of precipitation to
interception and infiltration include,
Like 𝜙 index method
Learned in Topic 6
One of the best
methods: parameters
measurable, related
to soil properties
44 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS Read On Own
Subbasin runoff calculation
HEC‐HMS provides several methods for surface runoff
calculations, including UH methods, as well as kinematic
wave methods
Model also provides a synthetic time‐area hydrograph
that can be tuned – compare with SCS curve
45 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS Read On Own
Flood routing
Flood routing involves analysis of movement of flood wave
as it travels from reach to reach through stream or river
HEC‐HMS provides a set of methods,
46 Bedient et al. (2019)
USING HEC‐HMS
A HEC‐HMS project consists of three parts:
1. The basin model
2. The meteorological model
3. The control specifications
– Can also input a background
map showing subwatershed
boundaries and streams as
visual reference
https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec‐hms/
47 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS GUI: Terms
HEC‐HMS Quick Start Guide, Page 6
HEC‐HMS GUI
49
Figure 5‐6 (a) in Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
1. The basin model
Basin model contains the watershed and routing
parameters as well as connectivity data – i.e. how
subbasins connected
GUI uses click‐and‐drag method to place the subbasins,
reaches, reservoirs, junctions, diversions, sources and
sinks that form the watershed
– Each can be given a unique name and description
– User can select method of calculation
– Multiple elements can connect at one downstream element
– One element cannot have multiple downstream connections
– Elements must be connected in correct flow direction
Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Basin model components
Subbasins ( ): represent physical areas within basin
– Produce discharge hydrograph at outlet calculated from
precipitation minus losses
– UH methods used, added to baseflow
– Inputs: area, loss rate, runoff, baseflow
Reservoirs ( ): store inflow from upstream elements,
produce outflow based on storage‐outflow relationship
– Need to understand outflow structure to develop accurate storage‐
discharge relation
– Inputs: initial storage, elevation, outflow
Diversions ( ): divert a volume of flow from the
“mainstream (routed) path” to a “diverted path”
– Have two downstream connections
– User specifies diverted flow through use of a table relating inflow to
diverted flow and routed flow
51 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Basin model components
Junctions ( ): connecting points for streams from
different subbasins, or between subbasin and river
Reach ( ): main channel of river, receives flow
from upstream reaches and subbasins
Sources ( ): represent discharge into basin as
observed hydrograph or hydrograph from previous
simulation
– Represent reservoirs, unmodelled headwaters, or
watershed outside region
– Can be entered as gauge data or constant discharge
Sinks ( ): have inflow but no outflow
– Lowest point of watershed or the outlet
52 Bedient et al. (2019)
Connecting these components
Figure showing many of these
components joined together to
form a basin model, from Bedient
et al. (2019)
53
HEC‐HMS
2. The meteorological model
Contains precipitation data – historical or design storm
– Different options for modelling precipitation
Hyetographs
Gauge weighting schemes
Can handle unlimited number of recording/nonrecording gauges, with
data entered manually, from modelling files, or from Excel
Can also take gridded data, like radar (NEXRAD) data
– Can also account for ET
Storm editing
Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
3. Control specifications
Contains timing information for model:
– Start time and date
– Stop time and date
– Computational timestep
Set up series of simulations scenarios (e.g. 10‐yr vs. 100‐yr storm)
55 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
A note on data management
The HEC‐DSS (Data Storage System) keeps all
data for HEC hydrological model in one place
– All necessary simulation data stored in DSS file:
reservoir storage‐outflow relationships, precipitation
data, flow time‐series, etc.
– Provides standardized format for many HEC
programs
– Previously, time‐series and tabular data managed by
hand…
56 Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Final remarks: Using the model
HEC‐HMS is quite flexible:
– Program lets you set up “projects”
– The value of these “projects”:
Provide different data sets for each component run 10‐yr
and 100‐yr storm using same basin model and control
specifications, then compare results
Model effects of new diversions or reservoirs use different
“basin models” in same project, run them with same rainfall and
control specifications, then compare results
– View results from “Results” tab, and select the basin
component of interest (subbasin, junction, reservoir...)
57 Bedient et al. (2019)
Synchronous
Example: Castro Valley, CA
This example uses data from a 1973 storm over the 5.51 square mile (14 km2)
Castro Valley watershed in northern California. The watershed contains four
major catchments. Precipitation data for the storm are available for three
gauges in the watershed: Proctor School, Sidney School, and the Fire
Department.
The goal of this example is to estimate the effect of proposed future
urbanization on the hydrological response.
Example from HEC‐HMS Quick Start Guide, Page 6
Provided data
To simulate the pre‐development and post‐
urbanization hydrological responses, we need,
1. Subbasin characteristics (basin area, UH, infiltration, BF)
2. Routing criteria for river reaches
3. Storage‐discharge data (for reach 1: a pond/reservoir)
4. Precipitation inputs
5. Control specifications
59 Example from HEC‐HMS Quick Start Guide, Page 6
Subbasin data
60
River routing data
61
Precipitation – from DSS file
Unlike the next example (see Slide 63) with its simple hyetograph, this
example has detailed data from a recording gauge at the Fire Department
We could enter detailed data for all gauges by hand time‐consuming
Instead, set up a “time‐series data” set with the “precipitation gauge”
type
– Then use the detailed Fire Dept. data for storm timing (changes in intensity)
– And use the other gauges to weight the precipitation depth
DSS data type
File location
Data location
in DSS file
62
Results: Precipitation settings
63
Pre‐ and post‐urbanization
To compare pre‐ and post‐
urbanization conditions,
– Copy the basin model. First basin
was called “Castro 1”, so call the
copy “Castro 2”
– Change “impervious %” values in
subbasin 2 and subbasin 4 to 17%
and 30%
– Run both simulations
– Compare: select same graphs for
same subbasin in the different
runs, using “ctrl” key in
“Watershed Explorer”
64
Results
Run 2
Run 1 vs. Run 2
65
HEC‐HMS
EXAMPLE TO TRY AT HOME
A small, undeveloped watershed has the parameters listed in the
accompanying tables. A unit hydrograph and a Muskingum routing
coefficients are known for subbasin 3, while TC and R values (based on Clark
unit hydrograph) are known for subbasins 1 and 2, and associated SCS curve
numbers (CN) are provided as shown.
A 5‐hr rainfall hyetograph in in/hr is shown for a storm event that occurred
on May 5, 2011. Assume that the rain fell uniformly over the watershed.
Use the information given to develop a HEC‐HMS input data set to model
this storm. Run the model to determine the predicted outflow at point B.
Example 5‐1 in Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Solution steps
The next slides provide the programming approach for the
problem please follow them to create model on your own
Model preparation occurs according to following steps:
A. Creation of new project
B. Production of basin model symbols used to create basin network
C. Setting parameters in basin model subbasins and reaches
Pre‐set values used for subbasins 1 and 2
User‐defined UH used for subbasin 3
D. Specification of meteorological data entry of hyetograph
E. Specification of simulation settings control specifications
F. Production of a simulation run
Then the results are ready for viewing and analysis!
67
HEC‐HMS
Solution steps
A. Create new project
B. Basin model creation
68 Example 5‐1 in Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Solution steps
C. Set parameters in basin model
69 Example 5‐1 in Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Solution steps
D. Specify meteorological model
5May11
70 Example 5‐1 in Bedient et al. (2019)
HEC‐HMS
Solution steps
E. Specify simulation settings and F. View results
71 Example 5‐1 in Bedient et al. (2019)
Some sample results
“Global Summary Results”
Hydrograph at outlet
72
Some sample results
Subbasin 1
Main river reach:
Inflow and outflow
73