Discrete Mathematics

Introductory Lecture
ICT 4157
Farzana Akter,
Lecturer, Dept. of ICT (IoT program)
BDU
Course Resource
⚫ Text Book:
Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications,
7th Edition, Kenneth H. Rosen, McGrawKenneth
McGraw--Hill, Inc., New York,
What is Mathematics ??

Is it just about numbers ?

What is Mathematics ??
⚫ Mathematics is the study of any and all absolutely certain
truths about any and all perfectly well-defined concepts.
⚫ But, the concepts can relate to numbers, symbols, visual
patterns, or anything!
 What is Discrete Mathematics?
⚫ The study of discrete , mathematical objects and structures.
⚫ What are “discrete structures” anyway?
––“Discrete”--Composed of distinct, separable parts. (Opposite
of continuous.)
Discrete : Continuous :: Digital : Analog
⚫ Structures”--objects built up from simpler objects according
to a definite pattern.
⚫ Examples of discrete objects: integers, steps taken by a
computer program, distinct paths to travel from point A to
point B on a map along a road network, ways to pick a
winning set of numbers in a lottery etc.
Discrete Structures We’ll Study
⚫ Propositions
⚫ Predicates
⚫ Proofs
⚫ Sets
⚫ (Discrete) Functions
⚫ Relations
⚫ Graphs
⚫ Trees etc.
Uses for Discrete Math in
Technology
It s the basic language and conceptual foundation of all of
computer science. It uses in :
⚫ Algorithms & data structures
⚫ Programming language compilers & interpreters.
⚫ Computer networks
⚫ Operating systems
⚫ Computer architecture
⚫ Database management systems
⚫ Computer security
⚫ Error correction codes
⚫ Graphics & animation algorithms, game engines
Just about everything!
Everyday applications of discrete mathematics
⚫ Computers run software and store files. The software and
files are both stored as huge strings of 1’s and 0’s. Binary
math is discrete mathematics.

⚫ Scheduling problems---like deciding which classes should

held on which shifts, or which airline pilots should be
flying which routes, or scheduling rooms for an event, or
deciding timeslots for committee meetings, or which
chemicals can be stored in which parts of a
warehouse---are solved either using graph coloring or
using combinational optimization, both parts of discrete
mathematics.
Everyday applications of discrete mathematics
⚫ Cell phone communications: Assigning frequencies so
that there is no interference with nearby phones can use
graph theory.

⚫ Delivery Route Problems: If you need to leave home,

visit a sequence of locations each exactly once and then
return home---such as might happen with a newspaper
delivery route can use TSP.

⚫ Google Maps uses discrete mathematics to determine

fastest driving routes and times.
Everyday applications of discrete mathematics
⚫ Designing password criteria is a counting problem: Is the
space of passwords chosen large enough that a hacker can't
break into accounts just by trying all the possibilities? How
long do passwords need to be in order to resist such
attacks?

and so on……………
Kinds of Problems Solved Using
Discrete Mathematics
⚫ How many ways can a password be chosen following
specific rules?
⚫ How many valid Internet addresses are there?
⚫ What is the probability of winning a particular lottery?
⚫ Is there a link between two computers in a network?
⚫ How can I identify spam email messages?
⚫ How can I encrypt a message so that no unintended
recipient can read it?
⚫ How can we build a circuit that adds two integers?
Kinds of Problems Solved Using
Discrete Mathematics
⚫ What is the shortest path between two cities using a
transportation system?
⚫ Find the shortest tour that visits each of a group of cities only
once and then ends in the starting city.
⚫ How can we represent English sentences so that a computer
can reason with them?
⚫ How can we prove that there are infinitely many prime
numbers?
⚫ How can a list of integers be sorted so that the integers are in
increasing order?
⚫ How many steps are required to do such a sorting?
⚫ How can it be proved that a sorting algorithm always correctly
sorts a list?
Goals of a Course in Discrete
Mathematics
⚫ Mathematical Reasoning: Ability to read, understand,
and construct mathematical arguments and proofs.
⚫ Combinatorial Analysis: Techniques for counting
objects of different kinds.
⚫ Discrete Structures: Abstract mathematical structures
that represent objects and the relationships between them.
Examples are sets, permutations, relations, graphs, trees,
and finite state machines.
Goals of a Course in Discrete
Mathematics
⚫ Algorithmic Thinking: One way to solve many problems is to
specify an algorithm. An algorithm is a sequence of steps that can be
followed to solve any instance of a particular problem. Algorithmic
thinking involves specifying algorithms, analyzing the memory and
time required by an execution of the algorithm, and verifying that the
algorithm will produce the correct answer.
⚫ Applications and Modeling: It is important to appreciate and
understand the wide range of applications of the topics in discrete
mathematics and develop the ability to develop new models in
various domains. Concepts from discrete mathematics have not only
been used to address problems in computing, but have been applied
to solve problems in many areas such as chemistry, biology,
linguistics, geography, business, etc.
Discrete Mathematics is a Gateway Course
⚫ Topics in discrete mathematics will be important in many
courses that you will take in the future:
⚫ Computer Science: Computer Architecture, Data Structures,
Algorithms, Programming Languages, Compilers, Computer
Security, Databases, Artificial Intelligence, Networking,
Graphics, Game Design, Theory of Computation, ……
⚫ Mathematics: Logic, Set Theory, Probability, Number Theory,
Abstract Algebra, Combinatorics, Graph Theory, Game Theory,
Network Optimization, …
⚫ The concepts learned will also be helpful in continuous areas of
mathematics.
⚫ Other Disciplines: You may find concepts learned here useful in
courses in philosophy, economics, linguistics, and other
departments.
Logic ! Logic Gate
⚫ “the study of correct reasoning”
⚫ Mathematical Logic is a tool for working with complicated
compound statements. It includes:
⚫ A language for expressing them.
⚫ A concise notation for writing them.
⚫ A methodology for reasoning about their truth or falsity.
⚫ It is the foundation for expressing formal proofs in all
branches of mathematics.
1==T; 0==F
Which logic gate can be used !
1. Suppose in an industrial plant if the temperature or pressure
sensor exceeds the safe value, some protective measure(such
as shutdown the system etc.) is needed to be done.
2. A burglar alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion,
unauthorized entry into a building or area. It makes a loud
noise when someone attempts to gain unauthorized entry to a
building.
3. A doorbell can be rung by visitors outside to signal their
arrival.
4. It’s too cold ! Please start the heating system !
5. Search in google for “Discrete mathematics”
1. Several conditions that must be satisfied to enable a
student’s admission into a university :
1. Qualification,—- student must have completed/ graduated
high school.
2. College Acceptance— the student must pass the
requirement like the minimum CGPA.
Exercise
1. A committee of three individuals(x,z,y) decides issues for an
organization. Each individual votes either yes or no for each
proposal that arises. A proposal is passed if it receives at
least two yes votes. Design a circuit that determines whether
a proposal passes.
2. Sometimes light fixtures are controlled by more than one
switch. Circuits need to be designed so that flipping any one
of the switches for the fixture turns the light on when it is off
and turns the light off when it is on. Design circuits that
accomplish this when there are two switches and when there
are three switches.

Hints : Page 825

Solutions !!
⚫ So while going out of the house you set the "Alarm Switch" and if the
burglar enters he will set the "Person switch", and the alarm will ring.
⚫ You would of course want your doorbell to ring when someone presses either
the front door switch or the back door switch.
⚫ When the temperature falls below 20c the Not gate will set on the central
heating system.
Next topic
⚫ Proof
⚫ Proposition