Chapter-2

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
POINTS TOREMEMBER
SYSTEMS OF Earliest Classification was given by Aristotle.
CLASSIFICATION Divided plants into herbs. shrubs and trees.
Animals into those with RBC's and those who do
not have it.
Two kingdom classification: Given by Carolous
Linnaeus Plant kingdom and Animal kingdom.

Five kingdom classification: By R. H.

Whittaker. Monera. Protista, Fungi. Plantae and
Animalia are the five kingdoms.

Kingdom Monera: Has bacteria a sole member.

Bacteria can have shapes like : Coccus (spheri
cal), Bacillus (rod-shaped). Vibrio (comma
shapcd) and sprillum (spiral shaped).
Bacteria found almost everywhere and can be
Photosynthetic autotrophs. Chemosynthetic au
totrophs or Heterotrophs.
7 Archaebacteria : Halophiles (salt-loving)
Thermoacidophiles (in ho springs)
Bacteria Methanogens (in marsh and in gut of
ruminant animals. Produce methane gas.)

Eubacteria Photosynthetic autotrophs like

Cyanobacteria. Some like Anabaena have
specialised cells called heterocysts for
nitrogen fixation.
Chemosynthetic autotrophs: Oxidise
various inorganic substances like
nitrates/nitrites, ammonia and use released
cnergy for their ATP production.

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 Heterotrophic bacteria: Decomposes.
help in making curd. production of antibi
otics. N, fixation, cause diseases like chol
era. typhoid.
Mycoplasma: Completely lack cell wall. Smallest living cells. Can survive
without oxygen. Pathogenic in animals and plants
Kingdom Prostita
(Allsinglecelledcukaryotes)
Foms a link between plants, animals and fungi.
() Chrysophytes (Has diatoms and golden algac)
Cell wals have silica and cell walls overlap to fit together likea soap box.
Their accumulation forms "Diatomaceous Earth".
Used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
i) Dinoflagellates: Marinc. photosynthetic,cell wall has cellulose.
Two flagella-one longitudinal and other transversely in a furrow between
wall plates.
(ii) Euglenoids: Have protein rich layer 'pellicle' which makes body flexible.
Photosynthetic in presence of sunlight but become heterotrophs if they do
not get sunlight.

iv) Slime Moulds: Saprophytic proists

Form aggregates to form plasmodium grows on decaying twigs and leaves.
Spores have true walls which are extremely resistant and survive for many
ycars.
() Protozoans: Amoeboid: Catch prey using pseudopodia, e.g.. Amoeba.
Flagellated: More flagcla. Cause disease like sleeping
sickness e-g. Tnypanosoma.
Ciliated: Have cilia to move food into gullet and
locomotion. e.g. Paramecium.
help in
Sporozoans: Have infective spore like stage in life cycle,
e.g. Plasmodiun which causes Malaria.
KINGDOMFUNGI
Non chlorophyllous hyphae

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 Network of hyphae called mycelium
Cell wall of chitin and polysaccharides
Grow in warm and humid places
Saprophytic,. parasitic, symbiotic (Lichen)
e.g, Puccinia (rust causing), Pemicillium.
CLASSES OF FUNGI
() Phycomycetes: grow on decaying wood
Mycelium septate
Spores produced endogenously
Asexual reproduction by Zoospores or
Aplanospores
e.g. Rhizopus, Albugo.
(ii) Ascomycetes: Also known "sac
as
fungi
Mycelium branched and septate
Spores: Asexual spores are called conidia
produced exogenously on the conidiophores
Sexual spores are called ascospores produced
endog enously in ascus produced inside fruiting
body called Ascocarp.
e.g. Aspergilus, Neurospora.
(ii) Basidiomycetes Mycelium septate.
Asexual spores generally are not found.

Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation.

Sexual reproduction by fusion of vegetative or
somatic cells to form basidium produced in
basidiocarp
Basidium produced four basidiospores after
mciosis.

e.g. Agaricus, Ustilago.

iv) Deuteromycetes Called as 'Fungi Imperfecti' as sexual form (per
fect stage) is not known for them.
Once sexual form is discovered the member is
moved to Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes.
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 Mycelium is septate and branched.
Are saprophytic. parasitic or decomposers.
eg. Alternaria, Colletotrichum.

Viruses: They did not find a place in classification. Take over the machin
ery of host cell on entering it but as such they have inert
crystalline structure. So, difficult to call them living or non-living.

Pasteur gave the term 'Virus" i.e. poisonous fluid.

D. J. Ivanowsky found out that certain microbes causcd
Tobacco Mosaic Disease in tobacco plant.
M.W. Beijerinck called fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum' as
extracts of infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in
healthy plants.
W. M. Stanely showed viruses could be crystallised to form
crystals of protein which are inert outside their specific host
Structure of Virus: Its a nucleoprotein made up of protein called
Capsid. Capsid is made up of capsomeres arranged
in halical or polygeometric forms. Have either
DNA or RNA as genetic material which may be
single or double stranded.
Usually plant viruses have single stranded RNA:
bacteriophages have double stranded DNA and
animal viruses have single or double stranded
RNA or double stranded DNA.
Diseases caused : Mumps, Small pox. AIDS etc.
Viroids: Infectious agent, free RNA (lack protein coat)
RNA has low
molecularweight.
Causes potato spindle tuber disease.
Discovered by T. O. Diener.
Lichens: Symbiotic association between algal component (Phycobiont)
and fungal component (mycobiont). Algac provide food. Fungi
provide shelter and absorb nutrients for alga.
Good pollution indicators as they do not grow in polluted areas.

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