HOLY TRINITY SCHOOL

(SENIOR SECONDARY)
(AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI AFFILIATION NO-
930027 KANJIKODE WEST, PALAKKAD-678623)

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Preparation Of Dyes

NAME : Bharath P Jayan

CLASS : Xll th
REG.NO :
YEAR: 2022-23
 CONTENTS
 Certificate
 Acknowledgment
 Introduction
 Aim
 Experiment
 Preparation of para red dye
 Preparation of fluorescent dye
 Preparation of malachite green
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide project work of

……………… done during the year 2022-2023.

Date ………………… Head of the department

Submitted for practical examination held on ……….

at HOLY TRINITY SCHOOL, KANJIKODE, PALAKKAD.

Principal Internal External

Examiner Examiner

SCHOOL SEAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I , Bharath P Jayan , would like to express my sincere
gratitude to Ms.Sini Thomas , our chemistry teacher, who
was instrumental in and guided us throughout this
project. Also my sincere thanks goes to Ms.Deepha M .
our lab assistant who has been a great help . Last but not
the least thank our Principal, Mrs. Rekha TP for
providing us with all the facilities required for the
completion of the project .

INTRODUCTION
A dye is a coloured substance that has an affinity to the
substance to which it is being applied. The dye is
generally applied in aqueous solution and requires a
mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.

Both dyes and pigments appear to be coloured because

they absorb some wavelength of light more than others. In
contrast to a dye, a pigment generally is insoluble, and
has no affinity for the substance. Some dyes can be
precipitated with an inert salt to produce a lake pigment,
and based on the salt used they could be aluminium lake,
calcium lake or barium lake pigments

Unlike most organic compounds, dyes posses colour

because they:

1. Absorb light in the visible spectrum (400-700nm).

2. Have at least one chromosphere (colour bearing
group).
3. Have a conjugated system, i.e. a structure with
alternating double and single bonds
4. Exhibit resonance of electrons, which is a stabilizing
force in organic compounds.
AIM
To prepare the following dyes :

 Para red dye

 Malachite green
 Fluorescent dye

EXPERIMENT 1
PARA RED DYE
Para red (Paranitroaniline red, Pigment red, 1, CI
12070) is a chemical dye, chemically the dye is similar to
Sudan 1 It was the first azo dye.
It dyes cellulose fabrics a brilliant red but not very fast.
The dye can be washed away easily from cellulose fabrics
if not dyed correctly. Acidic and basic stages or both
occur during the standard formation of Para red dye and
acidic or basic by products may be present in the final
product.
Preparation of Para Red Dye
Para red is prepared by diazotization of Paranitroaniline
at ice cold temperature followed by coupling with B-
naphthol.

Apparatus:
300ml beaker balance, measuring cylinder ice bath,
weight box
Chemicals Required.
Aniline-2g, NaNO2, conc.HCI-8 ml, ẞ-naphthol-0.2g,
NaOH flakes-0.4g
Procedure:
1) NaOH solution is prepared by dissolving 0.4g of NaOH
flakes in 4 ml of water
2) 2g of NaNO2 and 0.2g of ẞ-naphthol were weighed and
the solution were prepared as-
i. Solution A- 2ml para nitroaniline and 20ml
water and 8ml conc.HCI.
ii. Solution B- 2g NaNO2 in 20ml water
iii. Solution C- 0.2g of B-naphthol dissolved in 10%
of NaOH and diluted further with 10ml water
3) Cool these solutions in ice bath
4) Add B to A and then add C. Para red is obtained
5) Filter and dry it
Observation:
Deep red coloured dye is obtained.
EXPERIMENT 2
FLOURESCENT DYE
It's a highly reflective dye that serves to intensify colour
and add to the brilliance of the correspondent fabric
which is used. It's a yellow dye that is visible even when
highly diluted. It's used as an adsorption indicator when
silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride in
order to precipitate silver chloride(turns pink when no
chloride ions are left in solution and negative fluorescent
are then adsorbed)
Preparation of fluorescent dye:
The photo luminescent effect "fluorescence" is related to
the molecular spectrometry. When certain molecules
absorb energy and get excited to higher energy, they lose
their excess energy in the form of light which is called
fluorescence.

Apparatus
Test tubes, weighing balance, burner, conical flask.
Chemicals Required
Resorcinol-2g, phthalic acid -2g, NaOH-5g, conc.H2SO4-
2ml
Procedure:
1) Take 2g resorcinol and 2g of phthalic anhydride and
add 2ml of conc. H2SO4 to it.
2) Heat the contents on a burner till contents turn black.
3) Cool the contents and add 20ml of 5% sodium
hydroxide solution in a conical flask.
4) Vary concentration of NaOH and water to obtain
different intensities of colour
Observation:
The dye shows properties of fluorescence .It appears
green from some angles and orangish yellow from others
The dye when diluted with large amount of water turned
into a bright yellow colour.

EXPERIMENT 3
Malachite Green
Malachite green is classified in the dyestuff industry as a
triarylmethane dye Normally, malachite green refers to
the chloride salt [C6H5C(C6H4N (CH3)2)2 ]Cl2 although
the term Malachite green refers to the coloured cation.
The chloride and oxalate anions have no effect on the
colour.
Preparation of malachite green
Malachite green is prepared by condensing benzaldehyde
and dimethyl aniline in the molecular ratio 1 2 and in the
presence of a dehydrating agent

Apparatus:
Test tube, water bath, flask, beaker, watch glass, china
dish.
Chemicals required:
Benzaldehyde-3ml, dimehylaniline-6ml, anhydrous
ZnCl2= 3g, PbO2= 2g , sodium sulphate =4g in ice cold
water
Procedure
1) Place 3g of anhydrous ZnCl2 in a china dish and add
3ml of Benzaldehyde and 6ml of dimethyl aniline to it.
2) Cover it with watch glass and heat for about 90 min in
a water bath. Stir frequently and if the mixtures become
viscous to stir, add 1 ml of hot water.
3) While the china dish is still on the water bath add 5 ml
of water, stir the contents with a glass rod to dissolve
maximum dye and transfer the solution to a 400 ml beaker
4) Add 125 ml of ice cold water Leuco form of the dye is
obtained .While stirring, add a suspension of 2g PbO2 in
20 ml of water and then 4g of sodium sulphate in 20ml of
water to it. Heat and filter.
Observation
A dark green dye is obtained.

CONCLUSIONS
The experiments were conducted and the following
dyes were prepared .

DYE COLOUR

Para red dye Red

Malachite green dye Dark green

Fluorescent dye Colour depends on the

amount of water added

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com

 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry For Class Xll