‫مناهاهاحهرلشىيمنرنىِخهؤ سؤ‬ Islam

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This article is about the religion. For other uses, see Islam (disambiguation).

Islam

‫االسالم‬
al-’Islām

The Kaaba at Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest Islamic site

Type Universal religion

Classification Abrahamic

Scripture Quran

Theology Monotheism

Language Classical Arabic

Territory Muslim world

Founder Muhammad

Origin 7th century CE

Jabal al-Nour, near Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia

Separations Ahl-e Haqq,[1] Bábism,[2] Baháʼí Faith,[3] Din-i Ilahi, Druzism[4][5]

Members c. 1-1.8 billion[6] (referred to as Muslims, who comprise

the ummah)

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Islam

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Beliefs

 Oneness of God
 Prophets
 Revealed Books
 Angels
 Day of Resurrection
 Predestination

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Practices

 Profession of Faith
 Prayer
 Almsgiving
 Fasting
 Pilgrimage

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Texts

Foundations
 Quran
 Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah)
 Tafsir (exegesis)
 Aqidah (creed)
  Fiqh (jurisprudence)
 Sharia (law)

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History

 Timeline
 Muhammad
 Ahl al-Bayt
 Sahabah
 Rashidun
 Caliphate
 Imamate
 Medieval Islamic science
 Spread of Islam
 Succession to Muhammad

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Culture and society

 Academics
 Animals
 Art
 Calendar
 Children
 Circumcision
 Demographics
 Denominations
 Economics
 Education
 Ethics
 Exorcism
 Feminism
 Festivals
 Finance
 LGBT
 Madrasa
 Moral teachings
 Mosque
 Music
 Mysticism
 Philosophy
  Poetry
 Politics
 Proselytizing
 Science
 Slavery
 Social welfare
 Women

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Related topics

 Apostasy
 Criticism
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 Other religions
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 Violence 
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Islam (/ˈɪslɑːm/;[a] Arabic: ‫اإلسالم‬, al-ʾIslām [ɪsˈlaːm] ( listen), transl. "Submission
[to God]")[7][8] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around
the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims[9] to be the direct word
of God (or Allah) as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main and final Islamic
prophet.[10][11] It is the world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, with its
followers ranging between 1-1.8 billion globally, or around a quarter of the
world's population.[6][12][13] Due to the average younger age and higher fertility
rate,[14] Islam is the world's fastest growing major religious group, and is
projected by Pew Research Center to be the world's largest religion by the
end of the 21st century, surpassing that of Christianity.[15] It teaches that God
is merciful, all-powerful, and unique,[16] and has guided humanity
through various prophets, revealed scriptures, and natural signs, with the
Quran serving as the final and universal revelation and Muhammad serving as
the "Seal of the Prophets" (the last prophet of God).[11][17] The teachings and
practices of Muhammad (sunnah) documented in traditional collected
accounts (hadith) provide a secondary constitutional model for Muslims to
follow after the Quran.[18]: 63 
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of
a primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier prophets such
as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, among others;[19] these earlier
revelations are attributed to Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded in
Islam as spiritual predecessor faiths.[20] They also consider the Quran, when
preserved in Classical Arabic, to be the unaltered and final revelation of God
to humanity.[21] Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches of a "Final
Judgement" wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise (Jannah) and
the unrighteous will be punished in hell (Jahannam).[22] The religious concepts
and practices of Islam include the Five Pillars of Islam—considered obligatory
acts of worship —and following Islamic law, sharia, which touches on virtually
every aspect of life, from banking and finance and welfare to women's
roles and the environment.[23][24] The Five Pillars comprise Shahada, the
Islamic oath and creed; Salah, daily prayers; Zakat, forms
of almsgiving; Sawm, religious fasting; and Hajj, a mandated once-in-a-
lifetime pilgrimage to Mecca during the 12th month of the lunar calendar.
[25]
 Khitan, the religious rite of circumcision, is seen as obligatory or
recommendable for male followers.[26] Prominent religious
festivals include Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha. The cities of
Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam, in
descending order: Masjid al-Haram, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, and Al-Aqsa
Mosque, respectively.[27]
Islam originated in the 7th century at Jabal al-Nour, a mountain peak near
Mecca where Muhammad's first revelation is said to have taken place.
[28]
 Through various caliphates, the religion later spread outside of
Arabia shortly after Muhammad's death, and by the 8th century, the Umayyad
Caliphate had imposed Islamic rule from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to
the Indus Valley in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period
traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century, during the reign of
the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the Muslim world was experiencing
a scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing.[29][30][31] The expansion of the
Muslim world involved various states and caliphates as well as extensive
trade and religious conversion as a result of Islamic missionary
activities (dawah).[32]: 125–258 
There are two major Islamic denominations: Sunni Islam (85–90 percent)
[33]
 and Shia Islam (10–15 percent);[34][35][36] combined, they make up a majority of
the population in 49 countries.[37][38] While Sunni–Shia differences initially arose
from disagreements over the succession to Muhammad, they grew to cover a
broader dimension both theologically and juridically, with the divergence
acquiring notable political significance. [39] Approximately 12 percent of the
world's Muslims live in Indonesia, the most populous Muslim-majority country;
[40]
 31 percent live in South Asia;[41] 20 percent live in the Middle East–North
 Africa; and 15 percent live in sub-Saharan Africa.[42] Sizable Muslim
communities are also present in the Americas, China, and Europe.[43][44]

Contents

 1Etymology
 2Articles of faith
o 2.1God
o 2.2Angels
o 2.3Books
o 2.4Prophets
o 2.5Resurrection and judgment
o 2.6Divine predestination
 3Acts of worship
o 3.1Testimony
o 3.2Prayer
o 3.3Charity
o 3.4Fasting
o 3.5Pilgrimage
o 3.6Quranic recitation and memorization
o 3.7Supplication and remembrance
 4History
o 4.1Muhammad (610–632)
o 4.2Caliphate and civil strife (632–750)
o 4.3Classical era (750–1258)
o 4.4Pre-Modern era (1258–18th century)
o 4.5Modern era (18th – 20th centuries)
o 4.6Contemporary era (20th century–present)
 5Demographics
 6Schools and branches
o 6.1Sunni
o 6.2Shia
o 6.3Ibadi
o 6.4Quranism
o 6.5Other denominations
o 6.6Non-denominational Muslims
o 6.7Mysticism
 7Law and jurisprudence
o 7.1Schools of jurisprudence
 8Society
o 8.1Religious personages
o 8.2Governance
o 8.3Daily and family life
o 8.4Arts and culture
 9Derived religions
 10Criticism
 11See also
 12References
o 12.1Footnotes
 o 12.2Qur'an and hadith
o 12.3Citations
o 12.4Sources
o 12.5Encyclopedias and dictionaries
 13Further reading

Etymology
See also: Muslims §  Etymology

In Arabic, Islam (Arabic: ‫إسالم‬, lit. 'submission [to God]') is the verbal noun

originating from the verb ‫سلم‬ (salama), from triliteral root ‫م‬-‫ل‬-‫س‬ (S-L-M), which
forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness,
submission, sincerity, safeness, and peace.[45] Islam is the verbal noun of Form
IV of the root and means "submission" or "total surrender". In a religious
context, it means "total surrender to the will of God".[46][47] A Muslim (‫)مُسْ لِم‬, the
word for a follower of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb form, and
means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)". The
word Islam ("submission") sometimes has distinct connotations in its various
occurrences in the Quran. Some verses stress the quality of Islam as an
internal spiritual state: "Whoever God wills to guide, He opens their heart to
Islam."[i][47] The word silm (‫ )سِ ْلم‬in Arabic means both peace and also the religion
of Islam.[48] A common linguistic phrase demonstrating its usage is "he entered
into as-silm" (‫ ) َد َخ َل فِي الس ِّْل ِم‬which means "he entered into Islam," with a
connotation of finding peace by submitting one's will to the Will of God.[48] The
word Islam can be used in a linguistic sense of submission or in a technical
sense of the religion of Islam, which also is called as-silm which means
peace.[48] In the Hadith of Gabriel, Islam is presented as one part of a triad that
also includes imān (faith), and ihsān (excellence).[49][50]
Islam itself was historically called Mohammedanism in the English-speaking
world. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive,
as it suggests that a human being, rather than God, is central to Muslims'
religion, parallel to Buddha in Buddhism.[51] Some authors, however, continue
to use the term Mohammedanism as a technical term for the religious system
as opposed to the theological concept of Islam that exists within that system.

Articles of faith
Main articles: Aqidah and Iman

The Islamic creed (aqidah) requires belief in six articles: God, angels, books,

prophets, the Day of Resurrection, and the divine decree.
God
Main article: God in Islam

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God in Islam
 Allah Jalla Jalālah
in Arabic calligraphy

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The central concept of Islam is tawḥīd (Arabic: ‫)توحيد‬, the oneness of God.

Usually thought of as a precise monotheism, but also panentheistic in Islamic
mystical teachings.[52][53][54][55] God is seen as incomparable and without partners
such as in the Christian Trinity,[56] and associating partners to God or
attributing God's attributes to others is seen as idolatory, called shirk. God is
seen as transcendent of creation and so is beyond comprehension. Thus,
Muslims are not iconodules and do not attribute forms to God. God is instead
described and referred to by several names or attributes, the most common
being Ar-Rahmān (‫ )الرحمان‬meaning "The Entirely Merciful," and Ar-Rahīm (
‫ )الرحيم‬meaning "The Especially Merciful" which are invoked at the beginning of
most chapters of the Quran.[57][58]
Islam teaches that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into
being by God's command as expressed by the wording, "Be, and it is,"[ii][59] and
that the purpose of existence is to worship God.[60] He is viewed as a personal
god[59] and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God.
Consciousness and awareness of God is referred to as Taqwa. Allāh is a term
with no plural or gender being ascribed to it and is also used by Muslims and
Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews in reference to God, whereas ʾilāh (‫ )إله‬is
a term used for a deity or a god in general.[61][62][63] Other non-Arab Muslims
might use different names as much as Allah, for instance Tanrı in Turkish
or Khodā in Persian.
Angels
Main article: Angels in Islam

Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript Jami' al-
Tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, 1307.

Angels (Arabic: ‫}}ملك‬, malak) are beings described in the Quran[64] and hadith.

[65]
 They are described as created to worship God and also to serve other
specific duties such as communicating revelations from God, recording every
person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. They are
described as being created variously from 'light' (nūr)[66][67][68] or 'fire' (nār).[69][70][71]
[72]
 Islamic angels are often represented in anthropomorphic forms combined
with supernatural images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing
heavenly articles.[73][74][75][76] Common characteristics for angels are their missing
needs for bodily desires, such as eating and drinking. [77] Some of them, such
as Gabriel and Michael, are mentioned by name in the Quran. Angels play a
significant role in the literature about the Mi'raj, where Muhammad encounters
several angels during his journey through the heavens. [65] Further angels have
often been featured in Islamic eschatology, theology and philosophy.[78]
Books
Main articles: Quran, Wahy, and Islamic holy books
See also: History of the Quran

The first chapter of the Quran, Al-Fatiha (The Opening), is seven verses

The Islamic holy books are the records that Muslims believe various prophets
received from God through revelations, called wahy. Muslims believe that
parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the Tawrat (Torah) and
the Injil (Gospel), had become distorted—either in interpretation, in text, or
both,[79][80][81][82][83][84] while the Quran (lit. 'Recitation')[85][86][87] is viewed as the final,
verbatim and unaltered word of God.
Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by
God, through the archangel Gabriel (Jibrīl), on multiple occasions between
610 CE and 632, the year Muhammad died.[88] While Muhammad was alive,
these revelations were written down by his companions, although the prime
method of transmission was orally through memorization.[89] The Quran is
divided into 114 chapters (suras) which combined contain 6,236 verses (āyāt).
The chronologically earlier chapters, revealed at Mecca, are concerned
primarily with spiritual topics while the later Medinan chapters discuss more
social and legal issues relevant to the Muslim community. [59][85] Muslim jurists
consult the hadith ('accounts'), or the written record of Prophet Muhammad's
life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The
science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir.[90][91] The set of
rules governing proper elocution of recitation is called tajwid. In addition to its
religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic
literature,[92][93] and has influenced art and the Arabic language. [94]
Prophets
Main articles: Prophets and messengers in Islam, Sunnah, and Hadith

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A Persian miniature depicts Muhammad leading Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets in

prayer.

Prophets (Arabic: ‫أنبياء‬, anbiyāʾ) are believed to have been chosen by God to

receive and preach a divine message. Additionally, a prophet delivering a new
book to a nation is called a rasul (‫رسول‬, rasūl), meaning "messenger".
[95]
 Muslims believe prophets are human and not divine. All of the prophets are
said to have preached the same basic message of Islam – submission to the
will of God – to various nations in the past and that this accounts for many
similarities among religions. The Quran recounts the names of numerous
figures considered prophets in Islam,
including Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, among others.[59]
Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet ("Seal of the
prophets") to convey the completed message of Islam. In Islam, the
"normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the sunnah (literally
"trodden path"). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's moral
behaviors in their daily lives, and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding
interpretation of the Quran.[96][97][98] This example is preserved in traditions known
as hadith, which are accounts of his words, actions, and personal
characteristics. Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as God's
verbatim words quoted by Muhammad that are not part of the Quran. A hadith
involves two elements: a chain of narrators, called sanad, and the actual
wording, called matn. There are various methodologies to classify the
authenticity of hadiths, with the commonly used grading being: "authentic" or
"correct" (‫صحيح‬, ṣaḥīḥ); "good", hasan (‫حسن‬, ḥasan); or "weak" (‫ضعيف‬, ḍaʻīf),
among others. The Kutub al-Sittah are a collection of six books, regarded as
the most authentic reports in Sunni Islam. Among them is Sahih al-Bukhari,
often considered by Sunnis to be one of the most authentic sources after the
Quran.[99] Another famous source of hadiths is known as The Four Books,
which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference. [100][101][102]
Resurrection and judgment
Main article: Islamic eschatology

Belief in the "Day of Resurrection" or Yawm al-Qiyāmah (Arabic: ‫)يوم القيامة‬, is

also crucial for Muslims. It is believed that the time of Qiyāmah is preordained
by God but unknown to man. The Quran and the hadith, as well as in the
commentaries of scholars, describe the trials and tribulations preceding and
during the Qiyāmah. The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from
the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death.[103][104][105]
On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all humankind will be judged by their
good and bad deeds and consigned to Jannah (paradise) or Jahannam (hell).
The Quran in Surat al-Zalzalah describes this as: "So whoever does an
atom's weight of good will see it. And whoever does an atom's weight of evil
will see it." The Quran lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell,
such as disbelief in God (‫كفر‬, kufr), and dishonesty. However, the Quran
makes it clear that God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he wishes.
Good deeds, like charity, prayer, and compassion towards animals, [106][107] will
be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and
blessings, with Quranic references describing its features. Mystical traditions
in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness
of God.[108][109][110][111] Yawm al-Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm
ad-Dīn (‫يوم الدين‬ "Day of Religion");[iii] as-Sāʿah (‫الساعة‬ "the Last Hour");[iv] and al-
Qāriʿah (‫القارعة‬ "The Clatterer");[v]
Divine predestination
Main article: Predestination in Islam

The concept of divine decree and destiny in Islam (Arabic: ‫القضاء والقدر‬, al-

qadāʾ wa l-qadar) means that every matter, good or bad, is believed to have
been decreed by God. Al-qadar, meaning "power", derives from a root that
means "to measure" or "calculating".[112][113][114][115] Muslims often express this belief
in divine destiny with the phrase "Insha-Allah" meaning "if God wills" when
speaking on future events.[116][117] In addition to loss, gain is also seen as a test
of believers – whether they would still recognize that the gain originates only
from God.[118]

Acts of worship