Simulation Activity 4.

THE SMALL SIGNAL

AMPLIFIER
Course: BSEE Section: EE22S1

Group No.: 1 Date Performed:

Group Members: Date Submitted:

Bebing, Karl Vincent G. - Assessment Task -
Bernabe, Fheldmann L. - Activity 3 - Instructor: Sir Cayetano Hiwatig

Flores, Jose Miguel M. - Discussion of Results and Data Results

Cristobal Jhon Vincent B. - Activity 1

Santioago, Marc David – Activity 2

1. Objective(s):

The activity aims to present the basic configuration and functions of a small signal amplifier.

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

1) examine the amplifier concept and its circuit construction
2) Interpret on the response of common-emitter amplifier.
3) Interpret on the response of common-base amplifier.
4) Interpret on the response of common-collector amplifier.
3. Discussion:
 In order for the transistor to operate properly as an amplifier, the two pn junctions must
be correctly biased with external dc voltages. The operation of the pnp is the same as for the
npn except that the roles of the electrons and holes, the bias voltage polarities, and the current
directions are all reversed.

The biasing of a transistor is purely a dc operation. The purpose of biasing is to

establish a Q-point about which variations in current and voltage can occur in response to an
ac input signal. In applications where small signal voltages must be amplified such as about
the Q-point are relatively small. Amplifiers designed to handle these small ac signals are often
referred to as small-signal amplifiers. A transistor can be configured in three general ways.
The emitter can be grounded for signal, the base can be grounded for signal, or the collector
can be grounded for signal.
Common Common Common Base
Emitter Collector
Voltage gain, Av High Low Hig
Rc/re’ =1 h
Rc/
re’
Current gain, Ai (max) High High Low
βac βac =1
Power gain, Ap Very High Hig
High = Ai h
AiAv = Av
Input Resistance, Rin Low High Very
(max) βacre’ βacRE Low
re'
Output Resistance, Hi Very Low Hig
Rout gh (R s/β ac )//R E h Rc
R
c
4. Equipment:
1 – Board – 12-306
1 – set of
Computer 1 –
NI-ELVIS II

3 – BNC
connector 1 –
Multi-wire
24 – Connecting wires
5. Procedure:

Activity 1: Common-emitter amplifier

1. Click Espial Environment and select 12-306.
2. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 10.1.
Figure 10.1

3. Be sure all connections are properly placed. Turn on the NI ELVIS II.
4. Open an NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher.
5. Open VPS. Set the Supply + to 10V of VPS (Variable power supply). Click Run.
6. Open DMM. Select DC voltmeter (V--). Click Run. The reading must be approximately
10V dc.
7. Open FGEN (function generator). Click Signal route and select FGEN BNC.
Set FGEN amplitude to 0.02Vpp (peak-to-peak) and frequency to 1kHz. Click Run.
Open Scope (Oscilloscope). Set the following:
SCOPE CH0: Enabled. coupling: AC; Scale Volts/div:100mV; Time/div: 500us SCOPE CH1:
Enabled. coupling: AC; Scale Volts/div:100mV.
Click Run. Select Acquisition Mode: Run Once.
Record the input and output waveform. Record the peak-to-peak input and output voltage.
Compute the voltage gain.
Add bypass capacitor. Connect 470nF in parallel with RE (1k ohm).
Change the Volts/div of CH1: 1V of the Scope. Click Run.
Record the input and output waveform. Record the peak-to-peak input and output voltage.
Compute the voltage gain.
End of Activity 1

Activity 2: Common-collector amplifier

Click Espial Environment and select 12-306.
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 10.2.
Figure 10.2

Be sure all connections are properly placed. Turn on the NI ELVIS II.
Open an NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher.
Open VPS. Set the Supply + to 10V of VPS (Variable power supply). Click Run.
Open DMM. Select DC voltmeter (V--). Click Run. The reading must be approximately 10V dc.
Open FGEN (function generator). Click Signal route and select FGEN BNC.
Set FGEN amplitude to 1.0 Vpp (peak-to-peak) and frequency to 1kHz. Click Run.
Open Scope (Oscilloscope). Set the following:
SCOPE CH0: Enabled. coupling: AC; Scale Volts/div:500mV; Time/div: 500us SCOPE CH1:
Enabled. coupling: AC; Scale Volts/div:500mV.
Click Run. Select Acquisition Mode: Run Once.
Record the input and output waveform. Record the peak-to-peak input and output voltage.
Compute the voltage gain.
End of Activity 2
Activity 2: Common-base amplifier
Click Espial Environment and select 12-306.
Connect the circuit shown in Figure 10.3.
Figure 10.3

3. Be sure all connections are properly placed. Turn on the NI ELVIS II.
4. Open an NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher.
5. Open VPS. Set the Supply + to 10V of VPS (Variable power supply). Click Run.
 Open DMM. Select DC voltmeter (V--). Click Run. The reading must be
approximately 10V dc.
Open FGEN (function generator). Click Signal route and select FGEN BNC.
Set FGEN amplitude to 0.2 Vpp (peak-to-peak) and frequency to 1kHz. Click Run.
Open Scope (Oscilloscope). Set the following:
SCOPE CH0: Enabled. coupling: AC; Scale Volts/div:200mV; Time/div:
500us SCOPE CH1: Enabled. coupling: AC; Scale Volts/div:200mV.
Click Run. Select Acquisition Mode: Run Once.
Record the input and output waveform. Record the peak-to-peak input and
output voltage. Compute the voltage gain.

End of
Laboratory Report

Experiment No. 9

THE SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIER

Course/ Instructor:
section:
ECE 200A -
EE22s1

Group No.: Date

1 Performed:
Group Members: (Name/Signature/Task(duty))

1. Bebing, Karl Vincent G. - Assessment Task

2. Bernabe, Fheldmann L. - Activity

3. Flores, Jose Miguel M. - Discussion of Results and Data Results

4. Cristobal Jhon Vincent B. - Activity

5. Santiago, Marc David. Activity

6. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

7. Data and Results:

Activity 1: Common-emitter amplifier

(with bypass capacitor)

Vin =20 mV

Vout =217.8 mV

AV= 10. 89
 Activity 2: Common-collector amplifier

Vin= 1 Vpp

Vout= 0.99 Vpp

Av= 0.99

Activity 3: Common-base amplifier

Vin =200mVpp

Vout =518mVpp

AV= 2.59

8. Discussion of Results:

The laboratory experiment was subdivided into three activities to graph and analyze
the common-emitter amplifier, common-collector amplifier, common-base amplifier.

On activity no. 1 that focuses the common-emitter amplifier, we determine and

analyze the given activity by performing the actual basis and the connection and
variable power supply and voltmeter are placed properly and we set the amplitude
peak to peak and and also the frequency and then the oscilloscope set the values
then we performed to run it, and get the given values as of results, we get V in =20 m
Vout (p2p) =82.218 mV and A V=4.1109 and with bypass capacitor we get V in = 20 mV Vout
= 217.8 mV AV= 10. 89 that's the peak to peak input and output voltage and the
voltage gain.

On the activity no. 2 that gives information about the common- collector emitter, we
determine and analyze the given activity by performing the actual basis and the
connection and variable power supply and voltmeter are placed properly and we set
the amplitude peak to peak and and also the frequency and then the oscilloscope set
the values then we performed run it, and get the given values as of results, we get
Vout= 0.99 Vpp, Vin=1 Vpp and lastly Av= 0.99 that's the results of value in peak to
peak input and output voltage and the voltage gain.

On the activity no. 3 the focuses about common-base amplifier, we determine and
analyze the given activity by performing the actual basis and the connection and
variable power supply and voltmeter are placed properly and we set the amplitude
peak to peak and and also the frequency and then the oscilloscope set the values
then we performed to run it, and get the given values as of results, V in =200mVpp,
Vout =518mVpp and AV= 2.59 that's the results of value in peak to peak input and
output voltage and the voltage gain.

9. Conclusion:

Flores, Jose Miguel M. - Thus, the common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier
since it can amplify both voltage and current. Biasing is done to move the operating point into the
active portion of the transistor, allowing it to function as an amplifier. The Q-point of an amplifier is
placed so that the load line is split in half. As a result, in practical design, VCE is always set to VCC/2.
In a common-base amplifier, the emitter and the base are the input, while the collector and the ground
are the output. The fact that the input signal source must carry the entire transistor's emitter current is
likely the most notable element of this setup. The emitter current is greater than any other current in the
transistor because it is equal to the sum of the base and collector currents.

Bernabe, Fheldmann L. - I have three points to describe all I've learned in this laboratory. The first
thing to keep in mind is that the phrases "voltage amplifier" and "small-signal amplifier" are sometimes
used interchangeably. Second, and probably most importantly, this architecture requires the op-amp
source to supply the whole electrical output of its transistor. Finally, extremely small signal amplifiers
are used to boost the magnitude of very low signal voltage levels from sensors or audio sources, which
can be as low as a few microvolts.

Cristobal, Jhon Vincent B. - As a result, I consider that after completing this simulation activity, I was
able to examine and observe the amplifier concept and circuit architecture. I learnt how to look at the
notion of an amplifier and how to build a circuit for one. Amplifiers are devices that perform signal
amplification on applied input signals to enhance signal intensity. I also learned how to interpret the
various amplifier concepts. The first is the common-emitter amplifier response, which is the most
common NPN transistor amplifier arrangement. The common base amplifier is the next step. We must
feed the input signal to the emitter terminal and retrieve the output from the collector terminal to enable
amplifier capability using the common base setup. I also learned how collector amplifiers differ from
one another.

Bebing, Karl Vincent G. - Therefore, I conclude in doing this laboratory activity that I was able to
perform and learned how to analyze the amplifiers and it focuses the voltage and current. I was also
able to examine the common base amplifier in which the output and input signals the base transistor and
the common emitter that responses the characteristics of transistors and also the voltage amplifier that
produces higher voltage in an input voltage of an circuit.
Santiago, Marc David R.- I've come to the conclusion that the terms voltage amplifier and
small-signal amplifier are frequently used interchangeably. The requirement for the op-amp
source to sustain the entire electrical output of its transistor is perhaps the most fundamental
feature of this configuration. The emitter current is greater than any other current in the
transistor because it equals the sum of the base and collector currents. Small signal amplifiers
are used to increase the magnitude of very low signal voltage levels from sensors or audio
sources, which can be as low as a few microvolts.

10. Assessment Task:

1. When the emitter resistor is bypassed with a capacitor, how is the gain of the amplifier
affected?
- When an emitter resistance is added in a CE (Common Emitter) amplifier, its
voltage gain is reduced, but the input impedance increases. Whenever the bypass
capacitor is connected in parallel with an emitter resistance, the voltage gain of the CE
amplifier increases. If the bypass capacitor is removed, an extreme degeneration is
produced in the amplifier circuit and the voltage gained will be reduced.

2. What elements determine the overall voltage gain of a common-emitter amplifier?

- The current gain of the common emitter amplifier is defined as the ratio of change
in collector current to the change in base current. The voltage gain is defined as
the product of the current gain and the ratio of the output resistance of the collector
to the input resistance of the base circuits.

3. In a common emitter amplifier. Assume that the coupling capacitor in the collector is
shorted. What dc voltage will appear at the collector of the transistor?
- An alternating current signal is transferred from one side to the other via
coupling capacitors. Because they do not allow DC power to flow through,
they are also known as blocking capacitors. As a result, if the capacitor is
shorted, the AC and DC signals will mix, increasing the circuit gain.

4. Which among the 3 amplifiers has the highest gain? Why? Justify your answer.
- The common emitter amplifier has the greatest power gain and has medium
input and output impedance. The common collector amplifier, on the other
hand, has the largest gain in our activity, but it does not amplify voltage
signals since its voltage gain is always less than 1V.