PAPER

“PROSODIC MORPHOLOGY”

MATA KULIAH: MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

DOSEN PENGAMPU:
Enni Erawati Saragih, M. Pd.

Disusun oleh:
Kayla Agiesta Nur Alifia
Isna Awalia

PRODI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS IBN KHALDUN
BOGOR
TAHUN AJARAN 2022/2023
 Table of Content

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION.......................................................................3
A. Background.............................................................................................3
B. Question Of The Problems......................................................................3
1. What is the definition of Prosodic Morphology?.....................................3
2. What are the key points of Prosodic Morphology?..................................3
3. How the exercise of Prosodic Morphology?............................................3
CHAPTER 2 : DISCUSSION.............................................................................4
A. Definition of Prosodic Morphology.........................................................4
B. Autosegmental Phonology.......................................................................4
C. Prosodic Morphology..............................................................................6
CHAPTER 3 : CONCLUSION...........................................................................8
A. Summary.................................................................................................8
B. Suggestion...............................................................................................8

2
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

A. Background
In the last meeting, we learned about Insight from Lexical
Morphology, now we will discuss about Prosodic Morphology, in
addition to prefixation and suffixation, there is extensive infixing.
Infixing using the theory of prosodic morphology or template
morphology which draws heavily on the theoretical apparatus and
formalism of the generative phonology model known as
autosegmental phonology. Prosodic morphology extends this
approach to the claim that only prosody may play this role includes
circumscription as well. Rather to provide with a basic grasp of the
issues in the model of phonology with tiers that is a pre-requisite to
understanding prosodic morphology. Autosegmental phonology
continues to regard as central the goals of phonological
investigations set out in SPE (Sound Pattern of English), although it
has rejected many of the original assumptions, formalism, and
principle of SPE.

B. Question Of The Problems

1. What is the definition of Prosodic Morphology?
2. What are the key points of Prosodic Morphology?
3. How the exercise of Prosodic Morphology?

3
 CHAPTER 2 : DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Prosodic Morphology

Prosodic morphology is the study of how the morphological and
phonological factors of linguistic form relate with one another and
with the grammatical system. A key area of research is how prosodic
structure influences templatic and circumscriptional morphology,
such as reduplication and infixation.
Principles of Prosodic Morphology
a) Prosodic Morphology Hypothesis
Templates are defined in terms of the authentic units of prosody:
mora (μ), syllable (σ), foot (F), prosodic word (PrWd).
b) Template Satisfaction Condition
Satisfaction of templatic constraints is obligatory and is
determined by the principles of prosody, both universal and
language-specific.
c) Prosodic Circumscription
The domain to which morphological operations apply may be
circumscribed by prosodic criteria as well as by the more
familiar morphological ones.
In reduplicative and root-and-pattern morphology, grammatical
distinctions are expressed by imposing a fixed phonological shape on
varying segmental material.

B. Autosegmental Phonology
1. Mapping Principles
The theory of autosegmental phonology was initially used
to describe tone. Although it has been extended to cover other
phenomena, its essential properties are still best illustrated using
tone. So, before seeing how the theory was used later to describe
morphological data we will come to grips with its main
characteristics through a brief account of its application to
phonological phenomena, in particular tone.

4
 As we saw above, stress is independent of consonants and
vowels. Similarly, in tone languages, tone can be shown to be an
independent prosody, and not an integral part of vowel and
consonant segments. Tones are represented on the tonal tier and
vowels and consonants on the segmental tier. Processes affecting
elements on one tier may in some cases have no impact on
elements on a different tier. For instance, when vowels are
deleted, the tones associated with them are not necessarily lost.
Thus, as seen below, in Luganda, when two vowels are adjacent,
the first is deleted unless it is high (in which case it becomes a
glide [y] or [w]) but the tone associated with it is not necessarily
affected:
Segmental tier: kusa ebyo  kuse:byo 'to grind those'

Tonal tier: L HL H L H L H

Note: L and H stand for L(ow) and H(igh) tone. The lines link
vowels with tones. An unbroken line indicates pre-linking and a
broken line shows the establishment of a fresh link.

Observe that when the vowel at the end of kusa 'to grind'
is deleted, its high tone is preserved and inherited by the e of
ebyo 'those'. If tone were an inherent property of the vowel, the
deletion of the vowel would mean the demise of the tone as well.
The survival of the tone bears testimony to its independence
from the vowel.
The choice of the name autosegmental phonology for this
model is intended to reflect the fact that phonological
representations consist of segments like stress, tone, vowels and
consonants that appear on autonomous tiers. On their tiers, all
phonological elements, be they tones, consonants, vowels, etc.,
behave as though they were 'segments'. They cannot occupy the
same space. They must follow each other in a linear sequence

5
 .
2. The Skeletal Tier
The original impetus for autosegmental phonology came
from the analysis of tone. But before long phonologists
recognised that the essentials of this approach could be extended
to other phonological phenomena. For instance, just as tones
may be linked in different ways to tone-bearing units, segments
may be linked in a variety of ways to the skeletal tier. This has
important repercussions for morphological theory, as we will see
below.
Normally, in the lexicon every vowel segment starts off
being associated with a V-slot and every consonant with a C-slot
on the skeletal tier (also called the CV-tier). We illustrate this
with the Luganda word mukazi 'woman':
Skeletal tier: C V C V C V

Segmental tier: m u k a z i

Luganda has both long vowels and geminate ('double')

consonants. The geminate consonants are longer and have a
more forceful articulation than plain, short consonants. Clements
(1985) and Katamba (1985) have shown that in Luganda, the
ways in which vowel and consonant segments are linked by
association lines to the skeletal tier throws light on their
phonological properties.

C. Prosodic Morphology
1. Prosodic Morphology and Nonconcatenative Morphology
Prosodic morphology was initiated by McCarthy (1979,
1981). He noted the similarity in the behaviour of vowels
introduced into consonantal roots by morphological processes in
Arabic on the one hand, and that of phonological prosodies like
tone spreading on the other. He hypothesised that the verb in
Arabic has elements arranged on three independent tiers at the
6
 underlying level of representation in the lexicon, the three tiers
being the root tier (also called the consonantal tier), the skeletal
tier and the vocalic melody tier:
Root tier: k t b

Skeletal tier: C V C V C V

Segmental tier: u i a

These three tiers are linked together by association lines

similar to those we used earlier in our discussion of
autosegmental phonology.

2. The Morpheme Tier Hypothesis

Prosodic morphology also incorporates the morpheme tier
hypothesis. This is the claim that, in the lexicon, the
representation of each morpheme in a word occupies a separate
tier (McCarthy, 1981). So lexical representations contain another
tier, namely the morpheme tier, which hitherto we have not
included in our rules. The morpheme tier is conventionally
symbolised by µ.

7
 CHAPTER 3 : CONCLUSION

A. Summary
Prosodic morphology was conceived in the wider context of a
generative grammar that incorporates the theory of the lexicon and
morphology encapsulated in lexical morphology. The theory
assumes a lexicon where different morphemes are on separate
morpheme tiers. At the end of each lexical cycle, tier conflation
(which is analogous to Bracket Erasure) takes place.
Prosodic morphology is a significant development in
morphological theory. It provides a perspicuous way of describing
languages with nonconcatenative morphology. Although such
languages are neither rare nor obscure, they have been neglected or
described in an unilluminating manner in most of the modern
morphological literature.

B. Suggestion

8
 Refferences

Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English

Language: Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.

Katamba, F. (1993). Modern Linguistics Morphology. New York: St.

Martin's Press.

McCarthy, J., & Prince, A. (1994). Prosodic Morphology. A Handbook of

Phonological Theory, 318-320.