Chapter 1 & 2& 3

Conservation of Mass and Energy

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 Aspen Plus

Server IP: 140.127.111.126

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 System, Control Volume, Control Mass

n System
 the region under study
Control volume system
 fixed volume and boundary
Q W Control mass system
 fixed mass of material with
open/control volume system variable boundary and volume
Surrounding
 PV  the opposite of a system
Universe
 system + surrounding
Q W
close/control mass system
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System, Control Volume, Control Mass

Open system
 Mass can flow into or out of a system

Close system
 Mass can not flow into or out of a

system

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2.1 General Balance Equation
d
 rate of change of  in the system 
dt
 rate at which  enters the system 
  
 across system boundaries 
 rate at which  leaves the system 
-  
 across system boundaries 
 rate at which  is generated within 
  
 the system 

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 2.2 Conservation of Mass
Differential mass balance
M k : mass flow rate into the system
M 1 M 3 at kth entry point

 molar basis
K
dN
  N k
M 2 dt k 1
M 4
 mass basis  close system
dM K M = constant
  M k N = constant
dt k 1
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 2.2 Conservation of Mass
Integral mass balance K
M (t2 )  M (t1 )    M k dt
t2

M 1 M 3 t1
k 1
 molar basis
K
N (t2 )  N (t1 )    N k dt
t2

t1
k 1
M 2  steady flow
M 4 K
 mass basis M (t2 )  M (t1 )   M k t
K k 1
dM
dt    M k dt
t2 t2

K
t1 dt t
k 1 1
N (t2 )  N (t1 )   N k t
k 1 7
3.1 Conservation of Energy
Let   U  M (v 2 / 2   ) be the sum of
the internal, kinetic, and potential energy.
Energy balance
d
 rate at which energy enters the system 
dt
- rate at which energy leaves the system 

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 Energy enters or leaves the system

 Energy flow accompanying

1. mechanical energy flow
mass flow without a deformation of
K the system boundaries.
 k

M (Uˆ  v 2
/ 2  ) 2. the flow of electrical
k 1 energy is included.
3. Shaft work is positive if the
 Energy surroundings do work on the
Q   Q j
system.

 work
 shaft work Ws
 Work results from the movement of the system
boundaries 9
 Energy enters or leaves the system

 work  PV type work of fluid

 shaft work Ws. element enters or
 work results from the leaves an open system.
movement of the
system boundaries. K

 M k ( PVˆ ) k
1. F dL/dt = - P dV/dt k 1

2. P is the pressure exerted by

the system at its boundaries.
3. Work is positive if do work
on a system.

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First Law of Thermodynamics
Complete energy balance

 
K
d
U  M ( v 2 / 2   )   M k (Uˆ  ( v 2 / 2   ) k  Q
dt k 1
K
dV
 W s  P   M k ( PVˆ ) k
dt k 1
First law of thermodynamics

 
K
d
U  M ( v 2 / 2   )   M k ( Hˆ  ( v 2 / 2   ) k  Q  W
dt k 1

H  U  PV , W  W s  P( dV / dt ) 
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 First Law of Thermodynamics

 close system

M k  0,
dM
dt
 0,
d
dt
 
U  M (v 2 / 2   )  Q  W

 adiabatic system
Q  0
 open and steady-state system
K
dM dV
 0,  0, 0   M k ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   )k Q  W
dt dt k 1
 uniform system
U  MUˆ (Uˆ per mass) 12
 First Law of Thermodynamics

 kinetic and potential energy are unimportant

 
K
dU
  M Hˆ k Q  W
dt k 1

 no shaft work, only a single mass flow stream

dU dM  dV
 Hˆ Q  P
dt dt dt
dU  Hˆ dM  Q  PdV , Q  Q dt

 closed system
dU  Q  PdV

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 Difference form of the energy balance

General equations

U  M (v 2
  
/ 2   ) t2  U  M ( v / 2   ) t1
2

K
 
t2
 ˆ
M k ( H  v / 2   ) k dt  Q  W
2
t1
k 1

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 Illustration 3.2-1

A compressor is operating in a continuous, steady manner

to produce a gas at temperature T2 and pressure P2 from
T1 and P1. Show that for the time interval ∆t

Q  Ws  ( Hˆ 2  Hˆ 1 ) M
where ∆M is the mass of gas that has flowed into or out
of the system in ∆t .
Showing that the final result should not depend on the choice of the system

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 Illustration 3.2-1 (solution)
 Close system analysis
System: the gas in the compressor and the mass of gas ∆M
At time t At time t+∆t

Mass balance M 2 (t  t )  M C (t  t )  M 1 (t )  M C (t )
 steady state, M C (t  t )  M C (t )
 M 2 ( t  t )  M 1 ( t )  M 16
Illustration 3.2-1 (solution)
 Close system analysis
Energy balance

 M Uˆ 
2 2
t t

 M CUˆ C 
t t   t
 
  M 1Uˆ1  M CUˆ C 
t

 W  Q  PVˆ M  PVˆ M
s 1 1 1 2 2 2

where ˆ ˆ
1 1 M 1  PV
PV 2 2M 2

   PdV   P1  dVinlet  P2  dVoutlet

  P1 V1 (t  t )  V1 (t )  P2 V2 (t  t )  V2 (t )
 PV
1 1  PV
2 2 ( V1 ( t  t )  0, V2 ( t )  0)

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 Illustration 3.2-1 (solution)
 Close system analysis
Energy balance

 M Uˆ 
2 2
t t

 M CUˆ C t t    
  M 1Uˆ1  M CUˆ C 
t
 t

 Ws  Q  PV ˆ ˆ
1 1 M 1  PV
2 2M 2


 M CUˆ C t  t

 M CUˆ C  t
(Steady-state operation)


 M Uˆ 2  PV ˆ ˆ
2 2  U1  PV
ˆ ˆ  ˆ
1 1  M ( H 2  H1 )  Ws  Q

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 Illustration 3.2-1 (solution)
 Open system analysis
System: the gas in the compressor
Mass balance
t  t t  t
M ( t  t )  M ( t )   M 1dt   M 2dt  M 1  M 2
t t

Energy balance
U  M (v 2
 
/ 2   ) t  t  U  M ( v 2 / 2   ) t 
2 t  t
  M k ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   ) k dt  Q  W
t
k 1

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 Illustration 3.2-1 (solution)
 Open system analysis
1. At steady state,
M (t  t )  M (t )
U  M (v 2
 
/ 2   ) t  t  U  M (v 2 / 2   ) t 
t  t t  t
 M 1 ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   )1 dt  M 2 ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   ) 2 dt
t t
t  t t  t
 ( Hˆ  v / 2   )1 
2
M 1dt  ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   ) 2  M 2dt
t t

 ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   )1 M 1  ( Hˆ  v 2 / 2   ) 2 M 2
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 Illustration 3.2-1 (solution)
 Open system analysis
2. System volume is constant,

  PdV  0 and W  Ws
3. Neglecting potential and kinetic energy

 0  M 1  M 2 or M 1   M 2  M
 0  M Hˆ  M Hˆ  Q  W
1 1 2 2 s

 Q  Ws  ( Hˆ 2  Hˆ 1 ) M
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 Illustration 3.2-2

A mass M of gas is to be compressed from a temperature

T1 and a pressure P1 to T2 and P2 in
(a) a one-step process in a frictionless piston1 and cylinder,
(b) in a continuous process in which the mass M of gas is part of the
feed stream to the compressor of the previous Illustration.
Compute the sum Q+W for each process.

1Thepressure of gas = the pressure applied by the piston.

Showing that processes in closed and open systems are different.

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 Illustration 3.2-2 (solution)
a. The piston and cylinder process
System: the gas within the piston and the cylinder.
Energy balance
M(Uˆ 2  Uˆ1 )  Q  W

Ws  0  W    PdV

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 Illustration 3.2-2 (solution)
b. The flow compressor process
System: the gas of compressor (same as illustration 3.2-1)
Inject the gas into the compressor or withdraw the gas
from the compressor by values.

Energy balance
M(Hˆ 2  Hˆ 1 )  Q  W
  PdV  0  W  Ws

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 Illustration 3.2-3
A Joule-Thomson or Isenthalpic expansion

A gas at a temperature T1 and a pressure P1 is steadily exhausted to

The atmosphere at P2 through a pressure-reducing valve. Find an
Expression relating the downstream gas temperature T2 to P1, P2,
and T1. (Since the gas flows through the value rapidly, one can
assume there is no heat transfer. Also, the potential and kinetic
energy can be neglected.)

T1, P1 T2=?, P2

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 Illustration 3.2-3 (solution)
 System: control volume indicated by dashed line
The flow is steady.
mass balance

 0  N 1  N 2  N 1   N 2
Energy balance

0  N 1 H 1  N 2 H 2  N 1 ( H 1  H 2 ), H : per mole
Thus
H 1 (T1 , P1 )  H 2 (T2 , P2 )
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 3.3 Thermodynamic properties of Matter
 Ideal gas
 volumetric equation of state PV = RT
 H = H(T), U = U(T)
 Real fluid
 H = H(T, P), U = U(T, V)
 Heat capacity
Q
Q/N = C(T(t2)-T(t1))
W
Ws=0
 Constant Volume heat capacity (a constant volume system)

U (t2 )  U (t1 )  Q  W , W  Ws   PdV  0,

Q U (t2 ) U (t1 ) U (t2 ) U (t1 )  U (T ,V ) 
 CV (T ,V )     
N[T (t2 )  T (t1 )] N[T (t2 )  T (t1 )] T (t2 )  T (t1 )  T V
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 3.3 Thermodynamic properties of Matter

 Constant pressure heat capacity

U (t2 )  U (t1 )  Q  W , W  Ws  P(V (t2 )  V (t1 )), Ws  0

Q H (t2 )  H (t1 ) H (t2 )  H (t1 )  H (T , P) 
 CP (T , P)     
N[T (t2 )  T (t1 )] N[T (t2 )  T (t1 )] T (t2 )  T (t1 )  T P

 Ideal gas heat capacity

 d H (T )  (3.3-5A)
CP* (T )     a  bT  cT  
2

 dT  P

 dU (T )   d  H (T )  PV    d  H (T )  RT  
CV* (T )         CP (T )  R
*

 dT V  dT V  dT V
(3.3-5B)
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 3.3 Thermodynamic properties of Matter

 Enthapy and internal energy of an ideal gas (IG) by

integration (3.3-5)
T2
H (T2 )  H (T1 )   CP* (T )dT
IG IG
T1
T2
U (T2 )  U (T1 )   CV* (T )dT
IG IG
T1

 Let TR be the reference temperature, i.e., H IG (TR )  0

T
H (T )   CP* (T )dT (3.3-7)
IG
TR

(T )   C (T )dT  H (T )  RT  
T T
U (T )  U *
CV* (T )dT
IG IG IG
R V R R
TR TR
T
  CV* (T )dT  RTR (3.3-8)
TR
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3.3 Thermodynamic properties of Matter

H (0)  0
IG
 Let TR =0K or 0R, i.e.,
T T
H (T )   C (T )dT ,
*
U (T )   CV* (T )dT
IG IG
P
0 0

 constant volume/pressure heat capacities are constant,

From (2-4.7) and (2-4.8), we have

H (T )  CP* (T  TR )
IG

U (T )  CV* (T  TR )  RTR  CV* T  C P* TR

IG

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H-S of Mollier diagram for steam H-S of diagram for steam
31
P-H of diagram for methane 32
P-H of diagram for nitrogen 33
P-H of diagram for HFC-134a 34
Illustration 3.4-1
Joule-Thomson calculation using a Mollier diagram and steam tables

steam
400bar 1bar, T2=?
500oc

Isenthalpic process

H 1 (T1 , P1 )  H 2 (T2 , P2 )

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Illustration 3.4-1 (solution)

 From Fig. 3.3-1a

Hˆ 1 (500o C ,40000kPa )  2900kJ / Kg

 Hˆ ( 214o C ,100kPa )  2900kJ / Kg
2

 T  214o C

36
Illustration 3.4-1 (solution)

 From Fig. 3.3-1b

locate (500o C ,400bar ) and follow the

curve line of constant enthapy to 1 bar
 T  214o C

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Illustration 3.4-1 (solution)

 From steam tables of Appendix III

 Hˆ 1 (500o C ,40 MPa )  2903.3kJ / Kg ,

Hˆ ( 200o C ,0.1MPa )  2875.3kJ / Kg
Hˆ ( 250o C ,0.1MPa )  2974.3kJ / Kg
2903.3  2875.3
 T  200  ( 250  200) *  214.1o C
2974.3  2875.3

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 Illustration 3.4-2
application of the complete energy balance using the steam table

a) A adiabatic steady-state turbine

b) Inlet steam at 600C and 10bar, with a mass flow rate of 2.5kg/s
through an inlet pipe that is 10cm in diameter
c) Outlet steam at 400C and 1bar through an outlet pipe that is 25cm in
diameter
Find: Estimate the rate at which work can be obtained from this turbine.

39
 Illustration 3.4-2 (Solution)
application of the complete energy balance using the steam table

Solution:
 System: turbine and its contents
Mass balance
dM
 0  M 1  M 2  M 2   M 1  2.5kg / s
dt

Energy balance
d  v2  v 2
v 2

U  M (  gh)   0  M 1 ( Hˆ 1  )  M 2 ( Hˆ 2  )  Ws
1 2

dt  2  2 2
From appendices, we obtain

Hˆ 1  3697.9kJ / kg , Hˆ 2  3278.2kJ / kg
Vˆ  0.4011m3 / kg ,
1 Vˆ  3.103m3 / kg
2 40
 Illustration 3.4-2 (Solution)
application of the complete energy balance using the steam table

Solution:
Velocities at inlet and outlet to turbine

 ˆ d2
 Volumetric flow rate  0  MV v
4
4 M 1Vˆ1 4  2.5  0.4011
 v1    127.7 m / s
 d1 2
3.14159  0.1 2

v2  158.0m / s
The energy balance yields
2 2
v v
Ws   M 1 ( Hˆ 1  1 )  M 2 ( Hˆ 2  2 )
2 2
ˆ 1 2 2 
 2.5  H1  H 2  (v1  v2 )   2.5 419.7  4.3
ˆ
 2 
 1038.5kJ / s ( 1329hp ) 41
Illustration 3.4-3
Use of mass and energy balances with an ideal gas

a ) P1  1bar , T1  20 o C  P2  40bar , T2  ?
b) if t   and T2  room temperatu re  20O C  P2  ?
Data : CV  21J / mol K
Assume: 1. kinetic energy=0, potential energy=0
2. the repressurization process is adiabatic

42
 Illustration 3.4-3 (solution)

a ) P1  1bar, T1  20o C  P2  40bar, T2  ?

 System: the content of tank (control volume/open system)
 Mass balance
N 2  N 1  N
 Energy balance
N 2U 2  N1U 1  ( N ) H in  W  Q  ( N ) H in
 From Mass balance and Energy balance, and

H (T )  CP* (T  TR ), U (T )  CV* T  CP* TR  CV* (T  TR )  RTR

 N 2 CV* (T2  TR )  RTR   N1 CV* (T1  TR )  RTR   ( N 2  N1 )CP* (Tin  TR )
N1 * N
 CV* T2  CV T1  (1  1 )CP* Tin
N2 N2
(A) 43
Illustration 3.4-3 (solution)

 For ideal gas

P1 V1 N1 R T1 N1 P1 T2
 , (V1  V2 )  
P2 V2 N2 R T2 N2 P2 T1
 Substituting above E.Q. into (A), we have

P2 P1 CV* P2  P1 P2
  *( )  T2   405.2 o
K
T2 T1 CP Tin P1 CV P2  P1
*
 *( )
T1 CP Tin
CP*
if P1  0bar , then T2  * Tin and T2  Tin
CV

44
Illustration 3.4-3 (solution)

b) if t   and T2  room temperatu re  20O C  P2  ?

 System: the content of tank (control mass/close system)
 Mass balance

P1 T2
N 2  N1  0  1
P2 T1
T2 20  273.15
 P2  P1  40  28.9bar
T1 405.2

45
Illustration 3.4-4
Problem cannot be solved with only the mass and energy balances

Adiabatic process

Air, 2.5mol/s compressor 10bar, T2=?

290K, 1bar

W  ?
Assumption: air is an ideal gas

46
 Illustration 3.4-4 (Solution)
 System: the gas contained in the compressor
 Molar mass and energy balances
dN
 N 1  N 2
dt
dU
 N 1 H 1  N 2 H 2  W  Q
dt
 Steady-state operation
dN
 0  N 1   N 2
dt
dU
 0  W S   N 1 H 1  N 2 H 2  N 1CP* (T2  T1 )
dt
 We Can not solve work on the compressor and temperature
of outlet gas by one equation.
 What is the additional balance equation? 47
 Illustration 3.4-5
Use of mass and energy balances to solve an ideal gas problem

P1i  40bar, T1i  200o K ; P2i  0( vacuum ) at t  0

valve is opened until P1 f  P2f , t  0
Find P1 f  P2f  ? and T1 f  ?, T2f  ?
Data : V  V1  V2  1m 3 , CP*  29.3J / mol K
1 2
Assume: 1. kinetic energy=0, potential energy=0
2. the process is adiabatic

48
Illustration 3.4-5 (solution)

 System: the gas of the interconneted tank (control mass/close system)

 Mass balance
N1i  N1f  N 2f
 Energy balance
N1i U 1  N1f U 1  N 2f U 2
i f f

 From ideal gas equation (N=PV/RT)

P1i P1 f P2f (a’)
i
 f  f
T1 T1 T2
 From E.Q. 3.3-8, U (T )  CV* T  CP* TR
P1i * i P1 f * f P2 f * f
T1i
C T
V 1  C *
T
P R  
T1 f
C T
V 1  C *
T
P R  
T2 f
C T
V 2  C PTR 
*

 P1i P1 f P2 f  *
   i  f  f  CPTR  CV* P1i  P1 f  P2 f   0
 T1 T1 T2  49
 Illustration 3.4-5 (solution)

 P1i  P1 f  P2 f
 P1 f  P2 f ; P1i  40bar  P1 f  P2 f  20bar
 From E.Q. (a’),
40 20 20 2 1 1
     (c’)
T1i T1 f T2f T1i T1 f T2f
 System: the gas of the gas tank 1 (control volume/open system)
 Unsteady-state mass balance and energy balance
dN1 
N (d)
dt
d ( N1U 1 )  (e)
 N H1
dt
50
Illustration 3.4-5 (solution)

 Integrating E.Q. (e),

N1f U 1  N1i U 1   N H 1dt (how to integrate)
f i

 From E.Q. (d) and (e),

d ( N1U 1 ) d (U 1 ) d ( N1 )  dN
 N1 U1  N H1  H1 1
dt dt dt dt
d (U 1 ) dN
 N1  (H 1  U 1) 1
dt dt
 N  PV / RT , H  CP* (T  TR ), U  CV* (T  TR )  RTR
PV * d (T1 ) d  PV 
 1
CV  RT1  1

RT1 dt dt  RT1 
CV* 1 d (T1 ) T1 d  P1  CV* d ln T1 d  P1 
    or  ln   (f’)
R T1 dt P1 dt  T1  R dt dt  T1 
51
Illustration 3.4-5 (solution)

 Integrating E.Q. (f’),

CV* / R CP* / R
 T1 
f
 P  T 
f i
 T1 
f
 P1 f 
 i   1i  1
 or  i  i 
f (f)
 T1   1 
P 1T   T1   P1 

 From E.Q. (c’), E.Q. (f’), and ideal gas equation

T1 f  164.3K , T2 f  255.6 K
N1f  1.464kmol , N 2f  0.941kmol

52
Illustration 3.4-6
The Change in state variables between fixed initial and final states
is independent of the path followed

P1  1bar , T1  25C P3  10bar, T3  300C

Path A: Isothermal compression to 10 bar, and

then isobaric heating to 300 C.
Path B: Isobaric heating to 300 C followed isothermal
compression to 10 bar.
Path C: A isentropic compression, followed by an
isobaric cooling or heating if necessary, to
300 C.

53
Illustration 3.4-6 (solution)

 System: 1 mol gas in cylinder ( control mass/closed system)

N  1 mol
U  Q   PdV  Q  W

Path A: Isothermal compression to 10 bar, and then isobaric heating to

300 C.
 i. isothermal compression
V2 V2 dV V2
Wi    PdV    RT   RT ln
V1 V1 V V1
P 10
 RT ln 2  8.314 * 298.15* ln  5707.7 J / mol
P1 1

54
 Illustration 3.4-6 (solution)

 i. isothermal compression
T2
 U   CV* dT CV* (T2  T1 )  0
T1

 Qi  Wi  5707.7 J / mol

 ii. Isobaric heating
V3 V3
Wii    P2dV   P2  dV   P2 (V 3  V 2 )
V2 V2

  R(T3  T2 )  8.314 * (300  25)  2286.3J / mol

T3
 U   CV* dT CV* (T3  T2 )
T2

 Qii  U  Wii  CV* (T3  T2 )  R(T3  T2 )

 (CV*  R )(T3  T2 )  CP* (T3  T2 )  38* (300  25)  10450 J / mol
Therefore, Q  Qi  Qii  4742.3J / mol
W  Wi  Wii  3421.4 J / mol 55
Illustration 3.4-6 (solution)

Path B: Isobaric heating to 300 C followed isothermal compression to 10 bar.

 i. isobaric heating
Qi  CP* (T2  T1 )  10450 J / mol
Wi   R (T2  T1 )  2286.3
 ii. isothermal compression
P2 10
Wii  RT ln  8.314 *573.15ln( )  10972.2 J / mol
P1 1
Qii  Wii  10972.2 J / mol
 Q  Qi  Qii  522.2 J / mol
W  Wi  Wii  8685.9 J / mol

56
Illustration 3.4-6 (solution)

Path C: A isentropic compression, followed by an isobaric cooling or heating

if necessary, to 300 C.
 i. isentropic process

 PV  C  constant
V2 C
V2 C
 Wi    PdV   
1 1
dV   ( V  V )
V1 V  1-
2 1
V1

1 -R(T2  T1 ) -R(T2  T1 )
 ( P2V 2  PV )  
1- 1-
1 1
1 - (CP* / CV* )
 CV* (T2  T1 )
where
 
  RT1    RT2 
 P 1V 1  P1    P 2V 2  P2  
 1 
P  2 
P
57
Illustration 3.4-6 (solution)

or
(  1)/
T2  P2 
 
T1  P1 
CP* 38
  *   1.280
CV 38  8.314
 T2  298.15K  100.280/1.280  493.38K
 Wi  CV* (T2  T1 )  (38  8.314)  (493.38  298.15)  5795.6 J / mol
 U i  CV* (T2  T1 )  5795.6 J / mol
 Qi  U i  Wi  0

58
Illustration 3.4-6 (solution)

 ii. isobaric process

Qii  CP* (T3  T2 )  38  (573.15  493.38)  3031.3J / mol

Wii   R(T3  T2 )  8.314  (573.15  493.38)  663.2 J / mol
 Q  0  3031.3  3031.3J / mol
 W  5795.6  663.2  5132.4 J / mol
 Summary

Path Q(J/mol) W(J/mol) Q+W=∆U(J/mol)

A 4742.3 3421.4 8163.7

B -522.2 8685.9 8163.7
C 3031.3 5132.4 8163.7
59
Illustration 3.4-7
Showing that more works obtained if a process occurs without friction

2.043bar, 1 mol gas in cylinder

Isothermal lifting at 25C
Compute: work and heat
a) The weight Wt is taken off in one
step.
b) The weight is taken off in two steps,
Wt/2 removed each time.
c) The weight is taken off in four steps,
Wt/4 removed each time.
d) The weight is taken off by a pile of
sand (of total weight Wt), and the
grain of sand are removed one at a
time.

60
Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)

 System: the air in the cylinder

 an ideal gas at constant temperature: U  0
 assumption: kinetic energy=0, potential energy=0
 Energy balance
(a)
0  Q   PdV
 Forces on the piston and weights and acceleration
dv
P * A  Patm * A  (Wt  ) g  Ffr  (Wt  ) (b)
dt
where
P, Patm : pressure of gas and atmosphere
  5kg , A  0.01m2 : mass and area of piston
Wt: mass of the weights on piston
Ffr : friction force, is proportional to the piston velocity
v  dh / dt  dV / dt / A: velocity of piston 61
Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)

 Solve EQ. (b) for gas pressure

Wt   Ffr Wt   dv
P  Patm  g  (c)
A A A dt
 At thermodynamic and mechanical equilibrium
Wt  
P  Patm  g (d)
A
 From EQ. (c), total work done by gas

 Wt    1 Wt   dv
 PdV  P
 atm 
A
g 

V 
A  F fr dV 
A  dt
dV

1 dv 1 dv dV dv 1
  dV   dt   vdt   vdv  ( v 2 )
A dt A dt dt dt 2
and Ffr  k fr v, k fr is the coefficient of friction
62
 Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)
1
 Q   PdV  PatmV  (Wt  ) gV / A  k fr  v2dt  (Wt  )( v2 ) (e)
2
 Work done against frictional forces is dissipated into thermal energy

Q NET  Q  k fr  v 2dt

 From EQ. (d) and noted that velocity v=0 at the initial and final states
Q NET  Patm V  (Wt   ) g V / A  PV  W NET (h)
Vf Vf NRT Vf
 Q   PdV   dV  NRT ln
Vi Vi V Vi
Vf
Q NET
 W NET
 NRT ln  k fr  v 2 dt
Vi
Where WNET represents the net work obtained by the expansion of the gas.

63
 Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)

 Numerical solution
1. From EQ. (d), mass Wt of the weight is
5  Wt 1
 P  2.043  1.013  * 9.807 * 5
0.01 10
 5  Wt  105.0  Wt  100 Kg
2. The initial volume of gas is
 PV  NRT  1*8.314*105 *(25  273.15)
2.497*102
V   1.213*102 m3
2.043

64
 Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)

 Numerical solution
3. Process a
 After 100kg weights is removed, Equilibrium pressure of gas is
5 1
P  1.013  * 9.807 * 5  1.062bar
0.01 10
 After 100kg weights is removed, gas volume is
2.479 * 102
V1   2.334 * 102
1.062
 Net work, heat flow, and work against frictional forces

 W NET  1.062 * 1.213 * ( 2.334  1.213) * 102 * 105  1190.5 J  Q NET

V 2.334
Q  NRT ln 1  1 * 8.314 * 105 * ( 25  273.15) * ln  1622.5J
V0 1.213
 W fr  Q  Q NET  1622.5  1190.5  432 J 65
Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)

Summary

 W NET  Q NET Q -Wfr

(J) (J) (J)
Process a 1190.5 1622.5 432.0
Process b 1378.7 1622.5 243.8
Process c 1493.0 1622.5 129.5
Process d 1622.5 1622.5 0

66
 Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)
4. Process b

P V*102 Vi -Wfr
 Wi NET
 Pi (V )i Q  NRT ln
Vi 1
Stage (bar) (m3) (J) (J) (J)
0 2.043 1.213
1 1.552 1.597 596.0 681.8 85.8
2 1.062 2.334 782.7 940.7 158.0
Total 1378.7 1622.5 243.8

67
 Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)
4. Process c

P V*102 Vi -Wfr
 Wi NET
 Pi (V )i Q  NRT ln
Vi 1
Stage (bar) (m3) (J) (J) (J)
0 2.043 1.213
1 1.798 1.379 298.5 318.0 19.5
2 1.552 1.597 338.3 363.8 25.5
3 1.307 1.897 392.1 426.8 34.7
4 1.062 2.334 464.1 513.9 49.8
Total 1493.0 1622.5 129.5

68
Illustration 3.4-7 (solution)
5. Process d
 A differential change in the pressure and volume of the gas and
negligible velocity ore acceleration of the piston
W fr 0
Vf
  Pi ( V )i   PdV  NRT ln
Vf
 W NET
 Q NET
i
Vi Vi
2.334 * 102
 W NET
Q NET
 Q  1 * 8.314 * 298.15 * ln 2
 1622.5 J
1.213 * 10

 W NET  Q NET

69