CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

A. Site Safety Policy

1. The JAC Site Safety Policy is reproduced here.

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

STATEMENT OF SAFETY POLICY AT THE JAC
1. It shall be the duty of every employer to prepare, and as often as may be appropriate
revise, a written statement of general policy with respect to the Health and Safety at Work
of employees and the organisation and arrangements in force for carrying out that policy
and to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all employees.
2. The general health and safety at work policy of the Particle Physics and Astronomy
Research Council is stated in GN 13/05 of which a copy is posted on the Safety Notice
board.
3. The policy of the JAC is that, as far as is reasonably practicable, healthy and safe
working conditions will be provided for all members of staff and all visitors to the JAC
facilities.
4. The minimum standards for safety will be those laid down by the State of Hawaii
Occupational Safety and Health standards. The JAC is also required to comply not only
with the state standards but, where the requirements are more stringent, and where it is
reasonably practicable with UK standards encompassed by the Health and Safety at
Work Act 1974.
5. All members of staff have a duty to ensure that safety policies are implemented and that
applicable requirements of the Act mentioned above and all other provisions are fully
carried out.
6. Any safety training which may be necessary for the implementation of this policy will be
provided by the JAC.
7. It should be noted that all members of staff bear responsibility for health and safety at the
JAC:
a. on the director and through the management chain falls responsibility for the
practical application of JAC's overall health and safety policy and procedures,
including their development, implementation, monitoring and review;
 b. on the heads of groups and sections to ensure safe and healthy conditions for
those whom they supervise;
c. on employees to take care of the health and safety of themselves and of their
colleagues;
d. on visitors to the JAC's facilities to behave responsibly;
e. on contractors who are engaged to carry out work at the JAC facilities to do so in
a safe manner.
8. All members of staff and all visitors to the JAC's facilities are required to comply with any
local/state/federal/UK safety regulations which may be laid down for the JAC's facilities.
9. The JAC has a site safety advisor who has been charged to consider, recommend,
monitor, review and implement any changes which may be necessary to ensure safe
working conditions at all the JAC sites.
10. The JAC has a safety committee which enables free discussion of safety topics to take
place between management and other safety representatives. The terms of reference
and membership of this committee are displayed on the safety notice board.

This statement is issued by the Director of the Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC), Hilo,
Hawai'i.

Signed: Gary Davis, Director, JAC

Date: 22-June-2005
Reissued: June 2005, Simon Craig, Chairman, Safety Committee

2. Implementation of Site Safety Policy.

The JAC's site safety policy is implemented through:

a) certain named post holders such as the Site Safety Advisor. The current list of post holders is
given in Addendum 1 to the Safety Manual.

b) the safety training program.

c) health and safety orientation of new staff.

d) the Safety Manual:

Note: The Safety Manual is updated by a rolling review at the Safety Committee meetings; each
chapter is reviewed at least once every 2 years. Chapter 7 (Bloodborne Pathogens) is reviewed
at least once a year to comply with HIOSH 12-205-4 (a) (4), which uses identical wording to
OSHA 29CFR 1910.1030(c)(1)(iv). Chapter 13 (Lockout/tagout) is reviewed at least once a year
to comply with HIOSH 12-101.1-1 1910.147 (c)(6)(i) which subsumes OSHA 29CFR 1910.147
(c)(6)(i).

The safety manual is available in two forms: via the World Wide Web on the JAC server, and in
hard copy. The World Wide Web version is maintained as the definitive up-to-date version. In
addition, eight controlled hard copies of the manual are maintained up to date under the
supervision of the Site Safety Advisor; these are:

1. In the UKIRT control room

2. In the JCMT control room
3. Site Safety Advisor's copy
4. Chairman of the Site Safety Committee's copy
5. Head of Administration's copy
 6. Library 2-copies
7. In the JAC Office at Hale Pohaku

Controlled copies are clearly labelled as such on the spine of the binder. All other hard copies
should be regarded as temporary only - for the definitive version, check a controlled copy or the
WWW.

e) the Hazard Communication Program (right-to-know).

f) the Site Safety Committee:

The Site Safety Committee is currently chaired by the Chief Engineer and meets every 3-4
months. Current members of the Safety Committee are: H.M. Butner, S.C. Craig, M.K. Dougherty,
M. Hauschildt-Purves, P. Hirst, W. Light, J.H. Tsutsumi.

g) safety bulletins issued by the Safety Advisor.

h) the Staff Safety meeting held every 3-4 months and chaired by the Site Safety Advisor, open to
all members of staff.

i) the Safety Tours which are held every 4-6 months in which the Safety Advisor, the Chief
Engineer and one other member of staff tour each of the 3 sites and place actions on staff
members to fix any safety issues identified.

j) safety assessments (Risk Assessments) which are carried out by supervisors before any
potentially hazardous tasks are undertaken, and special VDT risk assessments which are carried
out for all VDT operators (see Chapter 4, section F). The Safety Advisor is available to assist in
carrying out these assessments. (See also section E)

k) the Accident Investigation Committee consisting of the Site Safety Advisor, Chairman of the
Safety Committee, Head of Administration, and other staff as appropriate.

l) documentation maintained by the Site Safety Advisor, or under his control. This includes:

• safety-related training records

• training records for authorized equipment operators (cranes, forklifts, hoists, starlift) The
master list is contained in Addendum 1.
• records of BBP/OPIM incidents
• copies of all risk assessments
• the master list and copies of all MSDS sheets for all hazardous substances at the JAC.
The master list is maintained by the Site Safety Advisor.
• records of all accidents, OSHA forms101, 200, 300, 300A, and 301
• crane and lifting equipment inspection reports
• test certificates of all cranes and lifting equipment
• safety equipment inspection reports (harness, lanyards, emergency lights, ladders,
cellular phones, fire extinguishers)
• restock records of all first aid kits and supplies
• safety tour records
• a reference hard copy of the safety manual, which is a controlled copy and is therefore
kept up to date
• list of approved snow-crew leaders. The list is kept in Addendum 1 to the safety manual.
• records of all contract supervisors as required
• records of safety reviews of existing equipment
• respirator records as required in Chapter 3 section D4c6
m) disciplinary action where necessary against staff who do not comply with JAC's policies and
procedures as laid down in this manual. The normal disciplinary procedures, as set out in PPARC
and RCUH conditions, will be used.

n) routine inspections of first aid equipment and lifting equipment carried out by the Site Safety
Advisor or under his control.

B. Health and Safety Orientation of New

Employees

1. Policy and Purpose

All new employees will receive a health and safety orientation designed to enable their
active participation in JAC health and safety programs. The information provided to new
employees will promote their awareness and understanding of the possible hazards at
work, as well as the methods to be used to control such hazards.

2. Responsibilities
a. Supervisor
1. Ensures the employee is enrolled in the appropriate programs (e.g., first
aid/CPR, and training sessions) and obtains and uses the equipment
necessary to perform his/her job according to JAC health and safety
policies (e.g., protective clothing, safety glasses, shoes, hard hats, and
government drivers licenses).
2. Discusses and, when appropriate, demonstrates safety practices and
equipment (e.g. eyewash, and safety harness) in the area(s) assigned.
3. Explains pertinent JAC health and safety policies.
4. Explains use of special equipment and/or facilities.
5. Ensures that the employee attends required health and safety training.
6. Agency Staff; being staff employed directly by the Agencies
(PPARC, NRC, NOW) and resident within the JAC: The immediate
supervisor and the sponsor will ensure that all health and safety
requirements are explained to and understood by the agency staff.
b. Site Safety Advisor
1. Coordinates and conducts training sessions for new employees (e.g.,
Introduction to Health and Safety at JAC).
c. Administration Department
1. Explains employee's rights, benefits and JAC requirements in the event
of occupational injury or illness.
2. Notifies the Site Safety Advisor of arrival of new employees.

C. Safety Training Plan

 1. Policy.
General safety training will be made available to all employees and specific training plans
will be developed to suit the needs of all individuals subject to special or unusual
hazards.

2. Responsibilities
a. Supervisor
i. Informs personnel of safety training opportunities as they arise and
makes sure those personnel who require specific training courses attend
them.
ii. Regularly checks safety training records of his or her staff and works
with the SSA to schedule suitable training dates/times.
b. Employee
i. Regularly checks their safety training record and works with their
supervisor to schedule their required safety training.
ii. Participates in the safety training program(s) as required.
c. Site Safety Advisor Schedules safety training courses. Conducts specific
training courses as required.

3. General
d. The Site Safety Advisor conducts and schedules various health and safety
training programs ranging from short videos to longer courses. Topics covered
include first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), fire extinguisher use,
forklift safety and lock-out.
e. Training provided by the Site Safety Advisor is not intended to replace the
supervisors' responsibility for ensuring that employees are properly trained to
perform assigned tasks.

4. Safety Training
The frequency of training is determined by the employee's supervisor taking into
account Federal and State regulatory requirements. The current requirements
for any employee can be found in the JAC Internal Web.

D. Injury/Illness Reporting and Investigation

1. Policy and Purpose

Any work related injuries or illnesses involving occupational death; every non-fatal
occupational illness; and those non-fatal occupational injuries which involve one or more
of the following must be reported to the Site Safety Advisor and the employee's
supervisor.

o loss of consciousness
o days away from work
o restricted work activity or job transfer, or
o medical treatment beyond first aid

The following, taken from OSHA's An Overview: Recording Work-Related

Injuries and Illnesses, must also be recorded and reported:

You must also record work-related injuries and illnesses

that are significant (as defined below) or meet any of the
additional criteria listed below.

You must record any significant work-related injury or

illness that is diagnosed by a physician or other licensed
health care professional. You must record any work-related
case involving cancer, chronic irreversible disease, a
fractured or cracked bone, or a punctured eardrum. See 29
CFR 1904-7.

What are the additional criteria?

You must record the following conditions when they are
work-related:

• any needlestick injury or cut from a sharp

object that is contaminated with another
person's blood or other potentially infectious
material;
• any case requiring an employee to be medically
removed under the requirements of an OSHA
health standard;
• any Standard Threshold Shift (STS) in hearing
(i.e., cases involving any average hearing loss
of 10 dB or more in either ear); and
• tuberculosis infection as evidenced by a
positive skin test or diagnosis by a physician
or other licensed health care professional
after exposure to a known case of active
tuberculosis.

Near misses in which injury was avoided only by good fortune must also be reported to
the Site Safety Advisor. Any other incidents in which remedial action could improve safety
should be reported to the supervisor or the Site Safety Advisor. Prompt and accurate
reporting of work-related injuries/illnesses is a necessary component of effective accident
prevention programs.

Whenever an accident occurs involving: loss of life; or injury to three or more employees
requiring inpatient hospitalization; or property damage in excess of $25,000, then the
Head of Administration or Designated Official shall report the accident by telephone (1-
800 468-4644, 586-9102) or in person to OSHA in the quickest possible manner but in no
 case shall the time exceed eight hours. The report shall include all known circumstances
of the accident, the establishment name, location of incident, the number of fatalities or
hospitalized employees, the extent of any injuries, the time of the incident, contact person
and phone number, and the amount of property damage. Additional reports, in writing or
otherwise, may be required by the director of OSHA. This requirement applies to each
such fatality or hospitalization of three or more employees which occurs within thirty days
of an incident.

Exception: If the employer does not learn of a reportable incident at the time it occurs, the
employer shall make the report within eight hours of the time the incident is reported.

2. Responsibilities
b. Employee
Reports the incident to the supervisor within 24-hours of its occurrence.

c. Supervisor
i. Promptly informs Head of Administration or Designated Official
JAC and Site Safety Advisor of the accident.
ii. Obtains witness statements and assists in accident investigation
efforts.
iii. Completes the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii
(RCUH) Supervisor's Report of Industrial Injury & Accident
Investigation form and submit it to the JAC Human Resource
Associate within 24-hours of the incident.
d. Site Safety Advisor
. Insures that all injury/illness reporting forms are completed.
i. Maintains injury and illness statistics and prepares summary
reports as required by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor.
ii. Reports major incidents involving PPARC staff to the PPARC
Safety Advisor using the UK Riddor regulations as a guide.
e. Safety Committee Chairman Initiates and conducts accident
and incident investigations if required.

f. Administration Department Reports incidents to OSHA or HIOSH

(Hawaii Occupational Safety and Health) if required. (One or more
fatalities, hospitalization of three or more employees, or property damage
in excess of $25,000 must be reported within eight hours.)

3. Investigation and Review

g. Accidents at the JAC will be investigated by the Accident Investigation Committee at the
discretion of the Safety Committee Chairman.
h. Responsibilities of the Accident Investigation Committee are to:
• Review the human techniques or actions and uses of equipment or
instrumentation involved in the accident.
• Investigate the circumstances and underlying factors leading to
the accident.
• Identify methods or actions to prevent similar accidental events.
• The committee will neither assign responsibility nor recommend
any disciplinary action.
 • The findings of the ad hoc committee will be presented to the
JAC Safety Committee. Recommendations will be made to the
Director and other appropriate JAC officials.
• Findings on recommendations will be reported to the PPARC
Safety Advisor where deemed applicable.

E. Risk Assessment

1. Policy
Three forms of risk assessment are routinely carried out at JAC. The regular safety tours are an
"area assessment" of all our work areas. In addition, where non-routine tasks are to be
performed, a risk assessment (job assessment) is carried out first by the relevant supervisor with
support from the Site Safety Advisor. The third form of risk assessment covers VDT operators,
and the Site Safety Advisor has special forms for that purpose.

2. Responsibilities
a. Employee Alert supervisor to situation where a risk assessment may be required.
Participate in performing risk assessments, and carry out the required actions.

b. Supervisor Initiate risk assessments where required, for example in situations where
work practices will change or in areas where existing risks have come to light. Ensure
that the findings of the risk assessment are acted upon and appropriate equipment is
provided.

c. Site Safety Advisor Assist supervisor in completing risk assessment. Issues

assessment control number to supervisor.

3. Guide to filling out the form

The risk assessment number (allocated by the Site Safety Advisor) is of the form
"telescope- number- year", e.g. UKIRT-3-1997"

Although the table uses a numerical ranking scheme to help assess the importance of
each risk factor, this should be used with a certain amount of caution and not interpreted
too literally. Remember that the object of the exercise is to prevent accidents happening by
identifying those things about which it might later be said "we should have thought of that".
The Site Safety Advisor can give assistance in filling out the form.

GUIDE TO RISK ASSESSMENT FACTORS

(BE HONEST!)

1. SEVERITY RATING (S)

 • 3 - Death, severe injury, major property loss
• 2 - Incapacitating injury requiring time off, significant property loss
• 1 - Minor non reportable injury, slight property loss

2. PROBABILITY RATING (P)

• 3 - Certain that incident will occur
• 2 - Frequent chance of incident occurring
• 1 - Seldom chance of incident occurring

3. NUMBERS AFFECTED (N) Note: This means the number of people exposed to
the risk
• 3 - More than 10 people
• 2 - 2 to 10 people
• 1 - 1 person

4. RISK RATING (SxPxN)

5. Greater than 6 HIGH RISK: Consider immediate control measures
6. 3-4 MEDIUM RISK: Investigate further control measures
7. 1-2 LOW RISK: Control measures adequate

4. Risk assessment form

The assessment form can be found as a MS Word document in the JAC shared directory as
"forms/riskass.doc", a copy is also available via this link.

F. Relevant Legislation and JAC Policies

1. The Federal law

The underlying legislation for safety in the USA is the Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970, as amended in 1990. This act established an Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), whose job it is to interpret and police the Act. The key part of the
Act is the disarmingly simple Section 5:

"Sec 5.

(a) Each employer -

(1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place

of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are
causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to
his employees;

(2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards

promulgated under this Act.
 (b) Each employee shall comply with the occupational safety and
health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued
pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and
conduct."

This is very similar in spirit to the UK Health & Safety at Work Act of 1974.

While section 5 of the OSH act is sufficient in principal to ensure the safety of staff in the
workplace, it would be very hard to enforce without detailed interpretation. This detail is
provided in the various Standards that OSHA produces, which are embodied in 29 CFR
(which means the Code of Federal Regulations number 29). 29 CFR has many parts,
numbered rather haphazardly. Chief among these, as they apply to JAC, is 29 CFR part
1910, also known as "Federal OSHA".

29 CFR 1910 is a substantial book and gives a lot of detail in some areas, less so in
others. In order to help people who are trying to obey the standards, there is also a
substantial body of written responses to queries from the public on points of
interpretation. These take the form of whole letters, and of "frequently asked question"
(FAQ) documents.

All of the OSHA standards, the written interpretations, and the whole of the 1970 Act can
be found on OSHA's web site at www.osha.gov.

2. Hawaii State Law

The 1970 OSH Act also allowed for States to set up their own standards (effectively,
therefore, their own versions of 29 CFR), and Hawaii chose to do so. The standards are
available at:
http://hiosh.hawaii.gov/

3. Applicability of Law from staff members' own countries

Many members of staff at JAC are not US citizens. For UK citizens the UK health and
safety laws do not apply in the US. It is however, PPARC's policy to harmonize the
requirements of UK and US health and safety legislation and where reasonably
practicable, to adopt the more stringent requirements.

JAC's policy is to apply the provisions of US law, plus those of UK law where they are
known to be more strict and where it is reasonably practicable to do so.

G. Authorised Equipment Operators

The following equipment is to be used by authorised operators only. A list of the currently
authorised operators is in Addendum 1. Operational use of the telescopes also requires
certification (see Chapter 10 Section C)
 1. Forklift
2. All Jib Hoists (JCMT, UKIRT & Hilo)
3. JCMT Genie Aerial Work Platform
4. JCMT Manbasket
5. JCMT Overhead Crane
6. JCMT Starlift
7. JCMT Starlift - Lift and Park Only
8. JCMT Emergency Roof and Door Winch
9. UKIRT Dome Crane
10. Exposed Live Parts Between 30V and 150V
11. JCMT Observing Floor Drill Press
12. Hilo Vehicle Lift
13. UKIRT Scissors Lift
14. UKIRT Hyster Forklift
15. Genie Z-45/22 Articulating Boom Lift

H. Safety Policies for JAC Staff Working

Elsewhere

JAC Safety guidelines have been carefully drawn up with the aim of ensuring that staff work in a
safe manner without excessive requirements - going to another site does not change any of the
premises upon which the guidelines are based and in particular does not give any sort of "holiday
from risk". Staff should therefore abide by local safety policy and/or JAC policy, whichever is
more stringent..