1.
Knowledge - Demonstrate an Whether 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional,
understanding and appreciation of arts in
general, including their function, value) and
historical significance; Define and
demonstrate the elements and principles
of design; Explain and evaluate different
theories of art; Situate Philippine arts in a
global context.
2. Skills - Analyze and appraise works of art
based on aesthetic value, historical
context, tradition, and social relevance;
Mount an art exhibit (concept
developments production and post-
production, marketing, documentation,
critiquing); Create their own works of art
and curate their own production or exhibit;
Utilize art for self- expression and for
promoting advocacy.
3. Values - Deepen their sensitivity to self,
community, and society; Discover and
deepen their identity through art with
respect to their nationality, culture, and
religion; Develop an appreciation of the
local arts.
The concepts may seem simple, once
mastered they can explore, stretch and
grow in all directions, no matter what style
of art is being created or appreciated.
• The elements of art are concrete
visual components that work in
sequence or in-back-of with
principles of art that organize and
harmonize them.
The 7 elements of art: line, color, shape, form,
value, space, and texture.
➢ Be it be drawing, painting, sculpture, or design
→ these components of art all needed to
consider. If one had handled these seven visual
elements, it is even easier to create/make own
artwork.
What are the seven elements of art?
1. Line
Lines → mark range a distance between
two points and can be straight or curved.
Lines → do not only need to be made with
marks and outlines in visual art. They can
also be implied or abstract.
we cannot deny that lines have a big
impact on the rest of the elements of art.
They can be used to create shape and
form, also give a sense of depth and
structure.
Lines → are the foundation of drawing and
are a powerful tool unto themselves. With
the use of different types of lines—
continuous, broken, vertical, jagged,
horizontal—drastically changes the
psychology of an artwork, giving great
impact to the viewer.
2. Color
With the three building blocks of colors—
hue, value, and intensity – artists can tap
into a wide range of emotions. There is
nothing that changes an artwork's
emotional impact more than color.
The color wheel corresponds to the first
property of color, Hue.
a. Hue – this dimension of color gives its
name. Includes primary, secondary,
and tertiary colors.
b. Value – lightness or darkness of color.
This is usually used by the artists to
create the illusion of depth and solidity,
a particular mood, communicate a
feeling, or in establishing a scene.
(e.g., day and night).
➢ Light colors – taken as the source of
light in the composition
➢ Dark colors – the lack or even
absence of light
Each primary color has a range of
values based on the addition and
diminishing quantity and quality of light.
✓ Tint – this is the lighter color than the
normal value (e.g., pink for red)
✓ Shade – this is the darker color than
the normal value (e.g., maroon for red)
c. Intensity – the color’s brightness or
dullness. It is identified as the strength
of color, whether vivid or muted.
To better understand intensity of color,
color harmonies are to be considered.
In interior design, we often hear
designers refer to color schemes → a
guide for selecting not only wall paint
but also furniture and décor.
 • Monochromatic harmonies – use of
variations of a hue.
• Complementary harmonies –
involve 2 colors opposite each
other in the color wheel.
• Analogous harmonies – make use
of 2 colors beside each other in the
color wheel.
Masters like → Van Gogh, Monet, and Toulouse-
Lautrec all expertly manipulated color in their art
provoking different feelings. Color can be used
symbolically or to create a pattern. It can be
selected for contrast or to set a specific mood.
A broad understanding of color theory aids and
helps artists to make use of better colors they
have at their disposal.
3. Shape
Shapes → are two-dimensional, flat, and only
have height and width used to be the output of
closed lines.
Geometric shapes → are mathematical and
precise (circles, square); whereas
Organic shapes → take cues from nature and
tend to be curved and abstract.
Henri Matisse‘s collage art → makes great use
of organic shapes, while Piet Mondrian for
relying on geometric shapes in his paintings.
Shapes can be useful in controlling how we
perceive a composition. For example, triangles
can help draw the eye to a particular point,
while circles represent continuity effect.
4. Form
When a shape gains depth and becomes three-
dimensional, → then it takes on form.
✓ Cylinders, pyramids, and spheres are some of
the more common forms, though they can also be
without a clearly defined shape or form.
Form is of the utmost importance in sculpture,
though it can easily be introduced into drawing
and painting using 3D art techniques.
Baroque sculptor Bernini (Baroque sculptor), a
master of form, carving his sculptures in a way
that gave enjoyment from any perspective.
Form → is also a big consideration in architecture,
with acclaimed architects like Frank Lloyd-Wright,
Zaha Hadid, and Tadao Ando giving careful
consideration to this element in the designs of
their artworks.
5. Value
Value → is the lightness and darkness of a
color. The lightest value is → white and the
darkest value is → black, with the difference
between them defined as the contrast.
Playing with value can not only change certain
forms, but also affect and influence the mood
of the artwork.
✓ Value is so important that the Italians
created a term—chiaroscuro— effect of light
modelling in painting, drawing, or printmaking,
where three-dimensional volume is suggested
→ that specifically refers to the use of light
and dark in a piece of art.
Baroque painter Caravaggio was a master of
using chiaroscuro in his moody oil paintings.
Photographer Ansel Adams (a photographer):
also, an example of an artist who expertly
used value to his advantage by using areas of
contrast to create interest in his landscape
photography.
6. Space
Space → can be manipulated based on how an
artist places lines, shapes, forms, and color.
Space is created when placed with other
elements. Space can be either positive or
negative.
Positive space: → an area occupied by
an object or form, whereas
Negative space: → an area that runs
between, around, or within objects.
Artists usually think about the foreground, middle
ground, and background of their artwork,
purposefully placing shapes and lines throughout
the space so as to achieve perfect composition.
By using perspective, a sense of depth in two-
dimensional works is often attained, which itself
can have reliance on lines or colors.
7. Texture
Texture plays to our sense of touch; a description
of the way something feels or looks like it would
feel.
Sometimes we are speaking about an actual
texture that can be felt, as in the case of Icelandic
artist → Hrafnhildur Arnardóttir, who created
installation art using synthetic hair.
Sometimes, the texture is an implied visual texture
that is two-dimensional.
Smooth, rough, hard, soft, furry, fluffy,
and bumpy are just some different textures that
evoke different responses and reactions.
For example, an artist yearns for a hyper-realistic
result would want clouds to appear fluffy, whereas
another artist wishing to subvert conventions
might play with texture to create a surreal
experience for the viewer.
Antonio Canova (19th-century sculptor): a master
of this, as exemplified by his portrait of Napoleon's
sister where she is resting on a cushion that
seems so soft and touchable, it is in reality difficult
to believe that it is marble in reality.
Principles of Design
The elements of art: the visual tools that the artist
uses to create a composition. These include line,
shape, color, value, form, texture, and space.
The principles of art: represent how the artist uses
the elements of art to create an effect and to help
convey the artist's intent.
• These include balance, contrast,
emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm,
unity/variety, harmony. With the use of
these principles, it can help determine
whether a painting is successful, and
whether or not the painting is finished.
The artist is the one who decides on what
principles of art he/she wants to use in a painting.
• While an artist might not use all the
principles of design in one piece, the
principles are related and the use of one
will often depend on another.
For example, when creating emphasis, the artist
might also be using contrast or vice versa.
• It is generally agreed that a successful
painting is unified, while also having some
variety created by areas of contrast and
emphasis; is visually balanced; and move
the viewers’ eye around the composition
• Thus, it is that one or the principles of art
that can shape the effect and impact of
another.
The Principles of Art/Design
1. Balance
The visual weight of the elements of the
composition; a sense that the painting feels
stable and "feels right."
Balance can be achieved in 3 different ways:
a) Symmetry: both sides of a composition
have the same elements in the same
position, as in a mirror-image, or the
two sides of a face.
b) Asymmetry: the composition is
balanced due to the contrast of any of
the elements of art.
For example, a large circle on one side of
a composition might be balanced by a
small square on the other side.
c) Radial symmetry: elements are equally
spaced around a central point.
2. Contrast
The difference between elements of art in a
composition, such that each element is made
stronger in relation to the other.
• When placed next to each other,
contrasting elements command the
viewer's attention.
Areas of contrast are among the first places
that a viewer's eye is drawn. Contrast can be
achieved by juxtapositions of any of the
elements of art. Example of contrast:
negative/positive space; complementary
colors placed side by side. Notan is an
example of contrast.
Juxtaposition : the fact of two things being
seen or placed close together with contrasting
effect.
Notan means lightness/darkness. When used
in paintings, a notan drawing is the underlying
light and dark structure. Seeing Notan is the
act of identifying patterns of light and dark.
Notan is important in a painting because it is
the fundamental building block of its design.
 ✓ It is the abstract design of the painting in its
simplest form – without any color. You need a
strong notan design as a framework for
building the rest of the design around.
3. Emphasis
The artist creates an area of the composition that
is visually dominant and commands the viewer's
attention. →This is often achieved by contrast.
Emphasis is the principle of art which tends to
carry the eyes from the center of interest or
dominant part of any composition to the less
important or subordinate parts.
The most essential factor in emphasis is
simplicity.
✓ This is the guiding principle of the Greek and
Japanese arts.
✓ There is no dominance without subordination;
and no subordination without dominance.
Methods of Emphasizing Objects:
1. By arrangement or grouping of objects
If objects are grouped together, the one to be
emphasized should be located at the center and
should be the biggest and brightest in color.
2. By decoration
Objects which have decorations are given more
emphasis than those without them.
3. By color contrast
• Contrasting color such as complementary
combinations and the triads are more
emphatic than analogous or any other
related harmonies.
• Hues of great intensities are more
noticeable than those having lower
intensities.
• The use of contrasting values makes one
value more dominant than the other.
4. By the use of plain background space.
Simple decorations which are placed against
sufficient, plain background will be more emphatic
than when the background space is small.
5. By the use of unusual lines, shapes and
sizes, color.
Novelty or newness can also draw attention to
a specific element of the work. It is difficult to
keep the eye away from very extraordinary
figures or subjects.
6. By action or movement.
Dynamic illustrations usually attract more
attention than passive ones.
4. Movement
The result of using the art elements such that
they move the viewer's eye around and within
the image.
✓ A sense of movement can be done by
diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied,
by edges, by the illusion of space, by
repetition, by energetic mark-making.
5. Pattern
The uniform repetition of any of the elements of
art or any combination thereof. Through repetition,
anything can be turned into a pattern. Some
classic patterns are spirals, grids, weaves.
6. Rhythm
is created by movement implied through the
repetition of elements of art in a non-uniform but
organized way.
➢ It is related to rhythm in music.
➢ Unlike pattern, which demands consistency,
rhythm relies on variety.
7. Unity/ Variety
We want our painting to feel unified such that all
the elements fit together comfortably.
Too much unity creates monotony, too much
variety creates chaos. We need both.
➢ Ideally, we want areas of interest in your
composition along with places for your eye to rest.
8. Harmony
The principle which produces an impression of
unity through the selection and arrangement of
consistent objects or idea.
• It is the quality which satisfies every part of
the arrangement. If there is harmony, there
 is order. Every orderly arrangement is
harmonious.
5 Aspects of Harmony:
• Harmony of texture
The character of texture can be determined by
feeling the object with the fingertips or by looking
at it. *Coarse textures combined with fine textures
• Harmony of color
Creating harmony of color means using two or
more colors in decorating an article or object.
• Harmony of lines and shapes
Lines are made harmonious by either repeating
the shape of the lines or by connecting transitional
lines to contrasting lines.
• Harmony of size
Harmony of size refers to good proportion.
• Harmony of idea
*A store window displaying dresses, hardware,
and school supplies
*Combining antique and modern furniture
Performance Art is a live art and the artist’s
medium is mainly the human body which he or
she uses in different performances, but also
employs other kind of art such as visual art, props,
or sound.
It usually consists of 4 important elements: →time,
where the performance took place, the performer
or performer’s body, and a relationship between
the audience and the performer/s.
➢ The fact that performance art is live makes it
intangible, which means it cannot be bought or
traded as a commodity.
•
It is a time-based art form that typically
features a live presentation to
viewers/audience/ onlookers (as on a
street) and draws on such arts as acting,
performance poetry, music, dance.
• It is generally an event rather than an
artifact, lasting for a very short time,
though it is often recorded on video and by
means of still photography.
Performance Art
It is a work of art or art exhibition created
through actions executed by the artist or other
participants.
✓ It may be live, through documentation,
spontaneous or written, presented to a public,
audience/viewers/spectators in a Fine Arts
context, traditionally interdisciplinary.
• Performance art, also known as artistic
action; has been developed through
the years as a genre of its own in
which art is presented live.
• It involves four basic elements: time,
space, body and presence of the artist,
and the relation between the creator
and the public.
The actions, generally developed in art galleries
and museums, can take place in the street, any
kind of setting or space (street, stage, etc.) and
during any time period.
• Its goal is to generate a reaction,
sometimes with the support of
improvisation and a sense of aesthetics.
The themes are commonly linked to life
experiences of the artist themselves, or the need
of enunciation or social criticism and with a spirit
of transformation.
Classifications of Performing/ Combined Arts
1. Performance Poetry
→It is an art form where the artist expresses his
emotions not by using mediums like paint,
charcoal, or camera, but expresses it through
using word.
✓These words are carefully selected to exhibit
clarity and beauty and to stimulate strong
emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow, and the list
goes on.
✓It uses a word’s emotional, musical, and spatial
values, that go beyond its literal meaning to
narrate, emphasize, argue, or convince.
✓These words, combined with movements, tone,
volume, and intensity f the delivery, add and
improve to the artistic value of the poem.
✓Some poets even make poems out of their
emotions picked up from other works of art, which
in turn produce another work of art through poetry.
Elements of Poetry
1. Denotation/Connotation
Denotation: the actual meaning of a word from the
dictionary.
Example: Home means a place to live in
Connotation: related/allied meaning of a word; the
additional meaning/s of a word with emotional
significance
Example: Home may mean warmth, comfort,
security, love.
2. Imagery
The representation of sense experience through
language.
Images are formed as we see, hear, taste, smell,
and touch; or we may say that an “image’ is the
mental duplication of a sense of impression.
3. Figurative Language
uses words that mean something or other than
what they usually refer to or mean if we use them
in ordinary conversation
Simile and metaphor: the most commonly used
and the most important of the figurative language.
Both are →used as a means of comparing things
that are essentially unlike.
In Simile→ the comparison is expressed by the
use of some words or phrases: like, as, than,
similar to, resemble, or seem
In Metaphor→ comparison is implied, figurative
term is substituted for or identified with a literal
term
Example: Army ordinarily refers soldiers/people
armed for war.
Using figurative language → Somebody
encounters army of challenges in life. (Army
implied meaning is - too many)
4. Rhythm and Meter
Rhythm: a part of our lives as there are rhythm in
the way we walk, talk, swim, and other similar
activities.
Meter, in language, is the accents that are so
arranged as to occur at apparently equal intervals
of time
5. Meaning and Idea
The experience the poem expresses.
We can distinguish between:
• Total meaning: the idea in a poem is only a
part of the total experience it
communicates. The value and worth of the
poem are determined by the value of the
total experience, not by the truth or the
nobility of the idea itself.
• Prose meaning: does not necessarily be
an idea itself→ may be a story of
description, a statement of emotion, a
presentation of human character or a
combination of these.
2.Cinematography
Cinema, from the Greek word, Kinema, meaning
movement. It means moving pictures, or film in
motion. By its very nature, cinema as an art form
uses skills to make beautiful moving-pictures.
➢The more popular form of cinema, the one that
incorporates theater and literature, is that which
tells stories.
The cinema or motion pictures is one of the most
popular form of art and entertainment in the
Philippines. Millions of people usually go to the
movies, and even watch movies on television. TV
networks use picture techniques to film many of
the program that appear on television.
2 Classification of Cinema
1. Time Art
Cinema properly deals with recorded movement,
and movement necessarily takes place in time.
➢ Furthermore, stories and plots unfold time
along with sounds laid over the movie.
For this reason, cinema can be classified as a
time art
2. Space art
Cinema is also projected on screen, a flat surface
with specific dimensions or aspect ratios.
➢ Images are composed for the screen as in a
painting and can be studied as a painting. This
allows cinema to be classified as a space art.
Because cinema presents recorded movement
projected on a flat, stable surface it is reasonable
to conclude that it straddles both classifications,
i.e., time art and space art, and requires the
spectator to be sensitive to the nuances of the
artistic manipulation of time and space.
Elements of Cinema
A. . Script or Narrative: the basis of the
movie; provides the story that a movie
presents to the spectator. This story is
composed of several elements:
1. Characters: the agents of an act that
constitutes an event; usually persons –
human beings – but can be animals,
machines, ordinary things, and fantastic
creatures play the role of characters as in
animated film.
Two kinds of Character
a) Protagonist – the main characters in
movies; causes the chain of events that
will unfold. The narrative usually centers
on the actions that this character does to
attain his goal.
b) Antagonist – Characters that create
hindrances/oppose the protagonist. His
only aim is to prevent the protagonist from
achieving his goal.
2. Dialogue: composed of the words that a
character says.
In sound movies, dialogue is delivered orally by
the performers; in silent movies, dialogue is
shown as text inserted between shots.
3. Setting: the spatial or temporal particular
place of the event in the plot.
The setting ensures that events enacted by the
characters happen in a particular place and time.
4. Plot – the arrangements or sequences of
events and the things that are shown or
revealed on screen.
B. Production Design transforms the setting
into cinematic reality. If executed well, it
aids the viewer/ audience/spectator to put
himself in the “real world” created by the
movie.
1. Set design refers to the look and
construction of the physical structures
in a movie.
2. Costumes – the clothes worn by
performers/actors to portray a
character
3. Props – the things that the character
uses
4. Decorations – the things that are not
touched by the characters
C. Acting: allows the spectator to understand
the characters in a movie; is what brings to
life the characters sketched out in the
script.
D. Staging – makes the event in the plot a
reality. The director’s art lies in his ability to
stage the event to be shot in front of the
camera
E. Editing – the process through which a
movie is put together
3. Theater
Theater refers to the performance based on a
dramatic text that is staged using techniques of
theater production and enacted/interpreted by
performers, artist-actors and actresses, directors,
designers, and other personnel before audiences
who are situated in sites of performance.
Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of
performing art that uses live performers, typically
actors or actresses, to present the experience of a
real or imagined event before a live audience in a
specific place, often a stage.
❖ The performers may communicate this
experience to the audience through combinations
of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance.
❖ Elements of art, such as painted scenery and
stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance
the physicality, presence and immediacy of the
experience.
The specific place of the performance is also
named by the word "theatre" as derived from the
Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron, "a place for
viewing"), itself from θεάομαι (theáomai, "to see",
"to watch", "to observe").
❖ Modern theatre includes performances of plays
and musical theatre. The art forms of ballet and
opera are also theatre and use many conventions
such as acting, costumes and staging. They were
influential to the development of musical theatre.
Elements of Theatre
In theatrical art, it demands that things be
collaborated with one another, with the actors,
director, various technical workers tasked for
costumes, scenery, and lighting, and
businesspeople who finance, organize, advertise,
and sell the product.
✓ If there is collaboration among different types of
personnel, it presupposes a system that divides
duties.
In the commercial theatre the most powerful
person is usually the producer, who is responsible
for acquiring the investment that finances the
production.
The rehearsal of the play is conducted by the
director, who is responsible for interpreting and
translating the script, also, for casting, and for
helping to determine the design of the scenery
and costumes.
Under the director’s general direction, a stage
manager, possibly with several assistants, is
tasked to the organization of rehearsal and the
technical elements of the performance—light and
curtain cues, properties, sound effects, and so on.
The Search for an Audience
Throughout the world, government and private
funds have been applied in varying fashions to
attract wider audiences to the theatre.
• Theatre-in-education troupes, as adjuncts
of regional theatres, frequently tour
schools and perform classics, children’s
plays, or new drama.
• Many programs also exist to bring young
people to the theatre. Regional and
international tours are also undertaken by
theatres
What are the types of theatre stages and
auditoria?
1. Proscenium stages
Otherwise known as the picture frame stage.
✓ These stages have an architectural frame,
known as the proscenium arch, although not
always arched in shape.
✓ Their stages are deep and sometimes raked,
meaning the stage is gently sloped rising away
from the audience.
Sometimes the front of the stage extends past the
proscenium into the auditorium. This is known as
an apron or forestage.
✓ Theatres containing proscenium stages are
known as proscenium arch theatres and often
include an orchestra pit for live music and a fly
tower for the movement of scenery and lighting.
2. Thrust stages
‘Thrust’ into the auditorium with the audience
sitting on three sides.
• The thrust stage area itself is not always
square but may be semi-circular or half a
polygon with any number of sides.
• Such stages are often used to increase
intimacy between actors and the audience.
These stages have a central performance area
enclosed by the audience on all sides.
• The arrangement is rarely ‘round’: more
usually the seating is in a square or
polygonal formation.
• The actors enter through aisles or
vomitories between the seating. Scenery is
minimal and carefully positioned to ensure
it does not obstruct the audience’s view.
3. Arena theaters
These are large scale auditorium and have a
central stage area with audiences on all sides,
similar to theatres in-the-round. The stage area is
usually rectangular, more like a sports arena, with
tiered seating.
4. Black-box or studio theaters
Studio theaters are flexible performance spaces
which when stripped to their basics are a single
room painted black, the floor of the stage at the
same level as the first audience row.
➢ Usually, these spaces allow for the temporary
set-up of seating in a number of different
configurations to enable a wide variety of
productions to be presented.
5. Platforms stages
Usually consist of a raised rectangular platform at
one end of a room.
➢ They can either have a level or raked sloping
floor.
➢ The audience sit in rows facing the stage.
➢ Platform stages are often used in multi-purpose
halls where theatre is only one of the space’s
uses. Where the stage is open and without
curtains, they are sometimes known as end
stages or open stages.
6. Hippodromes
Hippodromes are similar to circuses and have a
central circular arena surrounded by concentric
tiered seating. Deep pits or low screens often
separate the audience from the arena.
7. Open air theatres
These are outdoor theatres that do not have a
roof, although sometimes parts of the stage or
audience seating will be covered.
➢ These stages may make use of the natural light
as it changes during the day, particularly sunset.
8. Site-specific theatre
Site-specific theatre is usually performed in a non-
traditional theatre space such as a pub, home or
warehouse, often reflecting the history,
atmosphere or experiences of a particular
location.
9. Promenade theatre
This involves the audience moving from place to
place following the actors in their performance.
4. Music
is the art of combining and regulating sounds of
varying pitch to produce melodious harmony
expressive of various ideas and emotions.
Music may be defined as the organization of
sounds in time.
• The art of organizing sound so as to elicit
an aesthetic response in listener
• Aesthetically pleasing or harmonious
sound
• Sound that moves the human soul
Elements of Music
1. Rhythm: the basic element of music; the
variation of length and accentuation of a
series of sounds. Beat is the most
fundamental component of music.
Rhythm is the ordered flow of music through
time. “Flow” – the heart-beat, timely flow
Rhythm: the quality of music that determines
its motion through time.
2. Melody
Rhythm →associated with physical motion;
Melody →associated with mental motion;
sometimes called memory element →since it
is what the listeners can remember.
Melody: refers to pitches or tones sounded
one after another in a logical, meaningful
series; also defined as the succession of tones
arranged in such a way as to give musical
sense.
Of the elements of music, melody makes the
most direct appeal.
• Usually, it is what one rings a bell,
what we remember when we whistle
and hum.
• Melody consists of a series of pitches
and duration → signifying the overall
balance between ascending and
descending motion of a song or
musical composition.
The most fundamental feature of melody is
→continuity. It appeals to our emotion. Such that
we can judge if the melody is either melancholic
or happy.
Melody arouses interest. It is what most listeners
can easily identify. It is the musical idea around
which a composition is constructed.
• The melodic idea or basic tune of the
composition is →theme.
• Theme → provides one of the most
important approaches to intelligent
listening; ability to recognize one or more
themes →when recurred in a composition,
is a clear manifestation that one is moved
toward full appreciation.
Melody refers to pitches or tones sounded one
after another in a logical, meaningful series.
✓ It is the succession of tones arranged in such a
way as to give a musical sense.
✓ Melody is an organized group of pitches strung
out sequentially to form a satisfying musical entity.
Melody is heard in terms of pitch.
3. Pitch
The highness or lowness of sound
The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch and
the faster the vibration, the higher the pitch.
✓ By means of pitch, we can distinguish an
instrument from another or one voice from
another.
Interval – the relation of one pitch to another
4. Harmony
The manner of sound combination in which we
add subordinate sounds to enhance the quality of
the main sounds.
• Harmony is the sounding of a series or
group of tones at the same time or
simultaneously, instead of a single tone
sounded separately.
Harmony – simultaneous sounding of 2 or more
tones
Harmony is clearly visible or understood when a
singer accompanies his melody with chords on
the guitar or when the pianist plays the melody
with his right hand while the left strikes the chords.
A chord is 2 or more notes or tones sounded at
the same time and conceived as an entity.
5. Texture
Musical Texture refers to how many different
layers of sounds are heard at once, to what kinds
of layers they are (melody or harmony) and to
how they are related to each other. Like fabric,
musical texture is described as transparent,
dense, thin, thick, heavy or light.
Basic Musical Texture:
1. Monophonic Texture - a texture of a single
melodic line without accompaniment;
literally means one sound
2. Homophonic Texture – one main melody
accompanied by chords. The
accompaniment is there firstly to help carry
the sound and meaning of the melody.
3. Polyphonic Texture – 2 or more melodic
lines are performed simultaneously of
relatively equal interest.
5.Dance: a patterned, arrangement of step and
rhythmic bodily movement, usually performed to
music that serves as a form of communication or
expression. Human beings express themselves
naturally through movements.
Dance: an art and a recreation. As Art→ tells a
story, a set of mood, or expresses feeling and
emotion.
• Dance involves a succession of group of
bodily motions and rhythmically steps
movement performed and timed to
musical/or rhythmic accompaniment.
• It is said to be →the oldest of the arts;
beginning of music have been traced to
the dance→ called the mother of the arts.
Dance, from French word, “danser” →art form that
generally refers to a movement of the body,
usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of
expression, social interactions or presented in a
spiritual or performance setting.
Elements of Dance
1. Theme: the basic element; conveys
message of a dance →thus, if it does not
give a message, it is not considered as a
dance, though there is movement involved.
Theme: the content/main ingredient or focus of
the dance; conveys the message of the dance
→tells what the dancers are
telling/showing/implying.
2. Design: the pattern of movement in time
and space.
Design: the planned organization or pattern of
movement in time and space.
Pattern in time: the unaccented beats of
movements into measures.
➢ as provided by rhythm, groups in accented
beats of movement into measures.
Pattern in space: the path traced by the
dancer’s feet on the ground and the levels on
which they move.
➢ is created by floor pattern (the path traced
by the dancer’s traveling feet) and planes (the
level on which one moves).
3. Movement: the bodily actions of the dancer
which include his steps, gestures of the
arms, hands, and body, and facial
expressions.
Movement: the action of the dancer as he/she
uses body gestures (of extremities) to create
organized pattern of movement.
Dance →suggests variety of body routine’s
rhythmic pattern and natural dance steps
→which are characteristics of primitive or
modern dance.
4. Technique: a skill in the execution of
movement. A technically proficient dancer
has complete control over the muscles of
his/her body.
In some dancing forms, a high degree of
technique is an end itself, either solo
performance or a group performance.
5. Music: the auditory background to which a
dancer moves. A dance is always
accompanied by any form of music.
• Music’s important role in dancing→ by
its being melodic and harmonious→
usually used as an accompaniment;
motivates dancer’s movement; serves
as background captivating the
spectators.
6. Costume and body paraphernalia: clothes
worn by dancer that reveal message,
customs, beliefs, setting of the dance.
• Hand properties like costumes
enhance the effect of dance, thus
leaving the dancers have freedom to
move in different variations.
7. Choreography: entails the figures and
steps in dancing that enable dancers to
perform in an organized manner.
Choreography: the art of having the dancers,
gathering and organization of movements into
order and pattern.
Choreography →shows how steps and
movement are connected on how a dance
must be performed, choreographed, or
instructed by the dancers.
8. Scenery: background or setting of a dance
performance making it more realistic and
enriching, captivating and interesting.
• Scenery is the setting/background
setting. Setting up a place of action of
any dances is important in making the
dance more realistic and beautiful.
Artists and Artisans
Being an artist or an artisan are two different
worlds of involvement to art. They have variety of
reasons in immersing themselves into making the
arts. The artists’ or artisans’ mediums, techniques,
and processes in their arts stem from their urge to
create artworks, which is universal and
widespread. Artists and artisans are driven by
their sense of wonder and curiosity.
“Art for art’s sake,” people say. They usually think
that the process just ends as simple as it can be.
There are so many things to consider when it
comes to art-making. One should know that the
most important element and creator in any work of
art are the artists and the artisans. The stages in
the creative process would reflect the notable
works from the different artists and artisans who
were given the highest recognition of our country.
What is an Artist?
The word “artist” is generally defined as an art
practitioner in its general definition.
➢ It includes a choreographer, painter, sculptor,
writer, dancer, musicians, poet, and the like.
➢ They are the creatures who
make/produce/create indirectly functional arts with
aesthetic (beauty) value using imagination.
➢ Thus, artists provide us with different kinds of
artworks, be it literary piece, dance, painting,
music, sculpture, and so on.
➢ They serve as means of provoking our
thoughts, ideas, and emotions that are needed to
discover ourselves and our being as a person,
and as an artist.
Artists are such creative, artistic creatures who
make arts and use to communicate them using
such imagination.
• They use different mediums (media) to
remedy visual problems.
 • For the artists’ inspiration, they look/
search to different sources.
•
Some artists rely on creative
motivation, while some used to look
into their environment to have more
ideas.
Artists are equipped with strength/courage in risk-
taking.
✓ They are able to see their surroundings in new
and unusual ways. Sometimes they see things not
seen by others.
✓ Achieving goals is their priority, as such, they
are willing to work intensely for long periods of
time. Some artists are self-taught and have been
called folk-artist because they are not educated in
traditional artistic methods.
✓ Just like the artists, the artisans learn skills and
techniques from some other artist but eventually,
both artists and artisans, develop their own unique
styles/strategies.
What is an Artisan?
Artisan is a person skilled in a utilitarian art, trade,
or craft, especially one requiring manual skill; a
craftsperson.
• He/she is a person or company that makes
a high-quality or distinctive product in small
quantities, usually by hand or using
traditional methods.
• Artisan is a skilled manual worker who
uses tools and machinery in a particular
craft. A person who displays great.
An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano)
is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates
material objects partly or entirely by hand.
• These objects may be functional or strictly
decorative.
• Examples are furniture, decorative art,
sculpture, clothing, jewelry, food items,
household items and tools and
mechanisms such as the handmade
clockwork movement of a watchmaker.
• Artisans practice a craft and may through
experience and aptitude reach the
expressive levels of an artist.
An artisan is a craftsman, such as plumber,
carver, blacksmith, carpenter, embroiderer,
weaver, and the like, who produces directly
functional and/or decorative arts.
➢ Artisans are very helpful in making people live
an easy way of life. They help us in meeting our
basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter,
furniture, and kitchen utensils.
➢ The artisans’ works are useful, relevant, and
essential in our everyday life. They used to supply
us directly functional arts. As they serving us for a
long time now.
Basically, the artisan is a physical worker; he/she
makes objects with his/her hands, and who
through skill, experience, and ability can produce
things of great beauty, as well as usefulness.
• And on the other hand, the artist, is
somebody devoted only to the creative
part, using imagination, making visually
pleasant work only for the gratification and
appreciation of the viewer but with no
practical value thus, the non-functional
arts.
Who are the Important Players in the Art Market?
Curator: one who has the care and
superintendence of something especially: one in
charge of a museum, zoo, or other place of
exhibit.
In a good-sized art museum, each curator is
generally responsible for a single department or
collection: European painting, Asian sculpture,
Native American art, and so on.
• Curatorial duties include:
1.) acquiring new artworks;
2.) caring for and repairing objects already
owned;
3.) discovering frauds and counterfeits;
4.) lending artworks to other museums; and
5.) mounting exhibitions of everything from
Greek sculpture to 20th-century clothing.
• A curator is a content specialist charged
with an institution’s collections, selecting
art to be displayed in a museum,
organizing art exhibitions in galleries or
public places, researching artists, and
writing catalogs and involved with the
interpretation of heritage.
Art Buyer. An art buyer is a professional who is
knowledgeable in art, who may scout talents for
an advertising agency seeking to employ an art
director, or who may look for an art for a collector
or a company.
Art Dealer. An art dealer is a person or a company
that buys and sells works of art. Art dealers often
study the history of art before starting their
careers.
✓ They have to understand the business side of
the art world.
✓ They keep up with the trends in the market and
are knowledgeable about the style of art, or what
we call “what’s in”, that people want to
buy/purchase.
Private collection is a privately owned collection of
works (usually artworks).
• In a museum or art-gallery context, the
term signifies that a certain work is not
owned by that institution, but is on loan
from an individual or organization, either
for temporary exhibition or for the long
term.
•
This source is usually an art collector,
although it could also be a school, church,
bank, or some other company or
organization.
• By contrast, collectors of books, even if
they collect for aesthetic reasons (fine
book-bindings or illuminated manuscripts
for example), are called bibliophiles, and
their collections are typically referred to as
libraries. [8]
The Work of the Creative Artist
Creativity is an artist’s trait developed in the
course of his life to solve problems or express his
feelings/emotions.
• His ever-continuing reaction to nature,
social life, gives the start/birth of new ideas
and methods. Thus, these the artist uses
to provide/give/apply solutions to a vision,
create art, or activate social
transformation.
The Process of Creativity is of Three Folds:
1.) with artist as the prime mover;
2.) communicating his ideas through the
performer;
3.) as his interpreter to the audience.
Each participate actively in the creative process
although in the case of the
reader/observer/listener, the intensity of the
activity may be less than that of the artist who
produces work.
Creation is the act of combining or re-ordering
already existing materials so that a new object is
formed.
Art is a planned activity. The Process of Creation
is of 3 Major Phases:
1.) The artist must have an idea wherein artist
thinks of a design involves Planning;
2.) Next, is, he must have a material and process
to work on involves Constructing;
3.) Lastly, he must give form to his idea involves
organizing the form.
The Creative Process.
In the book of Robert Fritz, he had given the steps
in the creative process.
❖ According to him, creating is a skill that can be
learned and developed. The same as with any
other skill, we learn by practice and hands-on-
experience – we can learn to create by creating.
There are steps we can follow, not as a formula to
adopt, but as indications to guide our actions.
The Stages in the Creative Process presented by
Fritz:
1. Conceive the result you want to create.
Creation starts at the end. We need to have an
idea of what we want to create, of what we want
to have and manifest. We need a vision –
individual or collective – that we want to realize.
2. Know what currently exists.
What has just recently existed or existing should
be known. One may find it hard to create
something novel and/or original in any area of
knowledge without being aware of what is being
done/happened in that area.
3. Take actions
Having a wonderful idea or vision is not enough.
You have to do something to make it real, to
manifest it although sometimes you will have to do
things that might generate criticism.
4. Develop your creativity
Every new creation gives you fresh thoughts and
knowledge of your own creative process. You will
then increase your ability to picture what you want
and your capacity to bring those outcomes into
real-life situation.
5. Learn the rhythm of the creative process
There are 3 fundamental stages in every creative
process: germination, assimilation, and
completion. Three Stages in the Creative Process.
1. Germination (Idea)
The Idea.
Artists are highly sensitive and artistic persons.
He can notice the sounds, colors, movement of
people and things.
✓ A particular experience of the artist serves as a
basis for a picture, poem, play, dance.
✓ Cultural background plays a big role; as it
makes a painter be attracted in using it as a
subject, and also wants to share experience.
✓ A novelist may write about life and misfortune of
the woman which may then reflect social and
economic problems.
✓ An essayist may use his/her own life (although
most of the time being implied) as a subject in
compositions. Although sometimes being implied
or hidden in his works.
It is the initial moment when you conceive a new
project in your life.
• It is a moment with a lot of energy coming
out of the future you envision. As the word
implies, to germinate is you are planting
the seeds of your creation.
• The most important and difficult thing in
this stage is choosing. You need to be
more specific about what you want to do.
• You have to be sure what messages you
really want to give to the
reader/listener/audience, etc.
2. Assimilation
The Material and Process. The artist himself is the
brain and leader of his creation.
➢ The artist making the artwork is the boss of his
own artwork wherein he/she can choose whatever
the mediums/materials needed as long as he/she
is able to communicate the idea he/she wants to
convey.
A painter uses pigments as his material; an author
uses words; a composer – musical sounds;
choreographer – people and their movements; a
sculptor – stone, metal, wood; an architect –
various building materials.
➢ Art is a result of a cooperative activity wherein
team of artist is motivated by a common goal as in
the production of a play, movie, etc.
During this phase, you will internalize and
assimilate or incorporate the idea you want to
create. Plan, analyze it, and cultivate it all the
available resources.
➢ In this stage, your project, which initially was
something external to you or to the group, comes
into your own being, becomes one with you.
➢ In this way, your creation grows from inside
and begins to manifest in everything you do,
consciously or unconsciously. Every idea you
have, every new connection you establish acts in
your vision, making it more tangible, giving it life.
3. Completion
The Organization and Form. Organizing idea and
giving it (artwork) form in selected materials.
❖ Artist may come up with different forms
because they used to express ideas they work on
or they want to express.
❖ Thus, artists usually produce different artworks
because of different views in life. In the space art,
style comes in depending on the decision of the
artist.
❖ It can be symmetrical (two sides of the object
are identical, which tends to emphasize the
center), and asymmetrical (otherwise of
symmetry).
Completion is the time to finish/organize your
project or work, to give it the final shape before
you present it to the audience.
• It is a difficult time because your energy
will be small and likely dispersed with a
new vision.
• Put a deadline to your projects and do not
get entangled in small and never-ending
 details. Stay firm with decisions in
organizing artworks.
Three Stages in Art-Making. [1]
Art-making can be associated with art exploration,
concept development, and art production. In the
creative process, the artist undergoes 3 stages of
experience:
1. Pre-production or Subject Development.
This ends when the planning ends, and
the content starts being produced
2. Production or Medium Manipulation. It is
the actual constructing of the artworks.
• This is a method of joining diverse
material inputs and unimportant
inputs (plans, know-how) to make
something for consumption (the
output).
• It is the act of creating output, a
good or service that has
significance and contributes to the
utility of individuals.
3. Post-Production or Exhibition. Once an
artwork is finished, it will be displayed,
circulated, and performed for the audience
and public to see or watch.
Medium and Technique.
Medium - from the Latin word “medium” which
the means the artist communicate his/her
idea.
➢ Medium are actually the materials used by
the artist to create/show/interpret/provide the
message/s to the reader/listener/spectator/
audience a work of art.
Architect → uses stone, woods, bricks,
bamboo, and other building materials
Painter → uses pigments on canvas or wood
Sculptor → uses marble, steel, wood, bronze,
metal
Dancer → uses the human body
Musician → uses instruments to
communicate/produce message/s
Writer → uses words
Technique is the manner the artist controls his
medium to attain the goal of a desired effect.
• It is the way artist manipulates the
medium to express feelings/emotions,
and idea in the artwork.
• It refers to the artists ability and
knowledge or technical requirement of
his artwork/s thus, it is in the technique
that artists differ from one another.
The Artist and His Medium
With the mediums used by the artist, he thinks,
feels, gives shape to his vision in making
artwork/s.
• Of the medium chosen by the artist, he
believes that is the best way to
communicate the idea he/she wants to
give the viewers.
• The artist may choose more than one
medium, which, actually depends on
his/her choice.
In choosing the medium, the artist sees to it that
he can handle it with ease and comfort, something
that would best suit his plan and vision, something
that he/she will be able to show what he really like
to achieve and reveal in artwork/s.
• He should love, respect, and understand
his medium, so in the end he would be
able to explore his imagination, much
easier to expand knowledge, improving
his/her skill in his output, the artwork.
The Artist and His Technique
Specific of technique, artists are different from one
another.
➢ His technique in a particular medium may be
different when he used another one. For an artist,
technique is never an end but a means to an end.
➢ The making of a piece of sculpture is not the
same as in making a table. Both require
technique, but in the work of a sculptor, it requires
knowledge, competence, creativity.
➢ Thus, technique is very important that
distinguishes the scenario when it comes to
making of an art and a craft.
The Maker and the Viewer of Art
Two important parties involved in art: the maker
and the viewer.
The maker of the art is called an artist.
✓ Because the maker of the art is a human
person, he/she brings with him/her his ideas,
ideals, feelings, fears, emotions, social condition
and everything else that concerns the person
doing art.
In doing art, the artist applies his/her skill in the
use of materials, sensitivity to artistic composition
and organization of elements, and creativity of
expression.
Whatever style the artist has, planning is essential
at different stages of his/her art-making.
✓ The artist plans how to arrange the elements,
which images to put in the background or in what
position they should be, etc.
✓ Art-making also consists of a series of problem-
finding and problem-solving.
✓ The artist uses his intuition and understanding
of the subject matter to identify areas of conflict or
unity within his/her artwork.
✓ He/she also solves problems that arise within
the process, from the moment work begins up to
the point of completion.
The artist chooses the medium that best
expresses what he/she wants to convey through
art and manipulates the medium in a skillful way.
The viewer of art is the human being who receives
the meaning being communicated through an
artwork.
❖ Some people call the viewer “the gazer,”
“onlooker,” or “audience.”
❖ A viewer takes the role of an art critic who
examines the artwork from historical, social,
biographical, critical, or other points of view. This
requires more knowledge, experience, and
articulation.
National Living Treasures Award (Philippines).
GAMABA ARTISTS.
The National Living Treasures Award,
alternatively known as the Gawad sa Manlilikha
ng Bayan
(GAMABA); lit. 'Award for the Creators of the
Country') is conferred to a person or group of
artists recognized by the Government of the
Philippines for their contributions to the country's
intangible cultural heritage.
A recipient of the award, a National Living
Treasure or Manlilikha ng Bayan is:
→ "a Filipino citizen or group of Filipino citizens
engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino,
→ whose distinctive skills have reached such a
high level of technical and artistic excellence, and
→ have been passed on to and widely practiced
by the present generations in their community with
the same degree of technical and artistic
competence."
History
• The National Living Treasures Award –
GAMABA (Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan)
was institutionalized in 1992 through
Republic Act No. 7355.
• The National Commission for Culture and
the Arts (NCCA), the highest policy-making
and coordinating body of the Philippines
for culture and the arts, was tasked with
the implementation and awarding. This is
in line with UNESCO's criteria of Living
National Treasures.
To become a National Living Treasure, the
candidate must possess the following
qualifications:
1.) Is an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional
cultural community anywhere in the Philippines
that has preserved indigenous customs, beliefs,
rituals and traditions and/or has syncretized
whatever external elements that have influenced
it.
2.) Must have engaged in a folk-art tradition that
has been in existence and documented for at
least 50 years.
3.) Must have consistently performed or produced
over a significant period, works of superior and
distinctive quality
4.) Must possess a mastery of tools and materials
needed by the art, and must have an established
reputation in the art as master and maker of works
of extraordinary technical quality.
5.) Must have passed on and/or will pass on to
other members of the community their skills in the
folk art for which the community is traditionally Musician, Mamasapano, Maguindanao Music
known. (Kutyapi), 1993
A traditional artist who possesses all the qualities • Lang Dulay, (d. 2015)
of a Manlilikha ng Bayan candidate, but due to
age or infirmity has left them incapable of teaching Textile weaver, Lake Sebu, South Cotabato,
further their craft, may still be recognized if: Weaving (T’nalak), 1998

1.had created a significant body of works and/or
has consistently displayed excellence in the
practice of his/her art, thus achieving important
contributions for its development.
2. has been instrumental in the revitalization of
their community's artistic tradition.
3. has passed on to the other members of the
community skills in the folk art for which the
community is traditionally known.
4. community has recognized them as master and
teacher of their craft.
Duties and Responsibilities of Awardees: [1]
The Manlilikha ng Bayan is a link between the
past, in which his/her traditional folk art found
fertile soil for growth, and that future, during which
he/she seeks his/her art to be permanently
sustained.
It becomes his/her responsibility, therefore, to
undertake the following:
• transfer the skills of his/her traditional folk
art to the younger generation through
apprenticeship and such other training
methods as are found to be effective;
• cooperate with the implementing agency,
as provided for in Section 7of this Act, in
the promotion and propagation of his/her
traditional folk arts; and
• donate to the National Museum a sample
or copy of his/her work.
Recipients
• Ginaw Bilog (d. 2003)
Artist and poet, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro
Poetry (Ambahan), 1993
• Masino Intaray (d. 2013)
Musician and epic chanter, Brooke's Point,
Palawan, Poetry (Kulilal and Bagit) Music (Basal /
Gong), 1993
• Salinta Monon (d. 2009)
Weaver, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, Weaving
(Abaca – ikat / Inabal), 1998
• Alonzo Saclag
Musician and dancer, Lubuagan, Kalinga, Music
and Dance (Kalinga), 2000
• Federico Caballero
Epic chanter, Sulod- Bukidnon, Iloilo, Poetry and
Epic Chant (Sugidanon), 2000
• Uwang Ahadas
Musician, Lamitan, Basilan, Music (Yakan
specifically Kulintang, kwitangan kayu, gabbang,
agung, and tuntungan), 2000
• Darhata Sawabi, (d. 2005)
Weaver, Parang, Sulu, Weaving (Pis Syabit),
2004
• Eduardo Mutuc
Metalsmith / metal sculptor, Apalit, Pampanga,
Metalwork (Bronze and Silver), 2004
• Haja Amina Appi (d. 2013)
Weaver, Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi, Weaving (Mat),
2004
• Teofilo Garcia
Casque maker, San Quintin, Abra, Casque
Making (Tabungaw), 2012
• Magdalena Gamayo
Master weaver, Pinili, Ilocos Norte, Weaving
(Inabel), 2012
• Ambalang Ausalin
Master weaver, Lamitan, Basilan, Weaving
(Yakan tennun), 2016
• Estelita Tumandan Bantilan

• Samaon Sulaiman (d. 2011) Master weaver, Malapatan, Sarangani, Weaving

(B'laan igem), 2016
 • Yabing Masalon Dulo Really, the Order of National Artists plays an
important and vital role in the development of
Master weaver, Polomolok, South Cotabato, Philippine arts in the contemporary setting.
Weaving (Ikat), 2016
This part is divided into 3 parts to guide and help
to understand each of the National artists’ roles,
National Artists and contributions to contemporary arts.
There are 66 awardees all in all, coming from
different art forms some awarded after death while
National Artists of the Philippines. The order of the some while still living.
national Artists is considered to be the highest
national recognition for individuals who
contributed to the development of Philippine arts.
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts
and the Cultural Center of the Philippines together
administer this award.
The President of the Philippines grants this award
to an artist after both institutions give
recommendations for this particular artist.
Fernando Amorsolo – First National Artist
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts
and the CCP have set criteria for the Order of
National Artists.
The Artists who:
1.) are Filipino citizens at the time of
nomination, as well as those who died
after the establishment of the award in
1972 but were Filipino citizens at the time
of their death;
2.) through the content and form of their
works, have contributed in building a
Filipino sense of nationhood;
3.) have pioneered in a mode of creative
expression or style, thus, earning
distinction and making an impact on
succeeding generations of artists;
4.) have created a substantial and significant
body of work and/or consistently displayed
excellence in the practice of their art form,
thus, enriching artistic expression of style;
5.) enjoy broad acceptance through:
• prestigious national and/or international
recognition such as the Gawad CCP Para
sa Sining, CCP thirteen Artists Award, and
NCCA Alab ng Haraya;
• critical acclaim and/or reviews of his
works;
• respect and esteem from peers (“Briefer in
the Order of National Artists,” n.d.)