Archimedes Principle

 Definition:
Archimedes principle states that the up thrust force on an object wholly or partially
immersed in a fluid is equal (and opposite) to the weight of fluid displacement by the object.

Moment
 Definition:

A moment of a force about a point is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from
the pivot to the line of action.

 Formula:

Moment of a force = Force × perpendicular distance

T = Fd

where

T = moment of a force (Nm) F = force (N) d = distance (m)

 Principle of Moments

Definition:

The Principle of Moments state that the sum of anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of
clockwise moments about a pivot.

For (Static) Equilibrium:

The two conditions for equilibrium are:

1. Upward Force = Downward Forces

Or

Net Forces = 0

2. “Principle of Moments” − the sum of anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of

clockwise moments about a pivot.
Work
Definition:

 Work done is when a force moves its point of application.

 Work done by a force is the product of the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in
the direction of the force.
 Unit: Joule (J)

Formula:

Work done = Force × displacement

W = Fs

Power
 Definition:

Power is defined as the rate of work done.

Unit: Watts (W)

 Formula:

work done energy transferred

Power= =
timetaken time taken
w
P=
t

Energy

 Energy means the ability to do work.

Principle of conservation of energy:

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; if energy disappears in one form, it re-appears in another.

Kinetic Energy
Formula:

1
Ek = mv2
2
where

Ek = kinetic energy (J)

m = mass (kg)

v = velocity (ms−1)

Potential Energy
Formula:

Ep = mgh

where

Ep = potential energy (J)

m = mass (kg)

h = height (m)

g = acceleration due to gravity (ms−2)

Resources are characterized as renewable or non-renewable; a renewable resource can replenish

itself at the rate it is used, while a non-renewable resource has a limited supply.

Eg. Renewable resources include timber, wind, and solar.

Eg. Non-renewable resources include coal and natural gas.