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NegOr Q1 GenBio1 SLKWeek2 v2
NegOr Q1 GenBio1 SLKWeek2 v2
NegOr Q1 GenBio1 SLKWeek2 v2
AND MODIFICATION
for General Biology 1 Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 2
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FOREWORD
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OBJECTIVES
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
according to their distinguishing features
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3)
Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues)
and specify the functions of each
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4)
Describe some cell modifications that lead to
adaptation to carry out specialized functions (e.g.,
microvilli, root hair) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5)
I. WHAT HAPPENED
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PRE-ACTIVITY
Label Me. Identify and label the correct parts of the cell. Write your answers in
your notebook.
Source: https://researchpedia.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/difference-btw-plant-
cell-and-animal-cell.jpg
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
7. ________________
8. ________________
9. ________________
10. ________________
11. ________________
12. ________________
13. ________________
14. ________________
15. ________________
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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms. Every
organism is composed of one or two structurally different types of
cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes come from the Greek term pro meaning “before”
and karyon meaning “kernel” referring to the nucleus. Prokaryotic
cells have no nucleus, and their genetic material (DNA) is
concentrated in a region called the nucleoid which does not have a
membrane separating it from the rest of the cell. The major parts of a
prokaryotic cell include cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and a
nucleoid.
Two domains of organisms comprise prokaryotes: Bacteria and
Archaea. Bacteria make up most of the prokaryotes. In addition,
Archaea are found in extreme environments such as hot springs or
near volcanoes. The difference between Bacteria and Archaea is
their type of cell wall. Archaea have a thicker cell wall that is very
strong and protects it from the heat and chemicals found in harsh
environments, while Bacteria have a more permeable cell wall that
provides less protection from high temperatures or extreme pH, but
takes less energy to build.
Both Bacteria and Archaea consist of unicellular organisms.
Prokaryotes are important to all life on Earth for a number of reasons.
They play a critical role in the recycling of nutrients by decomposing
dead organisms and allowing their nutrients to be re-used. They are
also important for many metabolic processes. Bacteria in our guts
and mouth help with the digestion of food by breaking down difficult
to digest carbohydrates and other compounds.
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in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell:
a darkened region called the nucleoid.
Eukaryotes
The oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 billion years
old. Eukaryotes are combination of two Greek terms eu meaning
“true” and karyon meaning “nucleus.” Thus, eukaryote means “true
kernel” or “true nucleus,” alluding to the presence of the
membrane-bound nucleus in these cells. The word organelle means
“little organ,” and organelles have specialized cellular functions, just
as the organs of your body have specialized functions.
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Plants, animals, and fungi are all multicellular organisms. Protists
are single-celled motile organisms that can be either photosynthetic
or heterotrophic.
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Animal tissues are divided into four main types:
1. Epithelial Tissue
This type of tissue is commonly seen outside as coverings or as
linings of organs and cavities. It is characterized by closely-joined
cells with tight junctions. Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as
barriers for pathogens, mechanical injuries and fluid loss. Cells that
make up epithelial tissues have distinct arrangements:
A. Cuboidal- for secretion
B. Simple columnar - brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active
absorption
C. Simple squamous - plate-like cells; for exchange of material
through diffusion
D. Stratified squamous - multilayered and regenerates quickly for
protection
E. Pseudo-stratified columnar - single layer of cells; may just look
stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract;
usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps
the mucus)
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2. Connective Tissue - These tissues are composed of the following:
A. BLOOD - made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix):
contains water, salts and dissolve proteins, erythrocytes that carry
oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood
clotting.
B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)- made up of loose
connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective
tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and
ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective
tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store
energy.
C. CARTILAGE - characterized by collagenous fibers embedded
in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete
collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage functions are cushion
between bones.
D. BONE - mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming
cells called osteoblasts which deposits collagen. Blood vessels and
nerves are found at a central canal surrounded by concentric
circles of osteon.
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3. Muscle Tissue
These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers
that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. It gives rise to
muscles' ability to contract. This is opposed to other components or
tissues in muscle such as tendons or perimysium. It is formed during
embryonic development through a process known as myogenesis.
Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells also called as muscle
fibers. This tissue is responsible for movements in our body.
Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve
cells.
In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the
following:
A. Skeletal - striated: voluntary movements, attached to the
skeleton
B. Cardiac - striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart
contraction, involuntary, located in the walls of the heart
C. Smooth - not striated; involuntary, located in walls of hollow
visceral
organs
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4. Nervous Tissue
These tissues are composed of nerve cells called neuron and
glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli
and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons
connect to other neuron that receives impulses from other neurons,
while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other
neurons.
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Figure 7. Meristematic tissue.
Source: https://byjus.com/biology/meristematic-tissue/
2. Permanent Tissue
These are specialized in function and do not divide constantly.
Differentiation of cells begins as soon as cells have been formed by
cell division, and results in changes in structure. There are three
groups of permanent tissue:
A. Epidermal Tissue - This is the outermost layer of cells that covers
the roots, stems, and leaves. They are tightly packed, with no
intercellular air spaces. The main function of the epidermal cells is to
protect the underlying tissue from injury.
a. Guard cells - are bean-shaped epidermal cells that occur on
either side of a stoma which is the opening that occurs on the
surface of a leaf. The guard cells function to open and close the
stoma, thus controlling the loss of water by transpiration.
b. Hair cells - are formed by an extension of the cell wall. The hair
functions to increase the surface area of the root to maximize the
uptake of water and nutrients.
B. Vascular tissue - functions to transport and support.
a. Xylem Tissue - transport water and mineral salts from the
ground water through the roots to the stems and leaves. It consists
of vessels and tracheids - both cells have cell walls that are
strengthened with lignin and both types of cells are dead at
maturity.
b. Phloem Tissue - transport food from the leaves, where
photosynthesis takes place, to areas undergoing growth or storage
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sites. Phloem tissue consists of long columns of sieve tubes and
companion cells.
3. Ground Tissue
This type of tissue forms the body of the plant and is
responsible for support, storage, and photosynthesis. There are three
types of ground tissue:
A. Parenchyma - thin walled and alive at maturity; often
multifaceted
B. Collenchyma - thick walled and alive at maturity
C. Sclerenchyma- thick walled and dead at maturity
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Apical modification
It is a cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell.
Figure 10. Both cilia and flagella function for cell locomotion.
Source: Exploring Life Through Science, General Biology 1, Phoenix Publishing House
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Villi and microvilli
Pseudopods
Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some
other eukaryotic cells
Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey
From the Greek word pseudes and podos, meaning
“false” and “feet”.
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Figure 12. Pseudopods.
Source: https://www.quora.com/What-purpose-does-a-pseudopod-serve-to-an-
amoeba
Figure 13. Extracellular matrix acts like glue to bind the cells together in the
tissue and provides mechanical strength.
Source: https://www.regentys.com/research/
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Basal Modification
Figure 14. Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell hemidesmosomes.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg
Lateral modification
A cell junction that provides contact between
neighboring cells or between the cell and extracellular
matrix.
Tight Junction
Acts as barriers that regulate the movement of the
water and solutes between epithelial layers
Prevent leakage of ECF
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Figure 15. Tight junctions join two together to form a leak-proof sheet.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg
Adhering Junction
Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell
Very similar to the anchoring junction of the basal
surface of the cell
Fasten cells to one another
Figure 16. Adhesion junctions act like screws together with cytoskeletal fiber to form a
strong sheet.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg
Gap Junction
Also known as communicating junctions
Closable channel that connect the cytoplasm of
adjoining animal cells
Presence of connexon that allow direct exchange of
chemical between the cytoplasm of the cells
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Figure 17. Gap junctions allow small molecules to flow between neighboring cells.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:402_Types_of_Cell_Junctions_new.jpg
__________3. Bioengineers try to kill all bacteria because they are all
harmful.
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Part 2. Directions: Match column A with column B. Write the letter of
your answer in your notebook.
A B
5. Epithelial tissue a. It is a type of plant tissue that is
6. Connective tissue specialized in function and does not divide
7. Muscle tissue constantly. It serves as guard and
8. Nervous tissue protection.
9. Meristematic tissue
10. Permanent tissue b. This type of tissue forms the body of the
11. Ground tissue plant and is responsible for support, storage,
and photosynthesis.
c. This type of tissue is responsible for plant
growth. It is present at the tips of roots, stem,
and branches.
d. This type of tissue is commonly seen
outside as coverings or as linings of organs
and cavities.
e. It is a group of tissues in the body
that maintains the form of the body and its
organs and provides cohesion and internal
support.
f. This type of tissue is composed of long cells
called muscle fibers that allow the body to
move voluntary or involuntary. It gives rise to
the muscles' ability to contract.
g. It is a type of tissue that is composed of
nerve cells called neuron and glial cells that
function as support cells.
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Part 3. Directions: Read and understand the statement below.
In your notebook, write a short essay for your answer. You will
be graded based on the rubric provided.
EVALUATION/POST-TEST
Answer Me!
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3. Which type of cell has a nucleus?
A. prokaryote C. bacteria
B. eukaryote D. algae
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10. It is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body
found on the apical surface of the cells.
A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. Microvilli
11. They are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves with
protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.
A. Cilia C. Villi
B. Flagella D. Microvilli
14. It acts like screws together with cytoskeletal fiber to form a strong
sheet.
A. Tight junction C. Gap junction
B. Adhering junction D. Microvilli
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REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prokaryote_cell_diagram.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote#:~:text=Eukaryotes%20(%2Fju
%CB%90%CB%88k,%22%20or%20%22kernel%22).
https://biologydictionary.net/eukarwyotic-cell/
https://britanica.com/science /eukaryote
https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/biology/biology-cells/all-
eukaryotic-cells
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-
biology1/chapter/prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/#:~:text=prokaryotes
https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/noted
etail/1141.Accessed date June 27, 2020)
https://termandhistology.wordpress.com/histology/four-type-
oftissues/connective-tissues/. Accessed June 24, 2020
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/nervous/tissue.html.
Accessed June 26, 2020
https://byjus.com/biology/meristematic-tissue/
Accessed June 26, 2020
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/tissues/permanenttissue/#:~:
text=In%20simple%20words%2C%20the%20permanent,derived%20fro
m
%20the%20meristematic%20tissue. Accessed June 26, 2020
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https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/anatomy-of-
floweringplants/tissue-systems/. Accessed June 25, 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue#:~:text=Vascular%20tiss
ue
%20is%20a%20complex,transport%20fluid%20and%20nutrients%20inter
nally. Accessed June 28, 2020
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm.
Accessed June 25, 2020
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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
BETA QA TEAM
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information
and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
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SYNOPSIS
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