DATA VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS

 FREQUENCY

Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array

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 RELATIVE FREQUENCY

The ratio of the frequency of a particular event in a statistical experiment to the total
frequency

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 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY

Relative frequency multiplied by 100.

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 BAR GRAPH

A bar graph is a chart that plots data using rectangular bars or columns (called bins) that
represent the total amount of observations in the data for that category.

 Insert tab > Charts group > Insert Columns or Bar Chart

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 HISTOGRAM USING GRAPH TAB

A histogram is a graphical representation that organizes a group of data points into user-
specified ranges.

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 PIVOT TABLE AND ITS TOOLS

A PivotTable is a powerful tool to calculate, summarize, and analyse data that lets you see
comparisons, patterns, and trends in your data.

 Insert tab > Tables Group > PivotTable. The following dialog box appears:

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 PIVOT CHARTS AND ITS TOOLS

 Insert tab > Charts group > PivotChart; OR

 PivotTable Analyze > Tools > PivotChart

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 HISTOGRAM FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

 Data tab > Analyze > Data Aanlysis

 The following dialog box appears; Select Histogram.

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HISTOGRAM

 Chart Output

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 Histogram pareto
Sorts cases in descending order

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 Cumulative percentage

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 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics is a set of brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set
representative of an entire or sample population.

 Data tab > Analyze > Data Analysis

 The following dialog box appears; Select Descriptive Statistics.

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  CORRELATION
 Correlation is used to see if two variables are linearly correlated, or not. In other words, it is
used to see whether there is a linear relationship between the two variables or not.

 The sample linear correlation coefficient, r measures the linear correlation of two variables
of a sample of pairs.

 The linear correlation coefficient of two variables lies between -1 and 1.

 If r = 0, the variables are linearly uncorrelated, thus there is no linear relationship between
the variables.
 If r ≠ 0 the variables are linearly correlated.
 When r > 0, the variables are positively linearly correlated
 And if r < 0 the variables are negatively linearly correlated.

E.g.,1, The following data is given:

Advertisement in month Sales in crores

32 5

54 10

67 15

65 20

98 24

112 34

101 25

34 34

What is the correlation between advertisement of a product in a month and its sales in crores?

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 Data tab > Analyze > Data Analysis > Correlation

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INFERENCE: As r > 0, the variables are positively linearly correlated.
RESULT: This means that advertisements have a positive effect on the no. of sales.

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E.g.,2,

Cigarettes Life expectancy

5 80
23 78
25 60
48 53
17 85
8 84
4 73
26 79
11 81
19 75
14 68
35 72
29 58
4 92
23 65

What is the correlation between no of cigarettes in a week and life expectancy?

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INFERENCE: As r < 0, the variables are negatively linearly correlated.
RESULT: This means that cigarettes have a negative effect on life expectancy and people who
consume more no. of cigarettes in a week have lower life expectancy.

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