Professional Documents
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NCMP101 Concepts Prelims Reviewer
NCMP101 Concepts Prelims Reviewer
NCMP101 Concepts Prelims Reviewer
NURSING AS A PROFESSION
NURSING AS A PROFESSION ● body of specific and unique knowledge
● strong service orientation
DEFINITION OF NURSING ● Recognized authority by a professional group
● Originated from the Latin word nutrix (to nourish) ● Code of ethics and law
● ICN- Promotion of health, prevention of illness, ● Professional organization
collaborative care
● Ongoing research
● It is an art and a science involving people,
environment, and process fueled by a vision of ● Autonomy
transcendence in the context of healthcare ● care
● It is an act of utilizing the environment to assist him
in his recovery (Florence Nightingale) AIMS OF NURSING
● The patient is the central focus of all definitions ● To promote health
● Nursing is the art of caring sick and well individual. ● to prevent illness
It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in
● to restore health
assisting sick and well individual in their recovery
and in the promotion and maintenance of health ● to facilitate coping with disability and death
● Nursing as a science is the scientific knowledge and
skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal ROLES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human
response to actual or potential problem. CARE PROVIDER OR REHABILITATOR
● Nursing is an act of assisting the individual, sick or
● helps the client regain health through healing
well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery(or to a peaceful process
death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do COMFORTER/COUNSELOR
this in such a way as to help him gain ● provides not only medical but emotional, spiritual
independence as rapidly as possible. and psychological support to clients
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CLINICAL SPECIALIST
● A nurse who has completed a master’s degree in FAMILY NURSE PRACTITIONER
specialty and has considerable clinical experience ● handles duty commonly performed by a physician
in that specialty throughout a family’s life cycle
● she provides care to individuals, participates in
educating healthcare professionals and ancillary, HOME HEALTH NURSE
acts as a clinical consultant and participates in ● independence and autonomy will dictate your day
research as a home healthcare nurse
RURAL NURSE
CHARGE NURSE
● educate and treat rural communities regarding
● take a lead on shifts with strong communication
health and wellness issues
skills and a knack for leadership
SCHOOL NURSE
CLINICAL NURSE LEADER
● focus your skills on students and staff in public or
● improve patient outcomes as you take on high-level
private schools
leadership duties and lead healthcare facilities
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SPECIALIZED FOCUS NURSING
CRITICAL CARE NURSE
PSYCHIATRIC NURSE PRACTITIONER ● care for and treat patient with urgent life-threatening
● blend nursing, psychiatric and therapeutic skills in illnesses and trauma
this dynamic environment
OBSTETRICAL (OB) NURSE
REHABILITATION NURSING ● work as a part of a team for new parents and
● specialize in helping patients recover from severe women trying to coceive
injuries or chronic illnesses
FLIGHT NURSE
● provide medical care to patients as they’re
NEONATAL NURSE SPECIALIST/PRACTITIONER transported by aircraft to an emergency medical
● focus on the care of newborn infants facility
NURSES’ RIGHTS
TRAUMA NURSE
(1) Right to be trusted by public
● treat patients with serious injuries, from accidents to
(2) Right to practice nursing according to professional
emergencies
standards
(3) Right to participate in and to promote growth of the
LABOR AND DELIVERY (L&D) NURSE profession
● provide care and monitoring of expectant mothers (4) Right to intervene when necessary to protect clients
and babies during childbirth
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(5) Right to be respected for one’s own knowledge and ● personal belief about the worth of a given idea or
abilities attitude appraisal of what is “good”
(6) Right to be believed when speaking his/her
expertise AUTONOMY
(7) Right to be trusted by colleagues ● independence “the person has the right to make his
(8) Right to give and receive guidance/correction from own decision regarding treatment and care”
colleagues
(9) Right to be compensated fairly for services BENEFICENCE
● actively seeking or promoting good to benefit others
NURSES’ RESPONSIBILITIES
(1) Be responsible for his/her actions MALEFICENCE
(2) Protect the rights and safety of patients ● to harm or to hurt
(3) Witness, but not obtain,informed consent for
procedures
NON MALEFICENCE
(4) Document and communicate information regarding
● avoidance or hurt or harm
client care
(5) The nurse participates in the profession’s effort to
CONFIDENTIALITY
maintain conditions of employment conducive to
● Respects for client’s privacy
high-quality care
(6) refuse to carry out orders that the nurse believes to
FIDELITY
be harmful to the client
● agreement to keep promises
(7) Perform acts allowed by the nurses’ practice act
(8) The nurse participates in activities that contribute to
ongoing development of the profession’s body of DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
knowledge ● allocation of goods and services according to
equality need and merit
NURSING PARADIGM
● patterns or models used to show a clear PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
relationship among the existing theoretical works in ● promoting good but involving some expected
nursing unavoidable harm
●
METAPARADIGMS OF NURSING
the highest level of knowledge
HISTORY OF NURSING
INTUITIVE PERIOD
PERSON ● prehistoric → early christian era
● The recipient of nursing care (individuals, families, ● more on intuition
groups and communities) ● nomads- travel from one place to another
○ survival of the fittest
ENVIRONMENT ○ “best for the most”
● the external and internal aspects of lids that ● sickness is due to “voodoo”
influence the person ● performed out of feeling of compassion for others
● performed out of desire to help
HEALTH ● performed out of wish to do good
● the holistic level of wellness that the person ● nursing is given by the women
experiences ● Shaman- uses white magic to counteract the black
magic; doctors that time
NURSING ○ they use hypnosis, charms, dances,
● the interventions of the nurse rending care in incantations, purgatives, massage, fire,
support of or in cooperation with the client water and herbs as a means of driving
illness from the victim
ETHICAL CONCEPTS THAT APPLY TO NURSING ● Trephining - drilling the skull that is used to treat
PRACTICE psychotic patients as they are believed to be
possessed by evil spirits
ETHICS ● growth of religion is the most important thing that
● a study of good conduct, character and motives happened
● determines the rightness and wrongness of an act ● growth of civilization
● lack of self-preservation inspire man in search of
MORALS knowledge
● one’s own belief, opinions and attitude that guides
one action RISE IN CIVILIZATION
● from the mode of nomadic life → agrarian society →
VALUES gradual development of urban community life
● existence of means of communication
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● start of scientific knowledge → more complex life → ● method of paper making
increase in health problems → demand for more ● factors that hampered the advancement of medicine
nurses ○ baby boy given girl’s name
● nursing as a duty of slaves and wives ○ prohibits dissecting of human body thus
● nursing did not change but there was progress in thwarting scientific study
the practice of medicine ● medicine and nursing
● care of the sick was still closely allied with ○ used massage, hydrotherapy, and exercise
superstitions, religion and magic as preventive health measures
○ used many herbs, minerals, and
DIFFERENT CIVILIZATIONS acupuncture to heal the sick
BABYLONIANS INDIA
● CODE OF HAMMURABI ● SUSHURUTO
○ 1st recording on the medical practice ○ 1st recording on the nursing practice
○ established the medical fees ● hampered by taboos due to social structures and
○ discouraged experimentation practices on animal worship
○ specific doctor for each disease ● medicine men built hospitals
○ right of patient to choose treatment ● intuitive form of asepsis
between the use of charms, medicine, or ● proficient practice of medicine and surgery
surgical procedure ● nurses qualifications
○ lay brothers
EGYPTIANS ○ priest nurses
● ART OF EMBALMING ○ combination of pharmacist
○ mummification ○ masseurs
○ removing the internal organs of the dead ○ pt
body ○ cooks
○ instillation of herbs and salt to the dead ● there was also a decline in medical practice due to
○ used to enhance their knowledge of the fall of buddhism which is a state relgiion of india
human anatomy, SInce work was done ● early hospital staffed by male nurses who were
and performed on the dead, they learned required to meet four qualifications
nothing on Philosophy ○ knowledge of the manner in which drugs
● THE 250 DISEASES should be prepared for administration
○ the documentation about 250 diseases ○ cleverness
and treatments ○ devoted to the patient
HEBREW ○ purity of mind and body
● teaching of MOSES ● indian women served as midwives and nursed ill
○ created Leviticus family members
○ Father of sanitation
● Practice the values of “Hospitality to strangers” GREECE
and the “Act of Charity” – contained in the book of ● AESCULAPIUS
Genesis ○ father of medicine in Greek mythology
● LEVITICUS- 3rd book of the Old Testament ● HIPPOCRATES
○ laws controlling the spread of ○ father of modern medicine
communicable diseases ○ 1st to reject the idea that diseases are
○ laws governing cleanliness caused by evil spirits
○ laws on preparation of food ○ 1st to apply assessment
○ purification of man and his food ○ practice medical ethics
○ the ritual of circumcision- on the 8th day ● CADUCEUS
after birth ○ Insignia of medicine
● MOSAIC LAW ○ composed of staff of travellers intertwined
○ meant to keep hebrews pure do that they with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus
may enter sanctuary without affronting and his healing power). At the apex of the
God staff are the two wings of
○ meant as a survival and hygienic reason Hermes(Mercury) for speed
only ● Nurses function of untrained slaves
CHINA ROMANS
● use of pharmacology drugs ● proper turnover for the sick people
● “MATERIA MEDICA” ● “If you are strong, you are healthy”
○ book that indicated the pharmacologic ● transition from Pagan to Christianity
drug used for treatment ● FABIOLA
● no knowledge on anatomy
● use of wax to preserve the body of the dead
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○ converted to Christian and later she
converted her home to a hospital and used
her wealth for the sick
○ created the first hospital in the Christian MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS
world which is in Rome called
Nosocomium(a place for sick) KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM
● 1st organized visiting of the sick began with the ● Italian
establishment of the order of the Deaconesses; ● devoted to religious life and nursing
Corporal works of mercy TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
○ feed the hungry ● Germany
○ give water to the thirsty ● established tent hospital for the wounded
○ clothed the naked
○ visit the imprisoned KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS
○ shelter the homeless ● Germany
○ care of the sick ● was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers
○ bury the dead in Jerusalem after Christians had conquered the city
● PHOEBE
○ first deaconesses and visiting nurse THE ALEXIAN BROTHERS
● MARCELLA ● were members of a monastic order founded in 1348
○ considered the first educator ● established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of
○ taught the care of the sick to her followers Nursing
● PAULA ○ largest school of nursing under a religious
○ one of the most learned woman of this order
period ○ operated exclusively for men
○ built a shelter for pilgrims and hospital for ○ In the United States, the school closed in
the sick 1969
● PARABOLANI
○ provided an opportunity for the male
RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER
nurses in the early church period ● rise of Religious Nursing orders for Women
○ took care of the sick and buried dead ● Only entering a covenant could she follow a career
obtain an education, and perform acts of charity that
AFRICA her faith taught would help her gain grace in heaven
● the nurturing functions of the nurse included roles ● Queens, and princesses, and other ladies or royalty
as midwife, herbalist, wet nurse, and carer dor founded many religious orders
children and the elderly
ORDERS OF ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI
● 1200- present
A wet nurse is a woman who breastfeeds and cares ● First order- founded by St. Francis himself
for another's child. Wet nurses are employed if the ● Second order (Poor Clares) - founded by St. Clare
mother dies, or if she is unable or chooses not to of Assisi
nurse the child herself. Wet-nursed children may be ● Third order (tertiary order) - composed of members
known as "milk-siblings" who devoted their time to perform acts of mercy in
their communities; most provided nursing care in
homes and hospitals
APPRENTICE PERIOD
● 11th century → 1839
THE BEGUINES
● On the job training period
● composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to
● refers to a beginner (on-the-job-traning)
the service of suffering humanity
● it means care performed by people who are
● founded in 1170 by a priest, Lambert Le Begue
directed by more experienced nurses
● starts from the founding of religious orders in the OBLATES
6th century through the crusades in the 11th centuty
● there was a struggle in religious, political and
BENEDICTINES
economic power
● crusades took place in order to gain religious,
URSULINES
political, and economic power for adventure
○ the crusades were holy wars waged in an
attempt to recapture the Holy Land from AGUSTINIANS
the Turks who denied pilgrims permission
to visit the Holy Sepulcher. Military OTHER RELIGIOUS ORDERS
religious orders established hospitals that ● Camillus de Lellis (16th Century) founded a nursing
were staffed by men order to provide care for the poor, the sick, the
● Christians were diviced due to several religious war dying, and those in prison
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● In 1633, the sisters of charity were by Saint Vincent FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
de Paul in France ● practiced her profession during the Crimean WAs
○ first of many such orders organized under ● “Lady with a lamp”
various Roman Catholic Church Auspices ● from a well-known family
and largely devoted to caring for the sick ● Went to Germany to study
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● introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be Nursing throughout the history and led to the
eliminated by cleanliness and sanitation development.
● opposed central registry of nurses ● Knights’ contributions, Fabiola’s contributions, the
● Wrote Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it is saints and other personalities
not ● Deaconesses – Theodore Fliedner
● Wrote notes on hospitals
WAR
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD ● Crimean War (Arm conflict between England and
● World War II - present allies Turkey, Sardinia vs. Russia); 1854-1856
● This refers to the period after World War I and the ● Florence Nightingale emerged and became
changes and development in the trends and well-known (Crimean War)
practice of nursing occuring since 1945 after Wortld ○ She was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of
War II the British war department to recruit a
● Includes specific and technological development, contingent of female nurses to provide
social changes occuring after the war care to the sick and injured in Crimea.
● Nursing is offered in College and Universities ○ She transformed military camps into
● DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS: hospitals by setting up sanitation process:
○ W.H.O established by U.N to fight hand washing and washing clothes
diseases by providing health information, regularly
proper nutrition, living standard,
Victorian Middle were just wives to their husbands
environmental conditions. Class Women and children
○ The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis
and treatment.
○ Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing Guardian Angel or image arose in the latter part of
○ Medical equipment and machines for Angel of Mercy 19th century because of work of
diagnosis and treatment Florence Nightingale in the
○ Health related laws Crimean War.
○ Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement
in CHN (community setting) She brought respectability to the
nursing profession, nurses were
○ Utilization of computers
viewed as noble, compassionate,
○ Technology advances such as the moral, religious, dedicated, and
development of disposable equipment and self-sacrificing
supplies.
○ Development of the expanded role of
Nurses Doctor’s image arising in the early 19th
handmaiden century ;
RELIGION
● Played a significant role in the development of Nurses were poorly educated, some were incarcerated
Nursing criminals –This was reflected in the book written by
● The Christian values of LOVE THY NEIGHBOR AS Charles Dickens through the character of Sairy Gamp
THY SELF, PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN – who cared for the patients by stealing from them,
had a significant impact on Nursing physically abusing them. These literary works have
● CHRISTIANITY – the greatest impact in the greatly affected social attitudes about nursing, the
influence of religion in the development negative impression and image of nurses up to the
● The religious values of self-denial, Spiritual Calling, contemporary period.
Devotion to Duty, and Hard Work dominated
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NURSING LEADERS ● Belied about causation of diseases
○ caused or inflicted by other person (enemy
or witch)
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ● beliefs that evil spirits could be driven off by person
● Contributions are well documented with powers to expel bad spirits
● Lady with the Lamp ○ belief in Gods of healing
● She was the 1st nurse to exert political pressure on ○ Word doctors- priest physicians
government ○ Herbolarios - herb doctors
● Notes on Nursing: What It is and What It Is Not – ● Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and
her greatest achievement ; made her be recognized practices in relation to health and sickness
as nursing’s 1st scientist-theorist ● diseases, their causes and treatment were
● Born on a wealthy and intellectual family associated with mysticism and superstitions
● She was given an honorarium of 4500 and used it ● person suffering from diseases without any
to develop Nightingale Training School for Nurses, identified cause were believed bewitched by
which was opened in 1860. “mangkukulam”
● difficult childbirth were attribute as “nonos”
CLARA BARTON ○ difficult birth, witches were supposed to be
● A school teacher who volunteered as nurse during
the cause, gunpowder exploded from a
the American Civil War
bamboo pole close to the head of the
● Her responsibility was to organize the nursing
mother to drive evil spirits
services
● evil spirits could be driven away by person with
● Established the American Red Cross
powers to expel demons
● belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician -
LILLIAN WALD word doctors, herbolarios
● Founder of Public Health Nursing (Now: Community
Heath Nursing)
EARLY HOSPITALS DURING THE SPANISH
● Wald and Mary Brewstaer were the 1st one to offer
REGIME
trained nursing services to the poor in the New York ● hospital real de Manila
slums ○ 1577
○ 1st hospital establishes
LAVINIA L. DOCK ○ Gov. Francisco de Sande
● Feminist, prolific writer, political activist, suffragette ○ To give service to king’s Spaniard soldiers
● Friend of Wald ● San Juan de Dios Hospital
● She participated in protest movements for women’s ○ 1596
rights which granted women to vote. ○ For poor people
● Campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather ○ located at Roxas Boulevard
than physicians to control their professions ● San Lazaro Hospital
● Founded the American Society of Superintendents ○ 1578
of Training Schools for Nurses on the United States ○ Fray Juan Clemente
and Canada – precursor to the current National ○ named after the Knights of St. Lazarus
League for Nursing ○ Hospital for the lepers
● Hospital de Aguas Santas
MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER ○ 1590
● Public health nurse in New York ○ Fray Juan Bautista
● Had a lasting impact on women’s health care ○ Named after its location (near spring)
● Imprisoned for opening the 1st birth control because people believed that spring has a
information clinic in America healing power
● Considered to be the founder of “Planned ● Hospital de Indios
Parenthood” ○ 1586
○ Franciscan orders
MARY BRECKINRIDGE ○ hospital for the poor filipino people
● Notable pioneer nurse
● Established “Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)” PROMINENT PERSONAGES DURING PHILIPPINE
● She worked with the American Committee for REVOLUTION
Devastated France, distributed food, clothing, and
supplies to rural villages and taking care of the sick JOSEPHINE BRACKEN
children. ● Wife of Jose Rizal installed a field hospital in an
estate in Tejeros that provided nursing care to the
HISTORY OF NURSING wounded night and day
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○ 1966 FNA became Philippine Nurses
HILARIA DE AGUINALDO Association
● wife of Emilio Aguinaldo organized the Filipino Red ○ PNA 1st president: Rosario DElgado
Cross ○ Founder- Anastacia Giron-Tupas
● 1953 - Republic Act 877 known as “Nursing
MELCHORA AQUINO Practice Law” was approved.
● Tandang Sora
● nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers, gave them OTHER PERSONAGES
shelter and food
● took care of the wounded Katipuneros ANASTACIA GIRON TUPAS
● founder of Philippine Nurses Association that is
CAPTAIN SALOMEN established on September 02, 1922
● a recolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided ● 1st Filipino chief of PGH
nursing care to the wounded when not in combat ● 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the
Philippines
AGUEDA KAHABAGAN
● revolutionary leader in Laguna provided nursing ROSARIO DELGADO
services to her troops ● 1st president of FIlipino Nurses Association
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