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Gabriel Almond

Ki Pathshala
Comparative Politics
Thoughts of Gabriel Almond
गेब्रियल आलमंड के विचार
1. Introduction
2. Important Books
3. Civic Culture Concept
4. Classification of Interest Group
5. Structural Functional Approach
By – Pradyumn Sir
Gabriel Abraham Almond
(1911 –2002)
Introduction
➢ He was an American political scientist.
➢ He was born in 1911 in America.
➢ He is credited for his significant contribution in the field of Comparative
Political Studies.
➢ His expertise belong to the field of “Political development” and in
popularized the idea of a political culture.
➢ He is famous for the development of Structural Functional Approaches
along side Bingham Powell.
पररचय:
➢ वह एक अमेरिकी िाजनीतिक वैज्ञातनक थे।
➢ उनका जन्म 1911 में अमेरिका में हुआ था।
➢ िुलनात्मक िाजनीतिक अध्ययन के क्षेत्र में उनके महत्वपूर्ण योगदान के तलए उन्हें श्रेय
तदया जािा है ।
➢ उनकी तवशेषज्ञिा "िाजनीतिक तवकास" के क्षेत्र से संबंतिि है औि उन्होंने एक
िाजनीतिक संस्कृति के तवचाि को लोकतिय बनाया।
➢ वह तबंघम पॉवेल के साथ संिचनात्मक कायाणत्मक दृतिकोर् के तवकास के तलए ितसद्ध
है ।
His Major Works :

➢ The Politics of the Developing Areas – Published in 1960 and co-authored


with James S. Coleman.
➢ The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations-
published in 1963 , Co-authored with Sidney Verba.
➢ A Developmental Approach to Political Systems – Published in 1965.
➢ Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach- In this 1966 book, along
with Powell he introduced the idea Structural Functional approach for
comparing Political Systems.
➢ Comparative Politics Today: A World View– Published in 1974.
➢ Ventures in Political Science: Narratives and Reflections– His last book
published in 2002.
Political Culture : Civic Culture
➢ Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba’s in there book “The Civic Culture: Political
Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (1963)”, surveyed United States, the
United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Mexico.
➢ They differentiated between political cultures in which citizens were active
or inactive in civic affairs.
➢ Almond and Verba identified three types of political culture:
Political Culture : Civic Culture
➢ गेतियल आलमंड औि तसडनी वबाण ने "द तसतवक कल्चि: पॉतलतिकल एतिट्यूड एं ड
डे मोक्रेसी इन फाइव नेशंस (1963)" पुस्तक में संयुक्त िाज्य अमेरिका, यूनाइिे ड तकंगडम,
जमणनी, इिली औि मैक्सिको का सवेक्षर् तकया।
➢ उन्होंने िाजनीतिक संस्कृतियों के बीच अंिि तकया तजसमें नागरिक नागरिक मामलों में
सतक्रय या तनक्सिय थे।
➢ बादाम औि वबाण ने िीन िकाि की िाजनीतिक संस्कृति की पहचान की:
Three types of Political Culture:
1. Parochial cultures - in which citizens have neither knowledge of
nor interest in politics. Example are African tribal societies.
2. Subject cultures - in which citizens largely obey but participate
little . Example- China
3. Participant cultures - in which citizens understand and take part
in politics and voluntary associations . Example - Britain

िीन िकाि की िाजनीतिक संस्कृति:


1. संकीर्ण संस्कृतियााँ - तजनमें नागरिकों को न िो िाजनीति का ज्ञान है औि न ही उनमें
रुतच है । उदाहिर् अफ्रीकी आतदवासी समाज हैं ।
2. िजा संस्कृतियााँ - तजसमें नागरिक बडे पैमाने पि पालन कििे हैं लेतकन बहुि कम
भाग लेिे हैं । उदाहिर्- चीन
3. ितिभागी संस्कृतियााँ - तजसमें नागरिक िाजनीति औि स्वैक्सिक संघों को समझिे हैं
औि उनमें भाग लेिे हैं । उदाहिर् - तििे न
Interest Group Classification by Almond & Coleman

Institutional
Group

Associational
Group
Interest
Group/Pressure
Group
Anomic Group

Non-
Associational
Group
➢ Institutional Interest Group : These groups are formally organised which consist
of professionally employed persons. They are a part of government machinery
and try to exert their influence. But they do have much autonomy. These groups
include political parties, legislatures, armies, bureaucracies and churches.
➢ Associational Interest Groups : These are organised specialised groups formed
for interest articulation, but to pursue limited goals. These include trade unions,
organisations of businessmen and industrialists and civic groups.

➢ संस्थागि तहि समूह: ये समूह औपचारिक रूप से संगतिि होिे हैं तजनमें पेशेवि रूप से
तनयोतजि व्यक्सक्त शातमल होिे हैं । वे सिकािी िंत्र का तहस्सा हैं औि अपना िभाव डालने की
कोतशश कििे हैं । लेतकन उनके पास बहुि अतिक स्वायत्तिा है । इन समूहों में िाजनीतिक दल,
तविातयका, सेना, नौकिशाही औि चचण शातमल हैं ।
➢ साहचयण तहि समूह : ये संगतिि तवशेषीकृि समूह होिे हैं जो रुतच व्यक्त किने के तलए बनाए
जािे हैं , लेतकन सीतमि लक्ष्ों को िाप्त किने के तलए। इनमें िर े ड यूतनयन, व्यवसातययों औि
उद्योगपतियों के संगिन औि नागरिक समूह शातमल हैं ।
➢ Anomic Interest Groups : These are the groups that have analogy with individual
self-representation. In such type of groups, perpetual infiltrations such as riots,
demonstrations are observed. These groups are found in the shape of movement
demonstrations and processions,signature campaigns, street corner meetings, etc.
➢ Non-Associational Interest Groups : These are the kinship and lineage groups and
ethnic, regional, status and class groups that articulate interests on the basis of
individuals, family and religious heads. These groups have informal structure.
These include caste groups, language groups, etc.

➢ एनॉतमक इं ििे स्ट ग्रुप : ये ऐसे समूह हैं तजनकी व्यक्सक्तगि आत्म-ितितनतित्व के साथ सादृश्यिा है । इस
िकाि के समूहों में दं गे, िदशणन जैसी सिि घुसपैि दे खी जािी है । ये समूह आं दोलन िदशणनों औि
जुलूसों, हस्ताक्षि अतभयानों, नुक्कड सभाओं आतद के रूप में पाए जािे हैं । उनकी गतितवतियााँ या िो
संवैिातनक या असंवैिातनक हो सकिी हैं ।
➢ गैि- साहचयण तहि समूह: ये रिश्तेदािी औि वंश समूह औि जािीय, क्षेत्रीय, क्सस्थति औि वगण समूह हैं जो
व्यक्सक्तयों, परिवाि औि िातमणक िमुखों के आिाि पि तहिों को स्पि कििे हैं । इन समूहों की
अनौपचारिक संिचना होिी है । इनमें जाति समूह, भाषा समूह आतद शातमल हैं ।
GABRIEL ALMOND’S STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
➢ According to Gabriel Almond, system was more important than process
because system implied totality.
➢ interactions among units within the totality and stability in these
interactions, which he described as "changing equilibrium".
➢ In “Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach” (1966) book, along
with Powell he introduced the idea Structural Functional approach for
comparing Political Systems.
➢ गे तियल आलमंड के अनुसाि, िर्ाली ितक्रया से अतिक महत्वपूर्ण थी क्ोंतक िर्ाली में
समग्रिा तनतहि थी।
➢ इन अंिः तक्रयाओं में समग्रिा औि क्सस्थििा के भीिि इकाइयों के बीच बािचीि, तजसे
उन्होंने "बदलिे संिुलन" के रूप में वतर्णि तकया।
➢ "िु लनात्मक िाजनीति: एक तवकासात्मक दृतिकोर्" (1966) पुस्तक में, पॉवेल के साथ
उन्होंने िाजनीतिक िर्ातलयों की िुलना के तलए संिचनात्मक कायाणत्मक दृतिकोर् का
तवचाि पेश तकया।
Diagram of Almond’s Model
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