Results and Discussion: Project Report ECE Study Materials

Project Report
ECE Study Materials
www.pbtstudies.blogspot.com
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS OF GRAYSCALE IMAGE The simulation results and performance metrics of our proposed work were observed and calculated using MATLAB. Fig. 4.1 shows the cover image of grayscale Lena and its
stegoimage. Fig. 4.2 shows the histogram of cover image and histogram of stegoimage of fig. 4.1
Cover Image
Stego Image
Fig 4.1 Cover image and stegoimage (Grayscale Image Lena)
Fig. 4.2 Histogram of cover and stegoimage of fig 4.1 25
Project Report
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The performance metrics of the fig. 4.1 are given below. Step size = 2 Capacity = 16.59% Mean Square Error = 0.8492 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio = 48.8410 dB
Fig. 4.3 shows the cover image of grayscale Pepper and its stegoimage. Fig. 4.4 shows the histogram of cover image and histogram of stegoimage of fig. 4.3.
Cover Image Stego Image
Fig 4.3 Cover image and stegoimage (Grayscale Iamge Peppers)
` Fig. 4.4 Histogram of cover and stegoimage of fig 4.3
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The performance metrics of fig. 4.3 are given below Step size = 2 Capacity = 17.33% Mean Square Error = 1.1661 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio = 47.4635 dB 4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS OF COLOUR IMAGE
Fig. 4.5 shows the cover image of colour Lena and its stegoimage. Fig. 4.6 shows the histogram of cover image and histogram of stegoimage of fig. 4.5.
Fig 4.5 Cover image and stegoimage (Color Image Lena)

Histogram of Cover Image Histogram of Stego Image
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Fig. 4.6 Histogram of cover and stegoimage of fig 4.5
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ECE Study Materials
The performance metrics of fig. 4.5 are given below. Step size = 2 Capacity = 15.66% Mean Square Error = 0.8422 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio = 48.8765 dB
Fig. 4.7 shows the cover image of colour Pepper and its stegoimage. Fig. 4.8 shows the histogram of cover image and histogram of stegoimage of fig. 4.7.
Fig 4.7 Cover image and stegoimage (Color Image Peppers)
Histogram of Cover Image 3000 3000
Histogram of Stego Image
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Fig. 4.8 Histogram of cover and stegoimage of fig 4.7 28
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The performance metrics of fig. 4.7 are given below. Step size = 2 Capacity = 16.94% Mean Square Error = 1.1121 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio = 47.6692 dB
4.3 COMPARISON RESULTS

The performance metrics is calculated for increasing step size and the results are tabulated. As the embedding step size increases, the capacity with which the secret bits could be embedded increases at the cost of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR) i.e., for lower embedding step size capacity will be minimum and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is maximum and for higher embedding step size capacity will be maximum and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio will be minimum and therefore as a compromise between capacity and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio we select embedding step size as 2 to 6 to obtain optimum capacity and Peak signal to Noise Ratio. Table 4.1 Performance metrics for gray-scale image (Lena) AVERAGE MAXIMUM BITS ENCODED (IN BITS) 192423 296531 363758 412361 448897 478039 502083 522590 540785 595547 627254 MEAN SQUARE ERROR
0.8512 1.7318 2.6984 3.6969 4.7921 5.8410 6.9577 8.0894 9.3966 15.7494 22.4727 48.8307 45.7458 43.8198 42.4524 41.3255 40.4659 39.7061 39.0517 38.4011 36.1582 34.6143
EMBEDDING STEP SIZE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20
PSNR (db)
CAPACITY (%)
16.60 25.61 31.32 35.38 38.43 40.83 42.63 44.13 45.47 49.50 51.57
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Table 4.2 Performance metrics for gray-scale image (Peppers) AVERAGE MAXIMUM BITS ENCODED (IN BITS) MEAN SQUARE ERROR PSNR (db)
CAPACITY (%)
218587 340721 421962 481303 526154 561830 591534 615650 635731 703316 744637
1.1680 2.6099 4.3398 6.1401 7.9406 9.7569 11.4748 13.1926 14.9768 22.7822 30.2142
47.4564 43.9646 41.7561 40.2490 39.1323 38.2377 37.5334 36.9275 36.3766 34.5548 33.3287
17.34 27.05 33.49 38.21 41.80 44.68 46.98 48.93 50.30 55.11 57.49
Table 4.3 Performance metrics for colour image (Lena) EMBEDDING STEP SIZE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 AVERAGE MAXIMUM BITS ENCODED (IN BITS) 406001 603725 720627 802073 858201 901745 934491 965868 987984 1066889 1112729 MEAN SQUARE ERROR
0.8417 1.7089 2.6595 3.6947 4.7224 5.8062 6.9132 8.0552 9.3310 15.6555 22.4957
PSNR (db)
CAPACITY (%)
15.66 23.20 27.57 30.57 32.66 34.20 35.32 36.35 37.12 39.72 41.10
48.8791 45.8037 43.8827 42.4550 41.3892 40.4919 39.7340 39.0701 38.4315 36.1841 34.6098
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Table 4.4 Performance metrics for colour image (Pepper) AVERAGE MAXIMUM BITS ENCODED (IN BITS) 484159 727579 876528 978504 1052655 1109930 1154066 1188985 1220421 1323035 1377997 MEAN SQUARE ERROR
1.1062 2.4341 3.8996 5.4200 6.8478 8.4526 10.0069 11.4102 12.9082 20.1474 27.6644 47.6926 44.2674 42.2206 40.7908 39.7753 38.8609 38.1278 37.5579 37.0221 35.0886 33.7116
PSNR (db)
CAPACITY (%)
16.95 25.41 30.41 33.78 36.23 38.12 39.47 40.51 41.44 44.32 45.79
Fig. 4.9 Performance of stegoimages for capacity by varying the embedding step sizes
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Fig. 4.10 Performance of stegoimages for mean sqaure error by varying the embedding step sizes
Fig. 4.11 Performance of stegoimages for PSNR by varying the embedding step sizes
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When capacity is plotted against Embedding step size it can be noted that capacity will be maximum for grayscale images when compared to colour images. On the other hand when Mean Square Error is plotted against Embedding step size Mean Square Error will be maximum for gray scale images when compared to colour images. When Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is plotted against embedding step size it is observed that Peak Signal to noise ratio will be higher for colour images when compared to grayscale images. By keeping step size as constant the performance metrics are calculated by increasing the payload and the results are tabulated. It can be observed when payload is minimum Mean Square Error is
minimum and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is maximum. When payload increases it could be noted that Mean Square error increases and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio decreases i.e, quality of stego image. Table 4.5 Performance metrics of grayscale image (Peppers) for varying payload with step size of 2 No. of bits 500 1000 5000 10,000 50,000 1,00,000 2,00,000
218587
MSE 0.0087 0.0167 0.0762 0.1328 0.3892 0.6258 1.0821

1.1680
PSNR (dB) 68.7369 65.9074 59.3124 56.9003 52.2294 50.1665 47.7882

47.4564
Table 4.6 Performance metrics of grayscale image (Peppers) for varying payload with step size of 4 No. of bits 500 1000 5000 10,000 50,000 1,00,000 2,00,000 3,00,000 4,00,000
421962
MSE 0.0108 0.0205 0.1042 0.1831 0.6579 1.1415 2.1429 3.1089 4.1033
4.3398
PSNR(dB) 67.7937 65.0189 57.9527 55.5032 49.9495 47.5560 44.8208 43.2047 41.9994
41.7561
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Table 4.7 Performance metrics of grayscale image (Peppers) for varying payload with step size of 6 No. of bits 500 1000 5000 10,000 50,000 1,00,000 2,00,000 3,00,000 4,00,000 5,00,000 526154 MSE 0.0137 0.0258 0.1290 0.2404 0.9002 1.6711 3.1323 4.5776 6.0857 7.5366
7.9406
PSNR (dB) 66.7556 64.0193 57.0238 54.3209 48.5873 45.9008 43.1721 41.5244 40.2877 39.3591
39.1323
When compared among different embedding step sizes, the maximum performance metrics can be obtained when the step size is minimum i.e., 2. When compared between color and grayscale images, color image exhibits maximum performance metrics. Table 4.8 Performance metrics of color image (Peppers) for varying payload with step size of 2 No. of bits 500 1000 5000 10,000 50,000 1,00,000 2,00,000 3,00,000 4,00,000 484159 MSE 0.0037 0.0082 0.0376 0.0711 0.2299 0.3558 0.5574 0.7595 0.9497
1.1062
PSNR (dB) 72.4084 68.9837 62.3783 59.6101 54.5151 52.6186 50.6693 49.3256 48.3548
47.6926
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Table 4.9 Performance metrics of color image (Peppers) for varying payload with step size of 4 No. of bits 500 1000 5000 10,000 50,000 1,00,000 2,00,000 4,00,000 6,00,000 8,00,000 876528 MSE 0.0049 0.0094 0.0469 0.0952 0.3436 0.5842 1.0341 1.8807 2.7321 3.5590
3.8996
PSNR (dB) 71.2679 68.3805 61.4168 58.3438 52.7697 50.4654 47.9853 45.3876 43.7658 42.6175
42.2206
Table 4.10 Performance metrics of color image (Peppers) for varying payload with step size of 6 No. of bits 500 1000 5000 10,000 50,000 1,00,000 2,00,000 5,00,000 8,00,000 10,00,000 1052655 MSE 0.0064 0.0117 0.0584 0.1123 0.4711 0.8070 1.4493 3.3979 5.3140 6.6062
6.8478
PSNR (dB) 70.0579 67.4392 60.4656 57.6276 51.3992 49.0618 46.5191 42.8187 40.8766 39.9313
39.7753
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Fig. 4.12 Performance of grayscale (Pepper) stegoimage for MSE for step size 2, 4 and 6 by varying the payload
Fig. 4.13 Performance of grayscale (Pepper) stegoimage for PSNR for step size 2, 4 and 6 by varying the payload
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Mean Square Error is plotted against payload for varying step size and the maximum Mean Square Error is obtained for step size = 8.
Fig. 4.14 Performance of color (Pepper) stegoimages for MSE for step size 2, 4 and 6 by varying the payload
Fig. 4.15 Performance of color (Pepper) stegoimage for PSNR for step size 2, 4 and 6 by varying the payload Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is plotted against payload for different step size and maximum Peak Signal to Noise Ratio is obtained for embedding step size = 2. 37

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