UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

Jurusan Teknik Geologi

Jl. Grafika 2, Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Geoinformasi
(Semester 2 Th 2017/2018; 2 SKS)

Operasi Data Spasial:

3D Analysis

Mei 2018
Klasifikasi Operasi Data Spasial dengan GIS
Menurut Aronoff (1989), de By et al. (2001):

1. Retrieval, (re)classification & measurement

operations
2. Overlaying operations
3. Neighbourhood operations
4. Connectivity operations
5. 3D Analysis
5. 3D-Analysis
❑ Three dimensional analysis expands the 2D analysis capabilities of generic GIS
that involves a range of different capabilities
❑ The most commonly utilized method is the generation of perspective surfaces.
Perspective surfaces are usually represented by a wire frame diagram reflecting
profiles of the landscape, e.g. every 100 metres. These profiles viewed together to
provide a three dimensional view.
❑ Most GIS software packages offer 3-D capabilities in a separate module. Several
other functions are normally available. These include the following functions :
• user definable vertical exaggeration, viewing azimuth, and elevation angle;
• identification of viewsheds, e.g. seen versus unseen areas;
• the draping of features, e.g. point, lines, and shaded polygons onto the
perspective surface;
• generation of shaded relief models simulating illumination;
• generation of cross section profiles;
• presentation of symbology on the 3-D surface; and
• line of sight perspective views from user defined viewpoints.
❑ For users who are demanding a solid 3D modeling (esp. geologists), the above
method is not considered 3D analysis, rather it is 2.5 D Analysis or 3D Display
 GIS Modeling Levels

• 3D Display (often called 2.5D Analysis) • 3D Analysis (often called true,

• 2D Display
solid 3D)
• one z value at a single modeling process
• Surfaces may have multiple z
• stack can create volume between
values for a x,y location
surface layers, but each surface does not
have a thickness • This level of analysis is
typically not yet supported by
• This is the analytical level which is
GIS, but utilizes special package
commonly supported by GIS
somehow linked to GIS
ArcGIS 3D Analyst Components
• 3D Visualization Application Programs
 ArcScene
 ArcGlobe

• 3D Analysis - GeoProcessing:
 Surface Analysis
 Conversions
 Feature-oriented Analysis
3D Analysis Components
 ArcScene
 Is where 3D Analyst is located
 Visualization and Some Analysis
 ArcGlobe
 Like Google Earth – google’s is better
 ArcMap - does NOT display 3D!
 ArcCatalog – can preview in 3D
3D Analyst in ArcGIS: ArcScene and ArcGlobe

 Provides tools in ArcScene and ArcGlobe for visualizing 3D

data, creating surfaces and analyzing surfaces
3D Data
 Has a Z value
 Elevation is most common Z value
 But can also represent
 Pollution levels
 Noise levels
 Precipitation …. Etc.
3D Data Types
3D Data Structures
 DEM raster

 TIN (Triangulated
Irregular Network)
 3D Data Structure Types

Volume rendering Surface rendering

• Equal to raster in 2D
• Equal to vector in 2D
• volume elements (voxels)

11
Multipatch
3D view or visualization
 Open ArcScene
 Load DEM or TIN
 Raster will be flat!
 Set base height
 Set vertical exaggeration
 Illumination of DEM
Navigation tools for 3D view
 General nav tool

 Zoom tool

 Fly tool

 Guess what?

 Expand field of view

 Narrow Field of View

Vertical Exaggeration
 Why?
 used to emphasize small changes
 bring z-units into proportion with x,y units
 It is a only visual effect that does NOT affect analysis
Illumination
 Every Scene has a light source – the sun
 Thus different parts of the scene are illuminated
differently
 The sun’s position is described by…
 The sun’s azimuth is measured from 0 (north) to 360
(north)
 The sun’s altitude (0-90) is its height above the horizon.
Layer Properties
 Base Heights
 establishes the elevations of surface locations and features.
 Extrusions
 tells 3D Analyst how high a feature rises above the ground
or extends below it.
Base Heights
 Elevation values that are used to display a layer in
3D.
 These values can come from various places.
 layer:
 the node elevations in a TIN,
 the cell values in a raster,
 the z-values in a 3D feature layer,
 or the elevation attribute values for a 2D feature layer.
Extrusions
 Three-dimensional extension of features.
 An extruded point → a line;
 An extruded line → a wall;
 An extruded polygon → a chunk.
 There are many methods used to do this
Adding 2D data
 Turning on in TOC does not do much – maybe can’t even
see it!
 Have to set the layer’s elevations
 Layer properties/Base Heights from DEM
3D Analysis (GeoProcessing)
• Prepare data for visualization/analysis
• Performing surface/feature 3D analysis

van Maren & Jinwu Ma (2012)

3D Analyst Tools in 10.x

 New toolset structure

 17 new tools added:
 Buffer3D
 Difference3D
 StackProfile
 ObserverPoints
 EncloseMultipatch
 SunShadowVolume
 Intersect3DLineWithMultipatch
 And more LiDAR Dataset GP Tools…

van Maren & Jinwu Ma (2012)

Surface Calculations
 Slope
 Aspect
 Hillshade
 Contours
 Reclassification
3D Analyst Tools
Analysis Types Geoprocessing Tools Used
Line-of-Sight Analysis • ConstructSightLines
• LineOfSight
• AddZInformation
Visibility Analysis • (Intervisibility)

Sub-Surface Analysis • Buffer3D

• Intersect3D
• AddZInformation
Shadow Analysis • EncloseMultipatch
• SunShadowVolume
• Intersect3D

van Maren & Jinwu Ma (2012)

Line-of-Sight Analysis

Construct Sight Line

Line of Sight
Add Z Information

van Maren & Jinwu Ma (2012)

Visibility Analysis

(Intervisibility)
Sub-surface Analysis

Buffer 3D
Intersect 3D
Add Z Information
Shadow Analysis

Enclose Multipatch
Sun Shadow Volume
Intersect 3D
A Highly Visual Database
Example: visualisation Java trench subduction slab

(Hamilton, 1975; Whitford, 1975)

3D GIS Database of Java (Setijadji, 2005)
Linear Referencing System for 3D Borehole Data

Borehole data sets are

modeled as 3D lines
(X,Y,Z) with a measure
value (M). ?
top_depth
xa , ya , za , MDa?
Hole-related datasets can
be to be modelled as base_depth
xb , yb , zb , MDb?
events that occur ?
somewhere along the ?
?
boreholes. xn , yn , zn , MDn ?
? xTD , yTD , zTD , MDTD
?
Borehole data, Prambon district, East Java (JOGMEC, 2004)
The End