Water Footprint (WF)

水足跡簡介
PCN SMO
Femi Lo
國際水管理發展趨勢
Trend of International

水足跡定義及介紹
WF Introduction

產品水足跡量化流程
Product WF Quantification

案例分享
Cases 2
Trend of international
國際水管理發展趨勢
Global Warming
&
Global Drying…
 SEA WATER
97.5%
But….

Water Planet
FRESH WATER 2.5%

－Polar Cap/Snow Amount

－Deep Water on Earth

0.26% Fresh Water Available

5
 Evolution of Global Fresh
About 70% Water Consumption

Source : Igor A, Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute and UNE, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO, Paris)
6
 Global Available Water

Scarcity
Stress

Source : UNEP, http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/water2/page/3207.aspx

7
Water War

8
 Source: http://www.oilempire.us/water.html

9
 以色列與巴勒斯坦為水爭執(1/2)
Israel and Palestine struggle over water
 每個以色列人得到的水量是巴勒斯坦人的5倍，在加薩地區這
種不均衡的情況更嚴重
Five times the amount of water in each Israelis Palestinians in Gaza this imbalance is
even more serious.

 以色列限制巴勒斯坦人已開鑿水井的取水量
Israeli restrictions on the Palestinian people have dug wells take water.

 在夏天缺水時，以色列的自來水公司Mekorot會關閉供給巴勒
斯坦鄉鎮的主要水管的閥門
Close the valve of the main water pipe to supply Palestinian villages and towns in the
summer of water shortages, the Israeli water
10
company Mekorot.
 以色列與巴勒斯坦為水爭執(2/2)
Israel and Palestine struggle over water
 雙方於1995年簽署了「奧斯陸和平進程」:
 不減少以色列從約旦河西岸含水層的取水量
 巴勒斯坦人所增加的用水必須去找新的水源來因應，而不
是將現有水源重新分配
 以色列擁有開發新水資源計畫的否決權
 In 1995, the two sides signed the 「Oslo peace process」:
 Does not reduce water withdrawal of Israel from the West
Bank aquifer.
 Water must be increased by the Palestinians to find new
sources of water in response, rather than re-allocation of
existing water sources.
 Israel has a veto power to the development of new water
resources plan. 11
 Cochabamba
Water War
2000年

12
 Ban Coca Cola 2006
英格蘭「薩塞斯克大學」以美國可口可樂公司「不道
德」為由，19日宣布該校學生活動中心所有可口可樂
產品撤架，成為英國第一個禁絕可口可樂產品的校園，
薩塞斯克大學學生會主席葛拉斯表示:「基於維護健康
的理由，我們反對可口可樂，但真正重要的原因是，
可口可樂在哥倫比亞的反工會行為，以及可口可樂在
印度造成的環境損害」。
England "University of Sussex Trask," The Coca-Cola
Company in the United States "immoral" grounds,
school student activity center all Coca-Cola products
Withdrawing Support announced on the 19th, to
become Britain's first ban Coca-Cola products on
campus, the student body president at the University
of Sussex Intrinsic GeLas said: "based on the
maintenance of health reason, we oppose Coca-Cola,
but really important because Coca-Cola in Colombia's
anti-union behavior, as well as environmental damage
caused by Coca-Cola in India". 13
 Go Away PERRIER

 瓶裝水公司進駐，抽取當地地下水，造
成居民用水井水位下降
Bottled water company stationed in to
extract local groundwater, causing
residents with wells, water level decline
 瓶裝水製造公司獲最大利益
Bottled water manufacturing companies
were the best interests of

14
 秘魯的水源與英國的蘆筍
 秘魯伊卡谷地區蘆筍的工業化生產正快速消耗著沙漠地區的水
資源。小型農戶及當地居民發現水井已有乾涸跡象。當地輸往
主要城市的水源也面臨威脅。
The industrial production of asparagus in Peru Ica Valley region is
rapidly consuming the water resources of the desert areas. Small
farmers and local residents discovered that the wells have been
dried up signs. Local exports to major cities water is threatened.
 從2002年開始，當地地下水位便急劇下降。某些地區的水位
竟然每年下降達8米。是世界上蓄水層枯竭速度最快的地區
Beginning in 2002, local groundwater table will be a sharp decline.
The water level in some areas actually fell by 8 meters a year.
Aquifer depletion in the world's fastest-growing areas
15

Source : www.guardian.co.uk
孟加拉國首都達卡的一些市民在布裏岡加河中
洗澡。布裏岡加河為達卡市1,000萬市民中的四
分之一提供生活用水，但該河目前正受到工業
廢水的嚴重污染
Some members of the public in the capital of
Bangladesh, Dhaka Buri Gunga River in bath.
Bristol Gunga River for a quarter of the 10 million
people in Dhaka City the serious pollution of the
water of life, but the river is currently subject to
industrial wastewater.

伊拉克首都巴格達南部的薩馬瓦，幾名婦女
在一口簡陋的水井旁打取極污濁的井水
South of the Iraqi capital Baghdad, Samawah,
several women in the fight to take next to
the wells of a crude foul wells.
16

Source : www.news.cn
橫跨巴西鐵特河的一個灑水裝置往河水上的白色泡沫噴水以減少漂浮的
泡沫。由于河裏的泡沫散發出有毒氣體，當地兒童患呼吸道疾病和皮膚
病的人數已經增加了80%
Across Brazil Iron River sprinklers spray of white foam on to the river to
reduce the floating bubble. Has been a 80% increase in the number of local
children suffering from respiratory diseases and skin diseases due to the
17
river's foam emit toxic gases.
 2012.03 6th World Water
Forum
第六屆世界水資源論壇

「是該解決問題的時刻了！」
“ Time for Solutions ”
 來自180多個國家和地區，約2.5萬名代表(From
more than 180 countries and regions, about 25,000
delegates)
 尋求各國之共識或承諾以解決全球水相關問題
(Seek national consensus or commitment to solving
global water issues)
 討論水足跡及水經濟等議題(To discuss issues such
as water footprint and water economy)
 2013訂定為「國際水的合作年」(2013 set as the
「International cooperation in the 18water year」)
WF Introduction
水足跡定義及介紹
 Water Footprint Network (WFN)
水足跡網絡組織

Year Process/Activities

Concept was introduced in 2002 by Arjen Y. Hoekstra from UNESCO-

2002 IHE as an alternative indicator of water use
倫敦大學教授Arjen在聯合國教科文組織提出虛擬水概念
NGO WFN
2008
國際非營利組織”水足跡網絡組織”成立
Business Water Footprint Accounting published by WFN
2008
WFN出版”企業(組織)水足跡計算”
Water footprint manual : State of the Art 2009
2009
水足跡手冊
The Water Footprint Assessment Manual (Global Standard)
2011
水足跡評估手冊
21
http://www.waterfootprint.org
Water Footprint Network (WFN)
水足跡網絡組織

22
 Water Footprint ??
何謂水足跡 ??
檢視生產績
效
Production
水足跡的概 performanc
念是由荷蘭 虛擬水概念 e
教授 Virtual
Hoekstra於 water
2002年提出 用水量計算
Water
accounting 水資源佔用
透過產品傳 的綜合評價
遞Flow by 指數Water
products resource
直接及間接用
水總量 indicator
Consumption
directly and
indirectly

24
25
Water Footprint
Green
water

Blue Grey
water water
26
 Water footprint of a consumer or producer

直接用水 間接用水
Direct water use Indirect water use

Green water Green water

Water footprint footprint 水消耗
withdrawal
Water
Non-consumptive Blue water Blue water consumption
water use(return flow)
footprint footprint

Grey water Grey water 水污染

footprint footprint Water
pollution
27
 營運水足跡 供應鏈水足跡
與產品生產直接相關的營運 與產品投入相關的供應鏈
水足跡 水足跡

Green water Green water

• 產品內的水footprint
• 企業購買的原材料
footprint 水消耗
• 清洗等過程消耗和
Blue water
的水足跡
Blue water
Water
consumption
污染的水footprint • 與企業購買的原材
footprint
• 冷卻過程造成的水 料的生產相關的其
水污染
Grey water Grey water
熱污染 footprint 他形式的水足跡
footprint Water
pollution

日常開支部分的營運水足跡 日常開支部分的供應鏈水
足跡

Green water • 基礎設施(如建築材

Green water
footprint footprint 水消耗
• 廚房、廁所、園藝、 料等)的水足跡 Water
Blue water Blue water
工作服清洗等消耗
footprint
• 企業日常消耗的材
footprint
consumption

的水 料和能源的水足跡
Grey water Grey water
(如辦公材料、電力、 水污染
Water
footprint footprint
差旅) pollution
 虛擬水定義
Virtual Water Definition (1/2)

29
 虛擬水定義
Virtual Water Definition (2/2)
Green Water
• 綠水足跡 = 生產流程中消耗之雨水量
• Volume of rainwater consumed during the production process. (stored
in the soil or temporarily stays on top of the soil or vegetation)
• WF(green) = Evaporation + Incorporation

Blue Water
• 藍水足跡 = 產品或服務生產流程中消耗之表面水/地下水之水量
• Volume of surface and groundwater consumed as a result of the
production of a good or service.
• WF(blue) = Evaporation + Incorporation +Lost Return flow

Grey Water
• 灰水足跡= 放流至承受水體標準時所消耗的稀釋水量
• Defined as the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the
load of pollutants based on existing ambient water quality standards.
30
• WF(grey) = [ L(mass/time) ] ÷ [Cmax – Cnat(mass/volumn)]
 虛擬水流佈Virtual Water Flow

Green water

Grey Water

Blue water 31
32
33
 National virtual water balances

Net virtual water import (Gm3/yr) A national virtual water flow balance can be drafted by subtracting the export volume
-100 - -50 from the import volume. Figure 1 shows the virtual water balance for all countries
of the world. Most of the Americas, Australia, most of Asia and Central Africa
-50 - -25
have net export of virtual water. Net import of virtual water can be found in most of
-25 - -10 Europe, Japan, North and South Africa, the Middle East, Mexico and Indonesia. It
-10 - -5 appears that developed countries generally have a more stable virtual water balance
-5 - 0 than the developing countries. Countries that are relatively close to each other in
0-5 terms of geography and development level can have a rather different virtual water
5 - 25 balance. Germany, the Netherlands and the UK are net importers whereas France is a
25 - 50 net exporter. The US and Canada are net exporters whereas Mexico is a net importer.
50 - 100 Although the US has more than three times as much gross virtual water export as
34
No Data Australia, Australia is the country with the largest net export of virtual water in the
world.
 Water footprint per capita

WFP(m3/cap/yr)
600 - 800
800 - 1000
1000 - 1200
1200 - 1300
1300 - 1500
1500 - 1800
1800 - 2100
2100 - 2500
No Data

35
[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]
 Water footprint per capita
3000
Domestic water consumption Industrial goods Agricultural goods

2500
Water footprint (m /cap/yr)

2000
3

1500 Global average water footprint

1385
1000

500

0
Pakistan

Mexico

Russia

Thailand
Indonesia

Brazil

USA
Italy
Nigeria
China

India

Japan

36 [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

 產品水足跡估算

估算產品水足跡必須先瞭解生產該產品的方法，亦即必須先瞭解
生產系統。
To estimate product water footprint must first understand the
method of production of the product, that is, you must first
understand the production system.
生產系統包含連續的生產步驟，以棉質襯衫為例，生產系統由種
植棉花、採收、軋棉、梳整、紡織、漂白、染色、印花、修整等
步驟構成。
The production system includes a continuous production steps, cotton
shirt, for example, the production system by planting cotton,
harvesting, ginning, combing, textiles, bleaching, dyeing, printing and
finishing steps. 37
 產品水足跡估算

 估計產品水足跡時必須先將生產系統解構為有連續性的生產步驟，尤其是
深入分析時更需以時空細部資料解析各步驟，如此才能追溯產品投入的原
產地。
The estimated product water footprint must first production system
deconstruction continuity of production steps, especially more in-depth analysis
required to resolve the spatial and temporal detail each step, so can be traced
back the product into the Country of Origin.
 以前述棉質襯衫而言，棉花可能是在中國生產，製造可能是在馬來西亞，
消費可能是在歐洲。
The aforementioned cotton shirt, cotton production in China, manufactured in
Malaysia, the consumer might in Europe.
 各地生產環境和製程特性皆不相同，故生產地點會影響水足跡的大小。
Around the production environment and process characteristics are different,
the production location will affect the size
38
of the water footprint.
 產品水足跡估算
 計算產品水足跡有兩種方法：
 鏈加總法（the chain-summation approach）：此種方法較簡單卻僅能用
於單一產品的生產系統，加總各流程的水足跡即可得到產品水足跡。

This approach is simpler than one that will be discussed next , but can be

applied only in the case where a produces one output product.

 階段累積法（the step-wise accumulative approach） ：為生產某產品前

一階段所需的投入產品（或稱為中間投入）之水足跡和該產品本身生產
階段水足跡之和。
This approach is a generic way of calculating he water footprint of a product based on
the water footprints of the input products that were necessary in the last processing
step to produce that product and the process water footprint of that processing step.
39
 水足跡評估WF Estimate Base

 WF Estimate (水足跡評估之重點有二) :
淡水消耗量 (Fresh water volumes consumed)

單位污染強度量 (Polluted per unit)

40
 水足跡盤查類型Water Footprint
Inventory Types (1/2)
 Process Water Footprint 製程水足跡
針對生產製程的淡水資源耗用強度與污染稀釋負荷量

Total volume of fresh water that is used directly or indirectly to

produce the product

 Product Water Footprint 產品水足跡

產品生產鏈中，因直接及間接生產活動累積之淡水耗用量

Total volume of fresh water that is used directly or indirectly to

produce the product
41
 水足跡盤查類型Water Footprint
Inventory Types (2/2)
 Business Water Footprint 企業(組織)水足跡
企業活動鏈中，因直接及間接生產活動累積之淡水耗用量

Total volume of freshwater that is used directly or indirectly to run

and support the business.

 Consume water footprint 消費型水足跡

針對產品使用端的淡水消耗量

Total volume of freshwater that is used directly or indirectly to run

and use product.
42
Product WF Quantification
產品水足跡量化流程
 水足跡計算&盤查概論
了解產品生命週期各階段用水量
Understand the various stages of the product life cycle water consumption

水足跡盤查可以做為企業內部擬訂有效節水策
略及達成水資源利用最佳化的基礎
Water footprint inventory can be used as the internal development of an
effective water-saving strategies and achieve the best utilization of water
resources of the foundation

不僅代表完整、科學且可靠的資訊揭露，也是
企業重視社會責任的表現
Not only represent a complete, scientific and reliable information disclosure,
but also attach importance to the performance of social responsibility
46
 Inventory Report
產品水足跡量化流程
Quantify Product WF
水足跡量化
Quantification

選用分配原則
Allocation
數據收集
Data Collection
建置水平衡圖
Water Balance
選擇供應商
Suppliers
Product 47 選定標的產品
 Instruction by Case- Bath Gel
案例說明-沐浴乳
 盤查種類Inventory Type
 Type : Product WF
 Period : 2012.01.01~2012.12.31

 盤查邊界Boundary
 包含Including :
 原物料及製造Material and manufacture Not including 未包含:
 配送、零售、消費者使用及廢棄物處理 Transportation, retail,
consumption and disposal

48
 Blue Water
Scope & Boundary Green Water
Grey Water
Boundary
Materials(原料)
Product/Extract(生產/萃取)
Supplier Chain
Materials(原料)
Shape/Refine(成形/精練)
供應鏈

Produce(生產)
Stir/Mix(攪拌/混合)
Produce
Produce(生產) 生產製造
Fill/Bottle

Consuming(產品使用)
Consuming
Disposal(廢棄處理) 產品使用及廢棄
49
 Product 選定標的產品

Product List 產品一覽表

Series Spec. Production(ml/yr) Production(Btl/yr) Sale(Btl/yr)

系列產品 規格 年產量(ml) 年產量(瓶) 年銷售(瓶)
Green Tea Bath HD
綠茶沐浴乳 2,000,000 5,000 5,000
400ml
Green Tea Bath HD
綠茶沐浴乳 5,000,000 5,000 5,000
1000ml
Lavender Bath HD
薰衣草沐浴乳 8,000,000 20,000 19,500
400ml
Lavender Bath HD
薰衣草沐浴乳 10,000,000 10,000 9,800
1000ml

50
 Product: Lavender Bath Gel – 400ml
Composition Ingredients Ratio(w/w)% Weight(g)
Weight(%)
組成 成分 成分比例 重量
Aqua 水 65 260 53.31%
Surfactant 介面活性劑 10 40 8.20%
Foambooster 起泡劑 7 30 6.15%
Mitigant 溫和劑 6 20 4.10%
Substance
Fragrance 香精 5 20
內容物 4.10%
Citric acid 檸檬酸 4 20 4.10%
Lavender extract 萃取物 2 5 1.03%
Sodium cocoamphoacetate 0.3 0.1 0.02%
Menthol Crystal 薄荷醇 0.5 0.2 0.04%
Bottle (HDPE) 瓶 - 50 10.25%
Container/ Flip Top Cap 壓頭 - 12 2.46%
Packing Label 標籤 - 0.4 0.08%
包裝物 Box 包裝箱 - 20 4.10%
Box of tic-tac-cell 井格 51
- 10 2.05%
 Suppliers 選擇供應商

 Main Material 主要原料

 Weight > 1.0 % 成分重量百分比 > 1.0%
 Client/International standard request 客戶或國際標準
 First phase suppliers 一階供應商

 First Phase Data 一級(階)活動數據

 Measurable 可量測
To verify roughly and use directly 初步確認後直接採用

 Unmeasurable 無法量測
By Sector research reports or others 參考產業文獻用水量或其他數據
52
 Water Balance 建置水平衡圖

City water Process WWTP Discharge

自來水 加工製程用水 廢水處理廠 放流

Cleaning water
清洗程序用水

Domestic water
生活用水

City water 自來水

Others Wastewater 廢水
雜項用水
Recycle water 回收水
53
 Data Collection 數據收集

1. Raw Material Manufacture 原物料製造階段

2. Produce 生產製造階段
Data Quality Definition:

Quality 品質 Definition 定義
The data is organized, and has been verified.
H, High
數據完整且品質已被確認
The data is organized, but has not yet been
E, Even
verified. 數據完整，但其品質尚未被確認
The data is estimated.
L, Estimated
數據為推估
Ex, Excluded The data is excluded.
54 排除數據
 Raw Material Manufacture
原物料製造

Composition Ingredients Status Blue WF Green WF Grey WF

Remark
組成2 成分 資料狀態 (m3/Btl) (m3/Btl) (m3/Btl)
Aqua 水 E 2.0 --- 3.0
Surfactant 介面活性劑 H --- 1.5 Supplier A
Foambooster 起泡劑 H --- 1.5 Supplier A
Mitigant 溫和劑 H --- 1.5 Supplier A
Substance
Fragrance 香精 H --- 2.0 Supplier A
內容物
Citric acid 檸檬酸 H 0.5 0.7 1.0 Supplier A
Lavender extract 萃取物 H 0.5 1.5 ---
Sodium cocoamphoacetate Ex --- --- ---
Menthol Crystal 薄荷醇 Ex --- --- ---
Bottle (HDPE) 瓶 H 3.0 --- 2.5 Supplier B
Flip Top Cap 壓頭 H 3.0 --- 2.5 Supplier B
Container/
Packing Label 標籤 E 2.0 --- 5.0 Supplier C
包裝物
Box 包裝箱 E 5.0 --- 7.0 Supplier C
55
Box of tic-tac-cell 井格 E 3.5 --- 2.0 Supplier C
 Produce 製造階段
Total Consumption
Boundary Activities
總耗用量
邊界 活動流程
(m3/yr)
Process consumption
30
產品用水
Grey water Blue water
藍水

Produce
Cleaning water
加工製造 50
清洗用水

WWTP
5
廢水廠用水
Wastewater Treatment
灰水

To industrial park WWTP

outside the factory 50
工業區污水處理廠
廠外廢水處理

56
Allocation 選用分配原則

??%

??%

57
 Quantification 水足跡量化

Total Consumption Allocation

Boundary Activities
總耗用量 分配耗用量
邊界 活動流程
(m3/yr) (m3/Btl)
Blue water
Process consumption
藍水 30 0.00048
產品用水
Produce Cleaning water
加工製造
50 0.0008
清洗用水
Water for WWTP
5 0.00008
廢水廠用水
Wastewater Treatment
outside the factory To industrial park WWTP
廠外廢水處理
50 0.0008
工業區污水處理廠

Grey water
灰水
分配原則: 各產品用水體積不同
58 !!!
 灰水足跡計算 (1/2)
𝐿 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
𝑊𝐹(𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑦) =
[ 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑛𝑎𝑡 ] (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑣𝑜𝑙)
 L : Pollution Loading 污染負荷
Assumption
BOD= 15mg/l, COD= 20mg/l, SS=55 mg/l
 Cmax : 承受水體指標水質標準濃度
參考 EPA 地面水體分類及水質標準

59
 灰水足跡計算 (2/2)

 Cnat :水體背景值濃度
Assumption : Cnat = 0 mg/l

Calculation

𝑚𝑔
55 × 0.0008(𝑚3 /𝑏𝑡𝑙)
𝑊𝐹(𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑦) = 𝑙
𝑚𝑔
40 −0
𝑙
=0.0011 (m3/btl)
60
 產品水足跡 Product WF

Blue WF Green WF Grey WF Total

Items
(m3/btl) (m3/btl) (m3/btl) (m3/btl)
Raw Material
19.5 2.2 29.5 51.2
原物料
Manufacture
0.00136 --- 0.0011 0.00246
產品製造

Total : 51.202 (m3/btl)

61
 水足跡標籤Water WF Label

When water footprint of a product or service is indicated, it is preferable

that other environmental indicators are given simultaneously in order to
facilitate wider consideration of environmental impact.
62
以台灣可口可樂產品水足跡為例

63
 「鞋」產品水足跡架構
Goal

LCA

Interpretation
•Category •Materials •Green water
•Jordon supplier •Blue water
•Sportswear •Manufacturing •Gary water
•Tennis •Waste •Total water
•Golf •Transporting •Reduced
•Young
•Basketball

65
 Case
案例分享
奇美電子於2010年9月取得面板產業第一張產品供應鏈
「水足跡」查證聲明
水資源保護
 在保護水資源的行動上，奇美電子規劃自2010年起從水
庫週邊環境的認養，往集水區的部分更進一步探索保護
的行動方案
 認養苗栗縣鯉魚潭水庫蓄水區 : 造林植生撫育、認養區
域土地面積達15公頃、創造就業機會
 深入源頭，保護水源，啟動永和山水庫上游護溪

67
節水

68
WF Inventory Process
水足跡盤查流程

69
選擇標的產品
Product

70
確認邊界
Boundary

71
 供應鏈盤查
Supplier Inventory

72
 廠內盤查
Factory Inventory

73
77
水足跡報告
WF Report

78
 第三方認證
Third Party Verification

79
Thanks for your attention ！