SUBMITTED TO

GROUP MEMBERS
Sir Arshad Ali Gillani

 SYED HAIDER ABBAS

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 AMNA MUKHTAR
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 FIZZA BATOOL BPD02193364
 AFSA AKMAL
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 IQRA SALEEM
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 HASEEB IKRAM
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 ABDUL GHAFAR BPD02193059
 MAJID ALI BPD02183056

HUZAIFA MALIK BPD02183328

FAJAR NADEEM BPD02193006

Assignment no 2:
INSTRUMENTATION
Topic:
Titrimetric Analysis
Introduction:

Titrimetry refers to a group of methods of quantitative analysis in which an analyte is determined basing on its stoichiometric
reaction with a reagent of established concentration introduced to a sample gradually until the analyte is consumed
quantitatively

Principle:
The basic principle of the titration is the following: A solution – a so called titrant or standard solution – is added to sample to be
analyzed. The titrant contains a known concentration of a chemical which reacts with the substance to be determined. The
titrant is added by means of a burette.

Classification of titration based on the titration method:

It includes direct titration and indirect titration. Direct titration is a basic titration technique that involves the reaction between the
unknown compounds and compounds with the known concentration.

Indirect titration is also known as back titration and is performed when normal titrations are slow and the endpoint is difficult to
determine. It’s referred to as the reverse process of performing titrations. Generally, it involves two stages; the analyte reacts with the
first reagent, which is added in excess. The reaction of the added reagent with the second reagent determines its volume.

Classification of titration based on the nature of solvents and the nature of the chemical reaction:
It includes acid-base titrations, redox titrations, precipitation titrations, and complexometric titrations, etc. Of these, the most commonly
used types of titrations in quantitative chemical analysis are redox titrations and acid-base titrations.
Classification of titration based on the quality of the reagents used:

It includes strong acid along with strong base titrations, strong acid along with weak base titrations, strong base along with weak acid,
and weak base along with weak acid, etc. these types are generally used in the acid-base titrations.
Different types of tritration :
Acid-base titrations:
The acid-base titration is used to find out the unknown acid or base concentration, which is neutralized with a known concentration of
acid or base. The concentration can be measured using the stoichiometry of the reaction.

It uses the neutralization reaction that takes place between the acid and the base and how it will react when the acid and base formulas
are known. Strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, and weak acid-weak base are the four forms of acid-
base titration.

Redox Titrations:
Redox titration is a technique of measuring the concentration of a given compound due to a redox reaction between titrant and
compound. Sometimes, these forms of titrations include the use of a redox indicator or potentiometer. It works based on the reaction of
oxidation-reduction between the compound and the titrant.

Determining the concentration of unknown compounds is one of the most common laboratory methods. The major types of redox
titrations are iodometry or iodimetry, bromatometry, cerimetry, permanganometry, and dichrometry, etc.

Precipitation Titrations:
Precipitation titration is a titrimetric method that involves the formation of precipitates during the process of titration. In which the titrant
reacts with the compound and forms an insoluble matter and this titration continued until the final drop of the compound is consumed. If
the titrant is excess it will react with the indicator and indicate to end the titration process.

According to the endpoint detection method, precipitation titration has three major types that are widely used, depending on the type of
applications, such as Mohr's method, Volhard’s method, and Fagan’s method.

Complexometric Titrations:
In this type of titration, the metal ion reacts with the indicator and forms a metal indicator complex. Subsequently, ethylene diamine
tetraacetic acid is added that reacts with a metal ion to form a metal-EDTA complex that is extra stable than the metal-indicator complex.
Hence the metal-indicator complex subsequently breaks down and gives free metal ions to react with EDTA.
Free metal ions are not present at the equivalence point and therefore free indicator ion provides a color that is distinct from the metal
indicator complex color. Back titration, replacement titration, direct titration, and indirect titration are the types of complexometric
titration.
Main purpose of using titration method ?
The basic purpose of titration is to determine the unknown concentration in a sample using an analytical method.
Applications of titration:

The major application of titration is that it is used to determine the unknown concentration of solute in different fields.

 Pharmaceutical application is the most common application of titration, in which it is used for purity analysis, and content
analysis of dosage forms or medicines.
 Wine manufacturers use titration to improve flavor and maintain consistency of product, in the absence of analytical techniques
such as gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (HPLC).
 Titration is used for determining the amount of contamination in water, and determine the correct pH of the water.
 In the cosmetics industry, titration is used to determine the concentration and amount of chemicals to utilize in their products.
 It is used in the food industries to determine the nutritional value of food to maintain the quality of a product.
 The titration process is used to determining the pH and acidity of the initial milk used to manufacture the cheese.
 Titration can also be used to determine the amount of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in food.
 Titration is used in the manufacturing of biodiesel fuel in the automotive sector.
 The titration process is used in the paint industry to determine chemical concentrations, pH levels, and the amount of water used
in paints.
 In the diagnosis of diabetes, titration can be used to determine glucose levels.
 Titration is a procedure commonly used to determine which compounds are present in urine samples.
 The theory and practice of titration are taught in many schools and colleges as part of chemistry courses.
 The Titration process is of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mine waters.
 The major application of titration is that it is used to determine the unknown concentration of solute in different fields.

 Pharmaceutical application is the most common application of titration, in which it is used for purity analysis, and content analysis of
dosage forms or medicines.

 Wine manufacturers use titration to improve flavour and maintain consistency of product, in the absence of analytical techniques such
as gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (HPLC).

 Titration is used for determining the amount of contamination in water, and determine the correct pH of the water.

 In the cosmetics industry, titration is used to determine the concentration and amount of chemicals to utilize in their products.

 It is used in the food industries to determine the nutritional value of food to maintain the quality of a product.

 The titration process is used to determining the pH and acidity of the initial milk used to manufacture the cheese.

 Titration can also be used to determine the amount of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in food.
 Titration is used in the manufacturing of biodiesel fuel in the automotive sector.

 The titration process is used in the paint industry to determine chemical concentrations, pH levels, and the amount of water used in
paints.

 In the diagnosis of diabetes, titration can be used to determine glucose levels.

 Titration is a procedure commonly used to determine which compounds are present in urine samples.

 The theory and practice of titration are taught in many schools and colleges as part of chemistry courses.

 The Titration process is of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mine waters.

The End