ROCKS 1

LEARNING
2
OBJECTIVES
1. identify and describe the three basic
rock types;
2. establish relationships between rock
types and their mode of origin and
environments of deposition/formation
3. understand the different geologic
processes involved in rock formation.
Minerals 3

Gems
Minerals making up the Earth
Surface

• Approximately 85% of
the Earth's crust is
composed of oxygen and
silicon

• Silicates are also termed

as (common) rock
forming minerals.
ROCKS 4

• any naturally occurring solid mass or

aggregate of minerals or mineraloid
matter.

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation Stonehenge in England A Boulder

Can a name of a mineral be also
used as a rock name? 5

• Yes, a rock
composed
predominantly of
the mineral
Gypsum (CaSO4)
is called Gypsum
Rock.
ROCKS 5

• are found in the

lithosphere,
which is derived
from the Greek
word lithos
which means
“stone”
 6

Nakabuang Arc, Sabtang Island, Batanes

 7

Kapurpurawan Rock Formations, Burgos,

Ilocos Norte
8
9
 10

Zaragosa Rock Formation (Surigao, Mindanao)

FUN ACTIVITY 11

JUMBLED
WORDS
EARTH PROCESSES

1. ATIWEHNGER
-is the breaking
down or dissolving
of rocks and
minerals on Earths
surface
EARTH PROCESSES

2. IOEROSN
- refers to the
displacement of
sand, soil, or rock
by water or wind
EARTH PROCESSES

3. SETDOPIONI
- the geological
process in which
sediments, soil and
rocks are added to a
landform or landmass
EARTH PROCESSES

4. PCMOIAOCNT
- happens when
sediments are deeply
buried, placing them
under pressure because
of the weight of overlying
layers
EARTH PROCESSES

5. EMEANTITNCO
is a process where sediment
is chemically glued together
when minerals precipitate
from the water they are
dissolved in and fill the pore
space between compressed
sediment
EARTH PROCESSES

6. PULFIT
-refers to the
rising of
portions of the
Earth's surface
EARTH PROCESSES

7. FILINICTATIHO
-the process
that transform
sediment to
rocks
EARTH PROCESSES

8. HMTEAPMSORHIM
is a process of
transformation of
sedimentary and
igneous rocks into the
metamorphic rocks
through physical and
chemical reactions
EARTH PROCESSES

9. EMTIGNL
a solid is turning
into liquid form
with the
introduction of
heat
FUN ACTIVITY 3

1. ATIWEHNGER -is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface

2. IOEROSN - refers to the displacement of sand, soil, or rock by water or wind

3. SETDOPIONI - the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform
or landmass

4. PCMOIAOCNT - happens when sediments are deeply buried, placing them under pressure because
of the weight of overlying layers

5. EMEANTITNCO is a process where sediment is chemically glued together when minerals precipitate from the
water they are dissolved in and fill the pore space between compressed sediment

6. PULFIT -refers to the rising of portions of the Earth's surface

7. FILINICTATIHO -the process that transform sediment to rocks

8. HMTEAPMSORHIM is a process of transformation of sedimentary and igneous rocks into the metamorphic
rocks through physical and chemical reactions

9. 9. EMTIGNL a solid is turning into liquid form with the introduction of heat
EARTH PROCESSES

WEATHERING
-is the breaking
down or dissolving
of rocks and
minerals on Earths
surface
EARTH PROCESSES

EROSION
- refers to the
displacement of
sand, soil, or rock
by water or wind
EARTH PROCESSES

DEPOSITION
- the geological
process in which
sediments, soil and
rocks are added to a
landform or landmass
EARTH PROCESSES

COMPACTION
- happens when
sediments are deeply
buried, placing them
under pressure because
of the weight of overlying
layers
EARTH PROCESSES

CEMENTATION
is a process where sediment
is chemically glued together
when minerals precipitate
from the water they are
dissolved in and fill the pore
space between compressed
sediment
EARTH PROCESSES

UPLIFT
-refers to the
rising of
portions of the
Earth's surface
EARTH PROCESSES

LITHIFICATION
-the process
that transform
sediment to
rocks
EARTH PROCESSES

METHAMORPHISM
is a process of
transformation of
sedimentary and
igneous rocks into the
metamorphic rocks
through physical and
chemical reactions
EARTH PROCESSES

MELTING
a solid is turning
into liquid form
with the
introduction of
heat
ROCK CYCLE
THE ROCK CYCLE
ROCK FORMATION
 Formation of
IGNEOUS ROCKS
a. Below the surface, from slowly cooling magma
Ex. Granite, diorite, syenite
 Formation of
IGNEOUS ROCKS
b. On the surface, from rapid cooling lava
Ex. Basalt, andesite, rhyolite
 Formation of
IGNEOUS ROCKS
c. On the surface, from the consolidation of particle
erupted by explosive volcanic activity.
Ex. Ignimbrite(Adobe), tuff, breccia
 Formation of
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
A. From the cementation of sediments that have been deposited,
buried and compacted over long period of time.
Ex. Shale, sandstone, conglomerate
 Formation of
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
B. From the precipitation of minerals from ions in solution
Ex. Limestone, dolostone, rock salt
 Formation of
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
c. From the compaction and cementation of plant and animal remains
Ex. Coquina, organic limestone
 Formation of
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

a. When the dominant altering factor is pressure, due to tectonic

activity- regional metamorphism
Ex. Slate, Schist, Gneiss
 Formation of
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

b. When the dominant altering factor is heat, from direct contact

between an older rock material and an intruding body of magma –
contact metamorphism
Ex. Marble and Quartzite
ROCK
CLASSIFICATION
3 Basis Types of
ROCKS
a. IGNEOUS ROCKS
b. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
c. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• classified on the basis of the
mode of formation
• physical and chemical properties
3 Basic Types of Rocks 9

IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

Sediment – materials “meta” – change
“ignis” – fire deposited by water, wind and/or
glaciers “morph” - form
3 Basic Types of Rocks 10
IGNEOUS ROCKS 13

• from a Latin word

“ignis” which means
fire.
• are derived from the
cooling and solidification of
magma or lava
• usually hard and crystalline
IGNEOUS ROCKS 13

• Magma is a molten
rock material
beneath the earth
surface
• Lava is molten rock
material extruded
to the surface of
the earth
 IGNEOUS ROCKS 17

General Types:
1) INTRUSIVE or PLUTONIC ROCKS
✓ are formed from magma that cools slowly
✓ forms coarse grained rock
✓ presence of crystal growth
2) EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS
✓ are formed from lava that cool quickly
✓ forms fine-grained rock
✓ lack of crystal growth
3) PYROCLASTIC IGNEOUS ROCKS
✓ are formed from solidification of erupted
volcanic material
IGNEOUS ROCKS 14

Types based on Texture:

1) Fine-grained Igneous rock
(“Aphanitic”) - has smaller crystal
due to the faster rate of cooling of
the magma.
2) Coarse-grained Igneous Rock
(“Phaneritic”) - has larger crystal
due to the slower rate of cooling of
the magma.
IGNEOUS ROCKS 15

Types based on Texture:

Fine-grained Igneous rock Coarse-grained Igneous Rock

(“Aphanitic”) (“Phaneritic”)
IGNEOUS ROCKS 16

Types based on Composition:

1) Mafic - are magmas

associated with crystal
spreading.
- dark colors (black and brown)
- rich in iron and magnesium
2) Felsic – are magmas
associated with crystal
compression.
- white, light gray, tan, pink
-rich in silica
IGNEOUS ROCKS 19

Examples of Igneous Intrusive

or Plutonic Igneous Rocks:

Granite Gabbro Diorite

IGNEOUS ROCKS 20

Examples of Igneous
Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous

Basalt Obsidian Pumice

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 21

• formed when sediments are transformed into

solid rock
• formed from lithification
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 23
Stages in the Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 24

Three (3) Main Types:

1. Clastic- are formed from mechanical

weathering debris.
2. Crystalline – are formed when dissolved
materials precipitate from solution.
3. Bioclastic – are formed by accumulated
sedimentary debris caused by organic
processes.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 25

Three (3) Main Types:

TYPE EXAMPLES
• Conglomerate – composed of pieces
pebble-size or larger
CLASTIC •
•
Sandstone - composed of sand-size pieces
Shale - composed of pieces smaller than
fine sand
• Limestone – a whitish or grayish rock made
CRYSTALLINE of the mineral calcite.
• Rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some
dolomites, and more.

• coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale

• Chalk
BIOCLASTIC • Limestone with fossils
• Coquina
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 26

• The metamorphic rocks get

their name from “meta”
(changed) and “morph”
(form).
• Movement of earth causes
rock to be pressed or buried
that leads to an increase in
temperature and pressure.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 27

Metamorphism is the transformation of the

rock’s minerology and physical characteristics.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 28

Metamorphism is the transformation of the

rock’s minerology and physical characteristics.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 29

Types of Metamorphism
1) CONTACT (THERMAL) Metamorphism
✓ evolves when rock near igneous intrusive
gets heated.
✓ produces non-foliated metamorphic
rocks.
2) REGIONAL (PRESSURE) Metamorphism
✓ affects a large area due to mountain
formation.
✓ foliated rocks are produced and strong
pressure effects.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 30

Two (2) Main Types:

1) NON-FOLIATED
✓ formed around the igneous intrusive.
✓ their atoms recognize while becoming more compact
and dense.
✓ shows color bands that reflects very small impurities.
2) FOLIATED
✓ formed within the earth’s interior.
✓ extremely high temperature and unequal pressure.
✓ better identified on the basis of their texture.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 31

Two (2) Main Types:

• Slate – derived from shale.
• Serpentine – originates from basalt.
• Gneiss – derived from conglomerate.
Contains feldspar or quartz.

• Marble - derived from limestone-its parent rock. A

hard crystalline rock and the most beautiful rock
because of its shimmering luster.
• Quartzite - derived from sandstone, its hard
and durable.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 32

Examples:
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS 33

PROTOLITH
- the original / parent rock or the unmetamorphosed rock
from which a given metamorphic rock is formed
- From the Greek words:
“proto” means first and “lithos” means rock
METAMORPHIC ROCKS 34

PROTOLITH
TYPES OF ROCKS 35