PR 2 – SEMI MENDOZA – 12 AQUINAS

Lesson 2
Citing Literature Sources
CITATION
is an organized way of acknowledging literature sources
• Parenthetical citations
used in specific parts of the research paper.
are placed at the end of the sentence of the
IMPORTANCE paragraph in the body text of your research
paper
• Giving credits to other researchers
The Philippines is primarily an agricultural
• Supporting arguments
country because of its rich natural resources
• Organizing literatura sources
(Dela Cruz, 2010).
Ideas generated by other researchers that were used
and mentioned in your research paper must be cited to • Narrative citation
provide credit to the work of its authors. is another way of inserting citations in the body
text of your research paper.
Citation is important in providing evidence to your claims
in your current research.
According to Dela Cruz (2010), the Philippines
is primarily an agricultural country because of
Citation in the body text of your research paper allows
the readers to see the specific literature you used in its rich natural resources.
that part of the manuscript.
Formatting styles of in-text citations depend on
the field of study. The institution or
Contents That Need Citations organization you belong to may also have a
• Theories and Principles required citation style guide.
General concepts explained in the
background of the study

• Ideas, Hypothesis and Results In-text Citation Styles

Arguments, hypotheses and results of published
research 1. APA - American Psychological
Association
• Methods -academic writing, especially in the field
Data collection and analysis techniques developed by
of life and physical science, and Psychology
other people

• Data Sources 2. MLA - Modern Language Association.

Complementary data figures, tables and graphs -humanities like Language, Arts, and
History.
TYPES OF IN-TEXT CITATION
1. Reference list entry 3. CMOS - Chicago Manual of Style
2. Parenthetical citation - another most used citation format
3. Narrative citation - used by multiple fields like Social
Sciences, Humanities, and other hard
sciences.
 PR 2 – SEMI MENDOZA – 12 AQUINAS
APA Formatting
No author (Italicized title of the
book, Year) (Growing Your Why do we need to cite literature
Business, 2010)
or sources?
(“Title of webpage or
article,” Year) Avoids intellectual property issues such as
1 Author (Surname,Year) (Dela Cruz, 2010)
plagiarism; it gives credits to other
2 authors (Surname 1 & (Dela Cruz & Dizon,
Surname 2,Year) 2010).
researchers; it provides evidence to the
3 or more (Surname 1 et (Dela Cruz et al., 2010). claims made in the study; or, it identifies
al.,Year) and organizes the literature sources

How would you write the parenthetical

MLA Formatting citation for this reference material?
No author (Italicized title of the (Introduction to Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging
book page number) Economics 67)
adulthood: A theory of development from
1 Author (Surname page (Bautista 67). the late teens through the twenties.
number)
2 authors (Surname 1 and (Bautista and Sy 67).
American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
Surname 2 page
number) APA: (Arnett, 2000).

3 or more (Surname 1 et al. (Bautista et al. 67) MLA: (Arnett 469-480).

page number)
CMOS: (Arnett 2000, 469-480).

CMOS
Notes-bibliography system

Author-date system
No author (Title (21st Century Education 2016)
year)

Single author (Surname (Reyes 2016).

Three (Surname 1, (Reyes, Cruz,
year)
authors with Surname 2, and Santos 2016, 18-20)
specific and Surname
Single author (Surname (Reyes 2016, 15-16).
page 3 year, page
with specific year,
numbers number)
page page
numbers number)
Four or more (Surname 1 (Reyes et al. 2016, 22)
authors with et al. year,
Two authors (Surname (Reyes and Cruz 2016, 15)
specific page page
with specific 1 and
numbers number)
page Surname
numbers 2 year,
page
number)
PR 2 – SEMI MENDOZA – 12 AQUINAS

• Citation is an organized method of

acknowledging literature sources used in
specific parts of the research paper. Citing
literature sources may be through the use
of in-text citations and a reference list.
• Two types of in-text citations are
parenthetical and narrative citations.
• There are three common citation style
guides: APA, MLA, and CMOS
• Not all contents of the research paper
need citations. The following are the
important parts of the research paper that
require citations: theories and definitions;
ideas in the literature review; hypotheses
and previous results; data collection and
analysis techniques; and data sources.
 PR 2 – SEMI MENDOZA – 12 AQUINAS

According to Suarez Suarez (2005)

Lesson 3
(2005), it has been forwards that it has
proven that Philippine been proven that
societal practices in Philippine societal
Summarizing Literature Sources the 18th century were practices in the 18th
predominantly century were
influenced by Spanish predominantly
culture with Chinese influenced by Spanish
SUMMARIZING
culture also playing a culture with Chinese
is a process of explaining the content of any role. culture also playing a
material in a brief and coherent manner role. Dela Cruz et al.
(2001) and Marquez
(2003) add in their
works that these
SYNTHESIS cultures intermingled
with existing
links multiple summaries coming from various
indigenous practices.
sources in order to form a coherent and logical
explanation of an idea or argument

Writing a summary involves identifying

SUMMARY SYNTHESIS essential information from the source material. A
Presents information Combines information good summary is essential to creating a synthesized
from different parts from different parts discussion in the literature review.
of the individual of each individual
source source into a single
narrative
Background Relevant information
about the topic
Highlights the Highlights the
Methods Enumerate methods
important points of an important points of used in data collection
individual source multiple sources
Results Relevant results
Conclusion One sentence
Excludes personal Includes personal generalization
analysis analysis STEPS IN WRITING A GOOD
SUMMARY
1. Identify if the topic is relevant to your
current study
2. Locate discussion of key concepts and
variable based on your topic

3. Summarize the information regarding the

identified key concepts
 PR 2 – SEMI MENDOZA – 12 AQUINAS
SYNTHESIZING SUMMARIES The summary is an essential component of a
synthesis. Make sure that the summary
1. Set the main argument/s of each highlights key ideas, arguments, or findings
synthesis. from the chosen sources relevant to your
2. Group summaries according to research topic.
idea/argument.
3. Write the synthesis
What is the difference between a summary
Synthesizing Literature Review and a synthesis?

A summary is an objective discussion of the main

arguments of the reference. It explains the main
ideas of the reference in a brief and coherent
manner. On the other hand, a synthesis incorporates
multiple summaries into a coherent narrative about
an idea or argument.

Why is a summary important in writing a

A literature review and its sub-parts (syntheses) literature review?

The literature review is a synthesis of ideas and

arguments from existing studies on the topic. A
synthesis links multiple summaries. Therefore, a
summary is important in writing a literature
review because it is essential to forming a
synthesis.

How is an article summary used in writing a

synthesis?

An article summary is a component part of a

synthesis. Ideas coming from different article
summaries can be discussed, related, or
contrasted with one another in relation to the
main argument of the synthesis.

Grouping summaries and their ideas per synthesis

PR 2 – SEMI MENDOZA – 12 AQUINAS
• Summarizing is a process of explaining the
content of any material in an objective,
brief and coherent manner.
• A synthesis incorporates multiple
summaries into a single coherent
narrative about an idea or argument.
• In writing a summary, the researcher may
focus on the following parts of the
material: introduction, methodology,
discussion of results, and conclusion.