RICE HARVESTING CBLM With Competency Assessment Tools

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
Sector : Agriculture and Fishery Sector

Qualification Title : Rice Machinery Operation NC II
Unit of Competency : Operate Rice Harvesting And Threshing
Machinery And Equipment
Module Title : OPERATING RICE HARVESTING AND
THRESHING MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT
INSTITUTION:
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

REGIONAL TRAINING CENTER - DAVAO
KOREA-PHILIPPINES VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER
Buhisan,Tibungco, Davao City
Tel. Nos. 238 – 0007 to 0008, Telefax 238 - 0007
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL
The unit of competency, “Operate Rice Harvesting and Threshing
Machinery and Equipment”, is one of the competencies of RICE MACHINERY
OPERATION NCII, a course that comprises the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes required to operate rice harvesting and threshing machinery and
equipment.
The module, Operating Rice Harvesting and Threshing

Machinery and Equipment, contains training materials and activity in
preparing rice harvesting and threshing machinery and equipment,
operating rice harvesting and threshing machine and equipment, monitoring
rice harvesting and threshing machine performance, and performing post-
operation activities.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning

activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning
outcome are Information sheets, Self-checks, Task Sheets and Job
Sheets. There will be an actual interview, written examination,
demonstration of practical skills, and direct observation during Institutional
Assessment. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read and understand all information sheets and complete answer

self-checks. Suggested references are included to supplement the
materials provided in this module.
 Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are confident that
your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklist that
follows the sheets.
 Read and understand the basic process on rice harvesting and

threshing machinery and equipment.
 Familiarize in the system in preparing rice harvesting and threshing
machinery and equipment, operate machinery and monitor
performance, and perform post-operation activities.
 Submit outputs to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the

Achievement Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the
Institutional Competency Evaluation. When you feel confident that
you have had sufficient practice, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The
Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Operation NC II APRIL 2015
Issued by:
TESDA
Operate rice Developed by: KORPHIL Page 1 of 87
harvesting and CARLO D. BACUS
threshing machinery KATHRIEN JOY E. Revision # 01
and equipment MUGAS
results of your assessment will be recorded in your Achievement
Chart and Progress Chart.
 You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this

competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate of
Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
RICE MACHINERY OPERATION NC II
COM PETENCY BASED LEARNING M ATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency M odule Title Code

1 Operate rice land Operating rice land AGR611361
preparation machinery preparation machinery
and equipment and equipment
2 Operate rice crop Operating rice crop AGR621304

establishment machinery establishment
and equipment machinery and
equipment
3 Operate rice crop care Operating rice crop care AGR611363
machinery and equipment machinery and
equipment
4 Operate rice harvesting Operating rice AGR611364
and threshingharvesting and
machinery andthreshing machinery
equipment and equipment
5 Operate rice dryingOperating rice drying AGR611365
equipment
6 Operate rice mill Operating rice mill AGR611366
equipment

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
M ODULE CONTENT
QUALIFICATION TITLE : Rice M achinery Operation NCII
UNIT OF COM PETENCY : Operate Rice Harvesting And

Threshing M achinery And Equipment
M ODULE TITLE : Operating Rice Harvesting And

Threshing M achinery and Equipment
M ODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

operate rice harvesting and threshing machinery and Equipment. It
includes preparing rice harvesting and threshing machine and equipment,
operating rice harvesting and threshing machinery and equipment, monitoring
rice harvesting and threshing machine performance, and preparing post-
operation activities.
Nominal Duration: 32 hours
Learning outcomes
Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:

1. Prepare harvesting and threshing machinery
2. Operate machines and monitor performance
3. Perform post-operation activity

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
COM PETENCY SUM M ARY
Qualification Title : Rice M achinery Operation NC II
Unit of Competency : Operate Rice Harvesting And Threshing

M achinery And Equipment
M odule Title : Operating Rice Harvesting And Threshing

M achinery And Equipment
Introduction
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to operate rice
harvesting and threshing machinery and equipment. It includes preparing
rice harvesting and threshing machine and equipment, operate rice
harvesting and threshing machinery, monitor rice harvesting and threshing
performance, and perform post-operation activity.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you MUST be able to:
1. Prepare harvesting and threshing machinery

2. Operate machines and monitor performance
3. Perform post-operation activity
ASSESSM ENT CRITERIA
LEARNING OUTCOME #1. Prepare rice mill machinery and equipment
CONTENTS:
 Harvesting system operation
 Definition of terms for rice harvesting and threshing operations
 Types and classifications of harvesting and threshing machine and
adjustment
 Types and function of tools for harvesting and threshing machinery
 Procedure in adjustments of machines components
 Inspection of crops for harvesting and threshing
 Knowledge on occupational health and safety procedure

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Machines are checked/adjusted for operation in accordance with

standard practices
2. Tools and materials are prepared as per work requirements
3. Accessories are checked and adjusted according to manufacturer
operator’s manual
4. Matured grain plants are inspected as per established practices
CONDITIONS:
The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Harvesting and threshing machine
o Reaper
o Combine
o Thresher
 Workplace
 Rice crop for harvesting and threshing
 Manufacturer’s operation manual
 Hand-outs and reference materials
 PPE
 Training supplies, tools, materials and equipment
ASSESSMENT M ETHODS:
 Written examination
 Demonstration/ Direct observation of practical skills

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 1. Prepare Rice Harvesting and Threshing M achinery

and Equipment
Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read information sheet 4.1-1 on This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Harvesting system operation” development of the Institutional
Answer Self-Check 4.1-1 Competency Evaluation Tool, which
trainers use, in evaluating their trainees
Read information sheet 4.1-2 after finishing a competency of the
“Definition of terms for
qualification.
harvesting and threshing Go through the learning activities
operation” outlined for you on the left column to gain
the necessary information or knowledge
Answer Self-Check 4.1-2 before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
Read information sheet 4.1-3 on
evaluation tool.
“Types and classifications of The output of this Learning Outcome is a
harvesting and threshing complete Institutional Competency
machine and adjustment” Evaluation Package for one Competency
Answer Self-Check 4.1-3 of Rice M achinery Operation NC II.
Read information sheet 4.1-4 on Your output shall serve as one of your
portfolio for your Institutional
“Types and function of tools for
Competency Evaluation for Prepare rice
harvesting and threshing
harvesting and threshing machinery
machinery”
and equipment.
Answer Self-Check 4.1-4
Feel free to show your outputs to your
Read information sheet 4.1-5 on trainer as you accomplish them for
“Procedure in adjustments of guidance and evaluation.
machines components ”
Read information sheet 4.1-6
on “Inspection of crops for
harvesting and threshing”
Read information sheet 4.1-7 on
“Knowledge on occupational
health and safety procedure”

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Answer Self-Check 4.1-7 After doing all the activities for this LO1,
you are ready to proceed to the next LO2:
Operate rice harvesting and threshing
machinery and monitor performance

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Information Sheet 4.1-1
HARVESTING SYSTEM OPERATION

Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify the
harvesting system.
The Table below gives an overview of tools used at each stage of the
harvesting process in different harvesting systems:
Harvesting system Cutting Hauling Threshing Cleaning

1. Manual Manual Cutting Carrying Hand Winnowing
Systems harvest & with crop threshing or grain
threshing sickle gleaner
by beating
Manual Pedal
harvest & thresher
threshing
by pedal
thresher
Manual Animal
harvest & trampling
threshing
by
trampling
2. Manual harvesting Cutting Collectin Feed-in Winnowing,
with machine threshing with g and thresher thresher
sickle hauling cleaner, or
crop by grain
hand cleaner
3. Machine reaping with Reaper Hauling Feed-in Winnowing,
machine threshing crop by thresher thresher
hand cleaner, or
grain
cleaner
4. Combine harvest Combine

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
TIMING OF HARVESTING
Ripe grains per panicle: The crop should be cut when 80-85% of the grains are
straw (i.e. yellow) colored.
For harvesting the grain moisture content ideally is between 20-25% w.b. If the
crop is too dry, fissures will form in dry kernels when these are re -wetted and high
shattering losses might occur. Fissured grains break when milled. If the grain i s too
wet, it is more difficult to remove grain from the panicle and some damage may
occur during machine threshing. Farmers often determine the harvest timing by
biting the grain which allows them to estimate the moisture content. Grains should
be firm but not brittle when squeezed between the teeth.
If the crop has a lot of surface moisture, e.g. from previous rainfall or early in the
morning, it is advisable to wait to cut the crop until the surface moisture dried off.
Field drying of the cut crop is not recommended because the grains dry slower
when they are placed on the ground. If field drying cannot be avoided because a
thresher is not available, the grains should be exposed to the sun and not placed
inside straw bundles. During good weather non-threshed crops will normally dry at
1-2% moisture per day when spread in the field.
Number of days after sowing: Generally the ideal harvest time lies between 130-
136 days after sowing for late, 113-125 for medium, and 110 days for early
maturing varieties.
Number of days after heading: In dry season harvest, an optimum time of harvest
is 28 to 35 days after heading which gives best grain yield (see shaded area in
graph below), germination, and head rice. In wet season harvest, optimum time is
32 to 38 days after heading.
Harvesting also needs to be timed in a way that threshing can be done as soon as
possible after cutting to avoid re -wetting and reduce grain breakage. Re -wetting of
dry kernels occurs naturally in the field before and after harvest as moisture
transfers from either wet kernels, the soil or from the surrounding air to dry
kernels.

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
The table below lists advantages and disadvantages of common harvesting
systems:

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
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and equipment MUGAS
M ethod Description Advantages Disadvantages
1. M anual Cutting, stacking, Efficient High labor cost·
harvestin bundling, Most effective in Skill dependent
g and handling and lodged crop Susceptible to
threshing piling by hand Winnowing/cleaning grain damage
Threshing by necessary
beating Less weather
Cleaning by dependent
winnowing
2. M anual Cutting and More effective in wet Higher capital
harvestin stacking by hand season harvest-wet cost
g and Threshing by crop conditions Dependency on
threshing machine Higher capacity than availability of
/cleaning Cleaning by manual contractor
by machine or by Lower labor
machine hand requirements
Less dependent on
field size
3. Reaping Reaping by Higher capacity than Higher capital
and machine manual cost
threshing Threshing by Lower labor Dependency on
by machine requirements availability of
machine Cleaning by Less dependent on contractor
machine or hand field size
4. Combine harvesting
Standard Harvests, threshes High throughput; Higher Cost
Combine- and cleans crop timeliness More straw left
harvester mechanically Produces Clean grain behind in the
Cutter-bar cuts Spread straw back in field
crop, while the field Less effective in
conveying system Multi-crop ability partially lodged
feeds crop into the (often used for wheat) crop
threshing and
cleaning systems
Threshing drum
tip speed 20-25
m/s
Combine- Same as above Highest throughput High Cost
harvester except a stripper Less power required Not suited for
with header is used for subsequent small, muddy
stripper- instead of a threshing and Asian fields
header cutterbar cleaning operations Problems in
Can start threshing lodged crop
earlier in the day
Head-Feed Cutterbar cuts High mobility High Cost
Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Combine crop, conveying Can operate in small Low throughput
system “holds” on fields Pick-up reel not
to the straw and Less power required suited for indica
feeds only the for and other high-
panicles into the threshing/cleaning · shattering
thresher Ideal for hard-to- varieties
Threshing drum thresh varieties Complex
tip speed 15 m/s Straw machine
cutting/chopping is
easier
Lower
Axial Flow Similar to High Throughput Lower cost than
combine Conventional Axial-flow threshing conventional
combine system ideal for combine
harvester, except tropical conditions harvesters
an axial flow type
thresher is used.

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Self-Check 4.1-1: FILL IN THE BLANK
1. __________ the ideal moisture content for harvest
Harvesting system Cutting Hauling Threshing Cleaning

1. Manual Cutting
Manual harvest & with 9.________ 2._________ 7._________
Systems threshing by sickle
beating
5.__________ 6._________
Manual Animal
harvest & trampling
threshing by
trampling
2. Manual harvesting Collecting Winnowing,
with machine threshing 4._______ and 10._______ thresher
hauling cleaner, or
crop by grain
hand cleaner
3. Machine reaping with Feed-in Winnowing,
machine threshing 3._______ 8._______ thresher thresher
cleaner, or
grain
cleaner
4. Combine harvest Combine

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.1-1
1. 20-25%
2. Hand threshing
3. Reaper
4. Cutting with sickle
5. M anual harvest & threshing by pedal thresher
6. Pedal thresher
7. W innowing or grain gleaner
8. Hauling crop by hand
9. Carrying crop
10. Feed-in thresher

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
DEFINITION OF TERMS FOR RICE HARVESTING AND

THRESHING OPERATION
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify the basic
terms and its definition for rice harvesting and threshing machinery
operations.
The identification of terms use in rice harvesting and threshing

operation plays an important role in communication during and after the
rice harvesting and threshing operation. It is very necessary to have a
common term and definition use in every activity in order to have a common
understanding in every specific task. For the improvement of this module,
the definition of terms given by Philippine Society of Agricultural
Engineering (PAES 204:2000, PAES 224:2005) with the collaboration of
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) through the
project “Standardization of Postharvest Machinery Testing and Evaluation”
funded by the Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE) of the
Department of Agriculture (DA), the following terms shall apply and
implement as follows:
Axial flow thresher

Throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical
manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the
material axially between the feeding and discharge outlets.
Bran
outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the
endosperm of the rice grain
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the
weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Chaff
Empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing
chamber
Concave grate

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Concave component iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the
cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut
plants
Cracked grains
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
Coefficient of wholeness
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without breaking
the grain
Grain-straw ratio
Grain content ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the
total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
Harvesting
The process of collecting the mature rice crop from the field. Paddy
harvesting activities include cutting, stacking, handling, threshing, cleaning,
and hauling. These can be done individually or a combine harvester can be
used to perform the operations simultaneously
Hold-on thresher
Type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the
threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held
during the threshing operation
M echanically damaged grain

Grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of
threshing operation
Threshing
The process of separating the grain from the straw. It can be either done by
hand, by using a treadle thresher or mechanized .
M echanical rice thresher

Machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles
NOTE It may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
M oisture content
Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight
of the sample (wet basis)
NOTE It is calculated as:

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Moisture content, % w.b. = M o ─ M1 x 100
M1
Where:
Mo = initial mass in grams of the test portion
M1 = mass in grams of the dry test portion
Paddy
Unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk
straw walker
assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the
remaining grains
from straw
reel
revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to
hold the crop being
cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder
conveyor auger
rice combine
mobile grain-harvesting machine (see Figure 1) for cutting, picking, stripping
or picking up
crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain
hopper and depositing
harvest residue onto the ground
shaker shoe
shoe
oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may
also support the
chaffer and the chaffer extension
Peg-tooth cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the
periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements
reciprocating cutter knife

cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating upper
knife wherein its
movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive
rice reaper

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop
rotary knife
cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade
which rotates at the
same time with the pick-up triangular frame
Rasp-bar cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and
stationary bars built into or attached to the concave grate
Rated engine speed

Engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft
as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal
continuous load
Scattering loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during threshing
operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent
Separation loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber with
the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent
Straw length
Cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle
Threshed grain
Grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of
mature, immature, and
damaged grains
Purity
Ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of unclean grains
sample, expressed in percent
Threshing unit
Part of the thresher where the grains are detached and separated from the
panicles
Threshing cylinder

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
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and equipment MUGAS
Part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with
either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery
Threshing efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the total
grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Threshing element
Attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire -loop and rasp-
bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
Head rice
Grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth
(8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. _________ the process of collecting the mature rice crop from the field.
2. ___________ ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of

unclean grains sample, expressed in percent.
3. ____________ the process of separating the grain from the straw.
4. ____________ Empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from

the threshing chamber
5. ______________ Grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or

greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole
grain
6. _______________ Unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with
the hull/husk
7. _______________ Ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the

threshing chamber with the straw, to the weight of total grain input of
the thresher, expressed in percent
8._______________ Engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm)

of the engine shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for
operation at nominal continuous load
9. _______________ Type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done

between bar-like protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the
periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or attached to
the concave grate
10. _______________ Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the

hulls without breaking the grain

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 6.1-2
1. Harvesting
2. Purity
3. Threshing
4. Chaff
5. Head rice
6. Paddy
7. Separation loss
8. Rated engine speed
9. Rasp-bar cylinder
10. Coefficient of wholeness

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF HARVESTING AND

THRESHING MACHINE AND ADJUSTMENT
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify the types
and classification of harvesting and threshing machine and adjustment.
Criteria Type Description Advantage Disadvantage

Feeding Hold-on (or head Only the Straw Lower
type feed) panicle is fed remains throughput
into the intact Complex
machine machine
Feed-in The hole crop Higher Clogging with
is fed into the throughput very wet or
machine long straw.
Higher power
requirement
Crop flow Whole crop Low weight Higher power
moves axially Does not need requirement
around the straw
drum separators
Axial-flow periphery Good
performance
with wet crop
Crop flows Lower power Needs straw
tangentially requirement walker for
through gap Concave separating
between clearance grains from
Conventional
drum and easy to set straw
concave Problems in
wet crop
Threshing Rows of peg Grinds up the
elements teeth straw
attached to Performs well
threshing with wet
Pegteeth drum straw
Typical axial Simple design
flow thresher Cheap
drum

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Rasp bars Lower power Problems
attached to requirement with wet
threshing straw.
drum, usually
Rasp bar
used in
tangential
flow threshers
Typically Lowest power Wears
used in hold- requirement quicker
on threshers Thin wire
and head feed loops comb
Wire loop
combines grain and
thresh
through
impact
M achine Threshing
Threshers can be classified as either feed-in type or hold-on type machines.
Most threshers for paddy are of feed-in type, where the whole crop is fed
through the thresher ensuring high throughput but also having a high
power requirement. Hold-on threshers, in which only panicles are fed into
the machine, generally have a lower capacity than feed-in threshers and are
primarily used in areas where rice straw is bundled and stored for later use.
Most threshers for paddy have peg-tooth threshing drums, however
threshing drums fitted with wire-loops are used if power is limited or in
hold-on threshers.
Larger stationary threshers are fitted with additional cleaning devices such
as an oscillating screen, centrifugal blower or wind-board, and threshed
grain can be handled without further cleaning:

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Figure 1: Components of an axial-flow, feed-in thresher with a cleaner
Principle of Feed-In, Axial-Flow
Thresher
The harvested crop is loaded onto the
tray and fed into the opening between
the cylinder and the concave at one
end of the machine. The pegs on the
threshing cylinder hit the material
separating the grain from the straw
and, at the same time, accelerating
them around the cylinder. The
majority of the grain is threshed
during initial impact but further
threshing is performed as the material
moves axially until the straw is discharged at the opposite end. Threshed
grain, including impurities such as leaves and short pieces of straw, pass
through the openings in the concave and fall onto the oscillating screen
where large impurities are separated.
Figure 2: Threshing drum with peg-

teeth and concave of an axial-flow
thresher
In many regions, machine threshers
are owned by individuals who offer
custom operations to farmers. This
requires that farmers schedule
harvesting dates depending on the
availability of the thresher. Many
threshers are mounted on trailers or
trucks which enables the operator to quickly move from field to field

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Timing: Thresh immediately after harvesting to prevent physical
losses and quality deterioration
Location: Place the thresher as close as possible to the harvested

crop to minimize shattering loss during hauling.
Placement: If the thresher has a cleaner make sure that it is leveled for
best cleaner performance. Turn the thresher with the straw
and chaff outlets facing the leeward direction to prevent the
wind from blowing chaff at the operator. For very wet crop:
Reduce feed rate and clean the concave regularly from
sticky straw and impurities.
Cleaner adjustment: Since crop conditions vary adjust the cleaner for
optimum performance for each situation.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
M achine adjustment
For minimum grain loss and Table 1: Drum tip-speed as a function of rotational
speed for three threshing drum diameters
maximum quality, always adjust
RPM Tip speed (m/s) for drum
the thresher correctly. For peg- diameters of
tooth drums the drum tip speed 30 cm 40 cm 50 cm
should be about 12-16 m/sec. 400 6.3 8.4 10.42
The drum speed in revolutions 450 7.07 9.4 11.78
per minute depends on the 500 7.85 10.5 13.09
drum diameter as it can be seen 550 8.64 11.5 14.4
in Table 1. Higher speeds result 600 9.42 12.6 15.7
in higher grain damage and de- 650 10.21 13.6 17.02
700 11 14.7 18.3
hulled grains. Lower speeds
750 11.8 15.7 19.64
increase the amount of non-
800 12.6 16.8 21
threshed grain and result in 850 13.4 17.8 22.25
grain loss. Lower speeds also 900 14.14 18.85 23.6
decrease the throughput of the
thresher.
Threshing efficiency
The threshed grain received from all outlets with respect to total grain
input expressed as percentage by mass.
Efficiency = 100- % of unthreshed grain 
Factors affecting threshing efficiency
Peripheral speed of the cylinder,Cylinder concave clearance,Type of

crop, Moisture content of crop ,Feed rate
Cleaning efficiency
Efficiency = M/F X 100 
M – Quantity of clean grain obtained from the sample taken at main grain outlet 
F – Total quantity of sample taken at main grain outlet
Combine Harvesting
It is a machine designed for harvesting, threshing, separating, cleaning and
collecting grains while
Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
moving through standing crops. Bagging arrangement may be provided with
a pick up attachment. The main functions of a combine are:
(i) Cutting the standing crops (ii) Feeding the cut crops to threshing unit (iii)
Threshing the crops
(iv) Cleaning the grains from straw (v) collecting the grains in a container.
The whole machine is composed of the following components:

(1) Header (2) Reel (3) Cutter bar (4) Elevator canvas (5) Feeder canvas (6)
Feeding drum (7) Threshingdrum (8) Concave unit (9) Fan (10)
Chauffer sieve (11) Grain sieve (12) Grain auger (13) Tailing auger(14)
Tail board (15) Straw spreader (16) Return conveyor (17) Shaker (18)
Grain elevator (19) Grain container.
Components of and crop flow in a combine harvester

Most Combine harvesters consist of several major components: the cutting
section, the thresher, components for separating the straw, a cleaner and a
grain collection system.
The cutting section usually consists of straw lifters for lifting especially
lodged crop, a cutter bar for cutting the straw above the ground, a reel for
feeding the cut crop into the conveying system and conveyors for
transporting the crop to the threshing components.
The thresher consists of one or more threshing cylinders and a concave.

The threshing unit can be conventional but in most cases rice combines
have axial-flow drums, which are better in handling wet straw and do not
require straw walkers for separating the straw.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
A conventional combine has a set of straw walkers for separation of the
grain from the straw because the crop passes the concave very quickly and a
lot of threshed grains are therefore still contained in the straw. On the straw
walkers the remaining grains are separated from the straw by gravity.
All combines contain a cleaner in which chaff, immature grains and small
straw particles are separated form the grains. The cleaner consists of a
blower and several oscillating sieves.
For grain collection the combine either has a grain tank or is equipped
with a grain bagging station.
For transporting the grain and other fractions inside the combine and for
unloading the grain tank there are several conveyors, which can be bucket
elevators or screw conveyors.
Combine Harvester parts and function identification

The combine harvester can be divided into 4 main sections namely cutting
and feeding, threshing, separating and cleaning
Cutting and Feeding

Combine Header
The reel(1) which rotates at predetermined speed pushes or picks up the

uncut stalks against the cutterbar(2) and the material is delivered onto the
header platform by the platform auger. The cutterbar performs the cutting
action. The header consists of the reel, cutterbar and dividers The dividers
separate the crop so that there is no overloading of the cutting mechanism.
The reel speed can be adjusted for proper harvesting.
Floating cutterbar(2)
This performs the cutting process. It is suspended beneath the header. It
flexes to follow the ground surface. This ensures that the crop is cut at a
particular set height and reduces the risk of missing some heads.
Feeding auger(3) /Header cross conveyor
This is an auger which delivers the material to the feeder conveyor.
Feeding conveyor(4)
This moves the material upwards to the cylinder and concave assembly for
threshing.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Factors affecting Header Losses
(i) Cutting height
(ii) Reel position with respect to the cutter bar
(iii) Reel speed with respect to the forward ground speed
Threshing
Cylinder(5) and concave(6)
These constitute what the threshing section of the combine harvester. The
cylinder and concave performs the threshing action. The cylinder rotates at
pre-set speed while the concave is stationary. The crop passes through a
clearance between the two components. The clearance can be adjusted for
the type and condition. The cylinder can be rasp bar or spike tooth. The
concave can be grated or non-grated. This means the concave may have
openings through which the grain can pass or it may be closed. If grated,
the separation of the grain and chaff occurs at this stage. About 80% of the
grain is separated at this stage. The separated grain falls into the channels
and moves to the front of the combine into the oscillating grain pan. From
the grain pan the grain-chaff mixture moves to the rear and then onto the
cleaning the shoe.
Cylinder beater(8)
Cylinder beater slows down the speed of the material entering the clearance.
Havested material may want to enter the cylinder and concave clearance in
quantities and speed which the threshing mechanism may not cope with.
Threshing M echanism Performance
M easured by;
(i) Threshing efficiency
(ii) Separation Efficiency
(iii) Grain damage
(iv) Amount of straw break up
Threshing Efficiency
The % of the grains thrashed as calculated on the basis of the total grains
entering the threshing mechanism.
Separation Efficiency (of the threshing cylinder)

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
The % of the grains separated at the concave (conveyor) or at threshing part
of the rotary combine as compared to the total grains in the crop entering
the threshing mechanism.
Grain Damage
M echanical damage- includes grain with broken kernels, kernels with skin
damage, kernels with the damage resulting in poor germination, poor
storability, poor processing characteristics of the grain.
Methods of measuring grain damage include;
(i) visual inspection of the sample of grain
(ii) sieving through the standard sieve
(iii) germination rate
Excessive straw break-up

(i) increases with the load in the cleaning
(ii) increases with cleaning losses
(iii) result in increase in power requirements in the threshing cylinder
Factors Affecting threshing P erformance Parameters

1. Design- cylinder diameter, concave and the number of rasps
2. Operation- cylinder speed, material feed rate
3. Crop condition- moisture content, crop maturity, crop type
Separation
Check flaps(11)
These are suspended above the straw walkers. They regulate the amount of
material flowing and maintain a layer of uniform thickness of the material to
be separated.
Straw walkers/Straw pack (10)
The move in a cascading fashion and they assist in separating grain.
Unthreshed heads that fall through the walker openings are collected by the
grain return parts. The parts return the unthreshed heads for rethreshing
by cylinder and concave assembly.
Rice Machinery Date Developed: Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-
RMO2-2392
Operation NC II APRIL 2015 Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Separation Performance
M easured by
(i) Walker efficiency (as % of grain loss)
(ii) Walker capacity (t/hr)
W alker Efficiency – this is found by dividing the amount of grains

separated by the amount of grains entering the separator.
Separation loss- amount of grain still in the straw as it leaves the combine
Factors Affecting Separation Performance Parameters
1. Design factors
 Walker length
 Grain Throw and speed
2.Operating Parameters
 Material feed rate
 Walker slope
2. Crop conditions
 Grain to material other grain (mog) ratio
 Physical and Mechanical properties of the crop
Grain cleaning
Cleaning shoe
This consist of the chaffer(top) sieve and the sieve(15) and the blowing
fan(16). These do the cleaning of the grain .An air blast directed upwards
through the bottom of the sieve towards the rear of the combine aid in the
separation of threshed and unthreshed seed. The chaffer openings are
adjustable. The unthreshed heads are called tailings that are too heavy to be
blown ride over the chaffer sieve and are collected by the tailing auger(19).
The tailings are taken back to the cylinder and concave assembly for
rethreshing. A clean grain auger(18) receives grain from the sieve and
delivers it to the grain tank.
Cleaning Performance
M easured by:
(i) Grain loss or cleaning efficiency
(ii) Cleaner capacity

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
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and equipment MUGAS
(iii) Grain dockage
Grain loss- calculated by determining the % of lost grain on the basis of

total grain entering the cleaning shoe
Cleaning Efficiency- % of grain recovered by the shoe.
Cleaner capacity- determined by first plotting a curve of grain loss against
material other grain (mog) feed rate passing through the cleaning shoe
Grain Dockage - mount of chaff that is separated with grain. It is
determined by taking a sample of grain from the grain tank and sieving the
grain to determine the % of chaff in the sample.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. _____________% of grain recovered by the shoe.
2. _____________ part of combine slows down the speed of the material

entering the clearance.
Criteria Type Description Advantage Disadvantage

3._______ Hold-on (or head feed) Only the panicle Straw remains Lower
is fed into the intact throughput
machine Complex
machine
4._____________ The hole crop is Higher Clogging with
fed into the throughput very wet or long
machine straw. Higher
power
requirement
Crop flow Whole crop Low weight Higher power
moves axially Does not need requirement
around the straw separators
drum periphery Good
performance
5.__________ with wet crop
Crop flows Lower power Needs straw
tangentially requirement walker for
through gap Concave separating
between drum cle arance easy grains from
6.___________ and concave to set straw
Problems in wet
crop
Threshing Rows of peg Grinds up the
elements teeth attached to straw
threshing drum Performs well
Typical axial with wet straw
7._________ flow thresher Simple design
drum Cheap
Rasp bars Lower power Problems with
attached to requirement wet straw.
threshing drum,
usually used in
Rasp bar tangential flow
threshers

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Typically used in Lowest power Wears quicker
hold-on requirement
threshers and Thin wire loops
head feed comb grain and
8.____________ combines thresh through
impact
9. _________ factor that affects the thresher performance of the

cylinder diameter, concave and the number of rasps
10. ______________ factor that affects the thresher

performance of operation- cylinder speed, material feed rate.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.1-3
1. Cleaning Efficiency
2. Cylinder beater
3. Feeding type
4. Feed-in
5. Axial-flow
6. Conventional
7. Pegteeth
8. W ire loop
9. Design
10. Operation

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF TOOLS FOR HARVESTING AND

THRESHING MACHINERY
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify the types
and function of tools for harvesting and threshing machinery.
HARVESTING AND THRESHING EQUIPM ENT

There are various designs of tools and equipment used for harvesting the
crops and threshing it separately. Sickles, hand tools and reapers for grain
crops operated with different power sources are used. Combine harvesters,
both tractor mounted and self-propelled, are being very widely used for
different grain crops. Functional requirements and principles of working of
tools and equipment for harvesting and threshing are given below:
Harvesting Tools and Equipment
Crops are harvested after normal maturity with the objective to take out
grain without much loss. It involves cutting, gathering, curing, transport
and stacking of the crop. The cutting and conveying losses should not be
more than 2 per cent.
Traditional method of harvesting
The harvesting of crops is traditionally done by manual methods. Harvesting
of major grains are done by using sickle. All these traditional methods
involve drudgery and consume long time. Mechanical harvesting equipment
Timeliness of harvest is of prime importance. During harvesting season,
often rains and stonns occur causing considerable damage to standing
crops. Rapid harvest facilitates extra days for land preparation and earlier
planting of the next crop. The use of machines can help to harvest at proper
stage of crop maturity and reduce drudgery and operation time. Considering
these, improved harvesting tools, equipment, combines are being accepted
by the fanners.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Different type of mechanical harvesting tools / equipment, suitability
for crops and their limitations
(a) Sickle
A simple harvesting tool that has a serrated curved blade

and a wooden handle. The handle of improved sickle has
a bend at the rear for better grip and to avoid hand injury
during operation. Serrated blade sickles cut the crop by
principle of friction cutting like in saw blade. The crop is
held in one hand and the sickle is pulled along an arc for
cutting. Cutting of crop close to the ground is possible
with modified handle. Energy requirement is 80-110
man-h/ha. It can be used effectively for harvesting of
wheat, rice and grasses.
(b) Reapers are used for harvesting of crops mostly at ground level. It
consists of crop-row divider, cutter bar assembly, feeding and conveying
devices. Reapers are classified on the basis of conveying of crops as
given below: i. Vertical conveying reaper windrower It consists of crop
row divider, star wheel, cutter bar, and a pair of lugged canvas conveyor
belts. This type of machines cut the crops and conveys vertically to one
end and windrows the crops on the ground uniformly. Collection of crop
for making bundles is easy and it is done manually. Self-propelled
walking type, self-propelled riding type and tractor mounted 186 type
reaper-windrowers are available. These types of reapers are suitable for
crops like wheat and rice. The field capacities of these machines vary
from 0.20-0.40 ha/h. li. Horizontal conveying reapers This type of
reapers are provided with crop dividers at the end, crop gathering reel,
cutter bar and horizontal conveyor belt. They cut the crop, convey the
crop horizontally to one end and drop it to the ground in head-tail
fashion. Collection of crop for making bundles is difficult. This type of
reapers tractor mounted and suitable for wheat, rice, soybean, and
gram. Performance of reapers with narrow-pitch cutter bar is better for
soybean and gram crops. ill. Bunch conveying reapers This type of
reapers are similar to horizontal conveying reapers except that the cut
crop is collected on a platform and is being released occasionally to the
ground in the form of a bunch by actuating a hand lever. Here, collection
of crops for making bundles is difficult. Bullock drawn and tractor-
operated models are available and they are suitable for harvesting
wheat, rice and soybean crops. it. Reaper binders The cutting unit of this
type of reapers may be disc type or cutter bar type. After cutting, the
crop is conveyed vertically to the binding mechanism and released to the
ground in the form of bundles. Self-propelled walking type models are

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
available but these are not popular due to high cost of twine. Reaper
binders are suitable for rice and wheat.
(c.) W indrow: It is a row of material formed by combining two or more
swaths.
(d.) W indrower: It is a machine to cut crops and deliver them in a uniform

manner in a row.
(e.) Combines Various designs of combine harvester having 2 to 6 m long
cutter bar are commercially available. Therefore, no research effort has been
initiated under the Project up till now. However, the need of a small whole
crop combine harvester is felt. The function of a combine harvester is to cut,
thresh, winnow and clean grain/seed. It consists of header unit, threshing
unit, separation unit, cleaning unit and grain collection unit. The function of
the header is to cut and gather the crop and deliver it to the threshing
cylinder. The reel pushes the straw back on to the platform while the cutter
bar cuts it. The crops are threshed between cylinder and concave due to
impact and rubbing action. The threshed material is shaken and tossed
back by the straw rack so that the grain moves and falls through the
openings in the rack onto the cleaning shoe while the straw is discharged at
the rear. The cleaning mechanism consists of two sieves and a fan. The
grain is conveyed with a conveyor and collected in a grain tank.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
4.____________ having 2 to 6 m long cutter bar are commercially

available.
5. The grain is conveyed with a conveyor and collected in _________.
6.__________ It is a machine to cut crops and deliver them in a

uniform manner in a row.
7.___________are used for harvesting of crops mostly at ground level. It

consists of crop-row divider, cutter bar assembly, feeding and
conveying devices.
8.___________ It is a row of material formed by combining two or more

swaths.
9.___________ A simple harvesting tool that has a serrated curved

blade and a wooden handle
10.__________This type of reapers are similar to horizontal conveying

reapers except that the cut crop is collected on a platform and is being
released occasionally to the ground in the form of a bunch by
actuating a hand lever.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.1-4
1. Blade
2. Ferrule
3. W ooden Handle
4. combine harvester
5. grain tank
6. W indrower
7. Reapers
8. W indrow
9. Sickle
10. Bunch conveying reapers

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
PROCEDURE IN ADJUSTMENTS OF MACHINES

COMPONENTS
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to know the
procedure in adjustments of machines components.
Operating the thresher

Three to four persons are needed for operation: One or two persons to load
the feed tray, one operator who feeds the machine, one person for bagging.
 Start the engine.
 Load the feed tray with harvested crop with

the panicle away from the operator, so it is
fed panicle first into the thresher.
 Feed the crop at a uniform rate. Adjust the
feed rate to match the condition of the
material. Maintain maximum feeding rate
without overloading the engine.
 Adjust the cleaner to suit the threshing

conditions.
 Adjust blower openings to ensure sufficient
air flow needed for winnowing. Open slowly
to provide more air for the cleaner until a
small amount of mature grain flows over the
wind-board. For threshing dry paddy less air
is needed while for wet paddy a higher
airflow is required.
 Adjust the angle of the wind-board. For dry
paddy, the wind-board should be set at its
maximum inclination. For threshing wet
paddy, the inclination of the wind-board
must be reduced. To obtain extra-clean
paddy, set the wind-board at a low
inclination and increase the air shutter
opening. This process will blow more grain

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
over the wind-board, but this can be
recovered by recycling the separated
impurities through the thresher.
 Always use a stick to remove clinging straw
from the oscillating screen to protect hands
from possible injury.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Self-Check 4.1-5: TRUE OR FALSE
1. Three to four persons are needed for operation.

2. Two persons are needed for bagging.
3. In adjusting blower openings we do not need to ensure sufficient air
flow needed for winnowing. Open slowly to provide more air for the
cleaner until a small amount of mature grain flows over the wind-
board.
4. For threshing wet paddy, the inclination of the wind-board must be
reduced.
5. Always use a stick to remove clinging straw from the oscillating screen
to protect hands from possible injury.
6. To obtain extra-clean paddy, set the wind-board at a low inclination
and increase the air shutter opening.
7. To ensure sufficient air flow needed for winnowing. Open slowly to
provide more air for the cleaner until a small amount of mature grain
flows over the wind-board.
8. For threshing dry paddy more air is needed while for wet paddy a
higher airflow is required.
9. Adjust the feed tray .For dry paddy, the wind-board should be set at
its maximum inclination.
10. Adjust Load the feed tray with harvested crop with the panicle
away from the operator, so it is fed panicle first into the thresher.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.1-5
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. False
9. False
10. True

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
INSPECTION OF CROPS FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to inspect the
crops for harvesting and threshing.
REQUIREMENTS AND INSPECTIONS

Provisions concerning requirements and inspections for Good
Agricultural Practices for Rice are defined in below.
Requirements and Inspections for Good Agricultural Practices for Rice

(Section 3)
Item Requirement Inspection
Harvesting time -25 to 35 days after -Review data record for
flowering harvesting and
date; or threshing practices.
- Rice panicle is at (see harvesting  threshing
practices table)
mature stage.
- If necessary, inspect
At least three quarters
the practices
of the
during harvesting and
kernels in the rice
threshing or visual
panicle have a
examination of the
full yellow color
harvested produce.
-If any doubt occurring,
take a random sampling
of the paddy to test for
milling quality.
Harvesting and -Harvesting - Review record for
threshing equipments, containers harvesting and
and harvest practices threshing practices.
shall not (see harvesting  threshing
practices table)
cause any effect on
quality and
introduce any admixing
grain to the
produce.
-If threshing and/or
harvesting is
Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
applied, equipments
shall be
properly cleaned and
threshing
process shall be
handled carefully
in such a way that it
does not
grain to the
produce. If the machine
has been
previously used to
harvest or thresh
other rice variety, it
shall be
cleaned to get rid of all
remaining
grains
Harvesting and threshing practices
Case 1 Harvest by labor/Harvesting machine in line (cross out non use item)
Thresh by labor/Threshing machine (cross out non use item)
Performance Notice Date/M onth/

Year
1. Blooming  Blooming consistently
80% throughout rice field.
 Blooming inconsistently
throughout rice field.
2. Water drainage  Water draining seven days
before harvest.
 Water draining longer than 10
days before harvest.
 No water draining
1. Panicle  Turn yellow completely.
performance  three quarters of panicle turn
yellow.
 Whole panicle remain green.
 Panicle over dried.
4. Harvested by Field condition

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
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and equipment MUGAS
 Labor  Dry
 Machine  Wet
5. Drying  On a cement court
 Drying on a  On ground lay under with
court ………….
for … days  Clean the court
 Drying in rice by……………………
field Sunlight
for …..days  Strong
 Drying rice  Medium
panicle  Cloudy
in bundle for  Rain
......days  others………………
 Drying rice Sunlight
panicle  Strong
field laying in line  Medium
on  Cloudy
top of straw
 Rain
for....days
 others………………
Sunlight
 Strong
 Medium
 Cloudy
 Rain
 others………………
11. Rice Amount……….stacks
pile up in
stack.
12. Thresh  Same variety of rice was
ing harvested from last crop.
 Labor  Different variety of rice was
 Threshing harvested from last crop.
machine Explain cleaning practice.
 Animal  Others…………………………….

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Case 2 Harvest and thresh rice by machine
Performance Notice Date/M onth

/ Year
2. Blooming  Blooming consistently throughout
80% rice field.
 Blooming inconsistently
throughout ricefield.
2. Water drainage  Water draining seven days before
harvest.
 Water draining longer than 10
days before harvest.
 No water draining
2. Panicle  Turn yellow completely.
performanc  three quarters of panicle turn
e yellow.
 Whole panicle remain green.
 Panicle over dried.
4. Harvesting date Field condition
 Dried
 Wet
5. Harvesting  Last harvest was the same
machine variety.
 Last harvest was different variety
Indicate name …………
(If known) Indicate cleaning method to
eliminate remaining grain.
……………………………………..
 Others…………………………...….
6. Total Produce Sale paddy in form of wet grain …………..ton.
Safe for seeding / self consumption ……..ton.
Yield of paddy ……………ton / Rai.
Selling price*……….Bath/ton.
Remark * Selling price is in option.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Self-Check 4.1-6: FILL IN THE BLANKS
Item Requirement Inspection

Harvesting time -1. ________ days after -Review data record for
flowering date; or harvesting and threshing
- Rice panicle is at mature practices.
stage. At least three - If necessary, inspect the
quarters of the kernels in practices during
the rice panicle have a full harvesting and threshing
yellow color or visual examination of
the harvested produce.
-If any doubt occurring,
take a 2.________of the
paddy to test for milling
quality.
Harvesting and -Harvesting equipments, - Review record for
Threshing containers and harvest harvesting and threshing
practices shall not cause practices.
any effect on quality and
Introduces any admixing
grain to the produce.
-If threshing and/or
harvesting is applied,
equipments shall be
3.________and
4.________process shall be
handled carefully in such
a way that it does not
grain to the produce. If
the machine has been
previously used to harvest
or thresh other rice
variety, it shall be cleaned
to get rid of all remaining
5.__________.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.1-6
1. 25 to 35
2. Random sampling
3. Properly cleaned
4. Threshing
5. Grains

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
KNOWLEDGE ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

PROCEDURE
occupational health and safety procedure.
Health and safety precautions during harvesting

Operators of farm machinery can increase safety and avoid accidents
by following these guidelines when using agricultural equipment:
1. Provide safety training before harvesting to create awareness for

safety risks. Entanglement and caught and crush type of accidents
are the most common types with harvesting equipment.
2. During harvesting ensure that the operators should wear tight
clothing and secure their hair to avoid entanglement. Agree clear
entanglement and emergency procedures.
3. Never clean, maintain, adjust or clear jams when the machine is on.
4. Stay clear of discharges, outlets, and all moving parts of the
machine.
5. Make sure all guards like belt guards, pulley guards etc. are in
place.
6. Always read the operators manual of your machine and make
yourself familiar with the safety risks.
7. If equipment breaks down make sure that it is properly repaired
before it is used again. Improvisation is dangerous and might lead to
failure of parts
M anual harvesting
When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with thumb
pointing upwards, away from the sickle.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
M achine threshing health and safety:
1. Become familiar with the machine before the first operation. Read the
manual that came with the machine
2. Never leave the thresher unattended while the engine is running. Keep
children away from the machine. Keep hands and feet away from
moving parts
3. Do not fill the tank while the engine is running
4. Keep all flammable materials (including dry straw) away from the
engine
5. Do not oil, grease, or adjust the machine during operation. Wait until
all moving parts have stopped before servicing
6. Do not wear loose fitting clothing that may be picked up by moving
parts
7. While operating, keep all shields and guards in place
8. Never extend hands or feet into the feed opening of the thresher
9. Never operate your machine in a closed shed or garage. Exhaust
fumes are dangerous to your health
10. Do not operate machine with loose peg teeth, bolts and nuts.
Loose peg teeth may be ejected at high speeds, causing injury to
operators and damage to the thresher.
11. Never remove accumulated straw inside the machine during
operation
12. Keep a first-aid kit at hand
13. Tie up long hair to prevent entangling
14. Do not wear neckties or other garments that may be wrapped
into moving parts of the machine
Combine threshing health and safety
 Never attempt to lubricate, clean, adjust, or unplug harvesters when

the machine or engine is running
 Review the manuals that came with the harvester. Understand the
controls before operating.
 Do not allow anyone to climb onto the machine while it is in motion
 Keep children at a safe distance from the machine

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
 Do not operate when you are very tired. Change operators during the
day
 Always have a fire-extinguisher at hand on engine-operated
equipment
 Ensure that the fuel system has no leaks
 While refueling, stop the engine and do not smoke
 When operating around machinery, wear work clothes that fit snugly.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with thumb
pointing upwards, away from the sickle.
2. Attempt to lubricate, clean, adjust, or unplug harvesters when

the machine or engine is running
3. Become familiar with the machine before the first operation.

Read the manual that came with the machine
4. Never clean, maintain, adjust or clear jams when the machine is

on.
5. Do not wear neckties or other garments that may be wrapped

into moving parts of the machine.
6. Operate machine with loose peg teeth, bolts and nuts. Loose
peg teeth may be ejected at high speeds, causing injury to
operators and damage to the thresher.
7. Wear loose fitting clothing that may be picked up by moving

parts.
8. While operating, keep all shields and guards in place .
9. Extend hands or feet into the feed opening of the thresher.
10. Operate your machine in a closed shed or garage. Exhaust

fumes are dangerous to your health.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.1-7
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. False
10. False

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Learning Outcome 2. Operate machines and monitor performance
1. Machine is operated according with standard farm practices

2. Abnormal conditions are identified and corrected in accordance with
standard operating procedures
3. Performances are assessed according to set standards and client’s
specifications
4. Malfunctions is recorded for appropriate adjustment by proper
personnel
5. Machine is shutdown according to standard practices
CONTENTS:
 PPE
 Functions of control and operation
 Operating performance and output assessment
CONDITIONS:
The students/ trainees must be provided with the following:
 Harvesting and threshing machinery
o Reaper
o Combine harvester
o Thresher
 Workplace
 Rice crop for harvesting and threshing
 PPE
M ETHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture
 Discussion
 Practical Demonstration
ASSESSMENT M ETHOD:
 Written examination
 Demonstration/ Direct observation of practical skills

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Learning outcome 2. Operate machines and monitor performance
Read information sheet 4.2-1 This Learning Outcome deals with the
on “Personal protective development of the Institutional
equipment” Competency Evaluation Tool which trainers
Answer Self-Check 4.2-1 use in evaluating their trainees after
Read information sheet 4.2-2 finishing a competency of the qualification.
on “Functions of control and Go through the learning activities outlined
operation ” for you on the left column to gain the
Answer Self-Check 4.2-2 necessary information or knowledge before
Read information sheet 4.2-4 doing the tasks to practice on performing
on “Operating performance the requirements of the evaluation tool.
and output assessment” The output of this LO is a complete
Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Rice
Answer Self-Check 4.2-4 M achinery Operation NC II. Your output
shall serve as one of your portfolio for your
Institutional Competency Evaluation for
operate rice harvesting and threshing
machinery and equipment.
trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.
After doing all the activities for this LO2,
you are ready to proceed to the next LO3:
Perform post-operation activity

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
personal protective equipment used in harvesting and threshing operation.
Rice Harvest and Threshing
DO NOT use this machine unless a teacher has instructed

you in its safe use and operation and has given permission
Safety glasses must be worn Long and loose hair must be

at all times in work areas. contained or restrained.
Appropriate protective Coveralls, protective

footwear with substantial clothing or an apron is
uppers must be worn. recommended.
Rings and jewellery must Gloves must not be worn
not be worn. when operating this
machinery.
The standard provides guidelines pertaining to the prevention of accident

arising from the use of machinery for agriculture. It also specifies technical
means of improving the degree of safety of operators and others involved in
the course of normal operation, service and maintenance of the machine.
 Principle of providing safety
All agricultural machinery including the rice harvest and threshing

machine shall be designed and construct in such a way that they do not
cause danger when properly used.
Operating and maintaining the machine should be carried out in
accordance with the manufacture’s instructions. These requirements shall
primarily be met by the design of the machine. If this is not possible, the

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
machine shall be equipped with special means for ensuring safety, for
example guards or safe location of the dangerous parts. Functional
components that need to be exposed for correct operation shall be shielded
to the maximum extent by the intended function of the components.
Additionally, in such circumstances, warning of the hazard shall be
indicated on the machine including personal protective equipment.
Personal protective equipment in harvesting and threshing

operation should prepare and wear before and during the harvesting and
threshing operation process to ensure safety of the operators. The basic
personal protective equipment/tools used in harvesting and threshing
operation are follows: Glove (protect operator’s hand), Goggles (protect
Operator’s eyes), Facemask (protect operator’s face), Dust mask (protect
breathe in of dust), Earplug (protect operator’s ears from noise), Protective
cap (protect operator’s head from falling object), Appropriate clothing
(protect operator’s body), Hair net/cap/bonnet (avoid falling hair contact to
product).

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. The standard provides guidelines pertaining to the prevention of

accident arising from the use of machinery for agriculture.
2. Goggles should be used to protect operators’ ears.
3. Warning of the hazard shall be indicated on the machine including

personal protective equipment.
4. Operating and maintaining the machine should be carried out in

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
5. Safety glasses must be worn at all times in work areas.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.2-1
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL AND OPERATION

functions of control and its operations in harvesting and threshing.
HARVESTING OPERATION
Cutting
The most common method for
harvesting rice in Asia is the
manual system. The rice crop
is cut by simple hand tools
including sickles cutting 15-
25 cm above ground level,
and simple hand-held knives
to cut just below the panicle
(e.g. ani ani in Indonesia). In
Bangladesh and India, the
harvested crop is bundled to Cutting the crop with a sickle
improve handling, and dried in the field. The manual system of harvesting
is very effective in lodged crop conditions, howeve r it is labor intensive.
Manual harvesting requires 40 to 80 person-hours per ha. It will take
additional labor to collect the harvested crop.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Figure 3: Reaper mounted on Chinese power tiller
Cutting can also be done mechanically by a reaper, although the use of

reapers is not wide-spread in Asia. In some countries, reapers are used that
are mounted on the front of a tractor. Most reapers lay the crop in a
windrow, which allows for easy pick up of the harvested crop. A reaper with
a cutting-width of 1.5m can operate at a rate of 2-4 ha per day. For proper
operation of reapers, fields need to be leveled and drained. It is difficult to
reap crop that is lodged, lying on the ground.
Threshing
Manual Threshing
The common method for threshing by hand is separating the grain from the
panicle by impact: this is done by hand beating, treading, or by holding the
crop against a rotating drum with spikes or rasp bars. Hand beating
methods are normally used for threshing rice that easily shatters. Manual
threshing methods include:
 Foot threshing or trampling: use of bare feet or animals to thresh

the crop. To do this successfully, the crop is spread over a mat or
canvass and workers trample with their own feet or use their animals.
A traditional method in some regions is the use of animals to thresh
the grain. Animal treading or trampling is normally carried out at a
designated location near the field or in the village. In some regions,
animals have been replaced by tractors. After animal treading, the
straw is separated from the grains and cleaning of the grain is done by
winnowing, with or without the aid of an electric fan.
 Beating against a threshing rack: the farmer holds the crop by the
sheaves and thrashes it against a slatted bamboo, wooden platform,
or any other hard object such as a steel oil drum.
 Flail: the use of a flail or stick for thrashing the crop.
 Using a pedal thresher or treadle thresher:

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
The pedal thresher or treadle
thresher consists of a threshing
drum, base, transmission unit and a
foot crank. When pedaled, the
threshing drum rotates and rice can
be threshed when panicles are held
against the threshing drum.
Because small straws, chaff, and
foreign matter drop along with the
Figure 4: Threshing with a Pedal
threshed grain, the grains must be Thresher
separated using a sieve or by
winnowing.
Figure 5: Threshing with animals
The use of small stationary M ACHINE THRESHERS commonly replaces

manual threshing given the high labor requirements of manual threshing.
Stationary threshing is generally done in the field, or near the field.
Many stationary threshers for paddy have peg-toothed threshing drums,

however threshers fitted with wire-loop or rasp-bars are used as well. Most
threshers are of the feed-in type (e.g. entire crop is fed through the thresher)
which ensure high throughput. Hold-on threshers (only panicle is fed into
the machine) generally have a lower capacity than feed-in threshers and are
primarily used in areas where rice straw is bundled and stored for later use.
Large stationary threshers are fitted with additional cleaning devices such
as an oscillating screen, centrifugal blower, and windboard, and threshed
grain can be handled without further cleaning.
In many regions, machine threshers are owned by individuals who offer

custom operations to farmers. This requires that farmers schedule
harvesting dates depending on the availability of the thresher. Many

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
threshers are mounted on trailers or trucks which enables the operator to
quickly move from field to field.
Cutting height during combine harvesting is often higher than with other
harvesting methods. The time interval for harvest by combine harvester is
often narrow: too early harvesting will result in a high percentage of chalky
kernels, and too late harvesting will result in high shattering losses.
Operating speed of the threshing drum either too fast or too slow reduces
profit. The optimum threshing drum speed depends on grain moisture
content, volume of material entering the combine, weeds, etc. Fine tuning
forward speed and header height is especially important to minimize field
loss.
These operations can be carried out;
(i) By different machines

(ii) Combined in a machine
Direct Harvesting
 All functions are performed by machine called the combine harvester

 Combines may be conventional or rotary depending on the threshing
and separation employed
 Combine – self-propelled or pulled by tractor or powered by PTO drive .
Combine Harvester
A combine harvester is a complex harvester is complex harvesting
machine, which performs varied functions in single operations.
The following are the functions;
Cutting
 the harvester cuts the standing crop, snaps ears of maize or pick up
windrows. Windrows are rows of cut crops that are put for the
combine to pick up and process.
Conveying and feeding
 this involves the transportation and the passing of the crop into the
machine.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Threshing
 this is the removal of grain from the heads, pods or ears.
Separation.
 this implies the separation of the grain from the straw, husks or stalk
pieces.
Cleaning
 the chaff and debris are removed from the grain.
Handling
 the grain is finally put into grain tank.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. ______________ The most common method for harvesting rice in Asia is

the manual system.
2. The rice crop is cut by simple hand tools including sickles cutting
___________ above ground level, and simple hand-held knives to cut
just below the panicle
3. ___________ use of bare feet or animals to thresh the crop. To do this

successfully, the crop is spread over a mat or canvass and workers
trample with their own feet or use their animals.
4. A reaper with a cutting-width of _____ can operate at a rate of 2-4 ha

per day.
5. ______________________ consists of a threshing drum, base,

transmission unit and a foot crank.
6. _______________________ this involves the transportation and the

passing of the crop into the machine.
7. ________________ the chaff and debris are removed from the grain.
8. A ________________ is a complex harvester is complex harvesting

machine, which performs varied functions in single operations.
9. _____________ of harvesting is very effective in lodged crop conditions,

however it is labor intensive.
10. _________ this is the removal of grain from the heads, pods or
ears.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.2-2
1. Cutting
2. 15-25 cm
3. Foot threshing or trampling
4. 1.5m
5. The pedal thresher or treadle thresher
6. Conveying and feeding
7. Cleaning
8. Combine harvester
9. M anual system
10. Threshing

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
OPERATING PERFORMANCE AND OUTPUT ASSESSMENT
operating performance and output assessment of the rice harvester and
threshing machines and equipment.
Harvesting losses
Physical grain Losses during harvesting can be divided into various types,
depending on the operation and the machinery used.
Losses during harvesting/cutting:
a. Shattering loss = premature shedding of mature grains from the panicle

caused by birds, wind, rats, and handling operations. Certain rice
varieties shatter more easily than others.
b. Lodging loss = plants with mature grains in the panicles fall on the
ground making the grains difficult to recover.
c. Standing crop loss = standing plants with mature grains are left
standing in the field after harvesting operations as a result of oversight,
carelessness or haste.
For most manual harvesting operations, shattering losses are of main concern.
Lodging can be a severe problem in specific situations such as tall varieties, or high
wind.
Losses during threshing and cleaning:
d. Separation loss or “blower loss” = mature grains that are mixed with
straw or chaff during the cleaning operation.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
e. Scatter loss = mature grains that are scattered on the ground during the
threshing and cleaning operation.
f. Threshing loss or un-separated loss = mature grains that remain
attached to the panicle in the straw after completion of the threshing
operation. Note that a high threshing efficiency will lead to low threshing
loss, and vice versa.
Losses during crop and grain handling:
g. Handling loss = mature grain lost during lifting, hauling, stacking,

pouring, and bagging of crop and paddy grain
Following are recommended procedures to evaluate shattering loss during manual
harvest (a), and separation loss (d), scatter loss (e) and threshing loss (f).
Shattering Loss Assessment in Harvesting

In the field, a number of random quadrants are chosen of 1-2 square meters
surface area each. After the harvesting procedure, all grains that are lying on the
ground within the quadrants are collected. Following collection, the collected grain
should be carefully weighed. The loss can be expressed as kg/ha if total field
surface area is known, or as % of total yield, if yield is known. Report all losses on
same moisture content basis, usually 14% MC.
Separation Loss (Blower Loss or Cleaner Loss) Assessment

During the threshing/cleaning operation, wrap the blower exhaust in net ting that
will collect all chaff, straws, and grains but does not obstruct the air flow. Collect
the grain by cleaning the material, and drying down to 14% MC. Blower loss can be
expressed as kg/ha if total field surface area is known, or as % of threshed grain, if
thresher throughput is known. Report all losses on same moisture content basis,
usually 14% MC.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Scatter Loss Assessment in Threshing
Place the thresher or cleaner on a large plastic tarp. After the threshing/cleaning
operation, gently remove the machine and collect all grain from the tarp. Scatter
loss can be expressed as kg/ha if total field surface area is known, or as % of
threshed/cleaned grain, if thresher/cleaner throughput is known. Report all losses
on same moisture content basis, usually 14% MC.
Threshing Loss Assessment

Place a large tarp at the straw output of the threshers which will capture all straw.
After threshing for a certain amount of time, examine all the output and manually
remove all mature grains from panicles, straw, and tarp. Thresher loss can be
expressed as kg/ha if total field surface area is known, or as % of threshed grain, if
thresher throughput is known. Report all losses on same moisture content basis,
usually 14% MC.
Factors affecting thresher performance

The factors which affect the quality and efficiency of threshing are broadly
classified in three groups:
i. Crop factors: Variety of crop, Moisture in crop material.

ii. M achine factors: Feeding chute angle, Cylinder type, Cylinder diameter,
Spike shape, size, number. Concave size, shape and clearance
iii. Operational factors: Cylinder speed, Feed rate, method of feeding,
Machine adjustments.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. ______________ premature shedding of mature grains from the panicle caused

by birds, wind, rats, and handling operations. Certain rice varieties shatter
more easily than others.
2. ______________ plants with mature grains in the panicles fall on the ground
making the grains difficult to recover.
3. ___________ factor affecting variety of crop, Moisture in crop material.
4. ___________factor affecting feeding chute angle, Cylinder type, Cylinder
diameter, Spike shape, size, number. Concave size, shape and
clearance
5. ___________ factor affecting cylinder speed, Feed rate, method of
feeding, Machine adjustments.
6. ___________ mature grains that are scattered on the ground during the
threshing and cleaning operation.
7. _____________ mature grains that remain attached to the panicle in the straw
after completion of the threshing operation. Note that a high threshing
efficiency will lead to low threshing loss, and vice versa.
8. _____________ mature grains that are mixed with straw or chaff during the
cleaning operation.
9. ____________ Physical grain Losses during harvesting can be divided into

various types, depending on the operation and the machinery used.
10. _____________ standing plants with mature grains are left standing in the
field after harvesting operations as a result of oversight, carelessness or
haste.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.2-3
1. Shattering loss
2. Lodging loss
3. Crop factors
4. M achine factors
5. Operational factors
6. Scatter loss
7. Threshing loss or un-separated loss
8. Separation loss or “blower loss”
9. Harvesting losses
10. Standing crop loss

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Learning Outcome 3 . Perform post-operation activities
1. Wastes are managed according to environmental regulations

2. Machine and engine are cleaned and stored as per established
practices
3. Work area is cleaned and maintained according to OHS and enterprise
requirements
4. Records of information are prepared in appropriate format
5. Basic preventive maintenance is performed according to
manufacturer’s instructions and/or standard practices
CONTENTS:
 Cleaning and storage of machine
 Waste Management
 Documentation
CONDITIONS:
The students/ trainees must be provided with the following:
 Harvesting and threshing machines
o Reaper
o Combine harvester
o Thresher
 Air compressor
 Pressurized water sprayer
 Grease gun
 Sacks(for waste)
 Broomstick and dustpan
 Rags
 Workplace and storage areas
 PPE
M ETHODOLOGIES:
• Lecture
• Discussion
• Practical Demonstration

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ASSESSMENT M ETHOD:
• Written examination
• Demonstration / Direct observation of practical skill

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
Learning outcome 3. Perform post-operation activities
Read information sheet 4.3-1 This Learning Outcome deals with the
on “Cleaning and storage of the development of the Institutional
machine” Competency Evaluation Tool which
Answer Self-Check 4.3-1 trainers use in evaluating their trainees
Read information sheet 4.3-2 on after finishing a competency of the
“Waste management” qualification.
Answer Self-Check 4.3-2 Go through the learning activities
outlined for you on the left column to gain
Read information sheet 4.3-3 on the necessary information or knowledge
“Documentation” before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
Answer Self-Check 4.3-3 evaluation tool.
The output of this LO is a complete
Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of Rice
M achinery Operation NC II. Your output
shall serve as one of your portfolio for
your Institutional Competency Evaluation
for Perform post-operation activity.
trainer as you accomplish

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
CLEANING AND STORAGE OF THE MACHINE
cleaning and storage of the machine.
Introduction
Following are some general guidelines for the operation and maintenance of
a thresher or cleaner. At all times, consult the user’s manual that came with
your equipment. Also, review the safety/health precautions for harvesting
and threshing in the Harvesting Reference manual.
Before operating a thresher

 Position the thresher on a level area close to
the crop stack to minimize handling and
shattering losses.
 Spread a canvas underneath the thresher to
collect spilled grain.
 Assemble the thresher if it was dismantled
during transport.
 Position the thresher so that the straw is
thrown with the direction of the wind to
eliminate the blowing of straw, chaff, and
dust back toward the operator and the
threshed grain.
 To prevent premature belt failure check
each belt’s alignment and tension. Adjust
the idler pulley on the blower/cylinder belt
to correct tension.
 Check pulley surfaces. Rough grooves must

be smoothened with a fine file if nicked.
Cracked pulleys should be replaced
immediately.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
 Check all pegs on the threshing cylinder for
tightness. Loose pegs will damage the
machine and can be dangerous to the
operators.
 Examine the peg-teeth for wear. Worn pegs

must be rotated 180 degrees or
interchanged with those less worn. Badly
worn pegs must be replaced or rebuilt by
welding
 Rotate the threshing cylinder manually at
least five revolutions to ensure that there
are no obstructions or interferences.
 Make sure there are no loose or missing
bolts and set screws. Tighten or replace as
necessary.
 Lubricate all bearings with good quality grease. The belt idler and
oscillating screen eccentric bearings are lubricated for life, thus require
no lubrication.
 Check engine oil and fuel levels. Follow the engine manufacturer’s
recommendations.
 Start the engine and allow it to warm up. Feed the thresher with the crop
to be threshed for performance checking. Increase cylinder speed if
excessive amounts of un-threshed and un-separated grain are observed
with the straw. Optimum threshing and cleaning is obtained with the
proper threshing drum speeds (see Harvesting Reference Manual).
M aintenance and service

 Lubricate cylinder and fan bearings with a good-quality general purpose
grease every 25 hours of operation. Periodically apply a small amount of
oil to all hinge points.
 Inspect the machine regularly for loose, worn, or damaged peg-teeth,
concave bars, cylinder, discharge paddles and other parts, and tighten,
repair, or replace them immediately. Missing bolts or nuts must also be
replaced.
 Reduce belt tensions by loosening the idler pulley and engine mounting
bolts when the machine will not be used for an extended period to
minimize deterioration.
 Check engine crankcase oil level at least every 4 operating hours and
follow the engine manufacturer’s recommendations for oil change
intervals and oil grade. Be sure the recommended oil level is maintained.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
 Service the air cleaner, fuel filter, fuel line, carburetor, and spark plug
regularly according to engine manufacturer’s instructions.
Storage of a thresher and combine
 Clean the machine thoroughly.
 Remove belts and store in a dry place.
 Paint parts that need repainting.
 Clean and apply oil to exposed metal surfaces to prevent rusting.
 Store the machine in a clean, dry location and cover to reduce damage
from dust accumulation.
 Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on engine storage.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. Clean the machine thoroughly.
2. Store the machine in a clean, dry location and cover to reduce damage
from dust accumulation.
3. Clean and apply oil to exposed metal surfaces to prevent rusting.
4. Reduce belt tensions by loosening the idler pulley and engine

mounting bolts when the machine will not be used for an extended
period to minimize deterioration.
5. Lubricate cylinder and fan bearings with a good-quality general

purpose grease every 25 hours of operation. Periodically apply a small
amount of oil to all hinge points.
6. Start the engine and allow it to warm up. Feed the thresher with the
crop to be threshed for performance checking.
7. Decrease cylinder speed if excessive amounts of un-threshed and un-

separated grain are observed with the straw.
8. Optimum threshing and cleaning is obtained with not proper

threshing drum speeds (see Harvesting Reference Manual).
9. To prevent premature belt failure check each belt’s alignment and

tension. Adjust the idler pulley on the tension/cylinder belt to correct
tension.
10. Examine the peg-teeth for wear. Worn pegs must be rotated
270 degrees or interchanged with those less worn. Badly worn pegs
must be replaced or rebuilt by welding

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.3-1
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. False
10. False

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to learn proper
waste management rice harvesting and threshing operation.
Rice is the staple food in the Philippines. The Filipinos are among the
world’s biggest rice consumers. The average Filipino consumes about 100
kilograms per year of rice. Though rice is produced throughout the country,
the Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley are the major rice growing regions.
With more than 1.2 million hectares of rain-fed rice-producing areas, the
country produced around 16 million tons of rice in 2007. The estimated
production of rice hull in the Philippines is more than 2 million tons per
annum which is equivalent to approximately 5 million BOE (barrels of oil
equivalent) in terms of energy. Rice straw is another important biomass
resource with potential availability exceeding 5 million tons per year across
the country.
Rice straw can either be used alone or mixed with other biomass
materials in direct combustion, whereby combustion boilers are used in
combination with steam turbines to produce electricity and heat. The energy
content of rice straw is around 14 MJ per kg at 10 percent moisture
content. The by-products are fly ash and bottom ash, which have an
economic value and could be used in cement and/or brick manufacturing,
construction of roads and embankments, etc.
In intensive systems, where two or three crops are grown each year, the
time for residue decomposition is very short and the remaining residues may
disrupt soil preparation, crop establishment, and early crop growth.
Although residue retention is essential for sustainable soil management of
non-rice crops and mixed croppings systems (rice-upland crops), research in
long-term experiments has shown that complete residue removal has no
negative consequences for the productivity, sustainability, and soil health of
intensive double and triple-cropping rice systems.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
1. Rice is the staple food in the Philippines.
2. Rice straw can either be used alone or mixed with other biomass
materials in direct combustion.
3. The energy content of rice straw is around 14 MJ per kg at 10 percent

moisture content.
4. The by-products are fly ash and bottom ash, which have an economic
value and could be used in cement and/or brick manufacturing,
construction of roads and embankments, etc.
5. Rice straw is another important biomass resource with potential

availability exceeding 5 million tons per year across the country.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
ANSW ER KEY 4.3-2
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS
DOCUMENTATION
Learning objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to perform

proper documentation in rice harvesting and threshing operation.

Date Developed:
RMO2-2392
Issued by:
TESDA
and equipment MUGAS

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING

Sector : Agriculture and Fishery Sector

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

The module, Operating Rice Harvesting and Threshing

In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning

 Read and understand all information sheets and complete answer

 Read and understand the basic process on rice harvesting and

 Submit outputs to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

 You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

No. Unit of Competency M odule Title Code

2 Operate rice crop Operating rice crop AGR621304

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

QUALIFICATION TITLE : Rice M achinery Operation NCII

UNIT OF COM PETENCY : Operate Rice Harvesting And

M ODULE TITLE : Operating Rice Harvesting And

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

Nominal Duration: 32 hours

Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:

3. Perform post-operation activity

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Qualification Title : Rice M achinery Operation NC II

Unit of Competency : Operate Rice Harvesting And Threshing

M odule Title : Operating Rice Harvesting And Threshing

Upon completion of this module, you MUST be able to:

1. Prepare harvesting and threshing machinery

3. Perform post-operation activity

ASSESSM ENT CRITERIA

LEARNING OUTCOME #1. Prepare rice mill machinery and equipment

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

1. Machines are checked/adjusted for operation in accordance with

The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Learning Outcome 1. Prepare Rice Harvesting and Threshing M achinery

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

HARVESTING SYSTEM OPERATION

Harvesting system Cutting Hauling Threshing Cleaning

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

1. __________ the ideal moisture content for harvest

Harvesting system Cutting Hauling Threshing Cleaning

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

DEFINITION OF TERMS FOR RICE HARVESTING AND

The identification of terms use in rice harvesting and threshing

Axial flow thresher

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-

M echanically damaged grain

M echanical rice thresher

NOTE It may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.

NOTE It is calculated as:

Rice Machinery Document No. TESDA KORPHIL-