B.

Ed Psychology
Psychology for B.Ed. Scholars

Perception
Perception

            Perception is the process by which we become aware of changes (objects, qualities or relations) by
sense organs.  Mere sensation does not give us knowledge.  They should be interpreted and defined. 
When a sensation gets meaning it is called perception.  Therefore,

                                             Perception = Sensation  +  Meaning

            Though perception depends on sensation, the accuracy of perception depends more on experience,
the memories and ideas we get from the past experiences. Perception is the way we perceive and
understand things, objects, persons and events.  The behaviour of a person depends upon his perception. 
For example, if a student perceives that he is studying well in his school days, it will give him a hope for
better future and he will involve himself completely in his / her school studies.

Charlie Chaplin Optic Illusion

Definition

According to  S.S. Sargent, “in a psychological sense the word ‘Perception’ means both the physical act of
receiving sense impressions (seeing, hearing, smelling etc.) and interpreting these impressions’.

According to R.S. Woodworth and D.G. Marquis, Perception is the process of getting to know objects and
objective facts by the use of the senses”.
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Characteristics
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1. Perception
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 2. Perception is selective
3. Our past experience determines the nature of perception.
4. It is a synthetic activity
5. There is analysis also in perception
6. Both the aspects of analysis and synthesis occur at the same time.

Factors Laws

Perception is sensation strengthened by ideas of various kinds.  We derive the meaning from sensations
by combining them into longer wholes. We call this process as organization or synthesis.  There are
external and internal factors that determine the organization of the field of perception.

Figure and Ground Relationship

Figure and ground relationship is an important factor of perceptual organization.  This means that when
we perceive a certain thing we divide the perceptual field into (i) Figure which is primary and important
aspect, and (ii) Ground which is a secondary or unimportant aspect.  In other words, we always perceive
a figure in its background.  For example, we perceive words in a page, pictures in a wall and moon in the
sky.  In these cases words, pictures and moon are figures and pages, wall and sky are grounds. Look at the
figure.  What do you perceive? You may perceive two human faces.  Look at the figure continuously for
sometime.  Now what do you perceive? You may perceive a vase.  When you perceive twins,  the faces
become figure and the vase becomes the ground.

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External Factors

Proximity 2) Similarity  3) Continuity  4) Closure

Proximity :

Proximity means nearness.  Objects that lie closer form a whole.

A  B                    C  D                     E  F                     G  H

Lines A & B form one group C & D another group and so on.  Here the factor isnearness.  We do not see B
& C or D, A & E forming a group.

2 Similarity : Elements that are similar in structure or appearance form a group.           In the above
figures, there are two types of dots.  Because of similarity in figure A we see them as vertical and in figure
B we see them as horizontal.
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3.Continuity : When dots lie along a straight lie or curve, they are seen together.  We
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 4. Closure :

Though the figure seems like 3 lines it resembles a triangle.  Actually it is an incomplete triangle. 
Similarly minor errors are not corrected while in proof reading also.

Internal Factors :

1. Past Experience

            The experiences we have acquired plays an important role while we organize the field of
perception into meaningful wholes.  The world will be nothing but a confusion if we fail to reckon the
past experiences.  Past experience is retained in the form of images, concepts and ideas of various kinds. 
They are all chiefly the internal condition of the perceiving mind.  If we fail to take the lessons from past
experiences, the world will be a mass of confusion.  A foreign language is a mere jumble of sound and
noises, when we hear it for the first time.  But if we listen repeatedly, we can make sense out ot them. 
Experience and ideas make us familiar with the object.  So, familiarity is an important factor that helps us
to organize the field of perception.  When we look at the clouds on the sky we can see illusions of
Elephants and Human faces.  We accept these figures sine we are familiar with them.

2. Attitude or Mental Set

Another important mental condition that determines our perception is attitude or mental set. A thirsty
man sees at a distance a vague figure as a pot of water.

Errors in Perception

Perception may not be always correct and it may go wrong when a stimulus is interpreted correctly it is
called perception and if it is wrongly interpreted it is called misperception or error in perception.  If we
look at a rope as necklace, we misunderstand a stimulus. This wrong perception is called illusion.  Errors
in perception occur due to internal or external, known or unknown reasons.

There are two types of errors in perception namely (i) illusion and (ii) Hallucination

3. Illusion

Illusion means “that which does not really exist”.  Hence illusion is a wrong perception.  Optical illusion
can be quoted as an example.

Seeing a rope as a snake is visual illusion.  But if one hears the voice of a person without seeing him and
comes to a conclusion that the voice is a friend’s voice.  It is auditory illusion.

 
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