SOME INDIAN QUESTIONS,

PREPARED FOR

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

LORD CURZON OF KEDLESTON,

Viceroy and Govel'nor-General of India,

:BY

JOHN 'MURDOCH, LL.D.

Du'fY OF GOVERNMENT .
. The Engllih In India are DOW called UpOD. either to stand by aud witness the
Plttl'88 overcrowdmlr of mas.es of hunro huruan bemlrs, or to aid tile lItople lu
Inernsinll the food·8UJ)Jllv to meet their wants."
Hir W. W 11""ur.
DUTY OF THE PEOPLE •
.. Tns permanent remedies for the poverty of India rest with the people tbelDaelvel.]
Si~ W. Jr. a ....ltl'•
.. There IDa-, be circWDetallces in the habits 01 a peollie suftlclenUy power/'aJ to de.-"
th e 1I106t benevolelit m'll'8 Qf its l11lers."
w. a.row.

18abras:
SOLD BY MR. A. T. 800ft:
1900.
 NOTE
This lItEMORANDUM, orIgrnally prepared for Lord Curzon, IS Intended also for
general circulatIOn. It therefqf$ oorU&i!;lS much 'hat woulp. otherwil/6 be unnecessary
The welfare of India de'pends mUch more upon the ~ople tha,rt Government
J 1\1
 CONT~NTS.

IN TRODUCTION
THE "WHITE MAN' S BURDEN" IN INDIA
GENERAL FEELING AMONG EDUCATED HINDUS WITH RE-
GARD TO BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
THE DIFFICllLTY OF GOVERNING INDIA OREATr,V I:biCll~I:lBn
BY THE HUMANE FAMINE POLH Y OF G()VERN~ENT ,.. 9
CA USEs OF THE AI,LEt,ED GHOWUHr PUV},;H'[' Y Ql!' INDIA ... .12
APPOINTMENT OJ'.' A FAMlN'E COMMIKSION .......5
A COMM1SSION TO E'NQUl1m INTO 'iRE ('An;£." OV F.UHNE\
IN INDIA AND TO SUO(,EST REMEI>IES : t lIS
THE INCIDENCE (W THE LAND AS8EbbMEN'J': WHAT IT IS
AND WHAT IT OlIGR'!' TO BE 15
GOVERNMENT THE RYOT'H BANKE H r;ersus
AGRICULTUHAL BANKH .. 24
IJ't\.ND IMPRDVEMEN'I IJOANS ACT ~NI) AG-RIlUL'LURAr.
LOANS ••. ,.. 3tl
A6RICULTURAL BANKS COMMITTEE .. , · 35
OBG\NJZATION OF A SEPARATE AGRICULTURAL DEPART.
M$NT .... 36
A COMPL'TE AGRiCULTURAL SURVEY THE FIR'ST DuTY OF
THE DEPARTMENT ... 89
C6MPARISON OF hWIAN AGRICUI,TURE WITH THA1.' OF CHINA
AND JAPAN 40
~ THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTUHES 40
(STEPS TO BE TAKEN 44
IRRIGATION WORKS 45
RELIEF OF CONGESTED DISTRICTS BY EMIGRA·
TI(}N 45
SUGGESTED MEMBERS OF THE FAMINE COM-
MISSION 46
EDUCATIONAL REFORM 47
Tu EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF INDIA ... 49
 .Page
I. WAN'!' OF SUFFICIENT ADAPTATIoN TO INDIA 49
II. UNDUE CRAVING AT PRESE~T FPR GOVIUUiMENT
OFFICE AN.., THE BAit . .... '.' .. . '... 51
III. THE DEVELO~MENT Ol\l'\GRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL,
AND TBQlINICAL EDUCATION .•• ... ... 54
SCHEME FO' ()RGANiSING AGRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL AND
, TECaN1CAL EDUCATION ON AN EFFICIENT ~CALE 57
/'UJUVERSITY TEXT-BOOl{ ON POLITICAL ECONOMY, APAPTBD
TO INDIA 58
~ORAL INSTRUCTION 59
PROMOTION OF FRIENDLY FEELING BETWEEN
INDIANS AND EUROPEANS 65
TJ!E EXECUTIVE COUNCILS OF THE VWE~OY
\ 4ND
,., PROVINCIAL GOVERNME.~TS .... 70
INDIA TO BE BENEFI"I:ED BY WISE EXP}l~NDI.
TURE RATHER THAN BY INJUDICIOUS RE-
DUCTION O}l~ TAXATION ... 7l
EXTENSION OF LORD CURZON'S TEIW OF
. . OFFICE
DUTY OF THE PEOPLE OF INDIA 74
ApPEAL TO THE PRINCES, NOBLES, AND ZEMINDARS OF
INDIA 82
ApPEAL TO INDIVIDUAL EFFORT 83
INDIA'S NEEDS REQUIRE A COMBINED EFjfORT·
ON THE PART O}l' GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE. 85
LIST OF PuBLICATIONS ..• 89
Memorandum~ on sbme fndi-.n Quettions. ptep'at.~'
for'the Ri«t1t ,H'onOl'able Lord ·OtJt\ZOn of Kedl...·
tQp, Viccrpy ana G()V~mpr-(j~eral 'Q(:Jndi... " ..

INTRODUCTION .-This Memorandum originated ill! the

following Letter: . "
G~vernmeJilt B.ouae,
GUINDY, 22?1d No'V., 1900.
My DEAR DR. MURDOCH, i

His Ex.oellency wishes me to tell you that too Vioeroy w0uid like
to see you whIle he is in Ma.dras, and that His F..mellency wlll there..
fore try to arra.nge for you to meet with the Vioeroy on Wednesda.y"
the 13th December, about 11-30 A.M.
You~ si~:t:ely. :
H. A. 81-.
;

The Letter shows that Lord Curzon's tours are not merely
for the diflplay of viceregal pomp. but u.180 to gather infonnatitm
from every corner of the Empire. It likewi!$ eXl'la.ms tA«t.origin.
of the following Mt:'moranduDl. Durmg a brief interview, .it is
impossible to discuss thoroughly important problems. " " ;'
, In the remarks offered, there is no claim to n?velty. Th~
proposals have been ma,de again and I).gQ.in. TIi.e a,pology to];
mentioning them is that they have not yet bun carrkti Qut. ,lQ
politics, as in educallion, the maxim is, Reep BepeatiD« t Twenty
years ago the Famine Commission recommended the appoiQtment
of a Director-Generttl of Alfrlculture. "MeftlRures to ~(,Cl\re its
lM!option ~ere not taken untllthe preaent Vioeroyalty. Hell with
other suggestions.

1.'HE .. WHITE MAN'S BURDEN" IN INDIA!

Some remarks may be made, showing the enonuous difficul-
tiea to be overcome.
To begin with, India. contains one-fifth of the h1,1.wan rltCe.
In population it is Sf}cond only to China. "
 Lord Randolph Churchill "thus detlCribeil English rule in India
a.nd the work it has to a.eeomplish :
II Your rule in India. is, as it were, .. sheet of oil L\prea.d over the

sy.ria.cfl, an<l keepi~ QaJm. JIIIld quiet a.nd u~ftl~ by r ~~ ~

immense and pl'Ofotint ocean of liuma.nity. 'Underne:!..;t>ur rule a.re
SJuqMg 'Ifthe. memones ot go.od dyna.stie•• all! the ip ~frri,al
ore9ds; al the baffled a.spirations of ma.ny ua.~iona.lities, and.it is your
most difletlit fla.sk to gi~ peace. indiVidUa.1 securitY, abd" gentlral ptbB-
perUy to 250 millions of people who are affeoted.bY these powerful
forces, to hind them a.nd weld them by the inftuenoe of your knowledge,
your la,ws, your higher oivilization. a.nd in the process of time into one
great united people." ,
The popula.tion may be divided into two ma.in cle.sses. The
great bulk are thus eloquently described by Mr. Crooke;
" There is, perb&ps, no more pathetic situation in the whole range
of bUill an history than to watch these dull, patient masses stumbling in
their traditional way along a path which can lead only to sutlering,
0'
most them careless of the future, marrying and giving in ma.rrlage,
.frash generations ever encroa.ching on the narrow margin wbich
separa.tes tbem from destitution. Anxious statesmen peer into the
mists which shroud the future, and wonder what the end of all this
ma.y be.""
This great majority desire nothing better than to be left
alone.
On the other hand, Sir H. S. Maine says, there is in India,
"It. minority educated at the f€'et of EngliAh politicians and in
books saturated with English ideal'! which has learned to repea.t
their language."t He notices the hann done by
" Rapidly framing and confidently uttering general propositions on
politioal subjects." .. This habit of mind threatens little short of ruin
to the awakening intelleot of India, where political a.bstractions, founded
exclusively upon English facts, are applied by the educated minority
IIfnd by theit- newspapers, to a. e10ciety which through nine-tenths of
ift structure belongs to the thirteenth oentury of the West."t
The Pioneer, after quoting the above, says ;-
. "Undoubtedly the tendency of our Na.tive ~liticia.nf!l, whoae .tms
and wishes are sensible enough in themselves, 1S to be in too grea.t a.
hltrry, to swaJJ.ow formulas undigested, to eXlliggerate the defects and
sh.)rtcomings of the existing -politica.l system, and entirely to under-
estiIWLte; $hrough their inexpel'1ence, the lmmense difficultya.nd risk of
any rapid and radical changes."

• North- Western Prcwitaca 0/ Ind~. pp. 173, 174:

t Popular Gol1trmnmt, p. 184. 1 lbtd, p. 1St.
 GllillJUL n~LING ~tl;DUOAllKD BtltDts mit, ETC. •

QJ:N~t tilUll.&LN& ,AlIMQ ~UGA'l'~D .IDNlllH~ WID UG4BD

I '00 ,B.lu~ISB BllWi IN bu7.lUo

"T1;J.e.pa;t,·t Tep.nyson sa.~s,

.. I1hall al"ys tear
A glory from itll being far.',
The ignora.nt and half-educated in aU ages and in aU ooua.triet
ha.ve looked upon the past a.s the Golden, and the present as ....
Iron, Age. ~
. Indians now entertain exactly the same feelings with rega.rd
to the deelenmon of their country a.s Engli,shmen who ta.lk of the
.. good old times." Macaulay, in his H idarvoJ England, notices fill.
" Delusion whIch leads men ~ overrate the ha.ppiness of preceding
generatipns .••
.. 8100e chIldhood I have been seeing nothing but progress, a.nd
hearing of nothing but decay." II The evils now compla.inedof are," be
says, .. with scarcely an exoeption old. That which is new. is the
inteiligenoe whi<;h disoerns, and the humaniiy which remedies ~hem:"
The words of Burke, applied to England last cent14'Y, exactly-
represent the state of Native feeling in this country at present;-
" These birds of evil presage at all times ha.ve grated our ears with
theh melancholy song. a.nd by some stra.nge fatality or other, it has
genera.lly ha.ppened tha.t they have poured forth their loudest and
deepest la.menta.tions at the periods of our most a.bundant prosperity."
Hindub are &peClally bable to entertain faif.e notions of the
past. The Cambridge Profesbot of Sanskrit says, "The very
word history hao no corresponding Indian exprebBlOu. From the
very e~lieit ages down to the preoent times, the Hlndu mind
seems never to have conceived such an idea as an authentic record
of past facts based on evidence."
Not only have the Hindus no history; but, as 8ir H. 8. Maine
~a.ys, Indian thought and literaturet is" elaborately inaccurate; it
~ supremely and deliberately careless oj all precision in magni-
tude, number, and time." Sir Monier Willliims says, "TiIU~ is
Dle$iUfed by millions of years; space by millions of miles; if a
battle has to be described, nothing is thought of it unleSil mil1i~nli
of £jOldiers, horses, and elephants are brought into the field. Of

Indian ideas dl the past a.te drawn from poetry &nd the
~A'
. ~t~_
.I.~.uu,,1'11t1 ltU'aJa,
'_1
wntmg
....... 1.
'.. ••
m
•
.L'f.I. ....
the a8~ W Q~r"lf
A • t' .]".
of January, 1896, 'referM to the" halcyon days of Biuda
sovereignty," as if during it wars were unknown. The period may
-
- ---- ----- •.- - - -
• ,Tile nGlielllol1 'pller,,' thoWd bt noecl: it dotl DOt .pply to IIoD . .
ligbwned minorUy. .
t 'rhis is itl general eb..,raotet: there are GOotptloJlli, all il.I¥N,. .,.• •
4iiB~Dmtl"
best W 'represented b1 tth~, Bamayw aDd tM AWltibh", ~ ,but
both cont'lin acCouQ)h ti destructive, 'W'&I'S, ' the latter terminating
in nea.rl~ t~e complete annihilation,.of ~he con~di~.s,p~es.
, India. IS supposed to have hlld u.labu'lbus amotiillt 01 wea.lth
till it was "draind1" from the country by the English. In
proof of thitl, see tile account of Ayodhya, 'in the time of Ra.ma.
b tlaat city. S4 ,milea ,hmg. and 7Q brO~J '';thelia WIIoS,no ~use-
1t.I)1der who ,w~s not rich ,ia horses, and kine, ~nd food. :All wore
earring!) and garlands." ,.' ;,
'.. Eamines ,at' present a.lIe the result. of British rap~i~\ and
iRbapacity. Were they.unknown during the" halcyoo days of
Hindu" llO:veieignty" '1, Tha.t venerable /W.d a1Jthentic ,t',ecord, the
Mah'bh8.rata, does not support such an idea. The Santi Paiva
describes one of twelve yewrs du,t'Mion! Such was the scarcity of
food, that the renowned Rishi, Vasishtha, one of the mind-born
sons of Rrahma",to prevent death from stai'vation, had to
steal at
night dog's flesh' from the hut of a chandtiJa, which he ate, after
piously offering a. portion to the gods ?ond pitris.
Manu's Code relates the following of Vsmadeva, a Rishi
nearly equal in sanctity to Vasishtha: '
106. Vamadeva,':' who well knew right and wrong, did not sully
himself when,' tormented (by hunger) he desired to eat the ftesh of a
dog
,
in order to save his life.'
,
X.
• Ba.d at; Britit;hrule lllay be, no Hindu high priest has boot>
reauced under it to such dire distress as to steal the leg of a dog
tq prevent death from starvation, as is said to have happened
during ~he "halc~on days of .Hindu ~overei~ty." , ,
, Educated HlOdus, besides belllg 1msled by poetry and
ln~a.gination, .have been larg'(Hy influenced by some 'En~it;lt
writert; who, as Messrs, Strachey say: .. '.
. I' ,End$$vpw' hopestly a.od persistently to show tha.t, ~n 90';se.
quenee of th,e wickedness or stupidity of our Government, In~fa 'is in a
stllo~ bordering on bankr~ptcy, that its people are beool'ning poo~er IIInd
ppO;t\;U;, ,more and more miserable, 1ll0re ,and more exposed to rum' a.nd
deatli by fa.mine; that ehishing'ta.xation goes on consta.ntly increa.sing ;
tha.t an enormous and rUinous tribute is exa.cted from India. to be spent
h(~ng}and:H r :', " , "",' .1, •

m'
'. . . ' " I ' \

, Il'bese views- ,were set forth, .~P1phlets, ,entitl~' The

Spoliat'ion of India, and India blee.ding to D~ath. ~s ::r;Q.~1!t,~
au~sed" they foun<l. re.ady 4il(lb.oes ,m tll~ lpdian Pr,ess;i ,If even
EDglIshmen admitted sliCh things, they mu.st Qe tJ.:ue. , '
,; .,;.;..:.-
, • Dow.on's Dictionary of Hindu Mythology gives the following additional det';'ls.
~tWa was a Vedic Blehi, author of miulyhymJlS. ,;In one of d1a1 he '*1& "In
extreme de.titu~ion I have cooked the entrails of a dog." " ' " '" ,
'" MnmW8 tuKl PllbUe'Wi»-.b of /'ItdiIJ., p. 11. . ,
 GmntttAL FEELING AMONG' mlt10A..'l'JiD fUNDUS WITH, ETC. .,

. ~itnilM' b¢ni6ns were recent.ty expressed by a. crazy>Writer,

(an old Bl!i1gM' civiH8rI1 !) in The P08iti,t)ist Revi.ew. The EAgtiR
t

a.re exhar.-wn to lea.ve, bag a.nd baggage, a country whioP they

ha.ve reduced to the lowest depth of wretchelness. The PB.pe.r it>
worthy of the journal in which it appears.
Mr. Allam Arthur, Ohairman of the C lcutta Cha.n1ber of
Commerce, saiel that the people:
.. Are being eduoated by some of the native papers to soe notbi~
good in the present administration of the country, and everything tha:t
is bad in the J?embers of the ruling race." ~,
Fa.lse patrioti!>ID and race feeling partly a.coount for this.
They are by no meam, confined to IndIa.. Smiles says, .. A great
deal of what passes by the name ofpatriotisrn in these days consists
of the merest bigotry and narrow-ullndedness, exhibiting itself
in national prejudice, national conceit, u.nd national hatred."t
The Subvdh Patrika thus describes the form it often assumes in
lndla:- .
.. It consists in an indiscriminate admir8ltion of Hindu mM1nerSj
customs, and institutlOns, and a glorification of their ancestors, of whose
rel\l history, however, we know next to nothing. It is taken to mean a
blind praise of all that is ours, 8.nd a strong denunciation of aU thlloi ill
foreign. It matters not whether a custom 18 good or bad; it is ours,
and we must praise It. A non-Hmdu tells us wha.t we should do; it
-matters not if he is right; he is not a Hindu, and he has no right to tell
us what we should do This is associated with &n uncontrolla.ble deem,
~o tind fault with thc mstltutlOns and manners of Europea.ns, and
especia.lly of our English rulers."
It is justly added ;-
"A people rulcd by such ideas CILn never improve, a.nd they are
sure to work their own ruin by their own hands."
A Calcutta journal might Le named whose main object durmg
the last quarter of a century has been to malign ""the English
character and the English administration. It has had its reward,
being considered the most patriotic of Indian journal!>. There is
Ml mlightened minority, lIke the Sttbodh Patrika, but its voice is
BOM'Cely heard a.mid the shouts of the crowd. I

Sir Henry Fowler said in Pa.rliament ;.,.,...

.. It was my duty during the time I wits Secretary for India. tb read
th'eINa.iive n~.rs. I o&n &sstIre the House tha.t I never knew until
r read some ot these llewspa.pertl, what a. be.d man I was, what At bMt
Government I representeci, lo.nd wha.t 0. bad HOllse this was; a.nd '.ben
I ~y' 'bad;' I attl using &. much wIder adjecth"e than wa.s· a.ctua.lly
eiDployed." , I I ,

• ItwUan Measenger, I>eooInber 6th, 1M.- t Character, p, 111•

 ..The jollowiu.g MIe some of t!iei:lUet'aa.oeS of<tbelndian Press .
.BefereM~ .tnight be given; but th~ are bettel: ~ ~
"There a.re ma.ny good and virtuous English men altd 'women.
But·Wfi 'O&n 'moat truthfully ""ay that the English a.re the UlI08t a.varici-
ous and selfish peoplf in the world."
" ~1i8h merCha.nts during a. swa.y of nearly a century rifled the
land of an its wealth. A century of Plunder I And now wh. has
sucQeeded it ? The • Spoliation of India.,' has it cea.sed? Certainly not.
tt ;8 going on as vigorously u.s ever."
, " English merchants have come here to turn a ~nny by fa.ir mea.ns
or foul. They are perfect masters of envy, intrigue, and malice."
.. The enormous growth of foreign trade does not in tibe least
indicate growing prosperity in the condition of its people. . . . . It
simply indicates the indebtedness of India, a.nd her growiqg ma.terial
exha.ustion. "
" The increase in the import of gold and silver as a sign of the
growing l?rosperity of the peol?le is fallacious."
.. It 1S by no means certam that the extension of railwILYs hllos been
a.n unmixed blessing.. to India; that it ha.s not carried in its srain- eftects
that have been the principal cause of the impoverishment of the Indian
people."
.. OUI' • beneticent' Government takes to itself no less tha.n 47 per
cent of the produoe (and) levies mnumerable other contributions,"
. " India sends a.way 30 millIons of money as her tribute to England,
and tibis tribute, for whioh Dot So penny is received in return, as it ba.s
boon sa.id over a.nd over again by oompetent writers, is one of the ehlef
nuses of India's poverty."
Where benefits mUbt be acknowledged, it is attempted to
show that they are worthlesb, The Britibh Government has
given protection to property, but it has robbed the people of
aJl they had, so that there it! nothing left to protect.
Mr. Dadabhai N aooroji said in his speech as Chaimuw of the
meeting at Bloomsbury:
II It W\IoS sa.id that British rule had given India. la.w and order and

aecurity for life and property, but what wa.s the use of this if there were
to be no life and property to be secured?"
Instead of there being .. no life to be secured," the ~ffieuUy
is its abundance. There were :.!87 millioD.8 a.t the last cenSU8,
and there are two million more mouths to feed every yelU'.
,Imita.ting Irish patriots, they .. grind at the hm-dy-gurdy
ot lo~~dea.d grievlWces and long-remedied wro~s."· The
PlOteCtlV6 duty imposed in Engle.pd on Indian fa.bncR a.bout 110
century ago, is brought up again a.n.d again.
·It ma.y be asked, ha.ve the Anglo-lndia.n journal& aI\d Govetn~
ment made no attempts to correct such notions'? They are ·easily

• Smiles 011 OlttJra.Ct.r, p. teo

 GBNEBAL FEELING AMOlIlG, 'EllU(}M'BD HINDUS WITH, ETC. ,.

disp>_ ,ofl 'Ihe 'joumale in questioa aN oonducted by:'. . . .i

with 'f'crude notions'<m economic Stlbjects," a.nd, withal mcec-' j

rigibly tltnpid. Tbey are thus given up in despair ;-

"There are empiric financierS whe would 9,:!,ve us believe th'al
India. is growing richer because her exporli t~e is fast growing.
With such it is useless to argue, beoau~e they £a:il to understand tqe
true 8lgni~ae of the increased exports.
The attempts of Government or Indian Civilians to expla.i!1
matters are equally fruitless. They only show
.. By w~ distortion of fa.ots and falla.cious logic the boasts of the
Indian burea.uoracy have to be made to look plausible."
The Bloomsbury Meeting.-According to Indian JournalilJts,
the press in this country, is now " gagged."
Unlike India, England is a land where
" A lUan may speak the thing he will."
The real teellllgb ot educated I ndlans can tht'refore best be
learned by what they say In that country. Viewf>d in thiil light,
the Bloomsbury meeting held in London III Decpmi>er, 1897, is
of great importance.
The following is part of the Resolution moved by the
Chairman, Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, ex M. P.·
" That this Conferenoe of Indians resident in the United KingdoJ4
is of opinion thu.t of II 11 the evilc;; and 'terrible misery' tha.t India bas
been suffering fOl It century and-a·half, and of which the latest devt>lop-
ments are the most deplorahle famme lLnd Vl~guA. arising from ever.
inoreasmg povel't~, the stupId and suiClduJ f1'Ontler war anu itA savagery,
of the wholesaJe de~tructlOn of Villages, unworthy of any people, but.
far more so of English CIVlhsa.tion , the unwise and suicidal proseoutions
for sedition; the absurd and ignorant cry of the disloyalty of the
eduoa.ted Indians, and for the ourtailment of the liberty of the Indian
Press; bile diSpot>ltion --lIke that of the imprisonment of the Natus,aU<i
the general insufticiency I\nd ineffioiency of the administration-of all
these and many othel minor evils the main cause is the unrighteous
and un-British sYFltem of Government whioh produoes an unoeasing and
aver-increasing bleeding of the country and which is ma.intained by a
politi~l hypocrisy and continuous subterfuges unworthy of the British
honour and name, and entIrely in opposition to the British people and
utterl¥ in violation of acts a.nd resolutions of the most solemn and
repeated pledges of t.be Briti~h nation a.nd Sovereigu ....
Th&t, as a. neoessa.ry lmmediate instalment of justice, a la.rge pl'opor.
ti~n, if not the whole, of the famine and plague expenditure, and the
wbole cost of the p1'f'Rent unwise frontier war, must be met from the
British Exchequer, remembering that Engla.nd drains from lrldia. some

• qttery despotiblll.
'atMoo,OOOor&4:0,OOO,OQO ~ ~.! ~J!j ~ile
IW\Il Jorwlll'd polio(y, m~t o~e, and Uta whOle trQutier
£fan_ l\Iaf
q~stion llA
oarefully reeonsider~ 80 a.s tq rendtlf a.U Afghan)st..ll a ~tll'ful and
im,wegnable barrier to an independence-loving and wa.rUke ,Ptlopre
agiiust any foreign Intasion of India. '
"'Mr. Naorbji sifpported this long resolution by a lo~ apec13h!
wliioh was vociferously cheered. I '

"The Resolution was calTied unahimonsly, all'Hd consideta.ble

8t);4u.siaam. '"
The Westminster Revieu), referring to Mr~Naoroji, remarks
there are" declama.tions 'a.bout thirty or forty millions '-as if ten
millions of pounds sterling was a kind of negligible quantity."
But The Indian Messenger claims th~ Mr. N"~)Ioji'£; ",¥lJrty
millions" is " ten millions" below the reai amount. In a ~ecent
article headed, "The Political Cause of the Famines", the
following statement is made:
" The regular drainage of wealth out of India has been variously
e8timated at from 30 to 70 million pounds sterlr'1g a year. Sir Charles
Dilke said: 'Our kmgdum and people together draw from India. some
sixty or seventy millIons sterlmg a year ltl dlrect mcome. Ma.d1IlllJEl
Juliette Adam writes, < In 27 years India has been dlained to the e,uemt
of 600 millions'. We Will be considera.bly wlthm the ma.rk if we rec1{on
it a.t the rate of 50 mIllions a. yea.r. Now India has been drained ~o tbis
extent for the lu,.,t hundred years, and the process is going on with
increased volume evelY year. What wonder then if India. is pa.uperise.d
to-day? Lord Cur7.on caloulated last year that the failure of the mon·
soon throughout Indla with the exoeption ot our two provmces, caused
a telTible loss to the country. That was n grent ca.lamlty indeed; it
represented thf' loss of the earnings of the maJonty of the Indian
popUlation, But according to the calculatlOn of Lord Curzon himself
it 'Was only about 25 millIons. Compare WIth this exoeptional and
a.bnormal item, the regullL1 annual drRomage of fifty millions; and will
anyone still wonder at the cause of the famme" As we have sa.id-
the world over, whether in the PRost or the present, there is not a
parallel to it."
It is a.dded :
"'It is not possible to enumerate the thousand and one defects of
the Indian Administration which lead directly or indirectly to the
impoverishment of the country." Nov. 18, 1900.
It should be mentioned that The Indian Messenger is a
Brahmo paper, and its genera.l tone is among the best in India.
Th-e a.rticle is a strIking proof of the blindness of India's political
guides, a.nd a sample of the" product" of our present educational
system.

• Quoted from 7.'/141 H'mdit, Jillnuary 17, 18\1ti

 SWECTS OF TO JI1]IU.!i PA~UNE POLICY. f"

la.portuoe- efthe _eetiDg.-Ha.d the sentiments been <~

~i'esseti
by merely one or two ;young men, they tnight be ~
With contempt; but the m~tmg WILS a U Conferenoe of lndiaas
resident in the United Kingdom," held undeJt the auspioos of -the
.. London Indian Society," and .. the audievpe was largely com;.
posed of young gentl~men, evidently students a.t home." The
Indian, Magazine, some time ago, gave the number of IndilW
students in England as about 300. They are chiefly candidILtes (or
the civil service, medical and law students, the supposed elite of the
Indian Universities, the future leaders of public opinion in India..
There is a still graver aspect of tht' case. ThE' meeting
t;epresented, more or leeR, every greatjrovince of India. It cannot
be supposed that landing in Englan produced an irmmediate and
entire ohange in the minds of YI)Ung lUen with regard to their
opinions of English rule in India. Thf'Y must have held, to som(>
extent at least, the same views In theIr own country, although
prudence forbade their expression.
:Further, Mr. Dadabhai NaoroJi, Chairman of the Meeting, and
no doubt the drafter of the Resolution, is the trusted guide of thf'
Indian National Congless At the Amraoti meeting in December,
1897, the following Hesolution was passed" enthusiastically" :
" The Hon'ble Mr. Ananda Charlu proposed a vote of oonfideaoe
in Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji and wall seconded hy Balm Moti l,a11 Ghosh.
It was carried enthusiastioally."
The Times satls:-
"The resemblance between the sppeches and the motions at
Amraoti and the speecheq Itnd the motions Itt Bloomsbury is in some
I'eqpeot so cloc,e as to snggest that they are th€' OlltcoOlP of common
deliberations." Dec 30, 1897.
The Bloomsbury Meeting tUay therefore be preRumed to
indicate largely the opinionH of the C'ongr(,Rh, "hich could be
expre'lsed only with "hatf'd hreath" at Amfltoti during tht>
" Reign of Terror." .
Sensible IndianR would gladly 'lee t}w B1oolllhhlll'Y Pl'()-
ceerungs buripd in oblivion. but this would
" but Rkill and tilm the ulceroll'o plll(,\.'
A phY'lician, in'ltead of "hutting hiR eypf-. to dangf'IOI1'l 'lvmp-
tom"!, if! only the more careful in hlf> iliaglloRiR
THE DIFFICULTY OF GOVEHNING INlIH GREATLY IN( JtE"~Ell
BY THE HUMANE FAMINE POLJC'\' ()l<' GOVERNMEN'l'.
~lr W. Hunter thu~ describes the pa'!t conditlon 01 thing'!
in ramine~'
"Famine is now recognil:ed a'! one of thf' most difficult problems
with which the Indian administra.tion hat\! to d8\l.l A hlllldred yE'IU'S
2
10
ago <it ..as~, not as .. p~M
Il1E1IeIIA1U>D1I.

.w.;.......
iftsiiMion of God. dietl, beyond ~e oonttOl ,of'~. Who abe
W.as a.
ra.iR4I Oll which She crops depended feJl shM, ~ crqps were 1'e&l'ed.
ud the peop~ perisbied. The earth had y;ielded 00 food, &nd sP tl,le
people, in the ordina.t and legiSimate course of things, died.:'~' j

In defence it may be said that, under the circUlUstances, relief

was impossible. Before British rule, the country was without
toads. Goods were conveyed by pook oxen or rude carts. Cartw«e
by pack oxen is exceedingly expensive; eVen __ em. it is high.
When famine ~revl\il8 over a wide range, pook oxen and earts
become almost useless. Theoxen require water and fodder, which
cn,nnot ht' cmpplit'd in famine diAtricts. During the f9irnine of
1877-7~, MYRore lost one-fourth of it!! popl'liation. "Grlrin waR
poured into Bangalore by tht' MadraR Hailway; but thf' means
for hringing the food to the hnn~rry m0nthR wet'{> inadequate."
A Rystem of RIl,Uways was required.
ThiR policy had two great advantageF:l :
1. Thf' pressllrf' on thf' soil 1('(/,8 rl'liM,pd.-At every Sf'vere
famine millionR of l/l,ndless labourerR were cltrrled off, 1t'''I,>ening the
!'!train. The survivorF:l benefited.
.. 2. Thf' danger of pauperiS'ing the Pf'Opie 1IJasl)1'f'Vented"=-
The Rufi'ererf.. had to exert their utmost to find It living fol'
themselves instead of' reRorting at once to relief workR.
During the late famine the British Government, at vt'ry
g:ceat expense, prest'l'ved the live<; of five or six millions of land-
lesF:l labourt'rs, but instead of relieving the pressurt' by that
number, it has added to it that of them and their dt'scendants to
be maintained during the next famine. .
Lord Curzon has pointed ont the da.nger of pauperising the
people through the British Famine policy. Unless very carefully
gUMded, the IItndless labourers will flock by millions to relief
works, to the prejudice of local demands, as wt'll ItR increaFling
the outlay.
Increasing Pressure of Population.-It i<; the common bt'lief
of tht' Hindus that It man who has no son to make otferingF:l for
him aftel' dE'ath fall<; into the hell c..'tllt'd put. AC'eording to Mann
\ix. 1:\8), the Helf-t'xistent ('ailed a son putra, bt'('ltuse he delivers
r~~n put. ThE' maS8ef.. therefol't' marry as It refigioml duty,
!l""t'speC'tive of tht' mean!'> of <;nbsiRtence. Mnhammooaml marry
on tbe strength of the proverb, ., Ht' who !)ends mouths will
send meat."
The following remMks on this subject are a.bridged from Sir
H. S. Mame : -
"India seems likely to experience, more than any society of melt,
bat peculiar trial which follows good government ...... ln no country,
• Etlf]iatld'~ Work ;71 T"dill, p lU
 ~f'FECTS OF rlfJt 'tl11Jta FAMINE ~OL1CY.

will ibart! t. ~Wy .. ,seVerefp1l888u ... ~f ~ulat.ioD on food. lndiaja

the oo~y pio11l of the world in whioh everl amsle
aWe of the popuJ,at.ioct
s~itions of tiba if_
is marrioo.. as &0011" it is possible for blD! ~ be married .. 'Dhe 8UJ1el'f
m~ity will Dot a.llow animal. to be bred or 1u1W
for food. Nor will ibe popula.lilon emigra.ie.· •
" Such oauses of mcrea.se in the population' and hmit&tiOIl ill Lhe
supply of food have existed from time imnlt'Rlorial in Indil~. But, till
Lhe present oentury, tbere were oompeting oau&et! which impeded their
operMioD. 11'1\01' the most powerful of these were war, pestilenoe, and
famine.. These ancient checks on the growih of the population are
losing 'heir ma.lefioent power, a.nd with their disappea.ranoe population
will faat inorease its volume, forcing on the aLtenuon of the ruleA of
India a. number of gnltV6 problems which have been very imperfeotly
faocd of late years by the economists and statesmen of the West,"
Mr ..John Morley is said to have expressed a similar opinion.
l!~very year at present there are two millions more mouth", ~o
f'eeti. Unless vigorous meaHures are !1doptt'ci, the COlit of faluine
relief will become an intolerable burden.
Tndian .Journalistf> deny the over-population of India, ",uti
as~rt that the increase is not greater thaI) in Prallce (!) and
Germany. Let them he compared. Unfortunately the pcriodR
no not synchronir.e, but the ratiQ of increase can be calculated.
Popula.tion.
· 1/381 253,982,595
J nd11\. 1891 2H4,276,4R8
Peroon~t' of IncrelLSe uurmg 10 yea!'s, 12 per oent. , IUlnu...1 I':.!
1)01' cent.
ropllla.tion,
, 1871 41,060,000
Gel man~' -U:i85 46,!:!56,OOO
Percentage of increafSc dUl'illg 14. )00.1'8, 11'2 pel' cent; IlontHm} .!:j
per oent.
PopUlation.
1872 37,013,000
France 1!:!86 3ti,219,OOO
Increase in 14 ye~l''3 3 pel' cent. t a.nnua.ll'l~t~ '~,n per oen~.
Gpnna.ny is not bubject to droughts like IndIa, and tt 11> It,
great manufacturing country, as .. made in Germany" te~titiefj; but
the ~t;lcrement i~ India is 50 per OP,nt. higher tha~ in Germany,
and IS nearly sixJold that of Fnwce. Tp.e last 11> 11 country of
small etlltivators, and to c,heck the subdivil:lion of land, the ,PeQ,Ple
have lin;lited the pppulation.
Sir W. W. Unntet S"Yt'I; .
, "'Dl. permanent oure.n OTer--popuiaUon re_ with the '~Ie
themselves, a.nd consists in their res'tt'lJ.nts..11pOJi m~, to whll!w.u
-.------
• E:z:clUllive of Upper Burma. The figures are from the Indian 8eatWical
Tablu and from Mulhall's Ihc~cf BlMeitlCl,lM Ed.
 , K1UIOldDUX.

na.tions of suuul hllsband$etl have ~er or la.ier to svlMnit. But we

~ wait till tbM ot!1mpuJsory l~ is learned; for mellrnwhH~
mitqem; will perisk!. Over.-population in India. is the di.treot ptoduot of
BriIliyh rule, We have taken on ourselves the responsibility of !'emoving
prima.ry checks upon the inorease of the people-checks which, however
cmel, IWC the natul'al'and inevitable ones in Asia, and which ta.ke the
pla.oo <If the prudentia,l restn.ints pra.etised by the pea.sa.nt-fa.rming moos
of Europe. We must now discharge that responsibilitr., and as our own
uivj,li106d rule hits created tile difficulty, we must meet It by the resources
of civilisation. These resouroes may lighten the prelMlrc of the popula..
ti0D on tho soil in three ways,-lirst, by witbdt"ILwing large numbers to
non-agricultural industries; second, by distributing the' pressure over
new or under· populated tracts; third, by inoreasing the produce of
the existing II.rea.of oultivation." ,
'rhe aim of this Memorandum is to urge the emploYllJent of
these three remedial measures.

CAUSW:l OF THE ALLEGED GROWING POVERTY OF INDIA..

The Hon. Mr. Ananda Charlu, Member of the Viceroy's

IJegislative Council, undoubtedly voiced .. Indian public opinion"
when Itt the Budget debate of 1898 he spoke of the " frightful and
growing poverty of India." On another point the people art~
equally unanimous. Under Native rule the people traced their
8uffel'ii'gs to Fate or t.o their &ins in a former birth and were
resigned. Educa.ted Hindus lay them at the door of the British
<Jovernmcnt, Mr, Babhapati Muqeliar r-;aid at BeIlary, .. We all
Il.ttribute the poverty of India to the mismanagement of our
rulers."
One or two .tlleged Cl1tlses may be noticed. The quotationb
frultl Indian paper!:: show that one editor stands in .. learned
doubt" whether railwu.ys have not been .. the principa.l cause of
the impoverishment of the Indian people." The statement of this
is sufficient.
'rhe theo!), of Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji:
1. The Employment of a Foreign Agencly.
'rhe Indian SjMctato'f' quotes the following as the opinion
expressed by him in England :-'"
·'I·''the speaket tben proceeded to point out what he re~arded as the
~u'!e of the poverty of India. He cited several a.U.thoritles upon the
su.bject, and s1\owed it was simply tha.t the employment of a foreign
agency' caused at la.rge drain to the country, disabling it from savin~ any
capital at all, and rendering it weaker and weaker every day, fOl"Cl1ng it
tg'f,e&Qrt to loa.ns b: .its w~ and becoming worse and. "orse in its
eeonomie oondi$ioI2." Jao. 28. 1881.
~-----......,...-....- ----
 CAUSES OF THE ALLEGED 'aMWl'NG POVERTY 81<1 INDIA. ~

So for frOm' India. not ha.vhlg sa.ved H any capiVld a.t 'aU, II
duing the la.st fifty years she ha.s absdrbed gold Sitld silver ~'tke
'value of l>OO crores of rupees. and the a.mount might have been
much larger had it been profita.bly employed. In addition, she
has been enriched by irrigation works, public buildingA. &C'.
Calcutta and Bomba.y, on~e mud hamlets, are evident.'61:! of
British rule.
'l'his opinion has been adopted by the young gentiel'Mn
composing the Indian Society. A Resolution passed by them 1~1!It
year asserts that " Famines in India are preventable," their cause
being the costly Indian system of Government.
It is alleged that the country ib drained of its wealth by the
employment of a foreign agency.
Lord Elgin, at the request of Lord Northbrook, ubta.ined
from the Finance Department an aPI,roximate estimate uf the.
cost of the CIvil Service. "The total a.n1111aJ cost of the
Covenanted Civil Service, including Leave, Pension, and
Exchange Compensation Allowance, is about Rx. 2,005,000,"
Suppose that every European in the Civil Service WlI,b dis-
missed and replaced by an IndIan on half the Ralary, the relief' in
taxation per head would be Ie Sf> than one pie per month!
India requires first class Ulen, and !:!uch are not to be obta.ined
on low salarie:;. The Pinance Member of the Viceroy's Council
recently resigned. As a merchant in London. he could better hiE.
positiun. The condition of the poor ib to be ameliorated, not by
., petty cconomieb," not t.y cheap and lesR efficient officer:; of
Government, but by making the toil of the labourer more
remunerative.
2. The " Heaviness of the Land Assessment."-This ib the
theory of Mr. R. C. Dutt, U.I.E.
In his late addre!:!b as President of the Indian National
Congress, he said:
" Real Cause of li'llimines and the Remedy.
II Gentlemen, the real cause of the poverty of our agricultural popu.
iation is simple and even obvious, if we ha.ve the courage and the
honesty to seek for it a.nd to grasp it ••. The rea.I cause of the India.n
cultivators' wretchedness and indebtednel:ls is tha.t, cxoept in Bengal
a.nd a. few other tra.ots, the land asse>;sment is so heavy that the culti-
va.tor is not a.ble to sa.ve in good years pnough to meet the faUtlre tif
harvest in bad years." .
!'< ,. J .

His fallacy with regard to Bengal may first be noticed.

The better condition of cultivators in Benga.l is not due to the
liihter land tax, but to the almost n~ver-fltiling supply of J"ain
prev~tiIIg a. .. famine of work." "
It is not the RYOTS, a.s a. rule7 who perish during famines.
With or without the aid of money-lenders, they ca.n tide over one
ot 'tWa bad years. It is the LANllul!lo~ LAOOURJ£RS· who
.·the sulferers. Sir w.,W. J;Iuutel" 'has the foJInwing l'Mnark&:
, ~ 8U0h writertl 'en you thlOt the peopte Dr India. fore 'very pobr,
there/ore'they o()"clucfe the Government I'! to blattle. I Jl.lsd tell yoo
thM the people of IndilL a.re very poor, bcmmse the population has
iner&l."ed &Ii such III rate lIB to,outf!ltrip, in ilOlDe pat·tn., the fOGd-produclng
powel'S of the land; beclLuse every squa.re mile of Benga.l hill! now to
EiUptOlt tbree .f,imet! as IDu,uy familieb a.s it had to su.pport at hundred
)'elLl'b ago; heoo.use evury 8qu"'1'e mile of Britit;h I . , dedUQtin@ the
outlying provinces of Burmah and Assam, has to feed nua.rly tbree
times aH lDlLny mouthl> as another square mile of ~he Nathe Sta.tes,"
p.,127 .
.. The poverty of certain part'> of India il> the direct and inevitable
result of the over-.£ll?pulatioll of tho'!c parts of India. The mass of ttle
nusbandmen are hving in defiance of economIC Jawl>. A people cf Hmall
c'liltivn.tors cannot he prosperou"! if they marry irrespective of tlie lueans
of suhsistence, "'lid Mlow their number!; to outstrIp the food-producing
ptlwers of the soil. Now tha.t the sword is no longe!' permitted to- do its
o\d wOTk, 'obey mu~ \\\lbmi'o to p"u.de\\ti..\ )'e<;;'oY20.\l\t/1; on. m~ni~ OT
they must suffer hunger. Such restraint" have beep impel'at.j\c
upou racelO of smu.U cultivllotol's bince the tUi.ys when PIlLto wr<»e bis
Republic."
From the mCl'eased populn,tion, the cllltivated area no longer
suffices to allow a plot of ground for every peasant, and grea.t
I1Ulllbers rtow earn a poor and precariOtlb sllbF!lF!tence as hired
la.bourers. In ordina.ry seabom thC'y can get employment and
manage to live; but if the min8 fail, the tyots cannot give them
work, and, unlel-,8 it is provided for them, they lllUrot starve.
The early statistic" o( Lndia arc not so complete alii the later
ones. The figures given ate as follows:
1871 .. Labourers," .. ... ... ... 8,174,000
1881 .. Labourer8 Bnd other'!! (branch of labourerli undetiucd).'· 12,472,697
1891 .. Earthwork and general Labour" 25,4168,017
Of the 25,46H,017, Urban are given as 2,666,241; Iiltral,
22,801,777. It is these ~3 millions, now considerably increased,
who fptIll tile" White Man'" Burden" in India. Want of lain
produces a 1!;AMINE OF WORK.
~ According to the Indian standard of comfort, the majority of
~e r~t6 are faidy well off. As already mentioned, the difficulty
is with the landle,,!; labourers.
Rica.rdo says;
. ''In tllose conQtries where the la.bouring classes ha.ve the f.ewwot
~nts, and a.re cofttented ;nth the cheapest food, the ,Pe6ple are.
~a to' fue grea._ vidistiitudeS ,,"d mreerihs. i'hey ha.~ no pu.ae
of refuge from ca.lamity; they cannot seek: slde'by -in II. loweri $Wiotfi
!! 1~ \ i \ ~ 'i \ --.j.--L.J I [ t 1. 1\ J l \

• E.n4"t Work iA I,.. pp. 186, 11.l6. ,. /.

 APPOINTMENT Oll' 4. Jl'AIlINE COMMISSION, u
tbey are a.lrea.dy '80 ~ t.aat ~y oan faU DO lower. On &by de&ienoy
of ~ ohief art~ of their s~bsiste.nce, tQere are f~w subs~~ of
;trich 'thofean ""ail ~em~elveg, Ij,nd dearyl) Po tlulW },is. ~~<l ~tj
almost the evils of £Ruune." , '. ,I<:.

Sir H. S. Cunningham, after quoting the above, remarks :-,.~

'1 The state of things thus described exisb in India. to the 'fullest
possible extent; vast multitudes live at almost the lowest level cooi.
patible with contiIlued existence; their wants and hopes are limited to
the barest neoeR~itieR of human life. Prudential considerations fail to
operate where prudence could effect 00 sensihle amelioration, anj
where life is flO miserable that the prORpect of It still lower stage
POSSAASel! b\lt few terrors , lncrl'lI.sing numhers ndd to the fierol'oess
of the struggle fOl' existence, Itnd to itR hopeleFisness,"
Nature, it haR been said, is" a rud\" chirurgeon." Had she
been left to do hf'1' work during the late famine. she would
probably have If'RRened the preRsnre on the land hy the removal
of 5 milhonR of the above claRR. 'l'hey have been preHerved, Ima,
IV; they art> thf' mORt l'eckleRR in mUltiplying, they will Itdil 80
many millions more to be snpported dnring the next famine.
Huppose the land aSReHRment were reduced 25 per cent.,
mvolving a sacrifice of revenue to tlw ItlllOllllt of six crOTeS Q,
year, would this PUOVUH: \VOHK whell th(' rain"! fltiled1 And not
only RO. By the IORs of AO lUnch revenue, a Rtop wonld be put to
improvemeuL", and the ('ollclition of tilt' pt'oplf' would he worse
than ever.

APPOINrrMENT OF A FAMINE COMMISSION.

This, I helieve, haR been determined npon by IJord Cun'.ou's
Government. 'l'hf' following rf'lJlltrh arf' intf'ndeu to Ruggest
subjects for itH invehtiglttion.
rrh~ IURt Fllmin(' COmmif..Rion dealt only with 'Pamine
Relief. The Wl'itf'r wrote to thf' Hf>c'},f'tary f'xprf'sHing a hope dtat
the mquiry wOl1ld he lI!;t>fuJ in prf1Jl'lItillY .fmllillf,~; hnthp Waf!
informed that thih WIl,F; heyond thf' f',('oPf' of thf> CommiRRi<1n. .
A COmmif>Aion iR wanted on i,he line!> of' thltt a.ppointed
n.ft€'r the famine of 1877-7"l, whORe object mity be thnR expreRsed:
A COM14ISRION TO ENQUIRE INTO THE CAUSES
0)'-' FAMINES IN INDIA, AND TO SUGGERT REMEDIES.
The following a.re some points which might be considered:
1. THE INCIDENCE OF THE LAND ARSE8RMENT:
WHAT IT 1R, AND 'VHAT l'r OUGHT TO BE,
 IIBKOJlA!tDUH.

Tbe 'ollowing 8UWtiTiUODfJ may be mentioned :

(a) Bunoaed hean ~unt 8.1ld oontinual Increue of AI·
leII1Dent:- how tar is this correct P
The quotation from an Indian journal, already given, is sup-
posed to represent the amount of the Land-Tax:-
.. Our • benefieent' Government takes to itself no less than 47 per
Oent. of the produce (and) levies innumerable other contributions."
The idea is that Government takes 47 per cent. of the gros8
prodftC',e. There is some excuse for this misconception. The rate
under Hindu and Muhammedan Governments waR calculated from
the entire produce. In fixing the tax the English Government
went upon another principle. The following directiom were
given :-
"The produce of the land must at least be sufficient to feed and
clothe the labourer and his family, and to replace the cattle and R.gricultu·
ral implements as they become worn out; and heRides this, a surplus
must remain for the payment of the assessment imposed by the Star.e."
The British Government may take 47 per cent. of thE'
remainder, after making the above deductions, but this is very
different from 47 per cent. of the grOl'l,) produce. It!. alllount
will hereafter be shown .
Another idea. is that the assessments are made increa.Riugly
heavy.
Mr. R. C. Dutt makes the following assertion with reference
to cotton and jute cultivation :-
" The profit l'emaiD8 in the conntry, with the cultivators when the
State demand from the soil has been permanently limited, hut OVtll' the
larger portion of India the recurring settlementA, Recuring 0. steady
inCl'ease in thtl Stattl demand, swetlp away the incrtlased profits to the
imperial exchequer, and leaV{' thE' tillers of the '>oil no hettel' off than
before."
This represents the popula.r opinion on the bubject, although
one would have expected that an old Indian Civilian would havf>
been better informed.
So far as shown by the best statiFlticR at present available, the
tacls ~e as follows :-
Sir H. H. Cunningham, one of the members of the F:uninf>
Commission published a volume, entitled British India and itl!
Rt4lers, giving the principal facts elicited by the inquiry. It iR
mentioned that Todar Mull's a.ssessment of 8::l ~r cent. was
considered l'e3.lionable. It is shown that the Enghsh assessment
is leRA than nTlf>-fourth of that fixed by Todar Mull.
.. _--- - - - -----_._--- -- - ~ . --------

• $ngkllld IlIAiI Indio, p. )~. '

 APPOINTMENT OF A Jl'AVIt!TR OOMMIRRION.

"The meal UlWUuli 01 the .I.and nweDne is. sbow.n in the followi1a8
iIIohIe. fra.med Otl the beat "v80il~le 8smma:lie of the out·t.urn;- \ " ,
I.and Revenue. Peroentage 011 eat.imatei
Rx. • gross value 01, orops-
Panjab .. .. ' .,. 1.910,000 ... 3'6
N .•W;. Provinces and Oudh 5,565,000 ." 7'S
BengaJ... ... ... " 4,050,000 ••• ::1'9
Oentnl.J Provi nces 600,000 . .. 3'S
Berar .. 62.\000 "\~
Bombay ... .. 2,970,000 ., 7'6
'Madl'M '" 3.160,000 6'~
" An idea has prevailed that the land reV8nue is a heavier hw:t.hela
at present than it waR forty yeats .ago. A more oa.,t:eful e){..mination,
however, has shown that the inOrell-Re from £12,480,000 in lfN·O to
£22,830,000 in 1879 is owing partly to the addition of :.16 millionR of
people ot' 25 per cent. and 242,000 miIPR of territory, with a hnd
revenue of more than 6 millions, partly to an incrpase of 50 to. 100 per
cent. in the area of cultivation, partly to the increaR8 to the prioe of
~a~lt!ll'a1 produce, and in no instance to the enlatgement of the Rhare
claimed by Government in the profits of the soil. In Madra.!'!, for
instance, the area assessed has inoreased froJ}) 9i millions of acres in
1860 to 20 millions in 1875-6, and though the land revenue is 11 million
sterling higher, its incidence per acre is reduced by 3 as. on dt~, land
and EA. 2t on irriglLted land, as the following Table Rhow!'! :-
A~8eHsf.ld Area. Land Revenuo. Average Rate of ARt<eRRment per Acre.
On Dry Land. Onlrrigatoo La.nd.
Acrea. Rx. RH. A. P. HR. A. P.
18.'>2-8.. \),780,000 .. 2,IiO'J,000.. 1 8 11 7 0 11
1876 -6 .. 20,621,000 .. '1,426,000 . . 1 II Jl 4 R 11

"Similarly in Bombay, the assesRed area has increased f!'Om 12i

millions of acres in 1856 to 2o.t millions in 1875-6, a.nd an inarea!Oe of
f millions ill the land-revenue has resulted notwithstanding an aventge
reduction of 3 as. per acre in the assessment,"··
Throughout the greater part of India there has b~ no
general t increase in the assessment, while ryots have been getting
more and more for their grain. The taxa,tion was never lighter
mILD at preRent.
At the last Budget debate, Sir James Westland galVe the
figures ftom Burma, which came incidentally before him ;-
"Acoording to theie calculations the a.varltge price fol' the la.st two
years of rice in Low~r Burma. has been such tha.t the present land
revenue is only equal to 8 pe.~ cent. of it. The mearung of tbMi iB that
for every Rs. 8 of land revenue increase which have come into the
pockets of Government there 11ave been Rs. 92 of increase whioh have

• Britiah India and its Buler.y, pp. 140, 141.

t Thete may be in... rea>.eR in 'lOme fa.rt~, but they are bl\.lltnc~d by roouctJOfl'4 ill
others.
3
18
I ilaiMt .that afty ...tement
fIMle 4100 the pocrhets .of the cuiti'VtKI)l'8.
tha.i the land revenue buMena ba.Te be&D ~ .riDg -tb~ 10
~8 i~ entirely put ~ut of Court))y the figures which I have quoted."
D'Ilring the twenty years, 1870-71 and 1890-91, the La~
Revenue increased only 14 per cent. *-le.88 than ope ~ cent. a
year. This is another proof of the slight increase in the 'incidence
of the tax, even if there was no increase in the area cultiva.ted.
(b) Mode of Calculating' Incidence.-Th~ rule quoted df
deducting the working expenses should be given.... np ad uncertaip
a.nd liable to misconception. The percentage of the total value
of the- {)~P should be the sta.ndard .
(c) Oollection of Reliable Statistics.- If, according to the da ta
collected by the Famine Commiflsion and supported by Sir James
Westland, the Government demand, 011 till' 7l'ltoZpt does not ~xceed
8 per cent., our astonishment must be at its extreme moderlttion.
'rIle question iR, Are the figures reliable '>
The writer endeavoured to obtain information on what may
be called the Agricultural" constant .. ," e g , the avernge produce
pE'r acre of " dry" and" wet" lands, the percentage of the Govem-
ment tax ; but found that the hest authonties differed.
. The late Bir W. W. Hunt.er, formerly Director-General of
BtatisticR, said in 1981 :~
I I It has been my duty to tind out precisely what amount of infor·

mation exist!. with regard to the n.griculture of India, and to compa.re

that information with the facts which the Govprnlllentl; of Europe and
Amerioa. supply on the sa.me points. I ha.ve come to thl' concluslOll
that no central Government stands more in need of agl icultural know·
ledge than the Government of India., and that no Government hal; I~
sma.Uer stock of suoh knowledge within its centra.l body."
Things have improved since 1881, but correct data seem to
be still wanting.
Instead of having competent men able to give their undivided
attention to the work, attempts are made to get infonna.tion
through Divisional Officers and Tahsildars, overburdened wiih
their own duties. The Madras Administration Report for
1896-97 says : -
.. The results of the experiments conducted during the yea.r by the
DIvisional Officers and Tahsildar8 were as far as ever from fumishing
ttus>,worthy da.ta from which an avera.ge yield pt'lr IIoCrft .could be oa.lcu·
lated, or the eorreetness of the settlement esiim&t1es of out-tttrn could be
paged." p.61.
One of the principal duties of the Famine Commission should
be to settle this point satisfactorily. 80 long as the data are
- ---- -- '--
- --~-- --~-----
• a..aen·Powell's LaM 8f1BtMM of BriNn btdt4, Vol. III, p. 3'18,
t Indl\'ldual eaqf)S may dIffer,
 Al'POtNTJriBN'r m' ..L li'AdWVil COAUrtlSH10bt. n
ql1tl~klaaahlet 80 long will all kin.U of ealumnies be eircnlate~
agawst Government. I •
, 'BiIll~ will \~ Pf1W\i\ ~~ ~ et.' iptep&.Jled 1ilnder tile eye
of the Commission. A vigorous t'ffort rdJQwd be made be~_;
on Bi well dig~f;l.4 sche~6t t.o prepa.re thelli that the Covgress
11lay judge of their reiia.blene~s,
+u this inquiry the c.o-ope~a.tion of intelligent Indiana, like
the Ma.ha.raja. of Darbhangah, hOme of the lpember" Qt ihe Bengal
.igricultura.I Society, and otherb, bwuld be invited, t.hey being
clearly given to undel'stand the exact intormu.tioll that ib wanted,
and the conditions to be fulfilled in supplying it.
An able officer should be set apa.rt on l:ipecial duty to collect
a full and reliable body of evidence with reg-IUd tu the chief
vegetable prodllcts un~er different circumstauces,
~d) 09mpari80n ot British Rates with those of Native States.
Zemindaries, ChiDa, and Japan.-The only point reqUlring noticQ
refers to China and Japan. It would be mterebting and valuable
to have reliable inforrrmtion regardin~ the incidence and collec-
tion of the land tax in these countrIes under a purely oriental
l'l11e.
(e) Periods of Settlement.-A Permanent Land tlettlelUent
Ib the popular panacea for all the Ills of India. Mr. H. C. Dutt
says;
II A permanent limitation of the State demand from the SQil wou14
he the S6ving of India."
At the Amraoti Congress, a Resolution in fa.vour of a. PennI),-
nent Land Hettlement wal'! passed, supported by the opinion& of
Lord CornwalIh;, [ojlr John Shore, ~ir 'rhorna& Munro. and Lord
Cantring. -
Still more recently the Hon. Mr. Ananda Uhariu, the M&dras
Member in the Viceroy's Council, S8lJO during the Budget Deba.te
1898.
'* This need can he satisfied only by a.dopting It permanent settle-
ment of latl(1 revenue instead of the temporary systt>1ll now obtaining,
which enables the Government to irlcrease its demands from time ~
time and thus a.bsorb wh3t margin the ryot might have created for
him'tellf. This is a. reform, ~eh, Mr. ANAN&A CHABLU point6d out,
800ft af~r her Majesty's MlSUl11'ptlon of the Government of this country,
, sta.tesmen of both parties in mngland agreed to be the only on:e oalou-
J.a.I;ed to bring. QOIU~tenoe awl (lOl.ltentmellt before long, and leadl in its
w.u.e to Pl1(8)J1f:trity ..U round: .No questiiPn is more important f.o the
~ril\l pl'qs~y Qf th(l IJ¥lia,u peopl~ than this ques,ion of perma~Jlt
oetijBQ).(,»1.t, w~i,op is the op.J} remfl'Y fOl' the fr,igPtful and gl'O.wing
poverty of the people, while oilier remedies contempla.ted by UJe
Government are mere pa.l1iative9 or not even such."
 · .A distiu.,uilihed Europc&h-Poli<tiea.1 Economist deatnibed the
Perma.nent I:)ettlement of Lord Cornwa.llis I:I.S ' ,) j _

" One of the mott 1U1fortunate, but best inteati&ned, schemes

that ever ruined 8 cotmtry." ,
Mr. A. O. HUme, a competenUnd unexceptiona.ble authority,
cha.ra.cterises it as a " STUPl£NDOUS EBHOB."·
The ryots in Bengal pay HeveraJ crores a year to Zelnindars
whlch in other provinces would have gone to Government. Sir
H. 1:). Ounnillgham thus points out the iniustice~of thil:! ;-
"The richest province of India has been, to a large extent,
defended, admmistered, educated, supplied with roads, barracks,
hospitals, railways and canals, and relieved in famine, at the expense
of the rest of the community. Ryots have been toiling in Madras and
starving 111 the L>eccan, in order tllat gentlemen, like the Raja.hs of
Darbbangab and Burdwan ma.y enjoy inoomes of several hundred
Iiboulltmd pounds a year free from the rude oonta.ct of the tax collector's
hand."
A righteous Government should deal equitably with all its
subi~cts. Under a Permanent Settlement, the percentage of
taxation borne by ryots would be constantly dimin,itiliing, while
thl.\t p~d by non-ryots would be constantly increa.sing. Non-
ryots would pay the ryots twice as much for their rice as they
used to do, while their income ta.x would, at the sa.me time, bt.
,becoming heavier.
A " Permanent l:;ettlement," at the present rates, would he to
the ryotli themlielveb permanent ignorance and poverty.
'roo aim, al> far as practlCable, should be to aSSImilate t.he
conditio]l of the ryot/:) to that of English farmers. In the firl>t
pJace, they should be provided with school!>, Who should pa.y tot'
-them 'I 'I'he ryots .? or should they be provided at the expenl>e of
lluu-ryott> .? The sanitary condition of village!:> should be improved.
'l'here !:>hould be a well-eqUlpped Agncultural Department to show
the ryots how gradually to double the produce of their fields, These
and many other improvements are necessary. 'ro such purposes a
portion of the" unearned increment "might well be allotted
Ba.den-l'oweU's Land Sgsterns 0/ British l"dia contains a
hhiit0FY of the question. 'I'hough regarded as .. dead and buried"
by Indian a.uthocities, it might be noticed by the Famiae
Oommission.
, There is a questlOn, however, still within the l'I1nge of .. pra.e-
tio&l pHitics "-whether the assessment term should be for ten,
twenty, or thirty years '? It may be the terms should vlUj'
a.e~ing to circumstances. The course recommended should be
stated.
 A1>J.>OIN'lKEN'r UJ:' A ~B C0J4K1SSION.

(f) JIode of J.e.a888I8iBg the Land Bevenue.-B..aen-PoweD

quutes the following from & Despatch of the I:>ecretary of I:>fiate
(No.4 Revenue of I::!th January, ll::!l::!a) 1111) th~ fiu.uJ. orders on the
subject:
"I may now sum up bo~b tho dlSUUSI:II0nb which I h~vc ~~eu
describing and the general l:IubJect of the laillbt rules jor the s'm~ptijica­
tw" 0/ th.e procedure tn the re-I>ettlcments, b) giving the actual
prinoiples sanctIOned ;- .
(1) The Perma.nent l:)etUemeut idea IS formally abaudol.¥;l<l i
(2) The State bhall still retain its o.lailll to ti.h':l'l'C in the uD~ntld
increment of the value of land to whICh there Itl a. tendency 1D 110
progressive country;
(3) Tha.t a general and perma.nent rise in the prices of producc is
one of the principal indications and mea.tlUres ot this increment;
(4) That it is nevertheless deliirable to modify the existing sYlioom
of revision of the tempomry settlements of la.nd-revenue with a view of
rendering it less arbitrary, ulloertain, and troublesome to the people;
(5) That the modificatIOn shall be efi'ected at least on the follow-
ing particulars :-
(a) Repetition of held operations (survey, valua.tion, minute inqUIry
into assets and the like) winch are cOlltlidered to be inquisltoriaJ and
harassing to the people, should be, as far a.S possible, dispensod with;
(b) Enhancement should be balled mainly on conlliderations of
genoTal increase in the value of land;
(0) The assessmtmt will not be revised merely with a. view to
equalizing its incidence with that of Lhe a'Jt'!essment of other elltaiies ;
(11) Improvementll made by the land-holders thculbelves I:Ihould
not be tltken into account in revi&ing u.sbellsments; but iml'rvvements
made at the cost of the I:Itate should be taken lllto account, and aJl:iO to
SOUle tlxtent, increase of cultivatIon." Vol. Ill, Pl" 3(H, a65. .
It if:. alleged that these prmciples ha.ve not always been
followed in Re-asseS8ments. l'he rule8 IShould either be confirmed
or modified by the Commission.
(g) Punjab Land Bill.-Mr. A. O. Hume says:
.. Prt:vious to ?ur rule no pr~vate pe.rson ~ad, broadly speakiug, any
property 1n the SOIL All pl'oprletll,ry l'lght, 1D the l:ieDI:iC 10 whioh we
at home understand the word, ~osteJ, directly in till! State or
vioariously i~ some powerful. chief or ofuciaJ.. All ~u.t the people
as a body enjoyed were a hIgh class of occupancy rIghts, heritable
but not transferable. ' .
"A man might be evtlr so lDuch in debt, but you could not
interfere with the land he held, for that was not his, but his ruler's;
a.nd suoh rights as he possessed therein were personal to himself and
fa.mily, or, in some oases, cla.n: and if any outsider had obtained poases-
sion, the S~ would have stepped in a.nd retlumed the properly. No
dou'», if sufficienily bribed, ~e looaJ oftioials would, and often "did,
~ ,- '

",ink ". ~fars, 4II.t. ~ wwe. (l~.aliIe ~to'~; . ~tiou

w1¥cb then o.onsij,tutt:d .$bu law, suchtWi u; WI'S.. ' o~ .bit> I$u-bj~~' >::
With the best intentjbn:~ WE! ha.ve m'ade, the Iridian l.yot
.. Lord of himself, tha.t heritage of woe," . J .

with the result tha.t, in not a few caStls, land is fa.lling . ~~~\> th\l
hlloIlds of moner-Ienders. . .
In the ViCeroy's Council there was a difference J[ ",pinion
about the liill. It 111!g'ht well 1'01'111 oue of the plliut~ of iJ1<:luii·y. .
(h) No Sudden Enhancement.-The first asseSl:iment Ul the
CehtralProvirice!:i Wa.H exceptionally low. The flttetl in three heavily
a.ssessed and three lightly a!:!I:IeHt!ed di!:!tricts in the Central
Province!:! and Madl'a!:!l>ret!idencyt compare as follows;-
1. ll. 111. L 11. Hl.
JI.II. A. r. liS. A. I' . ItI>. 11. . l' RI>. A. P. ttll. A. I', !I.e. A.I'.
(). tJ"GViHCeS OH) ' Ollll o I) 10 () 4 0 U a 11 o :J 11
Kadn.s 3 J2 1 2 13 7 2 Iii 7 014;) o I1 8 o H i
J ustic~ demanded that the rate::; should be nlOl'C equalised,
but the enhancement was tlO great a!:i t~ pret!!:i heavily upon the
ryots. Lord George Hamilton in Parliament advocated the above
princiJ?le.
. (1) t.enity in Collection IIlld even Remission ofReveJ1ue where
necessa.ry. Bir H. 8 . Cunningham, thus contra.tlt!:i the British a.nd
Na.~ive system!; of collec,t ing land revenues;
.. The s~l>tem introduced by the British haH been to fix a moocrltte
assessment, IIJld to pot,Jtpone the denw.nd or rewit it Iiolk>ge,hm' only
under the stl'm!l:! of exceptional calamiticlS, I:!uch !~!:i famine or iuundation.
The nllotive SYl:!telll wa.1:! to fix ~Lc revenue a.t! high ILti a. favoura.llio l>t:!a50n
would render it pOl:!llible for the cultivator to P!~>, a.nd, neceHtlu,rily, to
lo.wer or ablWdon it in the unfu,vourable yeaI'll."
Sir H. H. Cunningha.m &dds ;
"The 1!'amino Commission has suggested, as 8 guide for future
action, tha.t in any case of gcnerlloi orop-10t:ls, so ::;eVerf;l illS 00 sweep
away the whole margin beyond wha.t is ue~I:Ia.['Y .fui · ~be Culhv~Ws'
subsistence, aml to leave no fund out of which revenUe ~n 00 l'iUd. \I,
relll.xa.'ion in the demand, either ill the form of sU!:lp~lUsion or in Severer
038e& complete remission 1>houJd be a.llowed i and that this rule t!hvuld
be IlICeepted a.s indiooting the proper coUt'l:!e of a.ctiou in less serious
arid wide-spread oaJa.mities." ~ ,
" 'l'he .British Government wishes the revenue to be collected
with ,due .rega.rdto the circuUlsta.nce/:! of' the cw;e. Where there
is h~e8El, iIlhe fault lies with individnat officers, and shol'lld be
sewrely rebuked. '
(j) Inquiry iDM·the number of Kyau ejected fdr l'lotJ.pq;
meDt of ae'fenue.-There will always be some ease's. Inae1:ited-:
ness prevails, more or less, everywhere. Mr. Nicholson sayS' in
his~po.rt :
H As " ma.tter of fact, the agricultural classes all over the world are

in a state of extreme indebtedness, due very largely to causes outside

of the demand..c; of agriculture, such as poverty, ignoranoe, o&relessneijs,
the laws uf inheritance, foreign competition, seasonal disasters, and
epidemic diseases, and the demands of uc;ury." Vol. I, p. 3.
Mr. Hyndman, who considered India" bleeding to death,"
describeR France and partR of Germany aR in the same condition ;-
.1 Recent oftici!tl reports in France prove beyond the possihility of
question that the landholding peasantry are suffering terribly, and that
they actwl11y fare worse tban our agriculturallahourers. Rimilar truths
in reflpect to small properties have been made manifest by the reports of
the Imferial Commissions on the impovel;shed condition qf the small
cuiti'Va.tlOn in Baden-Baden !tnd Alsace-Lorl'aine." ,
<k> Does experience, since the last Famine Commission,
suggest any alteration in the Code P 'l'hf' danger of pauperis-
mg the people has been noticed.
()) Percentage of Assessment :-Th~ Laws (l Muml, the
uJdest and highest Hindu authority, Ranction the following:
"130. A fiftieth part of (the incl'emtlnt or) cattle and gold may
he taken by the king, and the eighth, sixth, or twelfth part of the orops.
l3l. He mfty al'!o take the flixth part of tl't'es, meat, honey,
clarified butter, perfullles, (medical) herb'!, substances used (or fla.vour-
ing food, flowers, roots, fruit; .
132. Of leaves pot-herbs, grass, (objects) made of cane, skins,
of eart~ veRsels, and all (artioles) made of stone." VII,
It will be seen that Manu' s Code, in addition to a ta.x o~
~and, sanctions taxation of one-sixth on every article in common
use. Thi,s led to about a hundred taxes which were in force
beforp. the Britiah becB.DJ.e rulP-rs of the country. In Hauth India.
they were known as Moturpha. The following is a list of some
of them: t
Tax on pottets, ghee, tobaooo, chunam, (lancing-girls, lotus
leaves, water lift&, looms, ca.cpen~rs, blacksmiths, goldsmiths,
dyers, shoemMt'rs, harberR, washermen, boatmen, carts, oosket-
makers, maSOU8, &c_
These were R\Wpt awa.y under British rule .

• M.neteenfh Oe,.tury, Nov. 1885.

t SeweR's ~ bt/6t'f' tit" Etl{/'(p,~", p. 19.
 KBKOlU. NDUlI·

4.8 already mentioned rrodar Mull, India's ~st fiJlaPeiet;

fixed the percenta.~e
of revenue at 33 per cent. whicl1 WIWI often
iU9~e&ii8d hy oib~ lplpU to 50 or ~ per ~at. ,I i \
'Mr. R. C. butt, in his Presldential a.ddresi $t LnckaQW
i,u 1899, lia.id:
" The old Hindu la.w, ba.sed on the actual experienoe of ihousande
of years, sa.nctioned one-sixth the gross produce of the la.nd as its
proper rent."
According to the estimate of Sir James Westland, aJready
quoted, the incidence of the British Land Assessment is only one
half that of the tiuw-honollred Hindu rat!'" leavmg 5>2 pel' cent. to
the cultivator

GOVERNMENT THE RYOT'H BANKER ver.~Uf; AGHI·

CUIJTURAL BANKS
" Money-lenderR are OhVlOURly ab neceRRary to the IndIan ag~jculturil\t It"the
seed which be ~ow~. or II' the rain whlC'h falls from heaven to wa~er hlb fit'lds "-
Svr John Slrac7U'I/.
" The idea. of (1overnment bemg the mOlWj .If'ndc·r to the agncultu,al cla~"ll~ ,~
an Indigt>nOUH one.. The money.lender haR ta.k(>n th(> plare of C'TOVtlrllmelit. ,-
Sir R. C. Buck

No more important question affecting the material condItion

of the ryots than this can engage the attention of the Fa.mine
CommisslOn. The Briti"h Gowrmnent het,> madf'two "STTJPEND-
aU"! BRROHR :"
The .fir~t was the Pemlant:'nt Rettlement of Bengal. The
object wa~ to raisf' up a wealthy and bf'nevolent clasb of landed
proprietor", like Enghsh gentlemen, improving their estates. The
result has been absentees, with a tenantry rack-rented. by
middlemen, to protect whom drastic legislation wab required m
Bengal, while great injustice was done to other provinces.
The .~e('ond RTUPENDOUS ERROR affected a much wider area.
It W1LS cornmltted when the Government abnegated its fnnrtion,
from time nnmemorial, of being the ryot's Banker, fl,r1d C\>nsign~d
biro, as a. rule, to the tender mercies of the money-lender. The
result haR been an untold amount of poverty and wretchedness.
The du,contmuance of advances was not universal. The
ryots might groan undE'r the exaction of \1f\urers, hut tbe revenne
must not suffer. 'fo mamtain opium cllltivation, advance!':! to
, ryots were continued, and &re still given.
The first mistake is, unfortunately, irremediable' the second
can be Rti1l grappled with by a vigorouA Gov~rnU1~nt. The
question oomeR up Imdf'r thf' propoc;ed AGRICTTLTFRAL RANKS.
It should bf' stated that thf' writer',! opinIons undf'r this heM
8t~ ma.inly derived from an able ps.per in the Cakutta Jje1 1ie1O,
 GOVEBNDNT TJIE BYOT'S. BANDIt 11er8U.~ AGRICULTURAL, ETC. 115

Vall ~6, N~ 1M., by Mr. Arthur Hariugi;QaI' of the Indian' Civil

Se1'\l1OO, and from Agrioultttral Reform, by Mr. A. O. Hume;
"la.te Secretary to the GOV&UfUent of Inom ill the D.ep$ol'tlOsnt
of Sevenue, A~Q.lture an4 Comm.erce."
Debt the Bormal Oondition of India.-Apou,t 80 yea.rs ago,
Carey wrote :- , !
1/ There may eldst circumstances in the habihs of a people suffi-

ciently fowerful to defeat the mObt bcne"olent views of its rulers, and
to entai misery where there is every preparation for the enjoyment of
happiness. .
"Among the numerous causes which contribute to exolud~ hap.
piness fl'om the people of India is the 1tlli1!elsal tendellcy to borr~
which pervades the country. This disposition to borrow is not contined
to one province, to one town, or to on6 class of indIviduals It pervades
the whole country with all the inveteracy of a second nature. The
country is separated into two classes, the borrower and the usurer."
" An independent husbandman, free from debt, and looking forward
with delight to the whole of hIS little crop as his own, IS a/most a, phe-
nomenon in the country. Most of them, through the wretched fl)'stem
which now prevails n.mong them, are in debt perhaps rot' the st>ed the'S'
sow, are supplied with food by their creditors during oJ/ the laban'!'!! of
the field, and look forward to the end of the harvest fol' the payment at
It debt, to which at least forty for cent. is added, and which through the
way in which it is exacted, is often increased to fifty per oent."
Getting into debt has b('en common in India from the earliest
times. The Rig Veda cuntain" the following praYf'r -
"9. Di<ICharw', Varuna, thr drbt"l (conuartpd) by my pi'ogenitors,
and tho"le now (contrar.trd) hy me; and IUay 1 not, foyn.l Vanma, be
df>penclent (on the df'ht coutmcted) by anothrr "
In the Atharva Vedu" Agni 1'> ac:,ked to a"lAist the "lnppliant to
get rid of .d,ebt .. oontra.cted without mtention of repu.yul.ent I"
(vi IHl).
One great caURe l)f debt among non-agriculturists is the
extravagant expenditure at marrIage!> and funerals. From the
want of foresight, as a rule, no provi"llOn I"! made beforehand;
inoney is borrowed from the money-lender, and the debtor often
becomes a bond-slave for life.
Agriculturists have an excuse in the uncertainty I:3f the rains.
It S@fUetimes ha.ppenf:! that the seed sown withers, a.nd that no
crop is reaped for two or three seasons.
" The rural class rna} be {>xpected to give up borrowing 'when
the Ethiopian changes his skin."
Two Necessities of the Ryot wanting at present.-
These are
1. Cheap working Capital.
2. Liberty to dispose of hi.~ produce to OJ(' be~t dd1tantage.
 As alNad1 mentiGned, debt ia universs.t. Mr. Ai O. Hume
says~

II Wbere~r we tum we find a.RricuUttrists bttrt~ned With 4eb~s

running on at eJlOrr,vous rates of Interest. In so~ chIlWi~~! even
pt'oIrinoes, the evil is all·&bsorbirig, II. wHole generation 01 pailpers,
hopelessly meshed in the webs of the usurers." ~
Ryots must borrow. Mr. Nicholson says;-
.' All fa.rmers, espeoially sma.ll proprietors, mult of necessity Bnd
will borrow a.t one time or other; the mass borrow habitually." t
With regard to the rates of interest charged, speaking of
India generally, Flir W W trunter says .-
.. It has be~n my duty to make inquiries in every provmce .of India.
as to the interes4i which money yields. I find that for small loa.ns to
the cultivators tilre old native rate of 37t per cent. per annum still
preva.ils. "
The money-lenders vary. Marwaris are notorious for their
hard-heartedness and rapacity The evil is not so ~eat when the
money-lender belongs to the place, and especially 1£ he is himself
a. ryot.
Well-to-do ryots can obta.in loans on good security !lit
comparatively reasonable rates' it is the very poor who suffer
most
Mr. Nicholson says ' -
"For grain 1000s the univerflal rule, when the loan is between
ryot I1nd ryot, iI; an addition of 25 per cent to the amount borrowed.
But when the adva.nce is made by a merchant, broker, or other middle·
ma.n, the rate may be anything, especially when repayment is made or
calC'lllated in rupees."
Such tates, it has been remarked, " would be fatal to success-
ful agricultural enterprise in any country."
On the other hand, Mr. Nicholson says:
111£ interest oa.n be reduced, say to 6 per cent., the burden of
indebtedness would be haJved, improvements would be profitable, and
debt no longer mean pauperization." t
Libert, of Sale is another imfortant item. At present the
ry')t if! so much under the power 0 the mODey~lender, th..t he bAS
to nand over his crop to hi.m at the money-leader's valuation.
Proposa.ls to supply these two necessities will next be
considered.

• Agr«lf£UUf'ol IUJorm, p.6l1.

t Iteport OIl Aqriwltm'41 Banks, Preface, Vol. I. p. 12.
t ~t, Vol, I. p. 18
 A.GBlOUI.{f~ BANKS.

The M:adrllls Government II by G-eneral Order, 15th Mu.r.cl\.

U!92, plaoed Mr. Frederick Augustus Nicho1!K)n on special Ql\1«
lor the purpose of enquiring into the 'possibility of mttoducing
into this Presidency a &ystem of AgnculturaJ or other Land
Ba.nks." .).
The firl>t volume of Mr. Nlcholson's Report was published in
18Q5 and the second in 1897. The difficulties connected with the
inquiry are stated in the Prefa.ce to the first volume :-
.. Until 1894, there w"'s, pro.ot.ioally. no Engli8h work ev&n on the
one '3ubjeot of popula.r banks, whilt> the sources of detailed informa.tion
a.re, even now. only in foreign languages; a.nd it is believed tha.t there
is no eKisting work in English on the La.nd a.nd Savings Banks 8ystettls,
41r upon the oredit systems and indebtedness of the tanded proprietor!
of the European continent." p. v.
Mr. Nichoillon's able Report contains 11 mass of ir~formll#on
on the subject; but perhaps the ohief impression left upon the
mind is the difficulty of carrying out his proposals.
Mr. Nicholson gives a Draft Bill occupying 46 folio pages
<Vol. I. pp. H25-371). Any person who rea.ds its l?rovisions Will
agree with what its author says in the volwne contaming it :-
" It is hf>yond the power of a.ny brain however fertile, of a.ny man
however fully informed, to oonceive in a.dvance a method, COlljC<:t1t8 Iild
1£llgltCm, of banking for the people, least of 11.11 in a oounky where the
conditions are so novel, the banking idea so absoluLely unknown, as ill
this oountry. Suocess oan only arise from the long-oontinued, prootical
efforts of zealous men, who while informed in the de~il8 of every
metbod yet tried, can yet live among the people, vivify them with their
own s~iIit and intelligence, energize them with some of their own
enthUSiasm, and with them, work out in actual fact, eVen though on the
humblest lines, the sy~tem or systems of the future." p. 32.
The same remark is virtually repeated in the Preface to the
aeaond vol1.1me:-
. "Still, it is not pt·etende£l tha.t Village Banks or eo·opm"a.tive
So~ie*ies could a.t Once be /Ij sllOoe;8 i o!l ~he contrary, one great ~\11'8
:E:l1ropMn history ~' i.
in Volume I. is the ~~estion 0 ditUcu1ty in initiation &lI shown bl'
18 only long-oontin\led, energetic.' public ' \Ionn
priva.'c.e etfqrt, toot ~n bring about 8uccess." (p. vi.)
~riotdtanl Ba.nks, O'1t the requiMte Bcale, are impracticable
at ~nt .for the :following rea.soDB :, I

. 1. WIle oinlumat8DC18 01 the people.n-Tbe ditticu1tiee Wei»

~ea.t eyen in Europe among a comparativelt/ well educated
~telligent people. They would be va.stly inc,reased aIQOng
19DOta.nt ryots.
 2. ., B.ai.ffeisen" cannot be found in suftioient tlumbera.-
RaitIeisen was a German Burgoma,gter, b. benevolent man of
"unbpunded energy." Schulze Delitzch was another noble
worker. 7'he Pi0'lteet concludes an article headed, "}j'ind
.Ra.iffeisen," with the following words: '
,/ To quot-e Mr. Nicholson again, ' Success may not ()o~e in a yoa.r I)f
in a. <leca.de, but if there are in this Presidency,PlWl of the chara.cter IloIld
energy of those pioneers of popular ballking,.whose BIWles b.a.ve been so
I?rominently mentioned in this Report, it caonpot be lon,g delayed.' There
IS admittedly much virtue in an . if,' and one fears a. vast quantity in
this one. Meanwhile Madras (and India too) 'awaits its Schulze Delitzch,
its Ba.iffeisen, its Luzzati, and its Wollenborg.' ,,_.
How wany India.n Baiffeisens are there, benevolent Illtln of
" unbounded energy" who would be willing to devote themselves
to the Sisyphea.n labour of organising and working Agricultural
Ba.nks'l
3. Oa.pital would be insufficient and the ra.te of interest paid
for it would be high.-Govermnent can bOlTOW at ;3 per cent.
Agricultural Banks would certainly pa.y double that amount. It
lllay be said that they would be financed by Government. A
l'l3pfy to this has already been given by Government.
During a session of tht: Bombay Legislative Council, ir;
1~95, the Hon'ble Dr. Bhalchandra Krishna Bhatavadekar asked.
. . "Will the Government be pleased to state if they are prepa.red to
take into cOlll;ideratioll the 'ichell1e (or a model agricultural bank on the
lines whioh had seoured the approval of the Local GOVCl'llmcllt as well
a.s the Government of India twelve years ago?"
The Honourab1e Mr. H. E. M. James said:
" The scheme in question was ultima.tely dropped after full discus-
SiOll und cOllsiderllttion of the obJeotions ralsed to it by her Majesty's
Secretary of !::ltato. Under theBe oircumstanceb Government IS not
prepared at the present time to take that bcheme into consideration."t
'rhe decision of Government is given in the ParliamenttLry
Paper, No. 040, istlUed by the India Ottice, Hepteruber 9th, 1897.
Mr. Nichoillon's own admissions settle the question. " The
ba.n'king idea. is absolutely unknown 10 this country;" " One great
fea6ur~ in Vol. 1., is the Imggestion of" difficulty in initiation as
sho'>vn by European history"; "success CIID only arise for the
long-continued practical efforts of zealous men, who while inform-
ed m the details of every method yet tried, can yet live among
the people, vivify them with their own spirit and intelligence,
energize them with aom.eof theirowD!Outhusiasm, ad wilh them,

• Quoted ill Madra.' ltail. April 29, 189R

t Quoted in The Hllldll, Aug. 24, H.l98.
 GOVERNMENT TllB Ry.oT'S BANKER.

work out in actual f&ct, even though on the hwnblest lines, the
system or systems of the future." p. ~2.
Instead of a.ttempting to introduce an exotic, whoEie growth
is not very old or vigorous In its own habitht, would it not be
better to revive the cultivation of a plu,nt which flourit>heu for
thousands of years all over India, and which still prospers iu
certain parts of the country .?

GOVEHNMEN'l' THE RYo'!"s BANKEIL

As already quoted, Sir E. C. Buck, formerly at the head of

the H.e-venue and Agricultural Department, says:
"The idea of Government being the money-lender to the Itgricul.
tura.l olasses ~s an indigenous one ... The money-lender Ims taken the
plooe of Government."
Mr. Arthur Harington, late of the Indian Uivil Her-vice,
suggests a, return to the system in force under Hindu and
Muhanuuad<Lll Governmentb for untold generations:
" The system, then, of Government adv,anoes to the Indian ryot to
facilitate production, is of oonsiderable a.ntiquity, is familiar both to the
people and to the State, a/l(ll~ j(!~ortcd to, tv thill day. w}umever excep-
tional calamity atUu;~ the (UJI iculttual clallilcil. I urge that the chronic
deprct;oion of these clal>set; Impemtively demall(lb that this help I:Ihould
lx, given, not as the exoeption, but as the rule." p. 175.
"I do not mean by this that pl'ivd.tc enterprise should be dis-
couraged, but that the Government should not give up a ph~in duty,
heJonging naturally and historically to itself, in the hope that this
duty will he discharged by private entorprise." Calcutta Reciew,
Vol. 76, p. 175.
Mr. Harington discusses the following questions:
(1) Can the State furnish the required CI~pital. estimated at nineteen
millions?
(9) If it can, ought it to do so, or should it lea.ve the enterprise
to prlva.te oapitalists ?
(3) By wha.t agenoy, and in what mode, should the advanoes, if
made by the State, be distributed and recovered?
The a.rticle of Mr: Harington occupies 28 pages. Only some
quotations can be given ..
"(1) Can the State furnish the required nineteen millions P
The tota.l sum believed to be required (Rso 22,79,33,310) is not muoh
in excess of the land revelrUe (Ra. ~O.28,21,270) of the seven provinces.
The period within whioh it would be lent and reoovered would be very
short, pr®ably four months or less 1.01' a.dva.noes on the KhaT!! (a.utumn)
crops a.nd six months or less for adVllonoes on the BalYL (spring) crops.
HI ~r~f M W~e foUDd. posiible to use ihe Ra.bi QlQUectiOIl6 of
Land Revenue a.& " lURd fJ.'PIP whiGb $Q lPa.ke ib~ fl~'f adv,.Q~·
ad to Uie the llWif oo1leotionl for ta& 8@i aa-..n_ ,..., ~~$l&
so applied would be regula.rly J:eplaoetl, within four or,siJt; lUPDths, or
less, respectively. The investment of capita.l in these adva.uoes is not
a.n invEII:ltment of the ordina.ry kind, in which the ea.J?ilia.1 hi perml!\,-
nently sunk, and only the interest on which is raoovered. Nor,
Vfoha.bly, would more tha.n half of a yea.r'li tota.l a.dvanoos. be outstamd-
mg at Any given da.te. If, therefore, wa.ys a.nd m68tilS could be 80
manipulated as to admit of the applIcation of the receipts from land
revenue to such charges as would not fall due,-..'Or ce.uId, without
inoonvenience, stand over till October-November and April-May of each
yea.r, the required arMllllt 0/ capital coulel be reflularly pmvided by
t~ State w#Jwut any borrollJtug, and In tJw most "atural and cOllvenient
way possible. That such an adjustment of ways and means is practicable,
I have very little doubt. My bebef is bflsed on a copsideration of the
la.rge amount of the cu.sh balances; of the fact tha.t the nine and a half
millioDR of "evenue to be twice a year temporarily diverted illl their pa.ssage
from the distriot treasuriel3 to their ultund.te reoiplents, are less than a sixlih
part of tho tota,l Htate income; and, of the considerable extent to which
many dildbursements-c.fI. among otherld, tho'>e for interest, pensions,
furlough allowances, and purchabo of stores are made, not monthly, but.
qua.rterly and half yearly. .
I' (2) If the State can furnish the capital, ought it to do so,
or should it leave the enterprise to private capitalists P
"It is everywhere ad11litttld that the ~cal'city of local capital
injuriously reta.rds the clevelopment of the material resources of India .
a.nd that tho rate at which, at tlllS UILY, private capital is advanced to tho
cultivator, ' would be fatal to successful agricultural enterprilde in any
country,' and is one of tho most powerful factor'> in producing the
present deprel;!;ioll. Thero are no sigm, tlmt private enterpri!>c is about
to come to the cultivator's relief on any large scale, or on any scale
a.t all, when tho cultivatol' has no substantial security to offer. Nor
could private entelpl'lSe, even if ready to come forwa.rd, offer its
aooommodation nearly so ch!laply as the Government can. For the
GOvernment oa.n borrow more choa.ply than anyone else, if ca;pital has
to be ra.ised by borrowing, and it alone would seek to make no profit
out of the transaction. but merely to pa.J working expenses and
secure itself against WSS.
" The Government of India, as chief la.ndlord, is dlstino.tly bound
to relieve, in all practiooble wa.ys, the wret.chedness of its tena.nts, to
imp~ve their matel'ia.1 condition, a.nd make it possible for them to do
j1..Stice to the land they till so toilfully.
"Power, a.nd opportunity. and relation, -o0nstitute more tha.n any
ilhing'e'la$, tb.e meaBure of duty. If. 8t$ I helieve, the sia.te in India. ca.n,
witAbout seriolls .a.ulic:ulty, give immeasurable relief to millions Qf its
suieriug people by ,itself supplying the capital they wlltnt. then, for
the' Md-Bop • of t.be Indi8ill ryot 00 withhold that help is, to 00lIIlPl'l'e a.
polit.icAl with a hWllA1l r6aiion, ai.m.:>si &8 unnatural as lor. mother
50 ~et her \looking child.
(8) By whJl.t agen~J1. and itt.hat ~e, slronlct the advaDo8I
if Blade- by the 8t8.te, be mstrib\lted ami ~ P \', 1
 GOVERNMEJIIIJ.' 'I'D R'f'OT'S BANXER.

u III tb& belief tbet useful help towards a. !Jtnmd decision of this MlCt
of the last question is to be gained by looking fH»ck. I a.llot a. oonsidera.bl~
perl of this oha.pter·· to review hisiorioally past State action in India in
this matter bf as'si!!ting the Sllpply of agrioultural rapita.l.
. "State advances to cultivatol'l!l were n. feature of the reven'li6
sy.stem introduced itl 1582 A.D., by Akbar's grea.t mmister of finanoe,
Baj_ Todar MaJ. The revenue officer of those days, when the true
business IJ>f. a oolleotor seems to have been understood a good deQ} beUer
tha.n it is now, was instructed' to co1l8ider htmself the immediate friend of
the husbandman ... he must assist the lIeedy husbatllhnan 'U.'ith loans of
money; Q,nd receive payment at distant and convenient periods ... Let
him learn the cha.racter of every husbandman, and he the immedi~
protector of that olass of subJects." Gladwin's A in Alcbm'i, quoted in
iJalcltt~a Review, Vol. 44, p. 378.
"radar Mal's system was 'only a oontinuation of It plan com.
menoed by Shir Shah,' who 'was intimately acquainted with the revenue
and agrioultural system of India-a knowledge ,-yitbout whioh no
ruler of that country, whatever his abilities may he, can hope to do
justioe to his suhjects,' (Cowell's Elphinc;tone, p. 541 and Erskine's
Ina~a 1:nder Babm and HUlI/ail/rI, II p. 442). Shir Shah's system,
agfl,in, was based upon 'the old rent-roll Qf that unacknowledged
orginaiOOr of all later Indian revenue systems, Sikandlbl' bin Buhlol'
(Lodi) (Thomas' Patlwn Kingb, p. 437). It is therefore probable that
from !~ much earlwl' period than that of Todar Mal's reforms, state
advances had fOl'med all integral part of the imperial revenue system.
Thh; probability is greatly increased hy the fltOt that one of the highest
and ea.rliest ex:?Ounders of the Muhammadltn law, Abu-Yusuf (born
A.D. 731) prescrIbes such ac1VI1TICes."
Some ailditional quotatIOns are made to the same fl'fi'ect.
Such advanceb were called 'rARAVI (corruptly Tuckavy). Wilson
say.s ~ha~, it come" from a word meaning ".giving strength to, or
assIstmg. The system was at first contl11ued by the British
Government. Mr. Harington says'
"In 1167, two years II>fte1' Clive had obtained from the Company
the Diwani or fiscal administration of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, we
tInd the first British Government of Bengal already recognizing the
Moessity of carrying on the native system of advances."
" Wilson,..in . his Glossary, gives th~. follo~ing ,:,e!~rences:
Ben. Reg. 11. XIV. 1793; Mad. Reg. XXVll. 18021. 180H.
Mr. Harington sa.ys:-
" I have been ttna.ble to nnd any satisfactory reoord of the ret\,sons
which led to tbe diseontinn'ilince of the Tak(l1'i system. Proba.bly the
obief ea.us~ were the growth of the OompsllY's indebtedness, afld the
increasing dHfiouhy t>f pl'ovidin~ the anl'l'll&J remittance to England t the
disorganization produced by !the ~etion9 ()f tbe early reV'$l1Ue' assesS.
ments;
,
the want of effective supervision; ILIld after the Charter of 1813
~ ~ $he Oompilony's oommellci&l monopoly, ~ ClOlU~ion of
~VaROiS by priV&te ca.pi5aJists."

Eft'ects of the Stoppage of Advances.-The Ca,\vnpore Settle·

m.ent Report says :..L
"The Government wa.s to the community what the heart is to .he
boiy. The sudden stoppage of wha.t must have beeu to the agriculSural
body oorpol'a.te its life-blood, while the system of periodicllll bleeding
WIMP continued, had the same effect which similar tr~mer"t would ha.ve
upon the huma.n fra.me. The memberi! of the oommunity, whether of
the first or second degree, ha.ve been driven to procure sustenance from
a.notber and external source, and the money-lender has taken the pla.oe
of Government." ,
Mr. Harington remarks : -
"It is deplorable to traoe, in these extract&, the cmppresslon of a
va.luable indigenoui:! inc;titution, because !l.huses in Itf! working werE'
a.llowed to grow up. Delirant reyes; platltnlur Achn'i. The ryot
pa.ys for the fatuity of his rulers." p. 173.
Opium Advanoes.-Government advancE's for opiulll cnltivn.-
tion are still made in parts of North India. Mr. Harington gives
the f'Ollowing example :-
.. Very few people have any idea of the amount of work, of the ve'"Y
kind under oonsideration, that is done by the Opium officers, or at how
low I~ cost it if! done and done well. Ta,ke the di'ltrict (Rae BareH)
which I havo fl,lready choson as a typical one. It is one of the largest
opium producing dJstricts in Upper rndin. During the last <;eason
(Spring of 1882), it" olltturn was 5164 maunds of opium. Thi'l
excellent 1'1"'1u1t wal' obtaineu hy the d)btrihutloll in Augubt, September,
February and Man:h, ot advancP& amountmg in all to Rs. 1,t!3,330
to 42,635 cltlti(lator~, Juwled by 1557 ,.eprrs(Jntat~(,lls (ta~nbarcl(lr~) and
re~idtn(1 in 1405 (htfrrmt 1)tllaqrs. The agency by which these advll.nces
were distrIbuted, and all the heavy work accompliflhed of persuading
landlords and teDl1nts to extend their opium cultivation, of measnring
the areaS '1own, of repressing illIcit cultivation, of weighing, testing,
classifying, paoking and de'lpatching the opium produoed ; of disbursing
to the 42,635 cultlVators its prioe. a.mounting to Rs. 1:l,45,085 in addition
tQ the amount of the a.Ovances,-oonsisted of one European officar on
Ra. 250 (the very efficient Al'Isistant sub-deputy opium agent, Yr. J. E.
Hand); two goma'lbtlls on Rs. 80 and Es. 50; two muhirrirs Bs. lG.;
tl ree on Rs. 12; two on Rs. 10; 5 zillahaars on Bs. 7, seven on
RJ. 6; 22 on Ea. 5 ; 8 Barkaudazes and one Orderly on Rs. 5.
I< The salaries amounted to Ra. 8,280 in the year. Travelling
~llow80nces (Rs. 1,480), sta.tionery for goma.shtas (Es. 72), measurement
oha.rges (Bs. 3(9) a.nd misoellaneons expenses (Es. 659). making.a. total
of 'Be. 10,84:0," (six per cent on the a.dva.nces) .

.. Oalcuf./a ReM!. Vol. 76, p. 172.

 b&. H~ quotes the temimonyof Mr. T. W. Holdel'Dft!lj
Under.Secretary to ·the Government of Itldia" ~venlle &Ud AgrP
cultural Department, nated 4th Marcil. 1882:- .
liThe magnitude of the translMltions of the Opium Depariulent' is
..howYl by the fact, that the sum advlltllOeil annua.lly a.ggregates two
hundred lakhs, or two millions sterling .... In Oldill(Lty yem"s advallce.~
for Opi1VY/'1, growing are recovered with hm'dlll any 10811, aM tht> s'iJai,(J?n 11I,ay ,
be regarde(l as the l1Ws{ successful and effe~tive one by which,-in ltulia, thll
State comes to the aid oj the agriculturist." pp. 178, 179.
Indigo planters in North India act on the same system.
Mr. Hume quotes the following:-
"A gentleman, many years a p1anter in a district of which the
writer had charge for a decade, remarked, to him speaking of
cultiV1Ltors :-" Deal with them 1IJisel?! and fairly and there i.~ 110 d'i.ffi-
culty. I give out large advance.~ every yell1·. I hare 'Ju'/'er IU!AI a S11it if!
any conri with any r1/ot, and I have never lost any lIWIU1IJ worth
,ypeaking of." p. 180.
Amount of Advances.-Mr. Harington says;-
" The maximum anuual advance to a tenant is assumed not to
exceed the value of half of his ordinary crop. Roughly, half the adva.nce
will be for his spring and half for his autumn crop. Therefore the
maximum amount to be recovered from him on any single heA'veRt
will be GOIDPwhere about one-fourth of the aggregate value of both his
hu.rvests. The chance of a suocessive failure of both harvests is SO remote
I1S soarcely to need notice. If such failure c;hould occur on any large
scale, it would be a call1mity so grievous I1S to call for every kind of
Rtate relief, and the remission of advances would have to Corm a
part of such rehef." p. 18.0'
Ra.te oflnterest Charged.-Mr. A. O. Hume flays:
The agrioulturist can well afford to pay nine per ceut. for any
(j

money he wants. It is to him what money at three pel' cent would be

to !\ farmer at home. ":!'
Government, borrowing Itt 3 per cent., probahly need charge
only Stp~r cent., one anna in the rupee a year, which would
meet workmg expenses.
Deta.i1s of14s.nagement.-Mr. lIarington says:-
" I do not think that there would be much use, at the pre~nt
s~e of affairs, in elaborating further details as to the precise mode in
whICh the &gents awployed, whether la.ndowners and their elJba.blish-
me.qts, or Government officars should work, The requirements of the
differen' pl'Q'rinces. and districts vary so widely as to make it impossible
to devise maohinery of genera.l applicability. My ohject is rather to
------------- ---- -- -

5
eltablifib'princ~ 'Mid, to i~, 1h6~. . by. ..w..~ may be
oatried _ a.ot1iOO, tbu.n $&1 fill in ~te dBWle wbich 'Omy i_-e~ i
oan sup~ly. There is a. time for everything, and t~ t.lort el~.
ing deta.Ils does not o~me till the fight over prinoiples has been fougbt
a~a 'Won .. •. p. 1'9. .

LAND IMPROVEMENT LOANS ACT AND AGRICULTURISTS' Lo.A.NS.

The former, Act 19 of 1883. and the lattel. Act 12 of 1884,

are steps in this direction. The advances in the Madras Presi-
dency. as given in the Administration Re:pm:t for 1896-~7, show
that their operations have been very hruHed. The sun! of
Rs. 1,74,118 was advanced under the Land Improvexaent Loans
Act, !Lnd Us. n,160 under the Agriculturists' Loans Act. p. 18.
There are two main reasons for this limitation. Mr. Nicholson
combats" the amiable delusion" that the" ryots thirst for cheap
capital in order to pour it upon the soil." He says :-
"The Indio,n ryot is not more heedful or eager for agricultural
development than his European oonfrere, and dirQot land and ugri.
cultural improvement is the last thing for which credit is sought in
Europe." Vol. I, p. 16.
Loans, "very generally, are for maintenance and cultivation
expenses." "In many villages the bulk of the small ryots anticip&te
their crops, borrowing grain for seed, and maintenance in the
cultivation season, and repaying the advance out of the crop at
harvest. ,,*
The loans therefore cannot be widely useful so long as the
objects for which they are "very generally" wanted are excluded.
But there are other reasons for the few applications, which
are thus summarited by Sir H. S. Cunningham :-
"The cause of the failure of the system has been considered by
the Famine Commissioners, and aocording to them, is to be explained
by vaxious defeots in the existing organization, by the obstacles c~ted
by ineffioient nllltive offioials, to whom s~ch grants give extra. trollhle;
by the delays, expense and troublesome fprmalities a.ccomJ,l3onymg the
gr1tnt, by the charge of interest, the small numher of years -over ~'bich
the repayments fl.re spread, the early date at which they commence,
a.t~d flbe rigid rules as to punctual repayment. i
H

Sir-H. S. Cunningha.m adds :-

"The remedy for which this state of thin~ appelLl'S to can is the
orea.Woll' of a department whO$e specia.l businesff It shonld be to supenise
a.nd assist the agt'ieultura.l a.nd industria.l development of the oountry.·'
p. 240. -

• Mr. Nicholson's Report, Vol. I, p.lS. t B ...ti8h India and ita Bulers, p. 239.
 AGBlCULTII8AIr: JMJlK6 ,COMMITTEE, .,$5
The M~,Mrilil. ~ril 2, l89Bl reviewing_Mr. NiQhQlsou's
~. _e$\ tb.~ ~~ recQIlWl~4a.~ion. : - ,
If" Aa we ha.ve ~ofteti-urgM ,on '!nore Iija,n one ooc:a.sion. if Sta*e.aided
\ awiou)wl'8.1 wa.ns a.nd agriculburaL credit .are ~ .he de1(~Q(l8d MS-
fu.ctorily, they must be pia.O(jd under a. special departmel1t ~r
orgl\niza.tion, preferably, a branch of the Settlement, Agriculture a.nd
Land lteoords Department. The present ill·defined syAwm, or, ra.ther
WQnt of syatem, is a.s unsound in its working a.s it is unpopular wiih the
ryots."

AGRICULTURAL BANKS COMMITTEE.

Government has wisely determined to have the Agricultural

Banks question thoroughly threshed out by a Cmumittee formed
of experts from the different Presidencies,
Af> already mentioned, Mr. Nicholson's own Beport seeIllB to
the writer to settle the question of the practicability of his Bcheme.
It is a mine of useful informatlOn and should be carefully studip.d.
Another important document is the decision of tbe Home
Government with reference to Sir William Wedderburn's scheme
of Agricultural Banks. The reply of the Hon. H. E. M. James is
quoted at pa~e 28. The writer wrote to Mr. James and a.sked
where the objections raised by the Secretary of State were to be
found, He gave the reference to the Parliamentary Paper No. 3l50,
issued by the India Office, September ~th, 1897. The writer
applied for a copy at the India Office, but was mlormed, that it
was out of print.
The writer believes that the plan of Sir W. 'Wedderburn was
mainly wrecked because he expected Government to finance the
banks. The Hindu, says:
" One other point to which we ea.rnestly draw the attention of His
Exoellency Lord CUl'zon is the necessity for the Government gU&l'a.nteeing
the credit of the proposed banks. Unless this is done, we fea.r, the
~!led scheme will prove oooe more a. mellUleholy failure." Dee. 6,

The accuracy of this ,iorecs.st is undoubted, but it is e<iual1y

certain that Gtlvernment will refuse to guarantee the credit of
the Banks. It could not do so unless it controlled the ma.nage-
ment, involving an untold amount of labour and responsibility.
I~~a.d of an untried sch~xne, confessedly attended with grave
diffichlties, 'the ea.rnest a.tt'et;ltiort of the C6mmtttee is' 'inVited to
the proposal of Mr. Harington, which is suited to the genius of
I tile , PIOple, which · _ been t.e#sted many c,eut~~es, ~~ for
I,Whiehlth. . .hinery ili,already ava.ilable. ,
 Mr. lIar~ states the case iu''& ~utshel1:- 'I "

" Government can borrow m~ more cheaply tlau

any dne
else, if .pital has to be raised by borrowing, and it alQne would
seek to make no pJ'Oftt out of the transaction, but merely to pay
working expenses and secure itself against 10s8."
As already mentioned, his scheme is found in the 76th Vohuue
of the Calcutta Review, but an abstract is given in the pre<..'e<iing
pages. .....
Mr. Nicholson's Heport is invaluable as a cbart showing the
l'ocks and r:.hoals ahead. enabling the vessel of the State to be
Hafely Hteered through an intricate pasr:.a.ge.
A careful enquiry should first be made into the working of
the Land Improvement Loans Act and Agriculturists' Loans Act
to Hee what causes have interfered with their usefulness. The
e.ystem of advances for opium cultivation should alr:.o be considered.
What ir:. wanted is a Consolidated Act, induding former provisions,
but adding advances for cultivation expenses. There should be a
scheme for the restoration of the old system, guarding against its
abuses, and giving a.ll needful details.
Ryots in Debt.-One great difficulty if> that many ryots &I'€
already deeply in debt to money-lenJerb, \\>110 will use every effort
to prevent them fl'Olll availing themselves of the Government
terms. Still, the Government offer will tend to moderate tht
demandr:. of money-lenders. Where the liabilities arc not brreat,
they Iuight be taken oyer by Government.
. The measure at firr:.t might be tned only in a iew selected
districts, and gradually extended, with modifications, if necessary.
LOUD MAYO ON 'l'AKAVI ADVANCES.
This section may conclude with the words of Lord Mayo, as
given in his Life by Sir W. W. Hunter:
" The Government ha.s a.lwa.ys, a.t lea.st by its legislation, recog-
nibeli this duty. The system of giving advances of public money,
oalled takdv~, hall prevailed more or less since 1793 up to tbe present
time. The security i<l complete; the land if:, responsible for the repay-
ment.· This system is ldentical with tha.t whioh has been oarried out
in Engla.nd a.nd Ireland by mellons of the Land Improvement Acts. We
a.J.'\3 satisfied that the principle may reoeive a WIder developmeo5 than
has hitherto been given to it."

OHGANIZATION OF A SEPARATE A,GRICULTURAL

DEPAHTMENT.
The Indian Government is a compound of enlif(htened
liberality, worthy of a grea.t 6¥llpire, land of 11 "pezmy WIse. a.nd
 ORGANIZATION OF A SBPARATlIi AGBlCUL"rUBAL DEPARTMENT. 81
• pound foolish" ~. The l"rigonometri.eal and GeotogicaJ
l::)utVeys, the Irrigation Works, the greatest in the world,
illustrate the former; its treatu}ent of Agriculture, the latter.
The LandRevenue of the British Govel'IllDBIlt the larHest in the
World.-The Government of Innia is the pr0r.rietor of a magni.
licent estate of 964,99j square miles 01' 617,59.),520 acres. Com-
plete returns do not exist for the whole, but the Statistical Atlas
for India gives 220 million acres as cultiva.ted or cultivable, 47
millions as covered with forest!'" and 116 millionf> as uncultivable.
By the Permanent Settlement, Government Eave, in perpetuaJ lease
on most unfavourable terms, many million!> of its richest lands; but,
with few exceptions, the remainder if> held on leases not exceeding
a term of thirty years. In 1~lJ5-1:)() 'before it was seriously a.ffect.ed
by famine, the La.nd Revenue was Hx. 26,200,955.
Government Expenditure on Agriculture Proper.-This
amount waf> shown by the Hon. l!'. A. NlCholb4)n in the Vioeroy's
, Council Chamber during the Budget Debate of lCl\)/j. He found
97 lakhs devoted to Land Hevenue and 5 lakhs 01' Hx.. 50,000,
to Agriculture proper. His principal remarks are quoted
below;
The Departments on their purely ~tgricultural side have been
I:ltarved; it is only throwing money away to spend a. 'few thousands here
and there and now and then; lrbeml continuous supplies of funds 8re
ncces'Jll.ry If the Departments arc to be more than a mere 1!011mHb umbra;
" It is diffioult to disentangle from the ,l\ccounts the sums spent on,
or available for, Agriculture proper as definpd above. In the yellow book
for 1896-97 a,bout 102 lakhs are shown agaml:!t Land Records and
.\.grlculture, but thiS large sum wab evidently spent almost entirely on
Land Records, since 97 lakhs are f:!hown as Distl'lcti charges, as we know
that this means merely the cost of the Village Accountants and
Inspecting Staff who have nothing to do with Agriculture proper but
only with accounts and statistics: much of the remainder went in
salaries and miscellaneous charges of the Land Record officers. If we
add together the cost of two or three Agricultural Colleges shown under
Education, a certain moderate proportion of the salary of Land Beoord
officers, such small portion of the expenditure on the Civil Veterinary
Department as affects cattle as distinct from horses, which ha.ve
practioally nothing to do with Agrioulture, and the sum of about Ii lakhs
shown in the accounts under • E~riment&l cultivartion' we shall
probably a.ccount for the whole amount Bpent in India 011 Agrioul~ure
proper.
"r think that the Council will agree with me tha.t the provision in
the Budget for Agriculture is wholly insufficient, a.nd that the needs in
this respeot of a vast a.gricuiturlLl Empire demand far larger funds.
Well might Mr. Nich<>lson use the epithet "starve" to
express the trea.tment of Agriculture by the Govemment with the
largest La.nd Revenue in the world. '
 Recommendation of the I'a.mi:De ()(J.JuunilliOa.--section·185 of
. the Report MYS: .
. " A Pire.c~,of Agl'iculture sholild be ,a,ppo~ted,ioJ: (lath ~vince
or
!iW ~~ouUve' hea4 tlie Department, ehosen for his lmowlbdg.e. of (~e
o.ondition of the people, and partICularly of the agricultural classes. ne
would directly control the :;pecial statlbtical ofhcers anu would be the
adviser of the Local Government in all ma.tters relating to agricttlture
and atatistics. In ordina.ry times he should disoh~ge these! duties and
superintend 11.11 measuret; designed to improve the agriuulture 01 '. he
country, and in timcs of famine he would be the offioer responsible for
warning the Govemmcnt as to the agrioulturBJ outlook and f()r prepar-
ing such a forecast as should guide it in issuing inatruotions lLod setting
on foot measures of relief. A corresponding ofti(ler wuW perform
analogous uuties under the Government of Judia, assisti~ it in its
dea.lings with th, Local Governmeuts in the ..t\grioult14nW, Department
and in the supervision or the Local Directors of Agriculture. All these
otlioilLls I1nd a. certain proportion of the special officers in ell-ch distr~ct
should ha.ve peen prepared for their dut:es by a technical traming in
8Qientific a.nd practical agriculture."
Hon. F. A.. Nicholson on the need of an efficient Agricul·
tural Department.-In his Budget speech he said :-
, , Now I venture to call to the reoolleotion of the Counoil the opinion
of His Excellency the late Lord Mu)o when announcing in 1870 his
'intention af farmmg an Imperial Department of Agrioulture . I am not
ttblc to give his very words, but he declared that India.n agriculture wa..;;
in III pl1miLivo and backward condition; thl.t it could not be doubted
tha.t when WesDem sellence WI1B brought to hear upon it, the results
would be 1I.!:l great as III Europe, antI that the work performed by the
Agrieultural Societies in Europe must be done in India by the Govern-
ment or not at all. The Famine Commission of 1880 followed suit, IIond
since that time we have had numerous Conferences, Committees, Reports,
and Resolutions all adopting similar views. I venture to follow this
strong body of opinion, a.nd to assert that an efficient Depa.rtment of
Agriculture in elloCh province well and continuously supplied with funds
to work out a oontmuous policy of research expenment, instl'uotion
~md assistance, a.nd that not for Ilo year 01' two but for ge~ &tiona to
eome, is an a.bsolute necessity for Agricultura.l imprr)vemen~ od,
"qrther, tha.t agricultural improv(\ment is, in India, the only aounJ. basis
of· fina,ncia.l a.nd economic stability. As a. T&mil proverb has it, ~ The
ryot'. goad is the ruler's 9OOptre.'
4 D4'ector·GeneJ'a.l of Agrioulture Sanctioned.-Mter a delay
of twenty years, this :r:eoollWlendfl,tion is to be ca.rried out. Ipquiry
is now being :QlaAe for ~ >competent officer.
Separation of Agriculture from Revenue desira.ble.-
AttMhed to the GQv6!'I1IOent of India, the sarue officer is Secretary
··of· &he .R~ and •.Agric:u.UIU'al iLkpar~t. Thu.cker's'!lft4(ian
Directory thus summarises itli duties :
 A COllfPLETE AGBICULTUUfi.!S1i1lW1Y trlIE FmST DUTY, ETC. SOi
:.. ~8 OF PuBLIC BtrDtES'BI-Lami Beve'Mle. incl'llain? &~
1~ atUl Ta_. Ati-vanoes-SWI'OOYB, excepti~lg Marin~-Ag"cttlt#T8j'
and HMticw/;tlt'rt, ifwluding Fibres and Silk~Horse.brcerJillg 81m Agf'4-f
cuUfftYltd Stock and ;p1.$J/R,ries.......Mbwral'-Metoorology-Fmll!lIe~Em$I.·
grstfon.-Jf~umt and ExhibitwlU-Archaowgy..!-Sattstw8-1ibrNt.- I
PtUe""ts----Ci1~TM--Weigkts and Mea81lrtJ8." 1

There are the following sub-agencies: •

Director of Land Records and Agriculture, wIth three ASfrist-
ants and Clerks.
Inspector-General of Forests, and Forest Branch.
Agricultural Chemist and Assistant.
Reporter on Economic Products.
It is utterly impossible io expect undf'r 'lUch circumstance
tha.tagriculture should rE'ceive adeqUl),te attention.
H'On. F. A. Nicholson's meaning of an " AgrWultural Depart-
ment." In hIS Budget speech he said:
" I mean by a DepMtment of Agriculture a Department dealing
oompletely with the second of the three ola<;88s of duties mentioned by
the Government of IndJ.a in 1881, viz., 'the general improvement of
India.n Agriculture, with the view of 1ll01'ea.smg the food supply and
general resources of the p~ople.' I do not mean the Departments in
their record and statistical branch, oj' in their work in organising
famine relief, but I mean their duties in eXIl,mining the local conditions
and limitations of ltgricultural practlCe, ill research and experiment in
the flclJs, a.nd in experimental farms, m examinmg and dealing with
disease in crops and cu,ttJe, in fostBring hetter farm practicE'; in
encouragmg popular agriculttlrttl education, in assisting the hpreo.d of
associated ruml credit."
A COMPLETE AHRICtJLTURAL SURVEY THE PIRST DUTY
OF THE DEPARTMENT.
Lord Mayo cautions us against telling thE' ryot to do things
which he has been doing for centuries, or telling him to do things
which he has no means of doing. A leading feature of the
Famine Comrnij.<;lOn Report is the stress laid npon obtaining fun
~nd reliable in/ormatwn. The absence of fhi" hail Jx.en the
canse of n10st failures.
P€rhaps the first desideratum i8 a full anJ correct account of
the indigenous agriculture. It is n(\J;essary to know this accurate-
ly, to t'etaJ.n in 1it wlia.tevet iR valuable, and to decide what im-
provements can best be introduced. It should be obtained for each
lmportant nationa.lity. and as complete as the GeologicaJ Stln"ey.
The following remarks by Mr. Hnme with refJard to st1'p?l'sti-
ti6uS pra.eti~es of ryots apply to every part of IndIa.. After giving
the ryots credit, in lIlany tespects, he adds :-
.. On the otbel" hand, we must not over-rate their knowledge; it is
wholly empiricW, a.nd is in many parts of ihe cOl1ntry, if not everywbere;
g~y limited in its NlPlic'"tion by, m\dQQ.oQ .nd IGpel'llition., :In-
nl,lmel'a.b1e qua.int ooupIets, to which ~ oertain reverenoe is "tiAcbed.
d~ with a.grioulturo.lm&tters. Th~, in Upper India. a.i ny,raJle., &ore
true' hoWiehold woMS' aIllQngst all tillers of the soil. Th~ gowern
their ~tions to a great extent, and often lead them wrong ~a.lnst their
better judgment. They take omens of all kinds to guide their choice of
crops and other operations of husbandry, and though some few of the
more intelligent only act upon the results of these divinations when they
coincide with their own views, the masses are blindly..,guided by them.
" So, then, it is not only external disadvantages against whieh the
Indian cultivator has to contend, it is not only t;hat hiE! knowledge is
still in the primary experience stage, but that even this knowledge is
often rendered of no avail by the traditions of an immemorial religion of
agriculture.
" It is necessary to realise this (of which few Europeans ever even
hear), as it is olle great practical difficulty against which agricultural
reform In" India will have to contend." p. 6.
In the A,ppendix to his Pamphlet, Mr. Hume gives examples
of the "guamt couplets" by which rycts iu North India are
mainly gUIded. One is reminded of the similar maximFl in rhyme
of our forefathers. The Me-draA Department has published Tamil
Sayings and Proverbs of Agrictdture. They Flhonld be collected
and compared over the whole country.
The officerFl of the Agricultural Department should seek to
gain a thorough acquaintance with the CirCUlll!;tances of the ryot ;
the'difficulties he haA to contend with, and how they may befit be
overcome. By kind sympathetic action in this direction, the
happineFls of the people might be greatly promoted.
COMPARISON OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE WITH THAT OF
CHINA AND JAPAN.
After the Director-General has gained a fair knowledge of
Indian Agricult1lre, it "hould he hiFl duty to make fl, careful
Flurvey of agriculture in the ahove two great countrieb, which are,
like India, lar:~eJy agricultural. .
During VIRitR to China the writer waR told tlfat t,he Chinese
have treatisefl on agriculture. It is desirable that thpy llbould be
exaQ-lined. .

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANTJFAOTURES.

If improved agriculture is the 1'ight ha.nd with which to fight.
famine. developed manufactures are the left.
Need of Developed l4auufactures.-The Famine Com-
missioners begin this section of their Report by saying :-
" We .ba.ve elsewhere expressed our opinion that at the I'OQt of much
of the J?Overty of the people of India a.nd of the risks to which they a.re
 DEVELOPED MANm'ACTURES.

eaapoaed in IlI!/8.8OD8 of sca.rcity, lies the unfartunaie ciroumsSanoe tha'

~ for~ almost; the sole OO6upa.tion of the ma.ss of the POPl,lt,..
*ion, and ih&t no remedy for present evils CM be complete, which aoe,
not include the introduction of a. diversity of OOCullll.tions, through whiob
tb.e surplus popUlation may be du,wn from agricultural pursuits, IIdld led
to find the means of subsistence in manufactures or some rmch support."
The Commissioners conclude by thus reit.erating their
opinion :-
.. To whatever extent it is possible, however, the Government
should give assistance to the development of industry in It legitimate
manner, Ilond without interfering with the free action of the general
trading community, it being recognised tha.t every new opening thus
oreated attracts labour which would I)therwise he employed to compa·
I'atively little purpose on the land, and thus f>et up a new hal'l'iel'
aga.inllt the tota.l prostration of the labour market which in the pl'esent
condition of the population follows on every 'leverf' drought." p. 176.
Difficulties connected with Technical Education and the
Development of :Manufactures :-
It cannot be disguised, however, that it will require great know·
ledge and wisdom to avoid failure. Hir Alexandel' Arbuthnot, when
Director of Public Instruction, remarked ill reference to the Ma.dras
Hchool of Arts, "It is no easy matter to determine what manufactures
may he most usefully taught in an estahlishment of this description."
The selection must differ to some f'xtent in different provinct's, accord·
Illg to the facilities or demand for each indm;try. Certain manufactureR
will succeed only under certain cond~tionR The richeRt iron ore ma.y
be abundant in a locality, but if materials for hlDelting it aTe not
available within easy reach, it is practically valm'less.
Even in England there are important unsettlt'd problems
with regard to Technical Education. (iovernmrnt appointt'd a
Royal Commission, composed of some of the ll10flt competent
men, who gave three years' inquiry to the suhject. 'Vhile
their voluminous RE'port contains much valuable infonnation,
" They have thought it wise in many cases to abstain from dra.wing
any definite conclusions, feeling that experience alone ca.n show the
system of education which is best adapted to the various grades of
persons engaged in industry in this e01mtry."
Hir Philip Magnus, after stating the above result, Rnylil : -
" In the teaching of indmtrial art we may he said to hp Rtill groping
our way, and to have arrived.1t no definitf' conclul'Iionfi.
"We cannot poim to any country in EuroJ>f" in which thll prohlem
we are trying to 'l()lve at borne htw found a thoroughly sa.tiQfactoI1'
solution." . ,
I • tnl8rluJtf.oMZ C,.,f~ em EdtlMtioft. Btrficm E, p. HI. LON &oil\' W!\fI
C~ aI the Committee aI Orpnlution,
~
 It is nat enC)ugh to gay to the educMed yowth 01 .hadia. '~Tam
'They ca.nnot be expeeted to initiate iHusmes.
to ttlaonufa.ctures."
They may reasona.bly ask in each district, "How cam we be belt
empltJJled! Where CI.m we get the nece8sary training ?"
Proposed Industrial Survey.-To enable the above questions
to be answered satisfactorily, an Industrial Survey is absolutely
necessary. This was suggested in 1872 by Dr. Forbes Watson of
the India Museum. He explained it in a P8JUphlt'lt entitled,
t'Industrial Survey of India." The following are a few extracts.
Dr. VI atson thus points out the information needed:-
" It is intended in the following pages to direot a.ttention, in the
first place to the want of a rea.lly exha.ustive !tnd systema.tic knowledge
of the various products of India in their raw and in their manuflloOtured
condition. There a.re certainly a.bundant materials for a. genera.l super.
ficia.l knowledge of Indian products, but in order to render such know-
ledge really useful and applicable to tra.de and industry, much mOl'e
precise a.nd comprebensive information is req'lired. Each . kind of
produce must be accurately described, the different va.rieties atla~peoies
distinguished, the places and the methods of production R,80erta.ined, the
commerdal and industrial value investigated, and the question of iupply
and utilization discussed. And when all this is accomplished, provision
must be made for rendering the knov.ledge easily accessible and a.vall-
able for immedJate reference, not only by Government Il.uthorities, but
by agriculturalists, manufacturers and men of business generally."
Dr. Watson next showR that this a.ccurate knowledge would
promote the influx of Europea.n capita.l :
"For the la.st half centttry it has been on all sides constantly
urged, that no- radical reform in the agricultural or industrial condition
of India can take place without an influx of European capital and
European enterprise, and it has often helln made a matter of sUl'prise
that neither of them has been supplied by England in the amount
which could have been utili7.ed hy a country of such vast natural
resources as India. It has been considered remarkable, that a. country
under British rule, with full gua.rantees for the protecti.on of life and
property, hs.s not attracted more of the superabundant ca~ita.l and
enterprise of England, although the means of communication have
1'e<l6Jltly been so muoh extended. The reason is, that however impart-
Q.nt all the conditions just enumel'aled may be, there is a stiH more
indispensable requirement which must be sa.tisfied before private oapi\a.l
and skill will come forward without a Governmeni guarantee. This
requiulment is such a precise knowledge of the industria.l resources and
of the oonditions of production of the oountry a.s will a.llow of a rea.son-
a.ble forecast of the s~coess of-the enterprise."
Why the Government of India sho1.tld not leave the work to
private enterprise is thus shown ;- •
"Suoh a knowledge of the oountry, as is here deJnaIld'8d. for IDdia.,
is in Europe the accumulated result of the efforts of mllo1lY suooesaive
genera.tions, the work of legions of pioneers of enterprise, who pushing
on from experiment to experiment, a.nd from failure to failure, h ..ve
reveaJed to the oountry by their fu;uu suocess tbe secret of its resources •
.. Tbe whole of the a.dvanoed pwtion of EtmlPEl is, in ooDsequenoe
of the development of oommerce, oovered b~ a network of private
u.genoy, the express purpose of whiah it IS to mdioate to the oonsumer
the best souroes of supply, IIoDd to offer to the producer the best mea.n:s
of rea.lizing his products. A similar organization exists, of oourse, in'
India also, but only m a rudimentary state and restricted to some prin-
cipal towns, and to a few of the prmcipal staples, although no doubt
it would grow in time by its own eBorts."
"To shorten, however, in India, the period of preliminary trials,
ILnd unavoidable failures, and to ha&ten the adV/Lnoement of the country
appears to be in the power of the Government, which, although unable
to take the plooc of individual enterprise, may promote inguiries whioh
will facilitate its task. Public, as distinguished from private, action,
assumes, therefore, in India much larger proportions tha.n it does here,
and it will be acknowledged tha.t. this ha.s alwa.)'s been the a.dmitted
policv of the Government of India.. Muoh bas already been effected
with· respect to opening up the country by means of information.
The trigonometrlcal, &opographlOal, revenue, and geologioal surveys,
have been undertaken on a scale of perhaps u!1precedentcd magnitude.
It remains to complete them by a.n industrial qurvey which shall take
stock of all the various produotions of tho country-agricultural,
forestal, pastoral, and mineral--of manufactures, of the loca.lities of
production, of tho varieties, qualities, and valu~s of produce, Itt; supply,
mode of distribution and oonllumption.
Dr. Wa.tson further pointb out the benefits of thfl !:)urvey in
promoting internal commerce, a.nd its polItical advantages a.s
tendmg to raise up !1 mIddle clasb.
This admirable scheme was never calTied out, owing to the
opposition of the India Council. Sir Louis Mallet was the
Perma.nent Under-Secretary at the India Office, The following
quotation frolll him 11> given in the l!'amine Commission Report. '
App. I, page 135:-
.. If there is anyone thing which is wanting in an inveaiigation of
IDditan problems; it i1J an &ppl'OMh to trustworthy aDd genera.lly aooepted
facts. There is hardly a subject upon which the best authorities do BO$
absolutely disa.gree as to the funda.meIJtll.1 foots. I oould mention the
most startling instmo8s, but they must be present to the minds of all of
us. Now I e.m oomfeUed to aay that, since I hllove ooen oonnected with
'he India. Oiiioe, ha.ve found just a.s strong a repugnance to the
adoption of any adequate mea.eures for the oollectlon of a comprehensive
&nd well-di,gested set of facta a.s to the recognition of general principles.
The only occasion upon which I had the misfortune of enoountering
the vehement· opposition of <lOme members of Council, for wbose
~ons and experience I have the most unfeigned respect, was it1 'my
advooaoyof Dr. Forbes Watson's proposal for an Industrial Survey."
 STEPS TO BE T AXE'N.
The following IOOlWIureS seem necessary ;
1. The appointment of a Director-G1meral of Oouunerte.
Accordil).g to l'hackcr'b indian Directory, the Secretary to
the Uovermuent of India 10 the "Department of E'inance and
CQmmerce " has charge of the following ;-
l:h~ANcaEB oj,' PUBLW BUSll'lEss.-The PUbtLC ACCOU1U&, ".,eluding
H8tWu:tteb, B(I;nkb, Money Orders a'Ld Alienatiolls of Revouw-'1'hc
Publw E.rl'ellrhtlUc -'1'hc ]Jublw Wa!l~ and Means. inoludillg Laa,JS-
l'ke Publw Fmu/b-'1'/te Mmtb-'1'he Paper ()urrcncy-Leaoo-Pay •
.!llOWC!1ICCb, l'enbWI!~ alld (Jrcdn'l,tw l) oJ Pnblw Office:.-hl>eslicd 'l'{lUb
-Exctbe-Opt-lult, f)alt-Cl(.btoms, J!,tamps-Pobt O(fice-CO'I'~?lUJ1'C~­
MMcliallt iShtpp~/tg-::;tOrcb Jrom El~ropc-Port8 a/La, Port Dues, LUJht.
f,IUJ a;nd Ptlot iScrvwcs of CUbtOI7L8.
l'here are, of course, Idubordinate officers; but it is utterly
iUlpossible for one man adequa.tely to supervise so many branches.
Every well organized state lU Europe has its Minister of Com·
merce. The Times, weekly edition, June ~4th, 1898, says that" all
Imperial decree has been issued in China sanctioning the creaticn
of the Office of Minister of l'rade." Perhaps, the Government
of'India may be led to follow her example. A little consideration
will show the need of pennanent officers to superintend technical
education and the development of manufactures. t;pecia.lists
are required to conduct the inquiry, and the Bame men lUust
watch over the carrying out of the proposals.
Besides a Director-General, a Men'lOOr of the Viceroy'f:,
<Jlmn(lil, it 16 very desirable to have Provincial Direatol's.
The Government oj India has already two officers who
render most essential serVICe under the head ot Commerce. 'Mr.
J . E. O'Conor, L1.B .. Director-General ot ~tatif:,ticb, and l)r.
George Watt, L.1.E., Heportel' on Economic Products to the
GovernlUent 01 Indla, [luthor of a Dictionary oj the Ecotwmtic
Products of india, cL·c.
2. An Industrial $urver.
, ~. A. complete scheme of Commerdai aAd TeclmiGal Bclu.
OaGOIl.
The second has already been noticed; the third is taken up
under " Educational Refonn."
At Glasgow Lord Rosebery, la.tely expressed the opinion
tha.t the Twentieth Century would be "a period of keen and
almost fierce international competition. " .. The nation must
become more business-like Md thorough as warriors, lDel~hants,
and statesmen," This iij a.n additional call to effort on behalf o~
India.
 RELiEF OF CONGES:all 1)1.&101'8 BY EMIGRATION.

IRRlGATION WORKS.
At:. ultell.dy m~ntion~, the Irrigation worJib conlltruded by the
Britibh Government are tIle greatest in the world, and Iiloblq
monuments of it!! fule. While they should be pushed forWUtl'd to
the ut.most, there a.re limits to their extension. 'l'here must be ..
fiupply of water before it can be used for irrigation, '1'he greaJi
bulk of Government expenditure 011 such workb has been remuner·
ativtl, but in some cases it hat'> been l1&ele<;s.
Lord Curzon, not long ago, stated the caw fully. It ir;
l\greed to have an Exhaustive 8urvey 11l> to the capabihties of theiJ:
extension. .Further remarks are therefore unnecessary.

BELIEF OF CONGEb'!'ED DISTHICT8 BY

EMIGRATION
Government hal> already Emigration Agent:" to protect
bbOl1rers in tea distriets and ellligmntb to colonieb. Though
useful in their l'lace, the reliet thus aftorded is totally ina.de-
quate . EmigratIon is required on a far larger scale.
Hir W. W. Hunter &ays ;-
" The poverty of certa,in parts ot India. IS the direct IIond inevitable
result of the over-population of those parts of India,"
France is a fertile country, but the popUlation IS only about
180 to the square mile. ,!'here are distncts in India wlth i;()() to
the square mile. As Sir William Hunter remarks ;- '
.. If we allow four persons to c!wh pcasant family, we find 24-
millions of human hemgb ~truggling to live off the produce of 15 millions
acres, just ov.er ha.lf an acre apiece. The Illdum soil ca.nnot suppor~
that struggle,"
The remedy is plain. 81I William Hunter t;ay& ;-
Na.tives must equalize the pressure on the soil by distributing
Ie
themselves more equa.lIy over the country. There is plenty of fertile
la.nd in India still awaiting the plough. The Indian husbandma.n mm
learn to mobilize himB<JIf, alDd to migrate from the overorowded
provinces to the uDderpeopled ones." t
Assam, with' 50,000 square miles, has only 5l millions of
inba.bita.nt~;
Bensal h8o8 71 millions of inhabitants, whije Bunna.,
~ i~gc, h8.$ les8 than' 8 millions. There are a.l80 scattered
uncUltivated, but cultiva.l¥e, trlWts in other provinces.
q , !
 From ignorant fear a.nd want of energy, the great bulk of the
people are unwillIng to leave their own province. The dislike to -
It would be largely obviated if a number of families could be
induced to go together. Difficulties about marriage would thus
be aettled.
An officer of experience and ability should be placed on
spe<;ial duty to collect details about congested districts and waste
la.nd available for settlements. A separate Departme::lt i& even
necessary. Some measure of this kind is urgently required.
Full detailed iniormation of the land available should be
published both 111 EngIibh and the Vernacular, and widely circu-
lated. Noblemen, like the Maharaja of Darbhangah and other
Zelllindars, might get colonies led out from congested portions of
their lands.
Very favourable terms ought at first to be allowed to the
emigrants.
The Maharaja of Durbhangah lately, 1 believe, vibited ASbam
with the above object in view.

HUGGBH'l'BD MEMBERH Ol!' THE l!'AMINB

COMMlI::lHION.
'l'he compositIOn ot the Fam111e COlllrui&bion is of very great
importance. It !>hould command the confidence of the people.
The Welby Comllisbion may, in one respect, be taken ILb a
guide. Included among Itb member!> were Hir William. Wedder-
burn, Mr. W. S. Came, and Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji.
The writer's knowledge of the members of the Indian Civil
Service, is very imperfect; but a few names lllay be mentioned
for consideration. Hon. l!'. A. Nicholson, C.LE., Mr. A. H. F.
E1raser, e.s.l., Mr. J. E. O'Conor, C.1.]o;., Dr. George Watt, C.l.E.
Sir Edward C. Buck, if avauable, would be a very useful
member.
A home agriculturist, of the standing of the la.te Sir James
CalrCjl, should be secured, if pOflsible. A commercial member.
like Sir Ja.mes Lyle Mackay, would be very valuable.
Mr. Samuel Sluith, M.P., has long taken a warm interest ill
India.. If he could come out, he would represent the India.n
Parliruuentary Committee, and hls merca.ntile knowledge would
be useful.
The Hon. M. G. Ha.nade, C.I.E., Bombay High Court Judge,
and .Mr. R. C. Dutt, C.I.E., might be among the India.n members.
A good deal would depend upon the selection of the Presi-
dent and Secretary. General Strachey and Sir C. A. Elliott,
contributed greatly to the success of the first Commission.
 EDUCi4.!lJO!tAl'.i aIFORM.

EDUCATIONAL REFORM
"India in Transition."-Eiiucation is ohe of the most hn·
porta.nt and difficult questions that can engage the attention of
Government. Lord Lytton spoke of the changp. now going on in
India as I' the greatest and most momentous revolution-a.t once
social, mora.l, religious and political-which perhaps the 'World
has ever witnessed."
In this revolution, one of the principa.l factors is education.
Lord Northbrook remarked, in a Convocation AddresA: "It
would be bold in me to ventur~ to give any authoritative opinion
upon the effects of the spread of ooucation in India." A well.
directed system of edncation wonld prove one of the greatest
safeguards to "India in 'l'ranRition ;" it might be made 11 powerful
agency for elevating the people materially, RocialIy, morally, and
religiously. On the other hand, if ill-judged, it will lORe half itA
value, or even, i.n Rome respects, become pmlitively injllrious.
It is possible to raise up an intellectUlLl proletariat, mlserable
themselves, and a source of danger to the Htate.
Educational Progress in India.-'l'he remarks of Macaulay,
with regard to Europe in the Middle Ages, apply with fltill grellter
force to ancient India: ., We see the multitudes sunk in brutal
ignorance, while the studious few are engaged in acquiring what
did not deserve the name of knowledge." The" nme gems" at
the court of Vikramaditya were only like it few stafs in the dark
night.
With regard to the Muhammadan period, Sir W. liutlter
says:-
"No Mughal emperor ever conceived the idea of giving public
instruction as a State duty to all his sUbjects. He might ra.ise a.
marble mosque in houolu' of God and himself, lavish millions on III
favourite la.dy's tomh, or gru.nt la.uds to lell.rned ulen of his own religion;
but the task of educa.ting the whole Indian people, dch and poor, of
whatever race, or caste, or creed, was never attempted."
When the first Protestant Millsionaries landed at Tranquebar
in 1706, the establishment of schools was one of their earliest
efforts, and ever since educa.tion has occupied III prominent pla.ce
in their operations. In ancient India, in very rare cases, a
pa.ndit might teach his wilt: or daughter, like Ramabai in modern
times; but Mis!'!iona,ries may be called the pioneers of fema.le
educa.tion. •

• The writer hlloll dillCURSed this Ii uestion at ROme length in a. letier addres~ to
the Viceroy. Svo. 56 pp. Sold by Mr. A. T. Scott, Madras, 3 As. PORt.free, 4 As. It,
is freely-quoted in the following rema.rks.
 The British Government has gradually ta.ken a.n increasing'
share in education. ..
Warren Hastings established the Calcutta Madrassa, or
Muh&mmada.:n College, in 1781, which was followed ... 1792 by
the Sa,nskrit College, Benares. The Poona College was founded
in 1821. On the renewal of the East India Company's 0ha.rter
in 1818, a clause was inserted requiring not less tha.n a lakh of
rupees to be spent every year in the diffusion of knowledge. It
was not, however, till 1823 that a, General CoUunittee of Public
Instruction was appointed in Bengal. In 1826 Sir Thomas
Munro established a similar Boa,rd for the Madras Presidency.
Schools were gradually opened. In 1830 Dr. Duff, commencf'd
an Institution in Calcutta in which English was taught. Till that
tilue Sanskrit and Ambic had received chief attention in Govern-
lllent Colleges. Macaulay, then in Calcutta, adopted the viewA of
Dr. Duff with rE'-go,ru to the importance uf English, and Lord
William Bentinck issued an order recoDlmending English I~duca­
tion. At the same time, it was allowed that elementary education
should be in the vernacular languages.
The Despatch of Sir Charles Wood in 1854 mark!; an
important epoch in Indian education. Complete Educati(lnal
Departments were to be organised, and a national system to be
commenced. In 1HIl7, amid the tUlllult of the Mutiny, the
Universities of Calcutta, Madras, lLnd Bombay were founded, to
which the PunjlLL University was addf'd in 1882, and the
Allahaood University in 1887.
At present thf're arE' about 20,000 College studentR, while
Secondary and Primary Rchools are attendf'll by upwards of 4-
millions of pupils.
Therp has hpen Improvement in qualit!J as well a<, in the
numbers under instnu·tion.
For about half a century literature and mathematics consti-
tuted nearly the sum total of the teaching in Government Colleges
in India. This was but natural. The stream cannot be expected
to riBe higher than its source. Most of the ProfeflBor!' were
Oxford or Cambridge graduates, and sought to impart to the
youth of India such an education as they hOO themselves received.
A~ne modifications were neCefl!!ary. English literature WaS sub-
stituted for that of Greece f\nd Rome.
After a long Fltrnggle, Natural Rcience gained an entrance
into the curricula of the Indian Universities. ,At present, in sou~
caRes, it is, perhaps, overdone. The Madra!'. Umversity reqnires
fol' the Matriculatioll Htanda.rd a knowledge of " (a) b'lffl'/ents (If
Ph!/.~i('.~ (b) Elmumt,~.()f CJIf'mi~try"-two difficult subjects which
might weJl be postponed.
 THE EDUCATIOlUL NUDS OF INDIA.

THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF INDIA.

While it is cheerfully admitted that ntany eduoational im-

provements have gradually hElen introduced, it is f',quaUy certain
that very much remains to he done. Gnizot AAy": "Th~ idea of
progress, of developmE'nt, appears to rue the fltndl1mental idea.
contained in the word civilization." This general principle will
be a.dmitted. The question is, In which directions is reform
specially needed? The meaSUrE'R re('ouunenaed ha.ve often been
stated before and SOUle progress has been made; but ~ufhcient
rema.ins to require their hein.g brought forward again and again.
It is very desirable that education should he viewed from
different standpointl'l. In India the intense competition caused
by the University J;~xamil1lttions, tend!!, both on the pa.rt of
teltChp.rs and studE'ntfl, to makf' " passing" thE' grand ailll in educa-
tion. Government will rather consider how far the COlURe of
iustructlOn is fitted to promote the well-being of the ptlople.
'l'he following points will be considt'red :
1. Want of §IufTIcient adaptation to India.
II. Undue craving at prE'sent for Government OfTIce and
thf' Bar.
III. The Development of Agricultural, CommerciaJ, a.nd
TechniCAl Education.
IV . Instruction in Political Economy and Morals.
Each of thesp will be noticed in tnrn.

I. 'VANT 01<' SUFFICIENT ADAPT-\TION TO INDIA.

That" Headers" should be adapted to India, if:. an idea. whid;t

seems never to havt' dawned upon the lIlindR of ROlne educa.-
tionistR in this country. In English schools they HRe the same
" Readers" aR if they were Rtill within sight of the Grampin.ns or
with in sound of Bow Bells.
An Indian student may pass through the entire course in
'lome schools, and never read a word about female education, the
crying neeli of India. Self-hP.!p, the dignity of labour, the
enMura.gement of thrift instead ot th(> invetf'rate tendency to run
into debt. a.re othet' subjects requiring speciaJ. attention in India.
Political econol!ny is taught by !neall!! of Engti~h text-books, hot
dealing with IndIan problems. Its aimless genpra.l chl\r~ter
ro~ education of half its value.
When Lord Northbrook and Sir George CampbeU, inteHigeat,
thoughtful men, ~i8ited certsin schools in India., few things HtruC1k
them more forcibly thlLll the want of a.cl&ptatioll in ihe-iext-hooks
to the ooubky. '
7
 This was brought forwa.rd by Lord Norlbbrook in So Resolu-
tion, datetl March 20th, 1873, which called 'rorth the, following
remarks in The Hindu Patriat :
" The books which are now in fashion ha.ve been designed especially
for English youths, with rosy cheeks, fireside associations, and Ohris~
memories, a.nd for more reasons thau one, they are utterly unsuited to
BengaJi la.ds who have not perhaps commenced their teens," May 19Ut.
18'18. ",.

The RepOl't of the Education Commission has the following

rema.rks on the use of such books in this country : -
" Adapted or unadapted, the books that are most suitable, beca.use
conveying the most familiar ide~J to English childrEln, are most unsuit-
able to na.tives of India. Though often compelled to read about such
thin~s, the Indian learner knows nothing of hedge-rows, and birds-
nestlllg, hay-making, being naughty, and standing in a corner." p. 346.
Sir John Strachey thus pointed out the crying defect of many
Indian Rchooll3 and Colleges:
"These institutions give, in the English language, a. more or less
good imitation of the purely scholastic part of a.n ordinary English
educ,tion, but the young men of India learn in them almost nothing
about their own country, or about the Government under which they
live, a.nd, least of all, are they taught to be good and loyal citizens."
The Times says in an editorial:
"There has been more zeal than wisdom, more eagerness to imitate
English models than to give the education really needed by the Natives."
(August 31st, 1897).
The same want of adaptation is seen in female education in
another fonn. Years ago Pundit Sivanath Sastri made the
following complaint regarding female education in Bengal:-
.. There is another evil from which these schools suffer. Nobody
seems to have spent a particle of thought on the system of education to
be followed in these schools. In the absence of thoughtful guidance,
the system pursued in boys' schools is blindly followed; and D:lUl.lh that
is useless to the girls is taught at the neglect of subjects that would be
lUore profitable to these feminine learners."
I '
The evil is not confined to Bengal and still exists. The
ordinary Reading Books for Boys' Schools have been generally
used in Girls' Schools. Those in charge of them do not seem to
feel the need of any others: they are not used when offered.
Notwithstanding the repeated condemnation of the use of
Hollle Readers, they are still found in some of the largest schools.
All this arises froln what Bishop Tucker desoribes as
.. That' deep-roo$ed tendenoy which tbere is in the Anglo-Saxon
cbara,cter to Anglicise everything with which it comes in conta.ct."
 U. UNDUE eRA VlNG At' PJt.ESJilN!l' roR GOVERNMENT, ETC. i1
Intellectual unfitness is not the worst charge against Home
Readers. It has been sa.id, .. Whatever you would put iDt& the
life of a nation, put into its Schools." By a well-devised conrse
of instruction, it is practicable, in some measure, to mould the
character of a. nation. The process, it is true, will be slow, but it
will tell in the end. To the fore~omg may be added, .. Whatever
yoa would put into schools, put mto the school books."
Instead of desultory lessons, having little or no bearing upon
conduct, they might be skilfully adapted to promote the material,
social, moral, and religious elevation of the people of India. All
this is SlLcrificed by the use of Home Headers.
Attempts have been made, with lUore or less success, to
prepare "Readers" adapted to India. This is the only satisfac-
tory course. The task, however, is difficult, and progress can
only be gradual.
II. UNDUE GRAVING AT PRESENT FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICE
AND THE BAR.

A "stool in a Government Office" or a lawyer's gown, are at

present the great objects of ambition among Indian students.
It was at first a necebsity for Government to establish Colleges
to provide educated offieen,. As the stUdents were eompar·
at,ively few, most of them, on the completion of their course,
obLained good "'ppoint.ments. Now, however, the easc is different.
Some time ago, at the distribution of prizes at the Presidency
College, Madras, the late Mr. Justice Muthusami Aiyer, who
presided, said:
" When I left the college 32 years ago, there were about 75 highly
educa.ted men, whose attainments may be said to be co-extensive with
those of our gl'a.duates. At present there are upwards of 1,500 B. A's,
besides 17,000 undergraduates and matriculates."
Petty shopkeepers, mechanics, peons, and domestic servants,
are now making great efforts to get an English education for
some of their children in the hope that they will obtain Govern.
ment appointments. The sUJ>ply already far exc~eds the demand.
The country is being filled wl.th imperfectly educated young men,
who yet think it benea.th their dIgnity to engage in industrial
employments. Unless a. change take place, men of this class will
become a.n intolerable burden upon their relatives, while they lead
miserable lives themselves. Years ago the late Hon. J. B. Norton,
of Madras, said:
.. This reliance upon Government, and seeking after its employ, to
flbe exolusion of all other legitimate &nd honourable means of obWning
a. livelihood, has to Ule present moment been Ule principal bane and
ourse of Na.m.ve society."
 The English Schools and Colleges'furnish, an &l'Ill}!,of oandi·
Qat.1i more tha uJt h1Ullired. tho~ Strongl a.nd da.ily' reeeivin$
I:KloessJons to its r&nks. . i ',
The oraving ext.nds, more or less, even to vernacnl41 94hools.
Mr. Nestield, Inspector of Schools, Oudh, says that he wu once
pro.aent lILt a "large ~athering of pupils from prUnlLry schools.
'rhe Deputy ()ommissloner a!fked them why they CQme to school
at aJIFifty voice,;, answered at once, to get....!mployment. He
then asked, Wha.t employment·( and the answer immediately
was, G()1}ermnent. The desire to obtain employment, IUld thus
escape from the paternal plough or workshop, is a.lmost universa.l
among our vernacular students," &0.
Lord Curron, addressing Trevandrum student,s, sa.id :
"Don't foliow each other like a flock of ':!beep, which alwayR go
through the samil opening in a hedge. The hedge of public duty is
oapable of being pierced in a great many placeb, and the mQ,n who
wants to get to the other side will waste 1\ lot of precious time if be WILlts
for his turn in the crowd that is trying to scramble through a 'iingre
a.perture. "
"Ta.ke therefore a. line to yourselves; get ont of tlie rut. Your
whole life is not !!ummod up ill offioe or in Ia.w court"."
Similar ailvice was given by the late Maharaja of Tra.v~ncore.
Referring to ten thoU!iand boys in the schools of that Btate, ht!
said:
.. Almost wHhout exoeption, all these, I suspect, look to Govern-
tnCllt employment .
.. If our Govel'nment must provide for all the yottths that rooeive
educatioll, OUl' pubtic othceb will have to be extended miles, and public
salaries to he incrca~ed h) thousand" of rupees, aud after all to enter-
tain 1\ host of discontented, disohedient, and sometime!! troublesome
young men. -The booner the idea that Govel'nlnent employment lS the
Ullil/Itt 1.'ltnw of education is !!cooped out of the heads of out youths,
the better."
Even in the Punjab, where English educa.tion is oolllparQ.-
tively
,
new, a warning IS given:
I II The large incweaee in the ranktl of the eduoa.ted unemployed-is a
IJt~m which hlloll O&ulIed fLnd ib lItili CIlrtIsing gt'eat a.nxiety to all
$,incerely interel!ted in the good of the country."

Brain is one of the lea.st .pro$perous countlies of Europe.

One 0 the reasons is the followlllg :
.. The same eompwnt is r:a.ised as in 'India. ,he,t eduee.lled men
ovarlWOwd the professions a.nd GoV$l'nment semce ratber the cmvo1le
themselves to industries a.nd commcrec, whereby the best posaible u.e
might be ml\de of the country's great natu.ra.1 reaouron."
 II. UNDUE eRA VING A.T PUSBNT, }I'OR GOVERNMENT, ETC. i8
The 1i&m8 remark applies to Gl'eeoe :
.. '!Ibis general instruction is out of all rela.tion to the rea.l needs /Of
the country, ~ neitas in young men a.n ambition impossible to
gratify. The majority of young mell concoive -it a disgra.ae to fo~
their fllothers' professions-generally ma.nual, and therefore rega.rded IIofI
degrt¥ling. ,.
J n 1877, Sir Richard Temple, in his 1ll.Rt Ueport alj
Lumtenant-Governor of Bengal, said:
. " It is mela.ncholy to see men who ollce appeared to receive their
honours in the Univenlity Convoca.tion, now applying for some lowly.
paid appointment, almost hegging from office to office, from depart·
ment to department, or struggling for the practlCe of a. petty pra.a·
titioner, and after all this returning, bafiled and disheartened, to 0.
poverty-strioken home, o.nd then to reflect how far happier their lot
might have been had they while at school or college been able to move
in a healthier l~tmosphere of thought and freer walk of life. Nevertheless,
with these examples before their eyes, hundreds, perha.ps thoUilands
of y01lUg men, persist in embarking on the same course which can onl~
lead to the same ending. And one l'eason, among several reasons, is
this, th&t they still dl'ead and dislike the thought of u18onllllol labour,
even though it be accompanied with mental training. This unhappy
prejudice though not perhaps avowed nor eyen admitted, is palpably
existent and banefully mfluential."
Hir George Blrdwood, while allowmg that among vernacular
editors "there are men who would distin6"uish themselves
anywhere," makes the following remarks regardlIlg others:
" We ha.ve educated the country beyond its needs, and its capacity
for providing for educa.ted men, and yearly the ranks of the educated
are swollen by thousands, but there is ab yet no livelihood for them.
'rhel'e is nothing Jeft for the edncn.ted native so perfectly congenial to
him as an educated man as the native press, and he heoomes the editor
and probably the proprietor of a vernacular newspaper, He is a disoon-
tented soured man to begin with, and we httve educated him in the
ma.nner best ca.lculated to perfect and poin. thtl expression of dis.
oontent." .'
Educated men in India, who should be ., Capta,ins of Industry "
Hire candidates for Government office or swelling the ranks ~f
briefless lawyer.s. Among such th6re must be "ever-inereuing
poverty."
The Chief Bemedy.-'l'hls wa.s pointed out by Lord George
Hamilton in his Budget opeech of 1897 :
II Is it impossible to 80 o.lter the current a.nd tenclenoy of the
eduoation 'We give M to MllOCi&te it with objects of a pradtical and

• Jf.1UI'ftQL /If thtJ B~ 0/ A.riB, Kawb ilJ, 18f7.

 )(EMOaANDtJw:.

technic~l character, by which India's laktD, resoW'Oes ~ht be devel-

oped, her indu.stries multiplied, a.nd her productive power ex~nded?"
'On the occa.sion of Hir William Wedderburn's motion in
Parliament this yeh, a pledge was given by the Secretary of
State that Technical and Industrial Education would be extended.
Even in England the same want is being felt. 1'he Duke of
Devonshire, at the opening of a &ience School, remarked:
" We have been prominent in advoca.ting wha!is oalled 'he cause
of techni<ll!.l education, have been seeking not only to extend the area of
education, but in many respects to alter its direction, and to give to it a
more practica.l charaoter, a.nd one which may, we think, be of more
adva.ntage to the people of thh:! country."
Hir John Gorst, Vice-President of the Committee of Council
of Education, said lately at Bristol:
" He believed no Oll~ could render at this moment a higher servioe
tlo tbe country thall by securing the adva.ncement of TechnioaJ Educa-
tion."

III. THE DEVELOPMEN'f OF AOHICUL'l'URAL, COMMERCIAL.

AND rl'ECHNICAL EDU<':A'1'lON.

While the employment of some persons in public officco jE;

useful to the whole community, their number ought not to be in
excess uf what it; wanted. An Engh&h mel'chant, a.ddressing ~orue
Madras studentlS, said: '
" Does it never occur to you that to depend for your livelihood on a
salary drawn out of the tll.xes paid hy your countrymen cannot add to
the wealth 01' prosperity of your country '1"
Men in pubhc offices and lawyers are consu-mers, not
prod/U;ers, and their undue lllultiplicatlOn can only increase the
poverty of the country.
Agrioultural Education.
With eighty per cent, of the population dependent upon the
SQil, their. educa.tion is of great importanee. Mr. Robertson,
formerly connected with the ~adras Agricultural Department,
upl'8ssed the opinion that developing the intelligence of the ryot
lies a.t the root of a.ll improvement.
In IBSI the Government of India pointed out .. that no
general advance in the agricultural system could be expected ulltil
the rural population had been so educa.ted as to enable them to
take a practical interest in a.gricultural progress and ref01"l:U. "if
 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The Agricultur&l Conferences of 1898 and 1895·96 remuB :

"As it would only be through, and by, the nativo community, th&t
agricultural improvements oould, ()n any important scale, be oarriM into
the country, measures must be taken to secure their co-operation by ..
proper system of intelligent instruotion in the sohools,"
The value of the education given to ryots will depend upon
its cha.racter. The remark was made years ago, II Ollr present
system of education tends to give the native youth a taste for a
town, rather than a country. life," ... "the very thing which
ought not to be done."
The subject of Agricultural Education has been receiving
attention in England. The following remarks appeared in the
Athellceum a few months ago:
" It may be noted that the reoent deputation of the Agrioultural
EduoatlOn Committee to the Duke of Dt>vom,lnre waq favourably
received. Again, the Council of the Central and ASl'lociateu Chambers
of AgdcuhiUre devoted tht' whole time available for :discussion at their
last meeting to rural education, and ended b:, plLssing 11 resolution in
la,vour of adapting the instruction ill rural elementary schools to the
requirements of country life.
At the discussion, Mr. Williams, a practical farmer, alluded to the
object lessons given in the majority of 'illitge schools. They do not
deal with matter<> !tgricultuml. The cooper's shop, and shoemaker's
shop, and a nnmher of others l1l'e introduced to the pupils, but never
the work of the farm.
"An excellent, syllabus of Simple les"ons in rural economy bas
been submitted to thp Rducation Depl1rtment hy the Agricultura.l
Education Committee ..
A series of elementary tf'xt-bookr" should be prepa.red, suitable
for Primary Sehool'l in rural distncts.
N atuml phenomena, as wind, rain, lightning; the formation
of soil; the growth llnd structure of plants, would be excellent
subjects for lessons.
While Indian ryotR arf' thrifty, industrious, and show consid-
erable skill, as Mr. A. O. Hume remarks, "their knowledge is
wholly empirical, and is in many parts of the country, if not
everywhere, greatly limIted in it"! application by tradItion a.nd
superstition." l!'avourable seasons for sowing, &c., are ROmetimes
lost from the position of the planets being supposed to be adverse.
It sef'UlS pmctlcablt> m Agricultural Schools to point out pre-
vaJling defects, and, in course of time, to bring about a cha.nge.
Besid~s ordinary edpcation, Agricultural Schools and Col1eges
are required.
The great importance of the subject demands that it
should receive special attention. One of the pnmary duties of the
Director.General of Ed\lCa.tion would Le a careful study ::>f
Agricultural Educa.tion throughout the civilized world, to !!Ief! wha.t
COlU'se had best be adopted in India.
I Airioulturil Knowledge among Revenue Offtoers.- Sir
RicJ:u!.rd Temple Ba'Ys in a Minute on Agricultural Eduoation in
the Bombay Presidency :-
"One effective method of difftlSing a knowledge of ,agriculture
among the landholding cla.Rses is to ensure that our na.tive Revenue
officers and officials shall gradua.te in this science "1', •• Ot else it might
he ordered that all officers and officialf! in the land reve-nue department
must go through an agricultural course. the higher grades through the
College course. the other glades through the school oourse. Furtlulr,
as the system takes root, it will not he difficult to arrange that all head·
men and village accountants shall pass some elemE'ntary examination
in agriculture.'
He adds:-
" The Natives tl1emselvl''i are awa1i;en:ng to a Rense of the lUlp<>l't-
ance of iJ~~roving agrICulture, tl!e staple i,HIUf.,tL'j of the oounky, anti
would willingl} follow the gUIdance of tilt' GOYf'rnment III this
direction." pp. 153. ]M.

Commercial Education.
'rhere have been m England, for many years, what arc called
.. Commercial Academies," for teaching writing, arithmetic, and
book-keeping; but" Commercial Education" now includes a much
wider range. In the East the" wide-awake" Japanese seem
to have taken the lead in this department of education. In 187 t,
commercial schools werp organised at all the great centres of
the Empirp. In the Tokio Higher Commercial Hehool, "the
students are all taught the every-day methods and fonus of
western businesR by actually practising them in a large room, in
a make-believe way, as if genuine transactions were really being
ca.rried out. In one corner one finds a bankmg establishment.
A side room is a custom house. and huge volumes of imports
and exports enter and emerge from it, with clerks busy ~paring
bills of lading, others drawing bills of exchange, gettmg them
Ibcqepted, ru'ld selling them to bro}\<>rR, ana so on, just as in actnal
.'Olhmerciallife .• ',
\ The students are a.lso taught "that uprightness and just
deding are absolutely necessary to the building np of a perm a-
netltly successfnl business."
Only very small heginnings in comlllercia'! education hav~ yet
been made to India. The Director-General of Public InstructIOn
should framt' a complete scheme up to the times.
-.,-----....--- -~- ------ ---
Olwistu.,. Prrh'Wt. lilt Dec. 1900,
 ~~Di.t!~~
.' 'nitrifyi ort;.n()~\·of 'thia"im~/the' ltilficuItl'e' cd·' ebt~ WIth':'"
blv~a.ti~!bOOn luehtioned. ." :~ .. ~ " ",.,.,,,~~t,

SCHEME FOR ORGANISING AGRICULTURE, COMMERCIAL, AND

"1· I "Ji'J:O}fNIC"u, EirOOA.,ION ON ·AN EFFICIENT, S¢A~I ;. <,,'f

The Appointment of & Director-General of Education.-

During 1896-7, the total expenditure on EdtWatwn 8DtWU.Dted
to RK. 3,547,502. Sl?-ch a, large sum certa.inly desen'es 81, {&!fl,
thousands more to see that it is judiciously spent.Thisi~
especially necessa.ry with regard to education. In other depart-.
lll'3nts money may simply be wasted by Inisma.nagement ;Im the
ease of education it may raise up men a source of danger to the
Sta.~.
The Provincial Directors are so much occupied with detailt,
that it is impossible for them to watch the progress of Edqcation
throughout the civilised world" and see what improvements
might be introduced. 'fhis would be one of the chief du~ies of ,
the Director-General. Every year he should visit each province
oonsulting with the Provincial Directors about plans and diScuss- .
ing pl'oposf\d improvements. ' . . .
, It may be objectetl that there would be a clashing of ttUthority.
Bl'lt the Director-General should only be able to advise. WiSe sug-
gestions, as a rule, would be adopted, However, if IIny Provmma-l
Director framed rules contrary to the recognised princIple!> of t~e'
r~padtnent, the case might be reported to Government.
The' Director-General should be appointed as early as It lJ'Ilit:::
able man can he obtained. It should be his duty to collect
information and personally visit the countries in Ellrope 'and-
America having the best organised R.vstems of Agricultural, CORl-
mercia,l, and Technical EdUcation.
. Invitation to Sir Philip Magnus to make an Bducatiollai
Q~ la~ ill com~any with
'

the Director..Ge~eral.-S~ Philip' is

'to.
EducBtlOnal Advlser to the London Polytechmc Council} ; R&, was'"
member of the Royal Commission l)n Technieal Ed'Ilcatic.')ft:; he·is
It member of the TeChnical EdUcation Board of the 'I.idndon
Ootmty Council. . If mrctlmstances pennitted, he'~r pto....y ,
a.ec~. an inVitMion from the Government of 1nmB} to OO!WHJUt to '
adl'ite·Government a,ftel' peraonal impection. If he C&nt'J<i)titeome.,
the Duke' -of . Devonshite might be a&ked to reoollHDend' ~_
other eminent authority on the subject. ' ','(1 \'" ..
. . ) Sir'Philip Magnus" Rnd the Direetor-Genem: shQw4 be
ec~i8d intJreirto1lJ! through each Provmoetythe Prol'irwW
Director· of EdncaMo'ft.' ,They· ~ld' alsoooDSUh' 'any pet'86.:
8
 ficted to givt' them useful iutOt'l'11&tion. ~e ~ 4AfW
~ fi1'8t be submiMd to the Provincial Authori~. After
~ from them a.nd perhaps public criticism. ii might be
CoD.Sider'ed by the Supreme Government, &rnd finally santtinned ~
the ~ of State.

tTNIVER8ITY TEXT BOOK ON POLI'J:«I.e~L ECONOMY

ADAPTED TO INDIA.
Indian joumahsts, some of them gradua.tes, as has 4leen
f\bO'\Vn, stand 10 doubt whether railways "have Dot been ihe
principal cau..e of the impoverishment of the Indian people,"
01' .. regard thl> incrt>aAe of foreign trade all only mdicating the
growing matena.l exhaustion" of J ndin
Mr. Dutt contrasts the dUl1lnu'tton of the National Debt Of
GrE-at Britain with the increQ,Re of thE" National Debt of India.
He fi8tYs'
.. If the people of India had a.ny VOloe in the ma.nagement of liheir
finance! they would have opposed suoh Increase in the National Debt;
1ibey would have tried to reduce It, as It haR hf.en reduced in Engla.nd."
ThE' Pubhc Debt of En~land was contra.<'ted on Mr.()unt of
wtU'S. England spend~ no money on Irrigation works or rnilwaYfl ;
tbe debt is therefore wlselv teduced.
Mr. Dutt contrasts Britll~h Revenue 'iIIillli1~ Railway Recelpt'il
with Indta.n Revt'nue pl1M Ra.ilway ReceIpts. '
. If the BloolU'lbury Me(>ting preMPnteo a faithful PlCtUl't' of the
EnglliJb administratIOn of India, it If! ODt of tht' vilest on earth.
It is conducted by men guilty of hypocrisy" and ;, oontinuOuR
II

subu-nl1ges," "in violation of acts and reAolutions of the mORt

$Olemn and repeated pledges of the BritIsh nation and Sovereign'"
,fattening upon thp "ever-increasmg poverty of the people;" thE'
authors of all tht' terrible misery," from which India has suffered
II

during the {lentury and a half of their rulp; yet flO pitiIMS that
in the year of grace 1897, threa.ts of revolution aad an.a.ppeaJ ~
~ humanity and justice of the British people were neC'€ssary to
pu1. a stop, if possible, to the iniquity of the\r rule , '
\ ThJl Resolution, well cha.ra.cteriRe<l by The Satttrday Review as
.'blaDat aoaseue fI, embodying such an opinion of the l3ritish
Go1'emment of India., was passed •• una.nimously and with coneider..
aWe entDf.l$i"sm" by men supposed to be the high6$t ,. product."
l)f forty yeus' University education. It well affords food for
$erious refteetiOD. .
~ p&\1!e l>Mriotiml a.nd racial feeling a.re }'M'ilv responsible
... &he .ebove : hui- it is l&rfely due to ignoI'aooe- of 'the ... fae~.
of~t)u, etMe, I'rising from out' defective ~ystem t>t '8d~t J
 "
\Jt is *"~ that the ladllm ,UDiversities UlClude Po!i~
.EcoDonly ~ an opt~ona! or compuJBory sqbjoct. 1n the ~
e.&allliD~~10n8; but ~is is not, eno1l&'h. it is aot tllo~ up ll:y __
~t mllojority of I;tudenta, and ' the CO\lnfi 1S not IHlJ:iiQiebtli
'tlo.pted to India., It ~ould be ]ndw.1t Polit1cal Econowy, n~
merely deahng wIth theol'etlca.l {lue6t1on~, {OI' which, as the
.J.tl6t144Um sa.ys 10 reVlewmg NIcholson s Puhtwal ~CO'lwmtl,
~blfl1Uen ,. would "Dot gIve twopence,"
Tke Kdtwatwnal Bev6ew relerrmg 1iO the above remark, HaYIi :
" The words uodoubttJdly POlllt to IL defect In the ljubJe<lt of l.>Oil~load
&lonomy !WI ta.ught 1D Imillio. The fa.ult ilea not ItO mueb With the
leotwen IIoS With t.be {act ,hIIof, thele elllst.s 00 text-book on ~ht, Ijubleoc of
Poh~ClIol Kcouowy 1101:1 II.pphed Lo .ltldia, As It lS, our liLudema IilUdy
booke, suoh 110::1 ll'.woe$t's MlLouai of l>ohtlOllol .b]COllOWY wbl(:b bi&ae lion
lihel!' mUlltrllotlOns on conditions a.b they CXlbt In .b]ugla.nd--conditloml
Whlch do not eXlllli III IlldJII., a.nd wlncb theretore, It.l''e unlbwlhglble $0
the student. Bven When thtJ Iliubtl'atloll has been ol!.l'efully expl&laod.
there 8tlll reOlll.lllS the flLCt that the conrutlons 011 whtc::h the lllustra'ion
IS bd.sed do not a.ppeal to the experience of the Indllloll student What
18 WlIoIlted IS It. book whwh deaJs With the three agents of pt'ociUCtlOD,
la.nd, labour, andoa.pltal, ILl! applied to India, IWld wI~h tOuchquestlOOIi.
the currenoy and the land tenures ofIndlIL, " JUlie, HI9t:!. pp, 2~, 2~.
HeSldeb an elementa.ry book, hke 1'lw O"t"2e/~ QI ind:r,a, for
Hl"h I::)chooll:l, a. University Manual Ib requll'ed, dealing with
such questlOus ab lJand !;ettlementb, " Unearned Increluent," the
suppot;ed .. Ba.ia.n<..e ot Trade, " India.'s deaJ.wgb WIth JWl&land,
RII.t1wayb, &c., With special refereoye to IndIa.
'1'0 obtam such a work (;tovernment IUIght otIer II. rewud of
REI, 1000 tor the OOht trell.t1se, It the copynght rewa.ms With the
lLuthor, If It 1& to become Uovernment property, which IS pre-
terable, perhapb Rs. .>,000 should be otiered.
The Umversltles would, no doubt, adopt It "b " teAt-book,

MORAL INSTHUUTION.
or
Reed MorallDstruction AGknowleclged.- Without moral
pnhciple, the best intellectual tmining way prove onJy lib Errit
!'lato says, .. Did y.oq never ob!rel'"e the nMTOw intellect lI~
frohl the keen ey~ of a clever rogue, how clea.rly hlb paltt)l' ~
sees t~ way to hIS end , he 18 the reverse of blInd, but. ~ keen
sight i~ taken ',into th!l servl~,e 01 evil, IloIld he 18 da.ugerpus' ilJ
JttO~lon to ~ mtel1igence! '
nus was etoriy fel~_ K,err, in his Review of Public 1u.str~
\iQB ~ the BengiIJ Pre~d~'y, says ;- ,
,., n. 0cMtln of llmdom fl'Oell an early pel'lOd oon~ ,~ . -
lDl~~ ot .. aJOn,l. o.Ita.nr.oter of ~e nMlves ... Obtt of ",W
- . \
"60
• ~8 to be.-imed t.$, Jaoml direcMd,~ .:l'tofolillM"liI~ _ ~lDt.
ed to leoilUe OIl Jaui~ .... liQQls, 'Without lIa'f'iDS' ItA,
o5ber
. .,..tbped.oaa." ,. 62."
'( The e,a.me great duty is recogmsed m the D~tc~ of 18'"
It is itated ~b.a.t one obJect of Government Educa.tlOn in India Hi
to . "~ tlw 1ll~raJ. ch&ra.cter of those who p&l·tlLke ot its
advantages. " ,
Mow mstruction wa.s recommended by thtr Educa.tion Com-
mission. The Heport contains the followmg recoIllmenda.tions .
.. 8. That a.n a.ttempt be ma.de to prepare a moral text-book, ~
on ftmdament&1 Pl'lDClpi68 01 natura.l rehgJOll, such as Olay be *aught
ill e.11 Gowrnment and non.Govermnent oolleges.
"9. That tl16 Pruaclpa) or one of the Professors m elloCh Govetn-
ment and Aided College dehvel to each of the college clasliles mevelf)'
IieUIOIl 80 -aeries of lectures on the dutlCs of a ma.n and a. clUen."
,1'.291.
'rhe Report sa.ys iurther .
II Some of the witnesses 1D every prOVInce a.nd some of every class.

Na.tive and European equa.lly, ha.ve a.sserted thlLt there IS urgent need
tba.t the principleb of moralIty should be debnitely expounded. A
feviewof khe evidence seemti to show that mora.l lDl>tructlon may be
introduced into the course of Government colle~eti Without objec.:LIUl.!
aPywhel'Q.., !Lnd lU some Provmoes with I:Itrong popullior approval." p.1195
Present Neglect of Direct Moral InstructiOll.-The EducatIon
Commission Report says:
"In Government Colleges th61C has been no attempt at dlreot
mOl'a.1 teacbing. In them entll·c l'eha.nce has, IIoS a. rule, been pla.oed on
suob opportumtles for mrureot rooll~l lessons as are atlorded by the
study of tho ordmary text-books and by the OCCUlrences of ordInary
a.oademlo We." Beport, p. 294.
Dr. Martm, la.te Director 01 Pubhc Instrllction, Bengal, says
in his last Report : .
II The more one tli10Db -of 'be ttre~ Sl~M¥>I1. ,lit 1ilc>J!8 ~ leels

~8lii6d With the lruth of the oonch.Ullon .hr.li the polio)' of I'eUgtOllS
~..aJity bM been clIo(l'led too flU'; that the preient s1811em of Godless
~iUi ~ been cnore destruotlve than oonstruotlve 10 les etfBO*, lIi i6
~ th~ while the bare materiahsm a.nd freeth~lIlg of the Wes' have
<1i~llea 110 mal:ls of Ignoranoe and superstition, they have at the same
time oreated a. feeling of scepticism a.nd IL spirit of utter Irreverence'
whioh is SIlf'pi~ the very {Oundt.IilOD of the moral eiae of So 8\wient\.
~il.t'acfter. It i& for 'tliis rea.son tha.t some eort of religious iastr'uo$ion
bas been advoo&ied, not, of OOUTSe, of a aeata.ria.n 'tlba.ra.ciel', but on the
Mae 01 UIU~ trloAibs.. wiUl a ca.rdma.l . - of .. 'tiutJl)8,IB8 Being
~ and ~~ till our thoJi&h~ ,.nq, *,*Qf.lI."
 Qurrie ;oatly remarks of momI. il'lstNetion :

lS,
H So tlU'trw. being left to take its eha.noe in sohool, IlS it ~n'lrn~
being ~nforeed in a. fragmentary way a.nd at irregular intervals. ju,fl
a$ SODIe a.eeident ma.y throw it in the way in theoOOurse ot the rel\ding
lesson, it should be systematically provided for."
The Valtle of School Books in Educatitm..-The im.pot1ia.noe
of the teacher 18 reeognil:!ed ill the aphorism, '" A s ~ the ];(as'llt", lit)
liS the Svlwol." ijome, however, du.parage everything ei1Se. In a
Bomba.y Convocation Address, it was baid, .. 'l'b,e wa.y to ~cure
true 6th.iooJ. instructIon for students is to put them under
gooci instructors, aoouring men of fine ca.pacity and noble na.ture
.tor the purpose." This lS, unquestIonably, the molJ~ effectua.1
meMls, but &uch Illt}n ate rare. and moral instruction must be
indefinitely postponed if ~e are to wait for them.
6ovemIn~nt rightly places the proviblOn of efficient training
sehools tmd colleges for te8iChers m the forefront of the mea.sures
Te.oommended. t:;ttll, this must be the work of time. Generations
must probabJy pMS a.way beiote India. can be supplied with them.
While the training of teacherh should be vIgorously prose-
cuted, efforts should be made to utihze to the utlllOSt thobe who,
are employed at prc!!ent. Though few among them are men of
.. tine capacity and noble nature," on the other hand, it it) hoped
tha.t there are lew leading such live!! 3.1) would make their tea.ehing
a. moral elas!! buok mere mockery. Generally speaking, ·Govern-
lllent teachers ,rank with the falrly respectable class of t;ociety to
WhiCh they belong. Though perhaps not l:lJllfUated, as & rulo, by
a high sense of duty, they may be regarded as desirous of gtving
sa.tlsiactlOU ·to thell' superlOcs, and willing to teach wharever 18
calculated to becure thIS object. Many are llltorested in l1he
welfare of thell' pupill).
. 'l'he Government of IndIa, m a Letter on " Improvement in
the I::)ystem and Method ut I::Icho01 and Collegiate EducatIOn," in
December 11:)87, lUbtly says;
"12. Although attentior. sbould be, ID the brst place, giveu 00 the
-provision of reaJly competent teachers, exa.mple being better than pre-
cept in forming the tone 01 a. boy's mind, still preeept should not be
ov.erlooked ...
Dr. Du1lsa)'6 Illthts Miuionat'JI .A.ddrc8868; •• '(tlve me,' says
QnO,.• tlJe ~s of a. COWlky Wld 1 will let IWlY ODe else ma.ke the
la.ws of It: 'Give me,' saYb another, 'the 'SChool boQk, of a
oountq~ a.nd 1 will let a.nyone else ~ both Its u..Wf$ ,md itli

~~~ question what books should be used in ~ de~.

apeci&l attentJ.On m India.. An mtelligent tea<,:her, if compelled to
use iDfenol' class-books, wUI. make up .tugely tot their debcieaoiu
~1';()~aJ inst~uct~on.:. Ill.~, bv~.'Ar; ~~iB,,~~~:.~ee$p6s:
,AJr. ~Qdgt:iOn Pratt observel:i:. i ' .1'!ie b!Jok .H .ftP~tlllJiY'fl,j()r ~ •
~~rlr ~,wt supply wlklt ,tt· buts .tv. gt·ve.' ;Bat. t~vet1 . ~th
~~ W the beSt, .~a.cher8f It 18 delllra.btethlU Ol:iV 'l1;l6mmtiob
ilbo~d besuppiemented by the priuted page. " '..
~.r.(re&Oheni theIllselves Illay be benefited by good text-bOO~:
1',bey- iuight iDlteDliibly be induenc.ed by ~ha &pint of: .', wOrk like .
~III o,n Duty. (;tood I:IChool bookl:i would sl.JSBtlst to theJ.U. MUI:i
Oil:' .whioh they might eullw:ge, ~d wiiliout which the woral
illitruciidll wowd Dot be given. .
, .. ·'l'he true view of the CIIoI:!El il:i thw; expreijljoo by the uo-verw.uaut
of iudia, which tiOllle Educational Officers would de wtlll to Q(Jt,e.,;
•• It believes that the ceeful selection and ~ of
tuchers provide the most effectual method of establislUag 1\ ,004
moral tone in a school; but it also considers that the iD1Iue.nce of
the teacher may be greatly strengthened, and the interests of
lllora.lity promoted by the use in schoels oftext-booka bav.iDC a.
direct bearing on oonduct either by means of precept or ealBPleo''';'
.rrhe " Ordert:! .. of (ioveroment conclude as follows :-
" All thu.L l'crnu,llUI now to be done, i 11 Bengal' at pJf eveIUs, IS to
t:lUppfellltlnt this· action of the Umverslty by providing for the lower
gru.deli of I:Ici.tools, aud fur OIwh ciILss III those grooel:l, sUl$",bJe text·book.1;i
oompued 011 slluilll.l' lines, t'31mJla.r u,ctlon in other provinces is eqnaot1y
-c&lled for, IWd lWool'dmgly the Uovel'llor-Ueueral in Council desires that
'ClWh 100II.1 Government ILnd AdUliuistr~tlon I:Ihouid t.&ke Irhis matlier a.t
'onoo i/-1 hlLUd, cither by the ap}>OlOtrutlllt of a Coruwittee, 01' by cmploy-
ing selected lUdivluullo1s, whO' need not necel:ltmrily be otlicia.1lD, 01' .by the
ofter of l:IuiLa.ble Pl'I~el:l, cfitlot u, l'tlV1I:IIon of the exit:lting l~ade1'8 III the
directIOn iudlClIoteu ,~bovc, or, where neoetltlcu'y, prooUl'e tor use in sehools
a.n entirely uew set of books compiled un thel:lC principles, Hi$ & .
. ce11ellcy in <':ouncil Will be glad to Icu.rn from tlUle to time ihe progress
llliloue In elLch provillce III thiS uuuert~ing." pp. a6~, 303.

MOlUL INS1'RU(j1'1ON 'l'liHOUUli POEnt):' Ar;D Musw:

. While IUOl·a.l lessons in prOl:ie are a.dvocated l the objeqt of this
~~tiou is loo urge the v~ue. of mUBic and 'ver~ as a meanl:i of
-tuJplU'tlng llloral lllstructlOn ill the lUt>l:lt attra.otlve form.. ..
. . 'fhe Minutes of the ()olllIllittee of -()oWlcil on Education
·1'6.Wu.rk, •. The songs of Holly people lllay be regarded as importa.nt
mea.w; of forming IW.I iudustnous, bnlVCI, loyal, and religious
workiBg' daSti." .. <.:unie says: -
" .1-1 Kvety godd s6'I1g which is made fa.o:iiliar to a liohool is ~ ~t
Ud powerful ~of inftUill(;e over lI.llloJ:ge number, in beball Of,.~·
l'inue 01' mmtimentwhioh it -embod.ies." .' , ,~ .
+--_~_--.-~ ... __ ....l.._~_ .. _'~_.."":"""""..:.-.-....-_ ..;_~
. ...,._ ,t ~

,. /:I!IWIIG QIri'lt-.mwal Be_w, P'._.' '.

. " '
 .~
'OOtside 1ruf home circle,' there _Probably ~
power \' :W~
deetlr the motJolity of children 90 much as songs and ~ set ,~.
ple~sFc:'now reoognizet}. i~ the Educa.tional Code of eV~i
en,Ughtened nation iu Europe and America, ano it will grMua11y,
take a similar position ill India.. . . ,,' :~
To ft;LCilita.te the teaching of vocal music in India., two smab
ooUectiobe of .. SoNGS FOR GOVERNMENT ScHOOLS IN INDIA .. nave'
been published. * Some of the BOngS most ,popula.r with Engli,.li
children have been selected, and, through the kind help of
American friends, seveml which are faV()llrites in the nni~
States ha.ve been included.
As far a.s ma.teria.ls are availdlIe and the principle (If l'ieligious
neutta.lity perlflits, an effort ha.s been' made to in~rt the songs
which s~m bef';t. suited to promote the moral elevation of India...
A few of the songs are siluply amuAing; some are "iy~y
marching ROngs; but mORt of them have a moral or rehglotts

Ma.ny are mtended to "

purpose.. msptre'1 ir'
fallll Y RuectlOn, trnthft1)nesR,
honesty. perseverance. promptitude, kindnf'!Rs to animals, mora.l
courage, loyalty, and other virtues. •
, The design in others is to bring before the young,: in tt.
pleasing form, the great truths of natm'al religion.
One great obstacle to thE' introduction of voc!L1 music in
Government ~cbools is 'that many of the teachers are una.ble,to.
sing, In most Ia.rge towns, however, there are means by which
ROme of the principal tuneR may be acquired, 'l'he difficulty
will gradually be overcome. Singing shoulil bp taught in No~aJ
Schools. '.
Even if not sung, committing the words to l;UemQry 'ttn~ "
reciting them simllltaneoUldy, with ~ue expreAsion, will be vet;Y ,
usefuL Children like this exercise, and need only encouragement: "
One of the greatest educa.tional wa.nts of India if! a eoUeetion,'
ill each language, of simple poetry, of' an improving tendency, set
to popular tuneR. Indiali classical poetry, unintelligible withQut
It ~omment8.I'y, iR not what is wanted.
The influence of ('TOvernment will be required to ReCUle the
introduction of music, It if> commended to the Itttention" of
Direc.tors of Public Instruction.

=".,
"
MORAL TEXT-BoOKR.
Previous remarkR ~pefer ma.Wty W le~sons on mo~ 10 the. ,
'~erB'" R\rthe higber cla$Se,8 8pecial.~Ua.Ji
, ··l'SOkf bY'Yr. A,'t. Scott; '~~De~"'t. Ma4nv., J1mu,;-~t!~."
~Pitl."o!'li __" '" . '"
\e:
'.'
u ¥B~u1t.
Re'teraf years.ago Clmmber!'. Mof'tJt1
sdJne extent in I~. The Preface utes :
cftRf. :&/M . . ad to . \I
.. The vadpus vit1;ues lIJ.'e described ohiefly by narra.tive~, in }'Y'Mdti
iadividwr.ls o.ra sbowd as exemplifYing them. To theSe have beett ~d
ali tllose fables of lEeop a,nd others WblOb are most rema.rkable tor thMt
h.ppy bearing on the important pomts 'of hllmlloIl conduot."
<>n tbese lines- Q useful Moral Clas.-Book ~ the hIgbeet 6lM8
in eletneni&rY schools might be prepared. \ j

Man aM hi. DU,tiell, a Moral Reader, by J. Sime, LL. D'1~' t. a' j

Director of Public InstructlOn, Punjab, hae; reached Ir. fifth

editIOn.
The Preface 80.18
.. It I'! fully underAtood that the borne, the plavgronnd a.nd the
living inftnence of thp teach Pl' are the cillet meallS of earlv mora.}
discipline; but It IS 8olso beheved thILt precept, pspeClally If illustrated by
eu.mple, ca.n do some good lD tbis dlreoiaon ..
It In this Moral Reader. a few '!Imple moral pnnoiples ate- laI.d
down, with lesson'! 011 the chief duties both to God and Ms.n. In exiuhitlllg
the dutJaS, examplE'S of InOl>t of the Iugher human Vil tues !lore given,
with copious e~tracts from great wrIters. "
ThiA work ",{'em" partly prf'pa.rf'd on the plan recommended
by Lord CrORK~xtractfl from .. great writers" Though weU-
selected and dovt'ta.ll~d. thp hook, on the whole. 18 nearly :t9 well
suited to Enghtnd aR Indllt The 'lub]Pct of tern ale educa.tion
does not seem once lllf'ntlOned. Part'! of the volume are too
a.bstract and difficult tor FtcboolF.; but, on the ",hole, It IS adnurable
and calcuJatetl to have a benpticial influence It has been WIdely
circuJatpcl in the PunJah With good effect How far It Ie; ue;ed lD
other provincE'S set'm'> doubtful
A good mtiuence might bf' f'xertpd through Umversity Engbsh
TextR 1'he Calcutta Board of RtudlP'l laid down tllf' followmg
Rule" with rpgard to the preparatlOn of Entrl\nce TeXt-Books -
(1) ConSist 01 both prose and pototry ;
(2) That the prose he taken It'om authors of the present eentury.
, (3) That a.t least om·· half of the proAe portlous consHit of extracts
ua.*ing a dlreot beQ,rmg on conduct, either by wa) of precept or example.
l\nd
(4) Tha.t a. similar principle be, as far u.s possible, kept in view in
tbe poetioal selections
Already extract!> have bef'n made from Blackie's admirable
Self--Culture. Todd's Students Manual, Char(fcttJl', Drdy, I\Jld
other works by Riniles would afford excellent ma.terials. P~tieaJ
selections of the a.bove character are of special vaJue. Bat books
written specially a.d&pted to the circumstlUlces of the students
wo?l«l b~ve far more weight.
 . . . . , iQ
·
tIwt ~ lMi~~ a CQUll'I8 ill"~
special ins~ in ~thiOf, is ei~tII: altogether pr almost ~D. •
ignored, young men are sent out to the" ba.ttle of life," with
restri.iDte remoted, a.nd n~ new salegU'&rds \0 take their places,
~POBed to tifJree temptations of every kind. The fruits an ~ .
eeeh where home infiuenoes no longer operate There are mt.llJ
noble exceptions, but Dr. Mullick, House Physicia.n in a. LoDdoIt
Hpspital, thus de9C1'ihes the effeot npon. some IndilliDs of II stay
1D England .
"Endowed with a. smattering of genera.l knowledge, provetbWly
pl1&ble, posse&sed of a. morbid measure of his 8001801 ~ta.tu8, lnSatfod with
a superla.tive sense of self-sa.t1sfaet1on, born of misdlrected educ&tion, be
retUl'IUl to India an mcubu8 to hIS fa.mtly a.nd a. danger to the country ...
Tbe sta.y-at-bome people he despise/:> alld trea.t\! WIth unveiled oontempt,
e:vell 'the old fool of a fa.ther.· ..
Appeal to Lord Curzon.-There IS no point in this lengthy
Memorandum which the writer would emphasize more strongly
than attentlOn to Moral InstructlOn m Hchools. According to
tM prinCIple of rehglous neutralIty, the dlstmctlVe doctriues of
Christiamty cannot be taught m Government Schools; but, apart
from them, rehglOus lOstrnctlOn of grea.t'value might be given. A
Godless education 18 best fitted to crea.te a. Fra.nkenstem. which
wonld be thf' bltterellt enemy of the Enghsh Government, employ~
109 it~ powers agaimt the author of Its f'XiFltence
.. Yon taught me language I 80Ild my profit QQ',
Is, I know how to curse the red plllo8oe rId you,
For leamlDg me your lauguage I"

PROMOTION OF FRIENDLY FEELING BETWEEN

INDIANS AND EUROPEANS.

A few yea.rs ago SU' Monier-Willi&ms travelled over India

converBmg freely with educa.ted Hmdus The leading lInpre8siq~ _
left upon his mmd is thus stated :
"Xn my opinion the great problem that before 8011 Q~l'8 pt'M888
for solutiQn iJ;J. .reWion i() ou,r Eastern Empu-e is, How can ahe rultrJ
a.nd the ruled be drawn oloeer? How oa.n more sympathy a.n4 00l'JUal
feeliDg be promoted betwet;lD tbem ?"
- The difficulties in the wa.y of this are undoubtedly peat.
~ Canning said in hiB pa.rting address:
.. JhglIad llu befo1e 1ler one of the m08~ cliftieuU ptOOIetrt. ibr.t
~.~ ~t.be.~ tq dve; the drawing fIogethet'~t~J
aM Wlibo1d Ulpl8Aoe &0 eit1!er sJae, two gftlM raees 1~ ~
g ~,
id mry Wing tbU forms 1i1teh~ 'W4lIWn, ~1I ~6y £be
~ bf ewm;e, tore being~\Roll, brough. face wfJ.eeoI' \
. . ~ ~iaJ. Uteling, s~ eVt':l'YWhere. is in Initial ~ed
l).y,,~_ F1'QUl ,tlie ablleuoo of the historical fa.cu:.ty. tlaete is, a.
~sl Pelii4 ~ the" halcyon days of Hindu sovereignty"; from
~ce of political economy, proofs of the increa.si.n&Jros..
,.nt)' of Inma are looked upon only as showing ita "frightl a.nd
growing poverty."
\ '1;he peQple of India ha.ve long been assured by their financia.l
~de, Mr. Da.d.abhai N aoroji, that England ha.s annually" drainOO
their wealth to the amount of thirty or forty millions a. year."
l'he llilttest " H.evised Estimate" of The Indlan JletlSe1l,ge1' shows
t~t he has heen below the truth
"We WIll be oonsidera.bly within the mark if we reckon it at the
ra.~ of 00 millioJls a year. Now India has heen drg,~ to this extent
lQr the last hundrea years, and the process is going' t)n with lu~d
volume every year."
A hundred. years at rIO milhons !1 year, amounts to 5,000
millions sterling! To this It is added:
II It is not possible even to enumera.~ the thousand and one
defe'e~in the Indian a.dministl'!ttlOll winoh If'{~d dirf'ctly or indll'eCtl~ 1.<>
the impoyt'tishme-nt of the oountlV." NOL. Hi, 1900.
One gl'eat caUf~€' of buch "Itatements is our defective qystem 0f
EduC'atlOn The wordR of Hir John Strachey may 3tgain be quoted.
"These mstltuiions give, m the Enghsh language, a. more 01 Ifl'lC,
good imitation 9£ the purely scholastw part of an ordinary EnghRh
eduoation, but the) oung men oj India learn in them almost nothing
about their own countl y, or ahout thp Government under which tllP'
live, and, least of all, are they taught to he good and loyal oitizens." •
The chief remedy is to show to the people the actual state
of things by a most searching inquiry There are, howewr,
other grounds of disunion.
Obsta.cles on the part of Europeans hinder good feeling
between the two ra.oes. Lord Cannmg, a.t the opening of the
Ea.st Indian Ra.ilway to Rajmahal, said -
\
•• Gentlemen, it is of no use to deny or conceal it, for it Is known
\00 ttl the '\I\Todd, we Englishmen, wi,th all om great national ehali\C'tel'-
i~, aTe not, as a people, oonciliatory or attractive. God forbid that
any of us should feel ashamed of his na.tiona.l oharacter, or wish it to he
otlaer than it is. But none among us will deny tha.t the very yirlues of
.
tlia.t c'ha.racter are not seldom exaggera.ted into faults,"
It must Also be admitted tha.t there a.re grea.t dUficu.ities on
the l:Ii.de of the HiDd~8. The ma.jority shrink from t~ very
tOMB of E~ns &s polluting'. Even the tllQSt f~dly say ij;Q
 PROMOTION OF FRIENDtJ ~ IETWEEN INDIANS, &'10.-.

ER~S, like...ihyloek to. &ilanio':' U I will bu, wi\b Yf)\lIaU

with you, t&lk with ,"OU, walk with you, ana 80 fQijowiltw ~"W I
will not eat with you, drink with you, hOr pray with yml. Suob II

feelings are a. grea.t bar to union. Hinihli, &coustometl fftlin

infancy to ca.ste separation, a.ttach little importance to thif 8tt.te
of things. Englishmen, however, a.re apt to rega.rd it a.s ~
insulting.
But Indians have heavier grounds of complaint a.gainst us
than our insular pride. Now and then outrages have heen com-
mitted or accidents happened, involving loss of life. Worse than
that, there is a wide-spread feeling that in such cases no justice
can be obtained: Europeans shield their countrymen.
Some months ago two engineers in the Punjab pulled an
Indian from his horse and so maltreated him that he died, the
cause being that he did not dismount and salaam to them. The
original sentence was so light, that it was enhanced by the High
Court.
No proceedings of Government for many years ha.ve tended
more to remove the above impression of unfairness a.nd disregard
of Indian life, than Lord Curzon's action with regard to the
RlLDgoon outrage and the rules to prevent accidents when soldiers
are shooting. The bubstitution of st~all1 or other power for pulling
punkahs will obviate one of the most frequent causes of man-
slaughter by Eurol?ean soldiers.
A few RuggestlOns may be made in the same direction.
The following two quotations '1hollld be impressed upon l!ill
Europeans coming out to India. 'l'he late Mr. Sa.muel rJa.ing.
while Finance Minister, said in a Calcutta address'
" In the very front of all, in the post of honor and danger, StwlOIO
the little band of Engliilhmen in India, upon whose a.lmost individijaJ
eonduct it depends whether the connection between England and India
is to be the proudest page or the deepest blot of oUt' natural annals. If
by rudeness and want of sympathy, by sloth and apathy, by selfishness
and degrading ha.bit'>, we make the Natives of India hate a.nd despise,
when they should have loved and esteemed us, we are ttaik>rs to the
ca.use of Engla.nd and to the cauSe of civilization. But if by ma.intaining
a high standard ourselves and using our position and opportunities rightly
we oonoiliate respect and good-will w.nd maintain the prestige of the
English name, there is no Europea.n in India, however h~mble, who may
not have his reward in feeling that he too has not lived in vain, a.nd he
too haos had a. share in the work of building up of 11.0 empire."
The l.a.te Duke of .t\..rgyll, while Secretary of State for India.
saJd a.t the conclusion of his address at the opening of Cooper's
Hill Engineeriag College:
II Ha.ving a. regard to the OiIol'oor for whioh you are destined, I hope
you will oulGiva.ae kindly feelings towards bhe Natives (If Iama ... No
 '~ fl
UII)\1m of gmlUSI Db .6unt ef. i~ .1dltJioal ~ dI
"'M' . . :the l*Jple ()i In_ ~ iJ~ tf:I.' Suott>qWUtteI -'Y maJr:~ tire
JfUives far or awn t'eIlpeet WI, but they will n8Vet reg"rd. U8 'With
atf~ uaJeu Q\U' .,pub1io serve.nts tre"t them with ihal kindneas,
~Y ~ and. ~ whioh I _hink were the cii8~inguishin8 6b/lotlk)~.
~6ics d the old $efVan" of the East India, Company. The students of
tIii$ college Ishould remember tha.t one of the fitst of their duties as
getl.tiemen, as Christians, a.ni! 80S faithful serva.nts of the lndian Govern-
ment, will be to cherish feelings of respect and Itffectio!l tow&1'ds the
Natives of that grea.t oountry." . f

Every il)denture with a European proceeding to India,

should conta.in a charge in the spirit of the iores-oing quotativns,
&11d a. warning that its disregard would lead to dUlmissa.1.
In the case of "Tommy," a suggestion, made nea.tly thU·ty
years a.go, may be again mentioned.
Every suldier on embarkation should receive a. booklet,
entitled, Off to India I The trooping arrangements mIght be
explained, and a. brief account given of the chief sights dunng the
'Voyage. There shuuld be a map of India, with the pri'lC!~
military stations marked, and a brief account of each, wlth
ho.w to reach thrun. Hmts may be given about the climate
&nd. t.he care of hea.lth. There should be warning against the
temptations of the ba.zar. Hints might be given a.bout amuse-
ments, the agreeables and disagreeables of India.n servir.f', and
(I How to make the best of it."

- Expla.nationb might be given fitted to awaken a kindly int~eBt

in tht> people. It ma.y be mentioned that the ancestors of the
Aryan HindU!.> and the English, thousands of years ago, spoke the
sa,me language and worshipped the same God undeI' the name
of our .. Father in heaven." Except the Sikhs and some others in
the North, Indians have not the strength of Europeans, but they
are an i~enious peo;ple, producing by means of their delicate
tingers, wlth a few pIeces of bamboo, muslin so thin that it was
called woven wind,' and shawls fit to adorn an empress.
I

Indian soldiers have often fought shoulder to shoulder with

Europeans. The spirited lines of ..Pmwh on some who. dIed at
their post on the frontier might be quoted :
\, Wherever there floats ~he Empire flag
Let the IIWry be told ud told
Of the 00111"8088 of men. who made no brag.
But died in their frontier-bold!
l>ied for a Queen the,. had U8'Ver seen,
For an Empress who reigned afar;
Died for the glory of what bad been.
ADd the hoi'IflUt' of 1f1di6's Stat';
Put down tbeir lil'ell fw the oommon werJ
That makes "II our Empire One,
And giV8I! us t.be silent pride we feet
Wb811 we .-t of the 1I&I8e!; _ .
 FfLlbDU:t 1IIRI~.TWEU nc.•
"'..................,...........
~ 01' lND~a.

. Qa~. . . ieluad.1ql'''''· >

Let .tory be told of t.he fl'Ol1tier·boJd
'IbM ... Jte~ qi eftll will M.
By the men-wh~ \natter if \»'own .r black P-
Who oonld die for the tag called the U.iOb Jauk!
Soldiers have a rude cooe of honour. If a full ~wn man strib
~ youth. his companions will80metimes shake th6ll' fists in his face
a.nd say, OJ You cowa.rd! hit a man of your own weight!" The
impression should be given that it is ttmtu-tnlll to strike an Inclie.n
u.s not a fait' match. The coward would not try that game on a. Hikh.
It should also be explained that many Indians ha.ve diseased
spleens, which a slight blow on the side would rupture, and cause
immediate death.
The occasions which led to great care about shooting passes
might be expla.ined.
The expense would be trifling and the benefit great, both to
tbe soldiers themselves and to the people of India.
It is plea.sing to see what golden opinions Lord and La.dy
Northcote are winning in Western India. Still greater 'pleasure
ha.s been afforded to me by the "Congress Manifesto, I, sIgned by'
Sir William Wedderburn, Mr. A. O. Hume, and Mr. Dadabhsi
Naoroji. A very much better tone was given to the Madras
Congress by its President, the Hon. A. M. Bose. The motto he
recommended to the Congress was, .. Love and Service." The
London Correspondent of the Bombay Gazette describes 'the
Manifesto "as maJring a new dpparture." It is to be hoped that
India, the home organ of the Congress, will also cha.nge its
spint, instead of continually girding at Lord GeOlge Hamilton.
The Hon. Mr. Budruddin Tyabji, Chairman of the 'l'hird Con-
gress, gave two Wlse counsels which it would be well to follow'
,t Moderatiun is better than Ezaggeration."
,. Perllttasion ill better tkan Declamation or .t1bulle."
Europeans and Indians have their respective good and bad
-qualities.' If each would try to acquire the virtues IUld avoid the
vices of the other, a much finer character would be produced than
either possesses at present. Both are now united like man a.nd
we, arid there is no prospect of an immedia.te divorce. Mr. John
ma.y not be a lovable husband; hut Mrs. John. instead of con-'
tinually naggiI!fJ at him, would fare better it she acted like Sita,
that mode1ll1dian wife. the fairest creation of Indian poetry. .
There have 'been faults on both sides. Each !Dust wake the
confession.
II .For I bYe aUIIN I ob, gri~:~ .d oft.eo j
~W.ud ROOd .."
The poet adds,
.. Be wiew. kiDdlier, ~ tbaa thou art."
 THE EXECUTIVE OOU'NCtLS 6F /filE VICEROY
AND PROVINCIAl; OOVllRNMEm'8.
, ' ,
The term" Ca.binet" may be ap'plied to the Vic~,regal Council.
It is composed of the Commander-ln· Chief as an ExtraordiD.dd'Y
l\(ember, a. Military Member, a Legal Member, a Finance
MeUlbef, a.nd two other members-seven exclusive of the
V;eeroy. Contra.st with this the Prime Minister's Ca.binet of
twenty members. ....,.
The Government of Innia if., a kind of earthly Providence to
three hundred millions. It hab to undertake much of what is
effected in England by the energy of the people themselves, l.'hc
traditions of the old East India Company, when shareholder&
looked mainly to their dividends, still linger, To save .. few
thousands a year, one offioer in some cases, is required to ~o the
work of two.
. The" fierce" mercantile competition and the gJ;o'Wing Indian
landless proletariat, will tax to the utlllost the resoUIoos of
Government to wa.rd off starvation frOllJ millionl!l. gvel'Y import-
ant department should be supervised by Itn officer of suptJriOl'
ability,. who would also act as adviser to the Viceroy. On t',ome
subjects the opinion of the Viceroy can only be that ot an
IIoIllateur. His Resolutiolls, affecting the whole ot India, should
be carefully considered heforeha.nd oy men of experie.m:e aud
'ability to whom the subjects havp been a life-study.
It is suggested that the Directorb-General of Agrioultul'(;,
COlllp.LerCe, and EduC<Ltion, correloponding to the President DC tht
BOlLrds of Agriculture and Trade, and Vice-President of the
Comlllittee of Council ou Education, bhould be added to the
ViceroY'1! Council. Among other a.dvantages, the military element
would not then be so proportionately large, and other depart-
ments would be better represented.
In an interview, the Marquis of Dufferin complained to the
writer of the heavy desk work of the Viceroy, which. indeed,
obliged his Lordship to resign his office in four years. Some
progress has already' been made in relieving the Vice:t:oy from
routine work, but stIll more is necessary. He should be set more
froo to consult the general interests of the Empire. Partly froJO
neglect of this, at times the vessel of the 8t~te)u.s been IJi.Jnply
IIttlowed to drift. •
Provinoial Counci1s.-The Governor of Madras has just the
same nUlllber of Councillors a& Mr. Streynsham ~aster, two
centuries ago, on a salary of £300 a year. The two can check-
ma.te the Governor. Better results would be obi&ined by en-
larging the Council.
 INDlk TO BB BBNB'FIDDt,.,'1IIIJl EXP~NDITUl\B, BTO. n:
INDtA' TO BE ''I~EN~FiT:tU) BY ,WISi!' EXf~NDITbu
RATHE~ THAN BY IN.I.uJillCIOJJ8.aJl~l()ll
O,F TAXATION.
The great object of would-be J ndia.n stateimen i~ iQ .,-",
how }lC'tty uviggs might be effected. The fa1JOurite pIan is to
replaCe E uropea.1\s by Indian agency, a very u comfortable doctrinef'
to the numerous candidates for" stools in a Government Of;fice."
Bqt such ideas are not con.fined to India.ns. The BritiJb
Government of India., like all things human, is a cODlp<)und of
wisdom and folly, the former. however, happily predo~ating.
Some of its undertakings 1j,8 already mentioned are conducted on
a. scaJe worthy of a. great Empir~. But UIider the idea of benefit-
ing India by keeping down expenditttre, there have been a.lmost
incredible a.cts of folly. .
Sir Richard Temple says: " Eleven bushels of grain per acre
are produced in India a.s compared with thirty in England."·
Although aware of this, the British Government has If starved"
l\g1'iculture by expending on it only Hx. 50,000 a year. t Well
might Mr. A. O. Hume remark:
"It ill one of' these inoomprehensible instances of determined
national blindness of which history records too many Rimilar examples,
but it is l\ fact that la.ndlords of au 6Rtate, let on compara.tively short
\eaSIeR, with a ~rosR rental of Reventp.sn millions,: WIth thtl fu.ll kno... •
ledge that the great mas!! of OUI' la.nd iR yipldmg leRs than two· thirds of
what it "lhould and would if Pl'OPPrly cultivated, Wt' a.bsolutely in prao-
tiel' l'efu<;e to takp olle 'ling-It' m!lterial step towlW.'ds rem,dy;P,I this
lampntablt' waRte of our propert):: ~
But perhn,pf, thp Itrtne of economy waR reached by th&
Government of India about three yearFl ago. Dr. Leather, Agri.
cultural ChemlRt, camp out to India. on n, five years' englt~ement.
When it ternlinated, to Flave about £ 1,000 a year, his appomtment
WaH aboliRhed, aftE'r hE' hoil ac(pnred thE' experience which rendered
hirn dO'ilbly \IReful. Happily he was not lost to India, for Sir A.
Ma.cdonneh Reenred him for the N orth-West Provinces, and he'
halO since been a.ppointed to his original post. One proposed
reduction of taXlttlOn iR ver) popular, and ha.s found strong
advocates ftlnrmg bMl~v()lent lIlen at home.
fie Salt '!Iax.-The writer olaims to have nn equally d~
interest in tbt' w~lml'E' of the poor of India; but he thinks ~nt It I
------------------------------------------------~. ~
• Nm.f_th Cl'1&fftr11. No\', l"lRtl.
f _ J.llWI& ffl·
; I excluile about 4l Dlillton~ the revenue derived from peJ!ll1anently ~tt~"
an4 quit.rent estates.
J ~rGl Refrirm.
will be better consulted by its retention ~ by it. reduatiou to
~ i~ present amount. . J

PatIiaIiJIea tJllatIiaD ~aaIiea.-If " nation will ....y willingly

a hea.vy tax and object atrongly to e. lighter one, only & learned
fool would advocate the la.tter beca.U8e, on a.bstract principtt,R, it 18
to & ptelelTed.'"
After the Mutiny. Mr. James WilBon propoeed " Tobacco
Tax. In England toha.cco, a. luxury, is heavily taxed, while
salt, a. neoessa.ry, is free. Sir Charles Tre~lya.n , Governor of
Madras, nob]y fJaCrificed hiB official position to save the country
from Mr. Wilson's fina.ncial changes. He thus explains the feel-
ings of the people with regard to taxation.
" All people ue, of course, averse to ta.xes; but the nauve feeling
in reIerence to the impositlon of Dew ta.xes is diifert'nt in kind from
this, a.nd is not 80 destitute of rea.son as may a.t first sight 8.ppe&tr. the
Na.tives of this country ha.ve a.lwa.y~ lived under despotio governments,
and in the absenoe of any better means of placing a limit upon the
exactions of their rulers, they ha.ve been a.ooUlitomed to taJre their
sta.nd upon long-established practioe, whioh they rega.rd as we do ocr
heredita.ry privileges. Henc.e It has alwa.ys been observed that while
they are extremely patient under established grieva.noes, thllY are alwR.Ys
disposed to meet Dew impositions by a.ctive or passive resistance."

The two principa.l Rources of revenue to which the people

have been accustomed are the land tlt,c and duty on salt. The
formAr hILS a.lready beeu considered; Rome remarks wul now ~
oifered on the latter.
Salt Tax.-Sa.lt wa.s considered, even from ancient time, so
importa.nt that it was employed proverbially. A soldier wa.s ex-
pected to be faithful to his" salt." Salt is the most productive
tax next to land revenue, amounting to nearly nine crores a year.
Its incidence was estimated by the Famine Commission at 5
annas per he~, a. year, or 5 pies (= -Is d.) a month This
is the only imperative tax upon a landless la.bourer. As Su
H. S. Cunningham remarks, "He is no doubt a very POOJ" man,
but his p~1Verty ca.n scarcely be said to be grievously en}lanced by
the exactions of the State."
,. In the interests of the poor, it ha.s been suggested that the
salt Tax should be largely reduced. The objection to Uris is that
III attempting to relieve the poor, the inoume woald be lost trom
tne much la.iger proportion that can a.ftord to p'&y. How would
the s800rifice of four or five crares of revenue be made good? The
outcry does not come from - the people themselves, but from
western theorists.
In 1006, an able-bodied agricultural labourer in the Madrt.s
Presidency eomed, on a.n a.verage, Rs. 5-15 per month. If the
ta.x were reduced one-hall, the saving would be only 2t pies per
,
 ~~N 'OF r.O~ ~~~O• ., "PRRM OF' OFPl('Il' ~
mont.l~t a ~ll whUe .i 0l'9Jl68 would be \Q$t'tG!olte
oountry to be employed 'for the good of the people. _The ~
rSttitM,~ the-labourer's lot ~u.~ ~~ 'i~oI#' incJ'e~H ~ ,ea,m':
ings.. A rupee, e. lJlo~th mqre' wpuld be gt~ly preferable to IJt
rtlduc~ o! 2l piefil. -;
Government 1W1Ult have mOlle!l. It cannot be supported by
ta.xes 011 lutuf'Uls-for the people" as a rule, do not use them.
N6f)6SS/lrie8 must therefore be taxed. An indtt'ect tax, like tha.b
on sdt, a.n article purchased in small quantities, and a. tax tQ
which the people have been a.ccustomed frOln tln16 immemoti&lf
ou~bt not to be given up. The probablE' continued 'decline in the
OpIUm revenue If! an additional argument for not tampering with
the salt tax
Suppose a very large Ill-managf'o estate fell into our hands
"'hic:h yielded only one-third of the income whIch could be draWR
(rom it by 1'lktlful management. Would It be wise to /tHow it to
remain in it'l prekent condition r:tthel' than inC11)' Rome outla.y on
itr. improvement? A still WOf.,e course \\ ould be to l'educe the
expenditure by employing less effiCient agentR on lower sa.laries.
The Government of Inaia bah been .. gridironing" the
country with railwa.y", whIle It hah "starved" agriculture on
Rx 50,000 a vear. It IS ho!,<'d that there WIll soon be a speedy
change in thIS pohcy WhIle many millions are underfed, the
average produce per acre should not be allowed to remain at 13
bushels without adequate efforts for Its increase.

EXTENSION OF lJORD CURZON'R TERM OF OFFICE.

The Problem.-" To save hfe," may be regarded as the motto
of the prebent Famine policy. The supply' of food has been
lUcreltsed by irrigation works, and railway A afford facilities for Us
diStnbution, While the mortality has been comparatively sma.ll, '
tbf' system pursued may be nw.inly described as
A gigantic and successful effort to FEED Pa.upers, ~
Here a tribute wonid cordially be paid to the noble and sell'"
Sftonficmg efforts, both of Government officerfl and misgion&nes
to relieve the famine~stricken I'>u&rers. .
Although reqtti.r.ed by humanity. the present pohcy mcreuea
the burden upon futurE' Bldministr80tionf!. threa.tening 1\It last to
become intolemile
\ The tILl' more difficnlt task beforE' Lord Cnrzon may be.
<ie'scribed as '
.. gigantic efJort to PUVEBr Puperilm. -•
b win take ~ to perfect the Il.l8.chinery; but a CQmmence~tt$
IUIIIl be lXlt\iie on right lines
10
 74
The censUs liming the oomirtg y"ea.r will tHrow tnueh li~ht rib.
, important; problems;· but till the results are aEIDettafined, it will
be valueless. 1 ~ , •

It is very desirable that Lord Curzon's time of dude should be

extended to seven years to enable him to watch over the li€forms
to be ina,u~rnted. A precedent is found in the case of Lord
IJalhousie, who, itt great self-sacrifice, held office tor upwards ~f
~ven yea.rs.

DUTY OF THE PEOPLE OF INDIA .

.. fte 'permanent remedies for the poverty of India rest with
tile people them.~lves.·'

.. There m&N exist circumstances in the ha.bits of a. people

I\dliciea.tly powerful to defea.t the most benevolent view. ot its
r1llen."

, Demagogues win an eaAY popular'ity hy l:wing all thfl 1J1amf'

of the suppo<,ed poverty of India upon (i-overnment Mr H M
Hoaam thus pointr-. out one gront u<';(' of (i-overnlllPut<, both in
India and Ireland :-
II To bear on its shoulders the blame'for !tll sorts of griAvllnceb Lhal

arise in the community by accident, by natural 01' ulllu\,tuml causes, ;)1'

eVElh by the fault of its members ,.
" It seems natural that it giV~R ~ome SOl t of emniO! t and relief to
la.zy peoRle who will not do anything for th~m~plve<, to put the blanH'
of their Idleness and of the distre'l'l that o\'lgmat~F. flom thi'l SOUlee Oll
some other person or cause."
Sir William Hunter says'
" English writers who tell our India fellow-suhjects to look to -tht'
government for every improvement in their lot 111'e doing It very weat
dis-service to the Indian races."
"I only wish the gentlemen were .right who think that all om
India.n difficultIes a.re due to the short-comings of the government. Fo)'
if they were right, tHen I feel sure that Englalld, 10 the dischat'ge of
he" high duty, would swiftly sweep away her culpable representatives
kl ~di&. But, alas lour difficultIes there at'e not susceptible of so
~~8" a. cure 1"* -
Smiles says: "In all times men have been prone to believe
tha.t their ha.ppiness and well-being were to be I'lecured by means'
of institutions rather than by their own conduct." It is It
delusion like tha.t of a pa.st Golden Age.
------- • E'n{JZand's W09'k WI brdw, pp. 261, 1~
 "t;ll1T¥ 01<', ~JI$ )J1lQ~ ,OE' INDlA.

" l~owslll~}i of.,I)oU t.~a.~ lm~&n b~rtl/ eJUi,lll'll,

'[hat pa;f.~ winch la.ws or lungs 01\1'1 ~llf:le Qr curp I
Still ,to ritlraehes in every pla.ce consigned. ':
, qur own felicity we me.l¢e or ~tld,"
. "

'I'he folly of expecting belleticflnt changes in society, eXCErpt'

all tht:l result of wide preparatory changl:8 in individual oharacter~,
it.> well expressed in these words of Herbert Spencer:-
"Just as the perpetual-motion schemer hopes, by a ounnjng'
1.Wl'angement of parts, to get from one end of his 'machine l1).Oro ellergy
. than he puts in at the other, so the ordinary politioal schemer is (01).-
viuced tllf.t out of a legislative apparatus, properly devised and worked
with due dexterity. mny he had heneficial state-action, without a.nydetri-
melltal re-action. He expects to get out of a etupid people th~, eiteota
of intelligence, alld ~o evolve from inferior citizens superior oonduct."
.
Mr. A. O. Humc says in a letter to Mr. B. M. Mala.bari;-
.. NILtions in the long ruu ILlwILYs get precisely as good a Govel"nmetit
ILothey deserve, !md no nomirml political ellfranchil:lement will in praotioe
nrovt, more than a change of evilo unless such a.n advllolloe ha.& simul-
taneously or antecedently been Ulade along all those other lines illS IihaJl
rOlluer tilt· country qualified to assimilate its improved politicru sta..tuih~!
.. PoW icui '/ ejuf'1Iwrs uj nit .hadl!!; 0/ t)pil~ion sJwnlrl Iwve1' .f!.Yrgqi
thai /mtes,~ Ow e/f'oatioll (~l tilt' /emale cLemont 0/ Ow nation proceeds
pm·j pa<;Rll. (with a'/l- equal pac!') with thci'i' wade, all tfUJir Utb01W /01'
the political n~(I'(/;It()hisemenl. 0/ tlte CO/Wtl'Y will prove vain." "
India Huffers' far more from her own inj uriOU8 Clll.ltOlllS· th&n .
fro111 tmppoHed British 'mi,5govcrmnellt. Sir MII.<lh,avll. How was
l:lucceH8ively l"1rime Minister of Travancore, Indore, and Bn.roda.:
what does he Hay'/
•. The longer one lives, observes, and thinks, the more'deepb
does he feel there is no community on the face of the earthwlUOh
suffers less from political evils and more from self.iliflicted:ar
self·accepted,~ or self-created, and, therefore, avoidable ~ ,em"
the Hindu community! ! "
tiir William Hunter as quot!;ld wove, says ;-
" The pe1'lll8Jlent Jtemedies for the poverty of India rest With'
the ·peOJlle themselVeS/I , ' ,. ,
Gravity oftJie'Situation~-Some intelligent thoughtful" men
regard . ~b!il futw:e, of In4ia. w.ith seriol'l~ forebodings. Sir ,W. W.
Hunte.rsays : . :. :- ~

: "British rule in Indio. ~nds itself face to f~e m$h:l>~\lelP~ 'W,bl~~;

9]) t\ ,much IllmaJler SCILla ln Ireland. are the despllitrM' out "'~
~tat~.w,~."
t ,", c,
'16
"Ill thinking of her work itt laPia. Grea.t Britain- IJla1 pt'l)udly:
look bs.dk. bu.t ,ne 11\.\\6\ ~~() look 2.Ml.i\}\l'&t-y i~UI1."" 'a
. The opimon of Mr. Crooke regarding the India! .ryot$ qas
~y been quo,ted. It concludes thus: ,
" Anxious stt.tesmen peer into the mrsts which shroud the future,
IIdld W()(lc1er wha.t the end of all this may be."
Sir H. S. Maine may again be quoted: ...
" In no country will there be probably a several.' pres'$Ul'e ot popu-
lation on food." . .
The Brit1sh Government was cOlllpelled to gJve up 1tl.>
plague legIsla.tion because it could not san the lives of the people
against their will. It IS to be feared that the Improvement ot
their J}1atenal conditIon If, beset with the same dIfnclnt:cb. Sll
W. W. Hunter says. .. The mass of the husbandmen a:re living
in detia.nce of economic laws." U~ee pa,ge 14.)
He adds:
" Weare compelled to stand bJ' aud wu.tch the pitilabs operatlonr:.
of economic laws, whose force no lllall can stay. Those law& decree
that a. populatIon of small husbllJldmen WhlOh marries and mUltiplier:.
irrespective of the means of subSIstence, bhaU l:lUffel' a constantly
increa.sing struggle for eXIstence." t
They must eIther reform, or E>wl'el' the consequence:,.
SELF-INFLIC'l'ED AND H.EMEDIABLli. CAUbES O.F INDIAN l'ovER'fY.

Earnest attentIOn 1S lflviteu to the tollowmg points.

1. Marriage as a religious duty irrespective of the means
of sUpPOl't.-The spiritual gUides of the Hmdus te/:llch that the
8elf-lltxistent condemns to the hell called Put, every Ulan who
dies 'Without a son to perform 1118 funeral ceremonies. Thc
~u1t is early marriage, with all Its inJurIOus consequences,
physical, industrIal, intellectual, and moraJ..
Dr. Mohendra La} SlIear says:
.. .. Early ma.rria.ge, m my humble opimon, IS the greatest e'tli of Qur
I~try. It ba.s stood, so to say, a.t the very springs of the life of the
l'.'lIot;.on, and prevented the normal expansion of Which it is oap&ble."
Dr. Nohin Krishna Bose says:
.. I have aJways regar.ded this custom of early marr~e to be
~ the priuoipaJ. caUSes of the J,lhyaicaJ deteriora.tion of our race,
Nul:&lio as a ~werful impediment m the way of intelleotua.l adV&Iloe.
JDtnt I\J1d soci8.l reform."
---~-------~-
.,. I/JngZQ.nd'8 Work "" india, p. b.
- t E1t.g/MId'M Work In 11WMa, p. '/i.
 SE.t;B'.XNP:t,fuI.l1BD' AND M~L.'OAUSBS OF INDIAN, ETO. n~
Hindu girls are bright scholars. tmd often get ·on well. ~
just a.t tbe tim.e:when they could profit most from instmcti~,
marriage in~rvenes, and school Ulust be a.bandoned. This n,ot.
only prevents them frow continuing their studies, but frequently
ca.uses them to forget, in course of time, what they have learned.
With women uneducated, SIr W. W. Hunter sayIJ, " a. na.tion loses
half its brain power."
~Yorall!J the effects are stIll WOl'se. Our feeling!:! of justioe
are outraged when such a doctrine about Put is attributed to the
Supreme Being. The Idea is fostered that ~ 1ll.an may live any
sort of life provided he har:, a SOD to perform hIS funeraJ ceremonies,
especially at Gaya,
A.mong enhghtened na.tlOll!:l people do not marry till there is
'L prospect ot their being able to hupport a fauuly, In India the
masses marry and multIply WIthout any lllorc thought 01 the future
tha.n rabbits, In spIte of every efiort on the part 01 Governn.ltJnt,
things mU get wOt):,e and wor\:\t\, unl~l>b there is prUlleno~ un lhe
part of the people thelllbelveb WIth regard to marrIage.'"
~. The insane Expenditure on Marriages.-'l'he Indian Ill-
tellect has been so nwarfed trom v!lJ:iolu; (iauses, that the people
are al::i fond of show ab ulllldren, and, like them, regardless of the
future.
.. The Bombay DnywlOd4.yU halo the followlllg Illustration:
., A poor man who Ib struggling for all eXIstellUe told Uti to-day thllot
his father owned SIX aereH of l!l.!ld, hut that WllOll hib thl'ee bOYti became
of a marriageable age, he "aId, ' Come \\ hll.t will, evon if I lose my la.nd,
lIly boys must be properly mnrned,; tiO he mortgaged the la.nd, spent
sevela] hundreds of rupee!!, wab happy for two days, and then lotst every
thing he owned."
$ir M. E, Grant Duff lUl::itly sald III a (JonvocatwD Address;
" He who could persuade hu, uountl'ywcn to glV(:l up their, to Llli,
a.l:itouudmg expenditure on mal'l'lages, would do more for South Illdia
tha.n any government could do 10 a deoade." ., .
This IdiotlC conduct if, not confined to the 19nora.nt. The
IniUan Mir"or says; "it 1.; well-known that COll1lllon sense and
prudence leave the Native, whether educated or U:l}educated,
when 1i~ has a.ny sooial ceremowes to perform. On lIuch occa-
sions he is sure to go. beyond his means and involve hlmself."
3. The invpterate Tendency to run into Debt.- .
For8sigh,t, lookin~ forward to the future and pl'ep~ for It,
is one great distmctioJ1 between a f:ltl>vage and It CIvilised mm.
The sa.;va,ge thinks only bf the present. To-day he may be gorged
78
with food; to-lUorrow h~ may be Illlffering from t.he pang!i of
hungtlr. There are people in this wuntry sinriil1rly thriftlei:is.
\\Then a marriage is to take place or when they expect a confine-
lllent in their famil~, they make no preparation beforEhand, Whbll
it would be llluch easler to provl<lE:' the neCeb!iary funds. When
~ei+ ex.penses .will be increiLHed, they borrow, l'equirmg, 1Il iLUdi.
twn, to pay mterest. Not a few "pend theIr lllonth'b pa,y at
once, and there is nut a rupee left to llleet u,ny exceptional
expenl«3s. ..,.
'1'he alliount paId fLllnually III mtcreHt II, WlOl'lllOU". A mall
OIl a debt of HI,. iJO paid Hfo,. :1-:2-0 11 mouth tor three yean" aud at
the end of that penod, havmg paid over HR. 100 as interebt, tht;
debt of Hb. 50 rE:'UutiIleu uudilllmiblwd.
One grmtt remedy ib to eXel'Che iOl'l)nlght. to 1001. f~llLad am!
have it fllnd on which one cnn draw '" Ithont any chal';,((' lor
mterer,t. 'l'hib i~ l;eclU'ed by ket'ping <L POfo,t Office ACC0l1111
into which suvmgb !Lrc, under ordllwry cm':Ulllbtancu;, put
regularly.
4. The craving for Government Service and the Bar.-'n'I'>
hag already been noticed at eomidC'l'u,hle length
5. Locking up money in Jewels inst.ead of employing it
profttablY.-The lndmn method ot ~aVlllg l~ to tn v('~t sllrpU.",
earnings in jewels. A man'" wife '" hlf, \\!1Ihmg :,aVlJJg" l)M~
'l'hough thrift IS thuf, prOlllotpd. It hUb ::,erJO\lh dlhILdvltlltag'c" At
a l'(>c;pnt cenRUb there were 401 ,r)K~ goldhlllltlt~ in IlHha l1>,tllll:lt-
ing the averagt' carningf, oj eadl fIt Hb H a ltJonth. fIll lLlllIU,d
outlay of 38l> lakh" IR spent III rClHlenng ubelm.b, fllr C(}HllUereml
purposes, the capItal which the cmUltr~' so much necdf,. "Vhat a
great gain It would be 1f thih !trill)" 400,O()O str()ng, were clllployerl
in manufacturing improved ngricultuml illJplementR. or ij,1-; maSlmb.
C!LI'pC:'Jlten;, or tt'llcher~ I COIli-,ider also tlH' gn'at l()fl~ of intere&l
by the jew!"] syntellJ. All the ratlway., fmel l)uhhe )\'orkh III 1nolll
coul<1 have been huilt tWtel' OVPl' i>,v llH'lLl1b ()i tlw capltal lll\ ohtod
,injewelR, and telll.:l'Ol'eS a ycm' 10 lllt(,l'CHt bent to Englaud lllight
have been retaiTH'd in tlw (·Olliltry. vYhE'1l p('()111e wish to> get
loans, they have to pledge their jewe)h, paying perhaps l~ per
cent. interest. while If theIr vtLlno waR in the Bank, they ",ould
have no inttJrm;t, to PHY. '1'110 telLl' and \\ ear of jPwel& hai, alRo to
be cOl\sid~red. The present system foster" the ol'lental 10"0 of
ornament, and leH.ds wives to peRter their husbands for jeweb,
JIDd spend money on them which might have been profitably
employed. Not is this all. the custom produces a harvest of
dacoities, of murders of women and children.
There is this, however, to r)f' said. that formerly the peo'ple
h&d no othel' lTl~8JnB of )l1'VeBt1ng tnl:'il' 8llNing'" B8Jllk\; are )l.1dmg
to !:lupply Lhib wl£nt, ll<lld the progl'cl:ib wade ib encuuraging. l'he
 SELF-INFLICTED AND REMEDlA1'\LF.. CAUSES OJ!' INDiAN, ETC. 79
st:J,tistics below refer only to Government Banks. Private Banks,
have alsu Indian depositors:
lR84·1\. 1895·6.
Number of N9tive D!'positOl'~, including Local
Imtitutiol1s 1,90,687 6,29,625
R.,. RII.
Ilitt'l'est earued 11 67,t,65 26,64,924
Balance at cnd of yelLr 3.';1,93,828 871,82,861

It will be seen tlutt the nlllllher of depositor!:; was more than

trehleo oming t ht' tw('lve Y\'I~r<, . In tOnnn IHtllllJOrR, the interest
pamen iIH'l'l'ILf;('ll frolll 1] fakh~ tl) ',W lakhf.. and t.Il1' IkpOHitH from
:).;t lakh R to H72.lakht-; .
Ii. Misdirected Charity-IwllH hah hPI'1l ,·ltlJl'd th e Cnnd of'
l hnritv, bnt It IlHLy hI' calld, \\ Itb I'lll1al t\'1lth. tIll' "I.and of
H,''' ''l1i'·s . '' TIl!' I:L~t (·t'n"lI<' "~:lV,' lh(' .. al'1I1\, of 1I\('ll,lil'fLnts" ItR
~b

11111111)(' 1ing .)~ l:1kh"

Taking :uiV<LnLiLg(' 01 the l'hal'ltlLhil' rll:-p(,:-ition of the Hindu:"
the re l',n' btkh:- 01 Illt'll "hI) havl' choRen to snbRiRt hy begging
I'r()l\J Iloor t() ,lou!', 'l'his i~ dOll(' ~t!-O 11 hert'(htlLry pr()feHHioll, ani!
not itR n, n('('('f,slty forced lIpOlI thelil by llli~f()rtnnp. \\"hile these
IIll' l1 t hillk it IlU Ill-.gnH:1' t<l h eg, tllt'j' ('o)):-i<i(']' it lL dishonour ltnd
a gr("Lt harrlRhip to du hOll eR\' work .
'l'mmncnre ltnll ~l V<,Ul'I: an' tlO\\ the chief Heats of this
delllomli!-oing 'y"t('ltI. ' Hmhlll<Ln:- fioe\., to thcIll from the
Ill'ighlH)ll!'in~ (li-;tril't-., At i\iy"ort' eiL\' ,t rl)w 01 houses was pointed
out huilt I()\' Bl'nlllll<tll". hy tIll' :'.LtlmnLm , L" I:'ll('h of whom It eow
was gl\'(>]1.
7 The use of Opium, Ganja, and intoxicating Drinks.-
Vwnkenm'sf.. ha" alwf1ys pn>va.ilt'd in India among certain
class"",; hut, it" ft nation. tIl<' people haV(' het'Tl tempemtf' for
llHLJlYcenturier-,.
It i-; neppl:v to be n·grett(·a that , of late yean" drinking hj~bits
have hecn lwqnired hy :';Ollle edncated Hindus, whORe forefathers
never touched intoxlCl1ting lil}llorf.. '\'hiR 11'. largely l'\,ttrihutable
to European eXilmple
When En~liRh begl\u to bt' Htu<iled III India, Home young men
thought that they lUIJRt imitate .Eng]it.;h habitR as well as learn
the language. Among other things, it was considered 11 mark of
manline"ls and a pl'Oof of advance in civilization to use intoxi.
eating drinks. And the Ii luor generally selected was brandy, the
t.;trongest HI,irit. 'l'he \'ffects have been most disastroufl. As the
Hin.du Patriot 8ftys : - " \Vealth, rank, honour and character,
health and talents. have all periFlhed in the blighting presence of
this huge monster." ,
The Government revenue frolU spirita, toddy, opium, bhang,
&c., if; about 5~ crorf'fl a yf'/lT, prolul.hly rt'presenting Iln"expenditure
 of .dG~le that amount including -tlrtl ·gawa ot ~ IW~~IJ. All
tIllS mIght be saved, and turned to u.ssfnl aooonnt.lI. .!
Ha.pplly there is a strong movement in Englahq ift fa.vour of
tempe~nce reform. Numerous Societies have been efitablu,hed,
the memberS' of which pledge tbem~]ves not to use intoxipe.ting
liquors. Associations of thi" kind for the young are called
•• Ba.nds of Hope" In the Unite-it Kingdom they now number
upwards of two..milhons of membenl
Indians are earnestly advised to adhere ....to, the tempera.te
bILbits of their forefathers The Greeks hOO a saying, " Wa;ter is
best." They should al80 try to induce othel'fl to follow their
exa.mple. Tempel1!.nce reform should be promoted in India as
w'~n !t8 in England. Mr. W S CaIne, a zealO'lls friend of the
('auee, hal'> vihltecI thi'3 country more than once on it~ behalf, and
It numher of Roci(,tlf's have been formed w}uch should be heartily
.. npported Ml1111C'lpal CommiAslOners and otherf. should seek to
reduce, ab far It.. POf!bIhle, tIw numher of al'1'l~ck ,lnd opmlll <-hop;:
8. Unwillingness to Emigrate. -
If OJ numl>f'r of l'ahlnt., were hhnt np 111 !l field ::.urroundetl b~
11 high wall, th€>y wOllld lI1nltip1v till tlK\- c;tal'ved If the l11gh
wall were reulOv('d, wonld they rt'lllam WIthin the liUllts of tlw
field'i They wonld have more '"eDRP they would scatter
The ahove l'eprebE'ntc; the condltwn of IndIa, only many of
the people do not act lIke the c;ensible rabbIts There'ls no higl.
wall confining them, but as Sir \V W. Hunter remarks,
"millions ding WIth a despamng gnp to theIr half acre of earth
a'piecf', under a hurden of rack-rent or usury."
. The m~ans ,1?rop0sed to remedy thl'l state of things are given
l~ pp. 45, 46. SIr W. W Hunter says'
" MigratIOns to new provmces, now opposed hy all the tradItIons of
the past, will be foroed by the pressure of CIrcumstances llpon no
distant generatIon of the India.n people"
9. The Restrictions of Caste.-It iF; granted that caste has
SQIlle ativant.tgf>A It promotes a "tatlOnary semi-Clvilisation. It
binds together men of the f'ame elas" , 1t promotes clea..nliness,
and it is a check, in certain directIOns, on Illoral cOlldu.ct But
th"fle a.re far more than counterbalanced hy Its pernicious effects.
, 'rl\e ~piruons of competent witnesses will be given on this pOlnt.
Mr. R C Dutt says, OJ The caste system thfew an mdel1.ble
awn on the criminal law of India" t It is based on inJustIoe and
fra.ud.
Sir a. S. Marne, one of the ablest Europeans that ever caDle
to India., in his Awncn,t Law describes caste :ts .• thf #'/()'St
disasu'O'Us and blighting oj /UtnU1ll institutions , .

• lC'l?l4nd's Work '?t

.
1?NhG, pp 186, 187, t Ancwmt I~, 'Vol. 11. ~. 4'1.
 SELF-INFLICTED 9AUSES 011 DtDIAN POVERTY. 8t
The following are the heads of a lecture by Pandit Sivanath
Sastri on Caste :- .
(1) It has produced disunion and discord.
(2) It has made honest manuII,l labour odntemptible in ;bis
oountry.
(3) It has oheoked internal and external oommerce.
(4) It has brought on physical degeneracy by oonfining marriage
within narrow circles.
(5) It has been a source of oonservatism in everything.
(6) It has suppressed the development of individuality and
mdependence of charaoter.
(7) It has helped in developing other injurious customs, such &8
parly marriage, the char/ling of heavy matrimonll1J fees, &c.
(3) It has sucC'essfully restrained the growth and development of
national worth; whilst allowing opportunity of mental and spiritual
culture only to a limited nUUlber of privileged people, it has denied
these 0ppoltunities to the majority of the lowor classes, consequently it
has made the country negatively a losel'.
(9) It has ma,le the country fit for foreign slavery by previously
enslaving the people by tLe l1l0<;t abject spiritual tyranny.
Dr. Bhandarkar says: "The C(1'lte e;ystt'm is n.t the root of
the political slavery of India."
Ptincipal Cn,ird say" of cfl,<,te :
"Instead of bJ'eaking down artificial barriers, waging war with
false separations, softening divisions and uuderuJinillg class hatreds a.nd
a.ntipatbie~, religion becomes itself the very consecration of thpm."

10. Unrighteousness of every kind.-Tlte true CU1'e for the

poverty of India i'l a ri~hteous life. Every thing would follow in
Its train. "Godliness IS profitn,ble unto all things, having promise
of the life that now ie;, and of that whICh i'l to come." The burn-
ing words of Kingsley bhould be stamped upon the memory :-
"Foremost among them stands a law which I must insist on,
boldly and perpetually, a law which man has been trying in all ages, as
no\\, to deny, 01" at least to ignore: though he might have seen it if he
had willed, working steadily in all tiru~s and nations. And that is-
that as the fruit of righteousness ij3 wt:t~Jth and peaoe. Atreugth and
honour: the fruit of unrighteousness is poverty and anarchy, weakness
and sha.me. It iii an a.ncient doctrine and yet one ever young. The
Hebrew prophets prea.ched it long ago, in words which are fulfilling
t.bemaelves around us '=lvery cay, and which no new discoveries of
science will abrogate, because they express the great root-law, which
disobeyed, science itself cannot get a hearing."

• Limits of Exact Science applled to History.

11
 APPEAL '10 Tim PRINCES, NOllLES, AND ZJiuNp,AJis' I

OF INDIA.
, IudiN! expeotations from their sovereigns are expr~ssed in
the following well~known couplet: .
.. TJ:ae fruit of austerities, a kingdom,
The fruit of 110 kingdom, hell."
Their conduct was expected to be of suCh ft character that'
one of the twenty-one hells of Hindu mythology W8!8 the ·only
fitting retribution.
There were some noble exceptions. Rama is the Hindu
ideal sovereign. The Rama.yana, which the" four-faced Brahma "
certifie'l "not to contain an untruth," thus describe'! hi'! reign .
" Ten thou~and years Ayodhllo blest
Wlth Rama's rule had peace arid reot,
Unknown were want, diRtres9, and crime,
So calm so happy was the time. *"
aut Rams.'s case was exceptional. Princf'<; Wf>re brought up
a.mong women and eunuchs. They regardt-'d the revennee of
their kingdoms a" their private property, to bf> spent on their
pleasures or boarded. They were above all law, and in a fit of
passion, without trial, could order any of their subjects to be
trampled to death by f>lf>phantc;.
There havE' been 11 few drmking and horRP-racing failure'>
during the British period; hut, on thf> whole, there has heen a
very marked llllprovement. There are Indian prince"! who take
a warm and enlightened interel:lt in the welfare of their subjects
Some mo.de noble efforts for their subjects durin~ the Famine
The influence of the late Mr Macnaghten, Prmcipal of the
Kathiawar Rajkumar College, has been most beneficial.
The surest way to promote one's own happiness if> to seek
the happiness of others. During the first year of the twentieth
oentury, let the Princes, Nobles, and Zemindars of India follow
the course recommended to the British Government.
1. Let IL careful survey be made of the condition of their
ryots. The average totaJ amount and value.o{)f all the principal
ei'&ps should be correctly a.scerta.ined, with the percenta.ge on
the gross produce of the land assessment.
2. The mode in which advances are mltde to the ryot'l
should be ca.refully investigated. Their source, amount, and rate
of interest should be tabulated.
Each imJ?Orta.nt State should print III Report on the condition
of itfi ryots, glving full details, vlMuable suggestions might thus be
ohlamed. .
~---- ----..-----------------
.... Gri~t1t·& R,Gm4~C1M. v. 9H.
 There are other important enquiries; bat a. cotnmeneement
might be made ,with the foregoing. Ii taken uIf in ea.rnest by
the Princes, life would a.ssume II new aspect. It would ittvol\·e
some self-denial, but it would be recompensed by a, calm enjoy-
ment Mver befol'C experienced.
Invitation from Lord Curzon.-The Viceroy has freely bet
forth the duties of the Princes of India. Ma.ny of them would
cheerfully follow advice for the benefit of their subjectb. They
might be encouraged to institute Famine Commissions on
Government lines. Nobles, like the Maharaja of Darbhangah,
might also co-operate.

Al'PEAL TO INDIVIDtTAL EFFORT.

Although Princes, Nobles and Zemindars may do most, every

Indian, however humble, may take part in the great work oj,
seeking to benefit his country. As observed by a fOI'mer Vice-
Chancellor of the Calcutta Univerbity: "Men abstain from doing
good or attackin~ evil when the Of port unity is plain before them,
for lack of faith in their individua power; but it is no new lesson
which science teo.ches when it says that no energy, however
feeble, is ever lost, and that no exertion ii, without some avail."
The following remarks, originally addressed by J. H. Mill to
University students in Scotland, are equally applicable to India. :
" One of the commonest types of character amon~ us is thllot of lit
mM all whose ambition is self-regarding; who has no higher purpose in
life than to enrich 01' raise in the world himself and his family; who
never dreams of rnaking the good of his fellow-creatures or of hUl
country an habitual object."
II It is worth training them to feel, not only actual wrong or actual

meanness, but the a.bsence of noble aims R.nd endeavours, as not merely
blama.ble, but also degrading ;-thc poorness and insignificance of
human life if it is to be all spent in making things comfortable for
oU1'6elves and our kin. and raising ourselves and them a. step or two
on the social ladder:'
" Fix your eyee upon the ultimate end from which those studies take
their obiel value.......tbat of making you more effeotive combMiants in ,he
Staat fight which never oeases to rage })atween Good a.nd Evil, a.nd more
equal to coping with the ever new problems whioh the oba.nging eourse
Qfhuma.n na.iure and human society present to be resolved."
"There is not one of us who may not so qualify himself 10 Iio
improve the average amount of opportunities, a.s to lea.ve his fe116W•
.crea.tures some little the bettel' for the use he has known how to m&ke
of his intellecst."
.. You are to be lit part of ~e publio who are to welcome, e~
al)d help forward the future intellectual benefactors of huma.nliY;- 'atid
you &re', if poasible, to furnish your contingem to the nUU1ber ot thOle
beRefr.otors. Nor let any one be dilOOuraged by what may seem, ia
lQODle~&Of1i08pondney, the luk of ti~ a.od opportm.llly. Those who
know how to employ opportunities will often find that they C&.n Oleate
them, 801ld wha.t we a.chieve depends less on the amQ11nt of time we
poasess, than on the use we m.o.ke of our time. You and your lik~ are
the hope a.nd resource of your countl'y in the coming generation."
lligher Help needed.-How often ha.s the sad confession of
the old Roman poet to be repeated !
,t
" T Bee the right, and I approve too,-
Condemn the wrong, and yet tLe wrong pursue."
We need divine strength to enable m, to resist the inany
seductions that beset us, and to devote ourselves, heart and sonl,
to the good of our country. To whom ",hould we look for it '? Let
the eloquent words of Max Muller furnish an anr,wcl';
" If we were asked what I consider the most important discovery
which has been made during tho nineteenth century with respect to the
lI'a.ncient history of mankind, I should answel' by the following short line.
Sanskrit DYAUSH-PITAR::: Glee1 ZET!I1ATHP (ZEUS
PATER) = Latin JUPITER = Old Nol'st.J TYR.
" Tha.t our own ancestors, and the ancestors of Homer and Cic('ro
spoke the same language as the people of Indillt-this is a disco7ery
whioh howevor incrodible it sounded at lll'f:,t, bah long ceased to cause
any surprise but it implies and prove!; that they all had once the same
faith, and worshipped lor a time the Stune supreme Deity under exactly
the sa.me name-a name which meant Heaven-Father.
"There is a monotheism which precedes the polytheism of thE,
Veda, and even in the invoe!l.tion of their innumerable gods, the
remembranoe of a God, one and infinite, breaks through the mist of an
idolatrous phra.seology, like the blue sky that is hidden by passing
olouds."
"Thousa.nds of years have passed away since the Aryan nations
separated to travel to the North and South, the West and East: they
have eaoh formed their languages, they havo each founded empires and
philosophies, they have each built temples and lazed them to the
ground; they have all grown older, and It may be "iser and better; but
when they scarch for a Ilame for thllt which is most exalted Mid yet
most dear to everyone of us, when they wish to express hoth awe and
love, the infinite and the finite, they can but do what their old fa~hers
c1.N when ga.zing up the eternal sky, and feeling the presence of a Being
80! far as far a.nd as near as near oan be; they clln but oombine the self-
same words a.nd utter onoe more the primeval Aryan prayer, Hea.ven-
Father, in tha.t; form which will endure for ever, 'Our Father, which a.rt
in hellven.' "
To our common Father in Heaven, then, let our pra.yers be
a.d4ressed for strength to seek the welfare of our brethren of
mankind.
~~ _ _ . _ _ _ _---4L_

• St. .i.1ICintIo', .AddnBs.

 INDIAlS NEEDS ltEQUlBE :al (lOllN!fED EFFORT ON, ETC. .. ,

And let there be no delay. Join at once the noble band

already in the field:
Rise! for the da~ IS passing,
And you lie drcaluing OD ;
The others ha.ve buokled their a.rmour,
And forth to the fight are gone:
A place in the ranks awaits you,
Eaoh man has some part to play;
The Past and the Future are nothing
In the face of the stem To·day ;
Rise from your dreams of the Future-
Of gaining some hard-fought field;
Of storming some airy fortress,
Or biddin~ some giant yield;
Your future has deeds of ~lory,
Of honour (God grant it may!)
But your afm will never be stronger,
Or the need so great as To-da.y.
A. A. Procter.

INDIA't) NEED!:) HEQC'IRE A COMBINED EF:FORT ON

THE PART OF GOVEHNMENT AND PEOPLE.
In the foregoillg pages an attempt ha& been made freely to
point out what is required to mt:et the necessities of the case.
In Borne respects Britif:.h rule in India presents It noble record,
probably unparalleled in history. On the other hand, in nertain
dIrections there have been lamentable shortcomings. Chief
among these is its treatment of agriculture, although it bas the
largebt land revenue in the world.
Next to efforts for the welfare of the lyot&, i& tbe develop-
ment of Commercial and Technical Education, preceded by a.
careful Industry Hurvey.
On the other hand, the duties of the people themselves ha.ve
been as plainly indicated. While Government lUay do mU()h, a.s
Sir W. W. Hunter says:
co The permanent remedies for tho poverty of India. Test with the
people themselves." ,
A mischievous error diffused by blind politica.l guides, the
product" of our defective education, ma.y be noticed-that
<4

Europe&ns are dra.ining the country of its wealth.

It is a.dmitted, as Huxley says, that "getting on It is the
Englishman'8 idea. of paradise. Still, through the wise arrt.ftge-
ment of Provideuce, men seeking their .own weaUl! benefit
others. '\
 Englishmen initia.te indutries;. but tbey are; ~rwarU' ~
up by the people themf:SClves. This is strikingly the oase witb.
the Mill industry of Bomba.y. In 1896, the vaJlle of ' cotton
mllinufo.ctures exported amounted to 1,022 lakhs. It is the 'Mill
industry which ,has'enabled Mr. Tats. to make sUch ~ J:Ilaglliftcent
gift for the endowment of research.
The progress of the Jute industry is still more remarkable.
At the beginning of the present century it was unknown in
Europe, and had no exchangeable value in IIniia. At first only
ra.w lute was exported. In 1857 jute mills were commenced in
India., and there are now 29 of them. The number of persons
employed increa.t:led from 51,902 in 1885 to 78,889, in 1896. The
va.lue of the jute exported, rAw and manufactured, rose from 620
lakhfl to 1,474 lakhs. The export of jute now ranks nex.t to
cotton. .
Through Europeam" products, which formerly rotted in the
iungIes, are turned to account. The value of Myrobalams exported
10 1896 amounted to 40 lakhs ; Lac to 113;) la.khs.
Look at the Pre!:lidency Citieb. Sir William Hunter says:-
Ie Shortly after Bombay was ceded by the Portuguese to the British

crown in 1661 aSls,rt of the dowel' of the wife of Cha.rles II., the Iring
wa.s g1ad to han over his unprofitable !I.cquisition, which was tben
considered the grll.ve of EuropeaIls, to a. Company of London meraba.nlis,
for a.n annual payment of £10 in gold." p . 33.

Instead of a few fishennen, Bombay has now a. popUlation ot

822,000, is the greatest commercial city in Abia, and is studded
with magnificent building!>.
Sir William Hunter I)ays:-
"The history of Caloutta is still more striking. Less than two
centurieli ago, when our countrymen first settled in Calcutta, they were a
, poor band of fugitive mel'ch&nts, seeking shelter from the extortions of
the na.tive ruler (If Benga.l; !l.nd the future City of Palaoes consisted of
three clusters of mud huts on the river ba.nk." p. 33.

Contrast Da.lhousie ~quare with what it was thirty y.ears ago!

Look at its present noble ra.nges of buildings! The tf PaJa.ces," in
wllich Europeans reside in Calcutta, are not owned by them;
but rented from Indians at ra.tes so high as to have become a
vt'ry.heavy burden. The same remark ls.rgely applies to the
whOle country.
Madras, the Cinderella. of the Preaidencies, can point to her
new splendid La.w Courts, the MO()l'e ¥a.rket, th~ POIit. Office,
Sena.te House, L.w Co&ge, Connema.ra. Library. &c. A still more
strikin~ proof of tbegrowing wealth of the oountry is alIorded by
.,be pal.wal $:u,Qtutes "w-hich iiQJlle tra.deSIJ).ell h&ve- erected ·for
, ~eir ple.ces of business. , .
 INDIA"S ftED~ UQUIBE la' OOdtNED EFFORT ON, lH'C. 8'1:'
Sir Willia;m Hunter says :-
II There is more accumulated weaJth held by natives in two cities of
British India, Calcutta and Bomb8.y, cities which a couple of centuries
ago were mud-hamlets,-than all the treasures of the Imperial and local
courts under the MughaJ Empir~."
The interest~ of Europeans and Indians a,re identical. The
richer India. iA, the more she can buy of British manufactures.
Let both bury the war hatchet and smoke together the·calumet of
peace. May' thp dawn of the Twentieth Century be the com-
mencement a new era, when Government and people, Indian and
European, will htmnoniously unite to seek the material and moral'
elevation of one-fifth of the human race!
INDIA'S NEEDS, as set forth in the preceding pages, are
briefly the following:
The increasing weight of the "White lIan's Burden" in
India.
The PROBLEM, not to FEED paupers, but to PREVENT
pauperism.
The Settlement of the Land ASBeument: What it is and
what it ought to be.
The supply of working capital to the ryot at 6t per cent.
instead of an
per cent.
This Is propo'Jed to be secured by a return to the qyRtem of Todar Mall.
The gradual increase of the produce from thirteen buahela
per acre to thirty.
The meal1R, " well-organi<,ed Agricultura,} Department.
An Irrigation Survey to ascertain the capabilities of its
extension.
Relief of congested Districts by Emigration.
An Industrial Survey to show in what directions Manu-
facture. may best be extended.
The Development of Agricultural, Commercial, and Techni-
cal Filucation to prevent Government OftLce and the Bar being
the exclusive aims of Student.
Iustruction in Indian Political Economy.
Thi~ ih n&eR~nry to dispel the mischievous belief that England is drainiDg
India of her wealth to the cxtent of from thirty to filty millions a year.
Careful instruction in lforal Duties.
The ExteDsion of Lord Curzon's Term of O1Ilce to IeVell yeall.
ThIs is ueeesqlll') if the ahove changes are to be grappled with.
14astly and Chielly,
"The permaneu.t remedies for the poverty of India reat
with the people themtelvea."
T1dslll tU opinion of the ls.te Sir William HMter, tb.a.n whom no one ha4 I}
gftater knowledge of India, or more Bu.tieImanlike vlB"l'S of It! neecla. ,
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An IIccouuL of 42 Nations aJld Trihe« of India, witn 55 iIIustmtiOllR.
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6 As.
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::I As. Post-free, 4 As.
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'104 pp. witb 60 illustration!>. 6 As. Post·free, 7! As.
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S As. Post· free, ;::1i As.
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Siam and its Peoples. 4to. 64 pp. 2t As. _
Pictures of China and its People. 4to. 56 pp. 2~ As. Post-free ::I As.
Extent, History, Mtlllnerb and CUbtom~ of the people, wHh G4 llluRtratio~k.
Japan: the Land of the Rising Sun. Ho. 61:! pp. 2~ .As.
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Persia and its ~eople. Small 4to. 78 pp. 2i As. PORt· free, 3 As.
An accoum is l!1vell of the manners and customb of the people with deHcriptioliR
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Pictorial Tour round Bible Law. ImperIal A-vo. 100 pp. 6 As.
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Arabia, aDd its ProPhet. 4to. 64 pp. 2l As. Post-free, 3 As .
. An aOColUlt of the Arabs; with descriptiollR of Jeddah, ~reo~a., Medina.; t\le
H.8t.nry of M\lh.~oo MG. tb.e early Calip,hw; the KO'I'8on Mu~lIm DOctrilU!8 Seek
Prayers, Pilgrimage, &c. ; with nWllflrO\lS 111uqtro.tions. ' "
Pioturea pf lLusaia and ita P.eoples. Imperial 8vo. S3 llP. 5 ~.
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12
 Pf'13LICATIONR FOl~ INDIAN READERS.

Egypt: the Land of the pyramii... Imperio.J Avo. 80 pp. 5 Ai;.

Post-free, 6 As. /
A deRcription of tbis interesting country, one of the oldost tY.lat. of clviliza.tion.
with llumerolU, iIIuHtraUom,.
Turkey and its Sultan. Imperial Rvo. RO pp. 4 As. Post-fme,;) As.
An a.ccount of Turkey, with a full notice of Abdul Hamid, the pre!lOnt Sultan.
Maps Imd upwardh of 60 illUijtration~.
South Africa aDd its Peoples. 4to. 64 pp. 2~ A8.
With IlUmerOUR illustrations.
The Land of Snows: with an account of missi®s to Ureenland. 4to.
56 pp. 2t As. Post-free, 3 As.
The ()verland Journey to 'England. 4to. 72 pp. 3 As.
Pictorial Tour round England, Scotland and Ireland. Impcl;a\
8vo. 114 pp. 6 As. Post-free, 7i As.
DeH<Jriptiouh of the (·hief pllt('PH "f interf"t \\'ith 104 \\()odcub. aud a co]ollTl'd
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Italy: An~t and Modern. J mpf'lIal Hyo. HO pp. i) As. Post-
free, I.) As.
Pictures of Women in Many Lands. [lllpenal Hyo. 112 W. 6 A<;.
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rllVlew, foJ' IlI<liQll WOmell 17:2 Illu,tratioll'.

Biographies.
Statesmen bf Recent Times. Hvo. 192 pp. H A<;. Post-free, 9t As .
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Cont",ill' ,ketch .." of the Ji'I" "f Warrell H""ting', Lord CO"Il\\"IIi" Sir .Tol.n
Shol'(', ]\fnr,!lli, \"t'Il~I.,). th., EHrl "f ~'lIlt(), H'H] til{' M.u(tlll' of H'bWlJg", w,t!1
portrait". Illt~r("tltlg pe"ollal dt'tlltl, ale gnl'lI. '\1eh It, ,Jr.,
not ll'na]h (nllnd in
hit;torie~.

The Governors-General of India, Recont! Serief:.. By till' 'S~ml'

author. 8vo. 175 pp. 4 As. PORt-frt'/?;) As.
Int'illdeh ,kekhe~ of Lord Amher,t, Lord \\ iliial11 Ikntim·k. Lord AUt'klnlld,
Lord Rllenhorough, Lord HardiJlj(l'. alld the ~rlll'qui, of Dnlho\l,ie.
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"Anglo-Indian Worthies. By Henry MOI1'iR, M,ADRAS C.S. (retired.)

~vo. 100 pp. 4 As. Po!\t-free, 5 As.
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Some Boted Indians of Modern Times. 8vo. ] 64 pp. 4 As. Post·
[ret', [) AR. <.-

1lartin Luther. the Great Europea.n Refof'Pler. 8yo. 109 pp. 2~ As.
 PUBLWATIONS lIOU INDIAN READER!:;.

Noble Lives. !:)vo. 208 pp. 5 As. Post-free, 6 As.

With 38 lUustrationH.
Dab. PadmaDji. An Autobiography. Bvo. lOB pp. 2t As.
Picture StorieB of Noble Women. 4t? 50 J;1p. 2! AI:!. POl:!t-ft-cu, 3 A~.
Accountb of Uomelia, Agripl'iua, Padma.m of UhlttortJ, L,&dy Jlt.l1e Ul"I!Y' Alu.l~.
Hai, 1Ilr". }<'ry, Pri[Jcehs Alice, J\lio' Carp~lIter, !Ilaharalll bumolllaYI. l'andlLB
Ra.mll.bai, Mi'h Nightiugale, alld Lad) 1>uficrl1l.
The Queen-EmpreBB of India and. Rer Family ~ 43, pp. ,3 A~.
Her cad) lifc. marriage'; widowhood; children; progrc~',., 11.1 rlld,,~ .durllIg hor
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Sir Herbert EdwardeB. By Henry l\1ol'l'il:!. ovo. ~O pp. i Anna.
CharleB Grant: the Chl'i-,til1ll Director of the Ba.l)t India Compa.ny .
.By Helll'y MOl1·j~. Hvo. 4H pp. 1 Anna,
John ChryBOstom: ., The Golden-Mouthed." Ho . .')2 pp. ;I AI:!.

The Hindu Sacred Books Described and Examined.

VOLUME I.
VElJAS AND BHAHMANAti.
An account of the VedaB, with Illustrative ExtractB from the
Rig-Veda. Hvo. loti pp. 4t As. Post-tree, 6 Ali.
The pnllclpal dIVI'lOll'> o! tho Veda, lire de.,crllJcd; with hfo ill Vcdic tunch,
(,he god, of the ·.reda'>, the offering,> IIIHI ;,u.critiCt,,>. Tr.tll~llItlOllb of bOllle of the
Illu><t Important hymub III the H.lg.Veda 1\l'e quoted ill lull.
The Atharva-Veda. Hvo. 76 pp. 2! As. Post-free, a Ab,
Thi,> Ih til" Ven't 01 I',a)('r,>, CllltLllh, and 8poll" A e1l1.hhitllld >!eloctlon of tho
Ho Ulll' h gncu, illdncltllg duum,> to ('U,'C dibcaKc" oxpel dl'l1l(HlS, riOcurc Kue()eijb
in life, dc,troy ClH'rnieb, &.e.; with II rovlew ,If the whole.
The Brahmanas of the VedaB. !:lvo. :.l32 pp. Jjy TH~l &V.
K. 1:>. MACDONALD, M.A., D.D" Author of l'lw Vcdu; llcligion.
H Ab. Po~t-frcc, 10 Ab.
Account,> Ill'I.: glvell of the BI"llull,Ul4' of the Itlg·Yoda, Sa.nm VOdllo, Bldck and
Whitc YIIJlIl' \'ed",,>, !tllfi tilt' .Uhl'"'' \',,<1,1, .howing the de\clopnlt'ut (If Hindui1lU1.
Tho .tatc of 'OliO!), the humlln, hoI'''', ;\1,,1 other ',IU ihGC'l. the god. ~lId religiull
uf the 13l'~hmalll\b arc dObcnhod ; With ma.ny intcrobtillg d~tU.llb.
VOLUME II.
PHILOtlOl'HICAL WOHKti AND LAW .BOOK::;,
Selections from the UpaniBhads. !:lvo. 120 pp. 4 As. Pm!t-free, 5 A$.
The K!tth,~, 1""" ;md S\,cta..va\l\ll\, I~' tmll,htcd into ElIglbh t.y lll. HueT, aro
quoted III lull, with tho lJoto, of Salll,.g,ra Acharya and othcr~; It.Ild there al'c CUplOUb
t3xtracth from the Brihad Aranya and Cnh;'lldogya U panishadh; with an examinatioJ,l
of thoir teaching.
The Bhagavad Gita. t!vo. lOt! pp. 3 AI). Post-free, I) As.
This work, ,uPV0..ed ~o reprehent the IOftWMt fiight of Hindu philoilOJ>hy,
con~il!tb of a supposed dialogue between Arjuna. and Krishna. It oeeks to harmoniee '
the Vedanta, Yoga., and 8t1.nkhYlL doctrines, combining with them faith (bhaldi) in
Krishna.,lLnd stern devotion to caf>te dutiOiI. NumeroUh explanatory notellarc ad4ed.
Veda.nta Sara. !:lvo. 143 pp. 4 As.
'fbi. celchra.ted LJ'olltibc, by
expObit.ioll of t.he Vedanta phil.)bOphy.
Poat·freo, () AI:!.
Su.da.UIlllUU., i,,- '<>1i'bidetw thtl bost pop_
99 PUBLIOATIONS FOR INDIU BRADERS.

Yoe:rhoSutra. Bvo. t;s pp. 2t As. Post-free, a As.

Yoga 8litr8oil of PatauJa.h examined, aud tht> supposed Yo~ l'owel'll I>howl!
to be 80 delublon. The true Yoga. 8aE.t.l'a 15 explained; with .. IlOt;lCO of Sw<!Uri
Vivebnaud&'~ Yoga Philosophy. :
The Laws Gf KAnUo' Bvo. 100 pp. 4 As. Post· free, 4-! As.
Ml:lnava Dlu1II'Ina·t:hJ,stra( the Law, of Manu, ib not only tho Illost important
of uJ.l the legal Cod"" but It 10 regarded I1Il ailllObt cqut>! III holinebb to the Ved.a.t!.
4-u Engliijh t~allblation I. givoll of the prIllClpal pllobbageb, wIth brief notice!> of
other Dharm&·8'str~8, and a roview of the whole.

VOLUME III.
EPIC POEMS AND PURANAS.
The Ramayana. 8vo. 180 pp. 7 As. Pm,t·frec, 8t As.
A full abrldgmoJlt of thl, ~e!ebratod poem ib givell lfl Engh~, wIth cxplanatc...y
noteo, whore lleco""ary.
The Maha.bharat&. bvo. 176 pp. 7 As. Post· flee, b~ As.
This work, bObldllb affordmg vIvid pwtUI'Co of the tmleij described, m"y be regardod
a.. an encyclopredu~ of HmdUl,>m, contammg mo~t of the logcndb with which the
people e.re lanl.lhar. The loading btory of the poem b glVen, with some of the
principal eplsodeb.
The Vishnu Purana. t)vo. 96 pp. 3 As. Post· free, 4 As.
An abridgment l~ given, verbllf1ll,-> from the Engltbh tran~IQLlOn of H. H. Wilbon,
Profesbor of ~lmbkrit, UmvcrBlty of OxfOld, with au exaIDlllatlOn of the Book In tho
light of the prebOnt dlly. A very bllef au~tla(t is u.if,o glvon of the eighteen Pnra.nab.
Sold separately or in volumes.
The volumes lDay be had in btlf! covers at 1 Re. each; in half
cloth at Rc. It; Postago, 2 As. Tho PI'ICOS are net-no discount iii
aJlowed.
The Relie:ious History of India.. t)vo. 200 pp. 6.\s Post.free, 71 Ab.
'fhls voTuruc (ouLalIlb a ~unllllary of thc pllnLlpaJ l:iacred Book~ of the HindWl.

t;OCIAL HEFORM.
On Decision of Character and Moral Courage. 8vo. 56 pp. Ii As,
Post· free, 2 As.
A roprint of Fostor's colebrated ESbay, with somo roma.rk., on its applicu.tion to
Indja.
Sanit&1'y Reform in India. 55 pp, 2 As, Post· free, 2i As.
How lakhs of Lives may be bayed every year, and crorcb of casO!. of Sickhess
proventod; PrecautIOns against ~'ovcr, Cholt"a, Diabete., &c.
Ia I_dia becoming Poorer or Rieher 1 With Remedies for the
. Existing Poverty. 8vo. 82 pp. 2* As. Post·free, 3 As.
Tho prevo.iling idoo. with regard to the increasing poverty of India. shown 1.0 be
inoorrect, and tho true mmmo; of promoting itb wealth explained.
Debt and the Ria'ht Use of Money. 8vo. 32 pp. 1 Anna.
Prevalence of Dobt in IndJa; its Ca.l}sos; Evils; how to get out of it; with
Fre.nklin's Way to Wealth, &0.
Purity Reform. 8vo ...~p. 1 Anna.
The great need of this roform bhown, alld tIle meana for Its promotion.
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Tem.perance Reform in India. 8vo. 40 pp. It .\.s Post-free, 2 A~.

IUWXlca.ting liquors m Ancient India, TemperallLe l~form In India, how
to promote T!:'m»eNOOe Reform; wltla Portra.lt~ of Llve"l ~, Fathor :Ilathll\\, St.r
Wilfred Lawson, VIIllD Fr.rrar. Messr. Sa.muel Smith a.nd Came
Caste. 8vo. 66 pp. 2 As. Post· free , 2, AI>. •
s~po'>Cdand real. ongm of Labte; L~wb of Us...tc ,\('col'thng to !\lauu. Ito l.f!oLLH,
Duty Wlth regard to It
The Women of India and what can be Done fOf Them. tivo. 158 pp.
4 As. Poa.. free. 51 As
WomelllU Hmdu literature, Female l.U1K"tlOlI. Ma.rrlage l-m.toIDb, Widow
MarrIage. means to I>e adopted to T/llbe the f0::.ltlOu of
Vy omoll.

THE ABOVE WMPLETE IN ONI!. VOLUML, 1 Rupoe Not. PObtago, 2t AI>

Prize Essay on the Promotion on IndIan Domestic Reform. 8vo
144 pp. 4 AI>. PObt·free, 5 AI>
The pnze Wd, gll.mod U) G.lllpa.t LahhnHtl, of Bomba.) , III 11,41 It Ib hIghly
uommendod a.b gl',lll~ a. gldphlL and <-arrect pIt thrc of H1lldu i.UIIII) hfe.

Philosophic Hinduism.
Philosophic Hinduism. 8vo 72 pp 2-; Ab Post-flee, 3 Ab.
The Upalllohad" tho SIX S<,hool~ of Hllalu l'hIJo,oph) thL IIl11101 8"h0I.1I,.
Doctrme, of l'hliol;()phu. Hl1Id U1~Ill. th" Bhaga \ ad t, itt. l-a.u ,", of the 1!'1\1! ure 'Of
Hindu Philowph>
Studies in the Upanishads. !:lvo tlO Pl> 21 .\.b Post·froo, 3 All
]<'IV6 LectuH,b bj th" &v '1 .b. biatci All wt"ll ,tlUg a.lcount I' glVOll of the
development of 8011('I011t 11ldhUI thought, d.ud lt~ pmctlLul re,uIt, III the life ~d
r"l!gI011 of the people The \ od8l1ta. l' <'olltl8obtod WIth <-hI htla.lI1ty
Transmigration and Karma. !:lvo. tiO Pll :& All Post·heo, 2! AI:l.
LO(,tUtLb bj the &v 1'. E l:)latol All lXal1ll1ldtwll of two I1l1poltunt Hll1du
tenets
Transmigration. 121110. ll) pp. By Rev D1. W. IIoopnr, 1 Anna.
Swami Vivekananda on Hinduism. !:lvo U6 pp 3 As
'rho SWalIll'l> Chllago Addresb I ' quoted III full alld oxallllllod, Important factI>
are brought out whKh he olluttod to bta.to
Swami Vivekananda and his Guru Hvo 125 pp 3 As.
A hl.,tory of the Swami and hh Guru I' gnen, the Swa.ml', hOlt"tod bUl-c,eb" UI
the Webt 18 shown to be untrue b) the letters of 45 prominLnt Amerloanb.

Popular Hinduism.
Popular Hinduism. 8vo. 96 pp 2'; As. Post·froo,
ReVltlW of the HmdUlHID of the EplL Poem" and PUrtllJS".
3. AB.
&L.. Ritell and
OblierV'll.nccs. Eff6(,t~ of HmdlllHID, and Sugg('btl'd Rcform~
Kiatory of the Hindu Triaci. (BrahulIl., Vll:lhnu, and Slva.) tlvo.
64 pp. 2 As. Post· free, 21' As.
Krishna as deson'bed in the PUf&D&B and Bhagavad GiN.
8vo. 72 pp. 2* As. Post· free, 3 As.
Account of tae Temple of Jagannath at Puri. 8vo 48 pp Ii As
Devil.Dancers, Witch-finders, Bain-14a!"!1!:~ and 1Iedicino XeI1.
4to. 60 pp. 21 As. Post·free, 3 As.
94 PUBLl(;A'l'lONR FOR INillAN READERS .

. _Brahma Sa.la&j.
The Brahma Samaj, and other Modern Eclectic Religioul Syateuli.
108 pp. 3 As. Post-free, 4 As. .
~I 00",'11 Hiudu '1'lu!blll; !:l.UlJIm,,1!IU\ n()~-. /)chclIdmllJ.t.h 'rllgOl"C; KOtihutl
<Jhaudor 1:)011 ; I:)adharall Brahl1w S.llll"'J; ~ll1,dtt\,; HrahlllOinlll ; Pmrthl\llIl SlIrlliaje,.

Christianity.
Christianity Explained to a Hindu; or. -"The Doctrines of
Christianity and Hinduism Compared. 60 P}l. ~ As.
DoeLl'lllCK aoout (iud, Urea-LIO)), the DOu) , K,u'lna., · llt'n.U~JllIgl'"Liull , ~iJl, l11LI~rt1tl'
tiollo;, &Ivutioll, Pwsped, aL <lm.Lb, alld COlllparaLlve J<;l\v-L,_
India Hindu, and India Christian; or, Wha.t Hinduism ha.s
done for India, and what Christianity would do for it.
l:\vo, 7:l Pl'. ;,l1 AI-L l'o"t-fl'ee, :j As.
Add!'"," to t.!lOught.ful lIi"n" " , 11OWilJ;< h",v lIlueh thei.· ~t)llllt.·,I" would h~llclit
{rolllLhc roligioll whkh Illl\lI} of Lhew 1I 0W "Pp(""·.
Letters to Indian Youth on the Evidences of Christianity.
l~IllO. ~l)O pp. 0 AH. Post-free, 7 ,\b.
By the Rev. Dr. ;\]u.Tay ;\] it..tlCII. 1':xknu,1 alld lutcl'lIal E\,jdc\1 .h~, 01
lihriotiallity; gXIIllllllaLioll of 1>01'\1 11\1" Hill(lUl'IlI, \·()d8.lIti~llI, I\Jld i\1l\h'\lIlIlmdH,·i~Ul.

Barrows Lectures. Christianity the World-Wide ReligiOrtl.

Hvo. 11:)1:) pp. (j l'ost-freei ~ Ati.
As.
80voll LCCLU I C', hy the Rov . Dr. Ban IIW >-, o( C1l1<:<lgo.
Elements of Christian Truth. 1~lllO. '11 pp. I t·k
Lectmc>-, by the H.t:v. PI'. "IIII'm)" ~IJLch"'l , <tcilvcred to ~;ducatcd Himl ll b.
Bushnell's Character of Jesus. 1tllll0. ~~ pp , 1~ .\.0.
With 1I0tc, hy the ltC\. T. I'; . olukl'.
The History of Christia.nity in India; with its Prospects.
tlvo. 11)0 pp, I) Ati. 1'ost-fren, ti ,h.
All IICCOUllt uf thu OItrly Uhl'istillll ~I "~IOJ", tllld the l'n>grcbb of Uhri~ti'llIjLy
l\lIlOUg the prillciplIl I'lItlOlI>-; wlLh 'l5 iliu,tmtiolls. illeilldiug portmit~ of !;ollle
ollliucut Miosiouancs.
Testimonies of Great Men to the Bible and Christianity, I:)yo.
41) pp. 1~ ,\ti. Post-free, ~ A~,
Famous Christians of Early Times. I:)yo. 1~o pp, ;J As.

Aids to Study the New Testament.

J~sus Christ;
His Life and Times. tlvo. 176 );lp. ;$ An, Pos.·fn;!:·, .j As.
The Founder of Christianity, 121llo. ~60 pp. i:)titl· covers, 4 As.
, Pull cloth, gIlt tItle, t:l A~.
All Illtrodllctioll to Lhe New 'L'estalllollt. with .. otatelllellt of Chrj~ti&n Truth.
Pl'ayer". Vocablllary, aud two Maps. includos most of tho preceding, with additions.
Notes on the Gospel of Luke. I:)vo. 173 pp. 3 As.
Notes on Acts of the Apostles. tlvo. Hi4 pp. 3 As.
lntolldod to ,\ssi"t Illdlllo11 studoutB ill uuderstaudiug" Gospel history. KxpliullA-
Lions Ioro givnll of WOl'llh lionel phrahQ" '\Ilcl of auy other poiut,; l'roscntillg dilhculty ;
together with the pl'",oticllr~llS tllollgb.t. A, both hook.l:I were originllolly writt.on
for Ilo cOllvert, they IIro "Ol'Y suit.uWe t.o COllllllOllCtl with. Act" hlIoI:i II. coloured map. .
 PUBLICATIONS FOR INDIAN READERS.

14iacellaneous.
The lwliall Student's Manual. 12ruo. 352 pp. HAs. Post· free , 9 As.
Hint» on Stlldl c~. EX8.mHle.tiOlJ', ]1,10'1\\ CollClu(\t, ReligIOn... ThltlI\K...nd SuOCl6t6s
ill Life. •
The Indian Clerk. H\'O. l.'j~ pp. 4 As. Post·free, 5 As.
Rib Tell Stfp' to lOll@' LJie, RU('ee~~, U,dul11t',". II!lppill~", hCf(' e.ud hereafter. •
Stories of Golden Deeds. Hvo. 14A pp. 3 As.
Series for Parents.
Childbirth. 121llo. i16 VP. 1 Anna. PO"lt-free, I! As.
The Health of Children. 1:.lIM. lOG JIll. :& A~ .
The Training of Children. 121110. 94 pp ;>. A,> , PO'lt·free, 2~ Ac;.
Tbe Anna Librarv. 1 Anna each
I\ftl'4I'T' WTTH 1'\\ \ll:Itol '\ IIL1 ' :>'[HA'1 [(),-.

India.n Fa.bles IK P1>

Picture Fables. ~H pp.
Choice Pictures ILnd Stories 4i'> pp
Pictures and Storie. for the Young-. JH P/l
The Babes in the Basket IH JlP.
The Ayah and Ladv. tiO pp
Monica's Story !i2 pp
!lll/Olif

India. in Vedic Times. 4 k pp

Picture Stories of the Ancient Greeks· 4K p}.l.
Picture Stories of the Old Romans. .J.H PI>
Picture Stories from English History. .JH pp,
nll"IIIII'" 'f
Alexa.nder the Great. ,1H pp
St. Augustine, the greatest Ea.rly Christia.n Writer, 4k PP.
Alfred the Great, the famous Kin~ of England. 4H pp
Columbus, the Discore!'er of Amerlca. 4H PJI.
Va.sco da. Gama. j or. the First Voyage to India 4t{ pp.
, Magella.n: the First Voy~e round the World. 4H PjJ
Peter the Great, Czar of Russia. 4H pp.
Pa.liur, the Potter. 4H vp
FrancIs Xavier. 48 pp
Life of Christian Frederick Swartz. 4H pp
Benjamin Fra.nldin. 4!:l pp
Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson. 4H P\!.
William Carey. 4A pp.
Story of Dr Duff, by A. L. O· E· uti PI"
Thomas Arnold: the Model English Teat!';:".' 41" pr·
George StephenfJOtl, the Founder of Railways. 4H JIll.
 Story of Dr. Livinpto1Ul, the 8reat lIiwnolaary !l'1'I;felJt;k 48 pp.
Gattal GarAeld. 48 pp. '*'
)1'_ _ • *he True Patriot .f Japan. 48 pp,
Life of ~illiam Ewart Gladstone. 48 pp.
," A'WHn~,fs a'IUl Plants.
Pictures and Stories of Wild Beasts. 48 pp.
Stories ofltIonkeys, Elephants, and some other Beasts. 48 pp,
Pictures and Stories of Birds. 48 pp. ,
Sna.kes, Crocodiles, and other Reptiles. 48 pp. "",,
Fishes and Whales. 48 pp.
Curious Little People; a Description of Insects 41'; pp.
Pearls, Animalcules, and other Wonders. 4H pp.
The Wonderful House I Live in. 48 pp.
A de~('ription of the human body.
ltIonaters of Olden Times. 4ti pp.
Plants: Useful and Wonderfnl. Parts I. & II. 48 pp.
Physzeal 8CU'1lce.
Astronomy and Astrology. 48 pp.
Burning Mountains, Earthqua.kes, and other Wonders
I 48 pp.
Wonders of the Microscope. 4H pp.
l1h;cellaneoHs.
Buddha and his Religion. 64 pp.
Idols of the Earth. 4H pp. \
History of the True Incarnation. 52 ppo',
Proverbs from East and West. 4H pp.
Choice Poetry. 4H pp.
Short Pa:Pers for Seekers after Truth. 12mo. 112 pp.
A (luidu to Religion" InqtUle", tf(,at1l1g of thf' Exi,ton<'c of (iod, Sin, tlle Nopd
of B Revelation, tbe le..ding ])octl111e, of Christianity, a.nd the Object of Lifo.
Short Papers for Young Men. 12mo. 104 pp
A Bequel to the forogo1l1g Hinth on (lonera) Conduct, the Choice of !1.
Profoqsion, and SueN'" 111 Life.
The Te&chi~ of Jesus Christ in His Own Words. tlvo.1l2 pp.l Au.
Compiled hv Lmd Northbrook
Progress. .,
This is a monthly illustrated Periodical f,)r the educated cla.sses in
, India, and Ce:1'on. The &ubscription is only 8 As. a year; with
postage 11 As. 'rhree ('opies may he sent for I anna posta,ge.
Th"Periodical 1" spermlly reeolUmended to TEACIiERS. It would
give new idf'as to their pupil A, while the page for students
would be very Ut*'flll to those preparing for examinations.
?rders to be addressed to Mr. A. T. SCOTT, Tract DepOt. MADRAS.

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~. }', l'. K. PRESR, VEPRRY, MAl)RAS-l000.