IDKD 7 RLZHC

ICK 7 =<3:3204?

^AHGDR 7 GLIL^AIPA 2
P\ODZ : ^HR

Fdtcmdi \gc Hakpltlisc :

*) jarlt ydio tc`dh plrfu G_BI

4. ^li`dpdt prcbd`c ^HR Zlbdodc Ka`lf ^lkblfdgdrdi

Kliurut sdyd `c C`ailscd ydio klkpuiydc wcfdydm ydio fuds `di tlr`crc `drc rcbudi pufdu, tdh `dpdt
`cmci`drc d`diyd plrkdsdfdmdi pliylbdrdi `di plrkdsdfdmdi plrbl`ddi blblrdpd mdf. Bloctu guod `dfdk
systlk pli`c`chdi hctd, kcsdfiyd `dfdk pliylbdrdi ouru Z@.

Zystlk pli`c`chdi hctd blfuk kdkpu kliylbdrhdi ouru Z@ sljdrd klrdtd hl slodfd pliguru wcfdydm `c tdidm
dcr. Dhcbdtiyd kdscm tlrgd`c hlhurdiodi ouru Z@ sljdrd fahdf `ckdid-kdid, tlrkdsuh `c ^dpud kdscm
kliodfdkc kdsdfdm hlhurdiodi ouru Z@ slhctdr 0>>> ardio. @dfdk kdsdfdm plrbl`ddi hudfctds mdscf
 blfdgdr, pd`d ukukiyd kurc` Z@ `c hatd hatd blsdr gdum flbcm bdch `cbdi`ciohdi `liodi klrlhd ydio
blrd`d `c `dlrdm, tlrutdkd `c `dlrdm ydio tlrplijcf dhcbdt hlhurdiodi ouru, kuiohci sdgd dhdi klidkbdm
d`diyd plrbl`ddi cic. Zdfdm sdtu updyd uituh kliodtdsc hlhurdiodi ouru
`c blblrdpd Z@ `c Ci`ailscd d`dfdm `liodi plilrdpdi ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp(^HR) idkui `lkchcdi
kliodgdr `liodi klrdiohdp hlfds buhdi blrdrtc klrupdhdi pliylbdb tlrgd`ciyd hurdio bdchiyd hudfctds
mdscf blfdgdr. Kuiohci mdf cic `chdrlidhdi hctd blfuk klilkuhdi tlhich ydio tlpdt uituh klfdhuhdi ^HR
plkdmdkdi ydio bdch tlitdio ^HR aflm ouru kdupui jdfai ouru `cmdrdphdi dhdi kdkpu klfdhsdidhdi
plkblfdgdrdi ^HR `liodi lelhtce `di lecscli, slmciiod d`d dioodpdi bdmwd ^HR klrupdhdi sudtu kdsdfdm
ydio sufct uituh `cdtdsc. Idkui, gustru `csd`drc bdmwd ^HR d`dfdm sudtu tditdiodi `di hliydtddi ydio
mdrus `cmd`dpc slbdodc tuods ouru.
@dfdk ^HR flbcm bdiydh kliuitut scswd blfdgdr kdi`crc `di haitlstudf, slmciood sljdrd tc`dh fdiosuio
citlrdhsc ditdrd scswd ydio bdch `di citlisce dhdi klkblituh hdrdhtlr scswd ydio pasctce.hdfdu
`chdcthdi `liodi cpflklitdsc hurchuuk 2>4: ydio klilhdihdi pd`d pli`lhdtdi tlkdtch, ^HR cic tdkpdhiyd
jajah `ctlrdphdi. ^lkblfdgdrdi Plkdtch klrupdhdi pli`lhdtdi plkblfdgdrdi ydio kliocitlordschdi blrbdodc
hakpatlisc `drc blrbdodc kdtd plfdgdrdi, pliocitlordscdi tlrslbut `cfdhuhdi
`dfdk `ud mdf, ydctu citlordsc schdp, hlkdkpudi / hltlrdkpcfdi `di plioltdmudi `dfdk prasls plkblfdgdrdi
slrtd pliocitlordscdi blrbdodc haislp `dsdr ydio blrhdctdi. Aflm hdrlid ctu ^HR kdscm kligd`c safusc `di
pcfcmdi ouru kdupui slhafdm uituh sddt cic `lkc tlrjdpdciyd tugudi plkblfdgdrdi.

2. Zukblr Blrctd Zlbdodc ^li`uhuio @cplrfuhdiiyd ^HR

:. Plarc ^li`uhuio ^lfdhsdiddi ^HR
 ^d`d `dsdriyd, ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp d`dfdm plioodbuiodi slhlfakpah scswd ydio klkpuiydc
plrbl`ddi uscd, hlkdkpudi, kcidt, `di tciohdtdi hlfds, `ckdid `chlfafd aflm slardio ouru dtdu blblrdpd
ouru ydio `dfdk plkblfdgdrdiiyd `ceahushdi pd`d hlkdgudi ci`cvc`udf pdrd scswd (Erdihfci, 435?).
 Idkui `lkchcdi slfdci `lecicsc tlrslbut, d`d slbdocdi prdhtcsc pli`c`chdi klkbl`dhdi `lecicsc `drc
kuftcord`l `liodi kuftcdol hdrlid plrbl`ddi tugudiiyd. Zlplrtc ydio `chlkuhdhdi aflm Lfhci` (43=?),
bdmwd cstcfdm kuftcord`l `c kdid hlfds ydio blrblituh slplrtc ctu dhdi blrcsc pdrd scswd `drc 2
dtdu flbcm tciohdtdi hlfds `liodi sdtu ouru `c rudiodi ydio sdkd pd`d sudtu wdhtu. ^drd scswd `c
hlfds tlrslbut tltdp klioouidhdi hurchufuk ydio splscech uituh tciohdtdi hlfdsiyd sli`crc `di `lkchcdi
pufd `liodi tciohdt hlsuhdrdi tlsiyd pui `cslsudchdi `liodi tciohdtdi hlfds klrlhd. @liodi `lkchcdi,
hlfcmdtdi bdmwd hlfds kuftcord`l dtdu plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp ka`lf ctu `cd`dhdi uituh dfdsdi
d`kcicstrdsc `di lhaiakc. Zlplrtc mdfiyd ydio tlrgd`c `c slhafdm-slhafdm `dlrdm tlrplijcf `c Ci`ailscd
bdiydh ouru ydio klrdiohdp hlfds hdrlid klkdio tc`dh d`d tlidod ouru buhdi hdrlid tugudi dtdu
dfdsdi pli`c`chdi. Fdci mdfiyd `liodi cstcfdm kuftcdol ydio kliodju pd`d prdhtlh plkblfdgdrdi hl`ud
tciohdtdi uscd `di hlfds ydio sliodgd `cjdkpur hdrlid hlplitciodi tugudi pli`c`chdi ydio `cciocihdi.
@liodi `lkchcdi, tlfdm tlrgd`c plrolslrdi plioouiddi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp ydio d`d `c `dlrdm
tlrplijcf mciood blrhlkbdio kligd`c plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp ydio `crdijdio sljdrd scstlkdtcs uituh
dfdsdi pliciohdtdi lelhtcvctds plkblfdgdrdi `c hlfds. Bcsd sdgd plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp ydio `ufu
`cfdhsdidhdi kdscm blrblituh pliolfafddi hlfds trd`cscaidf `c kdid pliodturdi tlkpdt `u`uh slfurum
scswd kliomd`dp hl drdm pdpdi tufcs `c `lpdi hlfds, `c kdid ouru `liodi ku`dm `dpdt klioaitraf
slfurum scswdiyd. Idkui `lkchcdi, slplrtc `cutdrdhdi `c dtds, hdrlid d`diyd plrolslrdi plkchcrdi
slmciood kuijuf blituhblituh bdru plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp, klkbudt pliodturdi tlkpdt `u`uh `c
hlfds kliylbdr. Blrchut sdfdm sdtu jaitam pliodturdi tlkpdt `u`uh pd`d ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp.
 Fdfu bdodckdid `liodi pliodturdi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp1 Sdtls (2>>>) kliolkuhdhdi bdmwd `liodi
plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp, `c kdid pdrd scswd bcsd tcioodf `c hlfds `liodi sdtu ouru `dfdk flbcm
`drc sdtu tdmui, klkbudt mubuiodi ditdrd pdrd scswd, ouru, `di ardiotud kligd`c `lhdt. Klrlhd
klkpuiydc rdsd plrjdyd, rdsd dkdi, `di lidh sdtu `liodi ydio fdci, slmciood prasls plkblfdgdrdi `dpdt
`cfdhuhdi `liodi iydkdi. Mdf tlrslbut wdgdr, hdrlid ka`lf plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp slplrtc ctu `c
kdid 2 dtdu : tciohdtdi d`d `dfdk sdtu hlfds `liodi sdtu dtdu blblrdpd ouru kliodgdr sljdrd tck tc`dh
kliolidf cstcfdm idch hlfds dtdu tcioodf hlfds.
 Idkui `lkchcdi, kliurut Zurydi (2>>>) tlriydtd pli`lhdtdi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp bcsd `couidhdi
uituh hlfds trd`cscaidf, `c kdid mdiyd tlr`dpdt plkblfdgdrdi sdtu tciohdtdi hlfds sdgd. Mdf cic
`csd`drc bdmwd slblidriyd pd`d hlfds trd`cscaidf, guod blrcschdi pdrd scswd ydio klkpuiydc
blrbdodc tciohdtdi hlkdkpudi `di kuiohci uscd, slmciood lslisc plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp tltdp
`dpdt `couidhdi uituh hlfds trd`cscaidf slmciood prciscp-prciscp plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp bcsd
`ctlrdphdi.
 Plr`dpdt blblrdpd dfdsdi hlidpd tlrgd`ciyd plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp. @gdfcf `di _dr`dic (433?)
kliourdchdi `dfdk ka`ufiyd bdmwd plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp `cplrfuhdi hdrlid dfdsdi olaordecs,
 `lkaordecs, hurdioiyd ouru, tlrbdtdsiyd rudio hlfds, `di d`diyd hltc`dhmd`crdi ouru `c hlfdsiyd
hdrlid sdhct dtdu hlplrfudi fdciiyd.
 Zlplrtc guod ydio `chlkuhdhdi Gails `c dtds, bdmwd `dmufuiyd pd`d slblfuk tdmui 433>-di, dtdu
kdfdmdi bdoc ilodrd-ilodrd slplrtc Ci`ailscd, Klxcja, Ci`cd, bdmhdi Dustrdfcd, kdscm bdiydh
`cgukpdc slhafdm ydio mdiyd klkpuiydc sdtu dtdu `ud hlfds sdgd ydio `couidhdi blrsdkd-sdkd
aflm pdrd scswd `drc blrbdodc tciohdtdi hlfds. Mdf cic `cslbdbhdi tlkpdt tcioodf pdrd scswd ydio
blrgdumdi slmciood `lkc lelsclisc, plklrcitdm tc`dh kuiohci kli`crchdi slhafdm ydio mdiyd klfdydic
blblrdpd scswd sdgd. \ituh ctu `c`crchdiiyd slhafdm `c sudtu tlkpdt `di scswd ydio blrgdumdi
`dtdio hl slhafdm ctu, `liodi ouru ydio bcsd klfdydic slgukfdm hljcf scswd `drc blrbdodc tciohdtdi
hlfds. Dfdsdi fdciiyd, hdrlid klkdio hlsufctdi klijdrc tlidod ouru (tlidod ouru hurdio), slmciood
plklrcitdm tc`dh bcsd klkliumc hlbutumdi pdrd scswd `c sudtu `dlrdm tlrtlitu `liodi rdsca gukfdm
ouru ydio slckbdio. Dfdsdi-dfdsdi ydio `cpdpdrhdi ctu kufdc tc`dh `cpdhdc fdoc uituh kliolfafd
plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp (tlrutdkd `c ilodrd Bdrdt, sl`diohdi blblrdpd ilodrd `c Dscd, Dklrchd
fdtci, `di Ci`ailscd mciood hcic kdscm klioouidhdi dfdsdi tlrslbut uituh d`diyd plkblfdgdrdi hlfds
rdiohdp).
 Zlcrcio `liodi d`diyd rlearkdsc pd`d haislp-haislp pli`c`chdi ydio kli`uhuio hlplitciodi plrhlkbdiodi
pdrd scswd `c`ch aflm pdrd prdhtcsc `di haislptar pli`c`chdi, `chlkbdiohdifdm haislp-haislp bdru
tlitdio plfdhsdiddi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp `liodi blr`dsdrhdi pliolkbdiodi mdscf rcslt uituh
klijdrc dfdsdi dtdu kdieddt pli`c`chdi ydio `dpdt `cdkbcf `drc plilrdpdi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp.
@liodi kdhci tlrbuhdiyd plkchcrdi pdrd d`kcicstrdtar `di plkbdmdru-plkbdmdru pli`c`chdi uituh
kliolhspfardsc kdieddt `drc pli`lhdtdi pliolfafddi hlfds cic, kdhd `ctlkuhdi hluituiodi pli`c`chdi ydio
`cplraflm `drc plfdhsdiddi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp.
 Rc`owdy `di Fdwtai (4353) klijdtdt bdmwd, dsplh utdkd `drc kdieddt plioouiddi plkblfdgdrdi hlfds
rdiohdp cic d`dfdm tlrbdiouiiyd chfck hlhlfudroddi `dfdk hlfds. Klrlhd klilkuhdi `liodi plkblfdgdrdi
hlfds rdiohdp, pdrd scswd bcsd flbcm klrdsd iydkdi `di ku`dm klilrckd plrubdmdi hlocdtdi `di
pliodfdkdi ydio `cblrchdi ouru.
 @dsdr fdciiyd `drc `couidhdiiyd plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp slplrtc ydio `cutdrdhdi Di`lrsai `di ^dvdi
(433:) bdmwd, ecfasaec `dsdr `drc plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp d`dfdm tlrdhaka`dsciyd hlbutumdi
ci`cvc`u scswd slbdodc slardio ydio uich `di klkbutumhdi plrfdhudi ydio blrbl`d sdtu `liodi fdciiyd
uituh bcsd klijdpdc plrhlkbdiodi ydio kdhsckuk.

0. ^liglfdsdi Plarc ydio kli`dsdrc ^HR

^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp (^HR) d`dfdm sdtu blituh plkblfdgdrdi ydio klkplrsydrdthdi slardio ouru
kliodgdr `dfdk sdtu rudio hlfds dtdu flbcm, `dfdk sddt ydio sdkd `di kliomd`dpc `ud dtdu flbcm `dfdk
sddt ydio sdkd `di kliomd`dpc `ud dtdu flbcm tciohdt hlfds ydio blrbl`d. ^HR guod kliodi`uio kdhid,
slardio ouru kliodgdr `dfdk sdtu rudio hlfds dtdu flbcm `di kliomd`dpc kurc`-kurc` `liodi hlkdkpudi
blfdgdr ydio blrbl`d-bl`d.
^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp klrupdhdi ka`lf plkblfdgdrdi `liodi klijdkpur blblrdpd scswd ydio tlr`crc `drc
`ud dtdu tcod tciohdtdi hlfds `dfdk sdtu hlfds `di plkblfdgdrdi `cblrchdi aflm sdtu ouru sdgd uituh
blblrdpd wdhtu. ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp sdiodt klilhdihdi `ud mdf utdkd, ydctu hlfds `codbuio
sljdrd tlrcitlordsc `di plkblfdgdrdi tlrpusdt pd`d scswd slmciood ouru tc`dh plrfu blrfdrc-fdrc ditdrd `ud
rudio hlfds uituh kliodgdr `ud tciohdtdi hlfds ydio blrbl`d `liodi praordk ydio blrbl`d. Idkui kurc` `drc
`ud hlfds blhlrgd sljdrd sli`crc-sli`crc `crudiodi ydio sdkd, kdscio-kdscio `u`uh `c scsc rudio hlfds ydio
blfdcidi `di `cdgdrhdi praordk ydio blrbl`d aflm sdtu ouru. ^HR d`dfdm sudtu blituh plkblfdgdrdi ydio
klisydrdthdi slardio ouru kliodgdr `dfdk sdtu rudiodi hlfds dtdu flbcm, `dfdk sddt ydio sdkd, `di
kliomd`dpc `ud dtdu flbcm tciohdt hlfds ydio blrbl`d.
@drc urdcdi `c dtds ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp (^HR) d`dfdm plrdiohdpdi tc`dh fdoc slkdtd-kdtd
`cfcmdt `drc `ud dtdu flbcm tciohdt hlfds ydio blrbl`d, tltdpc guod `dfdk sdtu tciohdt hlfds ydio sdkd,
idkui tlr`crc `drc kurc` `liodi tciohdt hlkdkpudi `di hlkdgudi ydio blrbl`d. ^lrbl`ddi hlkdkpudi `di
hlkdgudi `c ditdrd kurc` pd`d tciohdt hlfds ydio sdkd `dpdt tlrgd`c tc`dh mdiyd `dfdk sdtu kdtd
plfdgdrdi ydio sdkd, tltdpc guod `dfdk kdtd plfdgdrdi ydio blrbl`d.
D`d blblrdpd dfdsdi kliodpd `cd`dhdi ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp (^HR) slbdodc blrchut 7
d. Dfdsdi Olaordecs
Zufctiyd fahdsc, tlrbdtdsiyd sdrdid trdispartdsc, plkuhckdi ydio blrpci`dmpci`dm, `di d`diyd kdtd
plijdmdrcdi hmusus, slplrtc klidiohdp chdi, klilbdio hdyu `di slbdodciyd, kli`araio plioouiddi
^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp (^HR).

b. Dfdsdi @lkaordecs
\ituh kliodgdr kurc` `dfdk gukfdm hljcf, dpdfdoc tcioodf `c `dlrdm plkuhckdi ydio dkdt gdrdio
kdhd ^HR `cicfdc slbdodc pli`lhdtdi pliodgdrdi ydio prdhtcs.

j. Hlhurdiodi Ouru
_dfdupui gukfdm ouru sljdrd hlslfurumdi klijuhupc, sufct uituh klijdrc ouru ydio `liodi suhdjctd
kliodgdr `c `dlrdm. ^rdhtch plilkpdtdi ouru tc`dh slsudc ydio `cmdrdphdi, gdumiyd gdiohdudi ydio
`ctlkpum aflm ouru ydio kliodgdr `c`dlrdm tlrplijcf `di gukfdm ouru ydio tlrsl`cd tc`dh klijuhupc.
Plrbdtdsiyd sdrdid trdispartdsc, dfdt `di kl`cd hakuichdsc sdfdm sdtuiyd klkbudt ouru tc`dh scdp.
Blfuk fdoc mdrod hlplrfudi slmdrc-mdrc ydio gdum flbcm kdmdf `drc pd`d `c
`dlrdm plrhatddi, slklitdrd blsdriyd odgc ydio `ctlrckd tc`dh blrbl`d. @c tdkbdm `liodi tdioodf
odgcdi ydio fdkbdt `di tc`dh tlrdtur, `di tlrbdtdsiyd plfudio uituh kli`dpdthdi pli`c`chdi `di
plfdtcmdi fdigutdi, slrtd pliolkbdiodi hdrcr kdhd fliohdpfdm su`dm hljcfiyd kcidt ouru uituh
kliod`u `c `dlrdm tlrplijcf.
`. Plrbdtdsdiiyd Rudio Hlfds
_dfdupui gukfdm kurc`iyd juhup blsdr, gukfdm rudio hlfds ydio tlrsl`cd gdum flbcm hljcf `drc pd`d
rakbaiodi blfdgdr. Zdfdm sdtu gdfdi uituh kliodtdsc kdsdfdm cic d`dfdm klioodbuiohdi `ud dtdu
flbcm rakbaiodi ydio `cdgdrc aflm slardio ouru, `di tlitu sdgd ^HR `cplrfuhdi.

l. D`diyd Ouru ydio Pc`dh Md`cr

Dfdsdi cic tc`dh mdiyd blrfdhu bdoc Z@ `dlrdm tlrplijcf, `c hatd blsdr pui guod blrfdhu. Zlplrtc `c
Gdhdrtd, kuscbdm bdigcr `dpdt kliomdkbdt ouru uituh `dtdio kliodgdr.
Ouru ydio tc`dh hlid kuscbdm dtdu blruituio hdrlid blrukdm `lhdt slhafdm, mdrus kliodgdr hlfds
ydio tc`dh d`d ouruiyd. Idkui, sddt cic pliolrtcdi ^lkblfdgdrdi ^HR `c Ci`ailscd flbcm `ctlhdihdi pd`d
kliodgdr `ud dtdu flbcm hlfds ydio blrbl`d pd`d wdhtu ydio sdkd. 4> Hdzt klilodshdi bdmwd hlfds
rdiohdp `cfdhsdidhdi tc`dh mdiyd hdrlid dfdsdi-dfdsdi fltdh olaordecs, hlhurdiodi kurc`, dtdu
hlhurdiodi tlidod ouru, dhdi tltdpc flbcm `drc ctu d`dfdm bdodckdid kliciodthdi kutu pli`c`chdi
klfdfuc edscfctdsc ydio tciooc bdoc plrhlkbdiodi `di patlisc scswd. \ituh klkplrglfds hdzt
kliolkbdiohdi tcod glics hlfds rdiohdp
`dfdk rdiohdp plkblfdgdrdi slbdodc blrchut 7
 Jakbcil` Ord`ls, Ka`lf plrtdkd Jakbcil` Ord`ls dtdu guod `chdtdhdi slbdodc Jakbcil` Jfdsslss, `ckdid
`dfdk sdtu hlfds tlr`dpdt flbcm `drc sdtu tciohdtdi hlfds didh. Klkbdoc hlfds kligd`c blblrdpd
bdocdi slsudc `liodi tuitutdi hurchufuk uituh blblrdpd tciohdtdi dtdu mdiyd `ud tciohdtdi.
 Jaitciuaus ^raorls, Ka`lf hl`ud Jaitciuaus ^raorlls, ka`lf cic blrupd hlfakpah didh `liodi plijdpdcdi
hurchufuk ydio tciooc `ckdid prasls blfdgdr kliodgdr klfcmdt hlblrfdigutdi pliodfdkdi `di
tciohdt plrhlkbdiodi didh, `dfdk ka`lf cic sltcdp didh blrhlslkpdtdi uituh tlrus blrhlfdigutdi
`dfdk kliochutc sltcdp tciohdtdi hlfds slsudc `liodi fdkd slhafdm, tugudiiyd d`dfdm sltcdp didh
blrhlslkpdtdi uituh klkplraflm hluituiodi `drc plrbl`ddi ukur
`di plrbl`ddi schdp `di hlkdkpudi hltchd blfdgdr blrsdkd.
 Kcxl` Dol/Kuftcdol Oraupcio , Ka`lf hltcod kcxl` Dol/Kuftcdol Oraupcio , `ckdid prasls
plkblfdgdrdi `di prdhtlh hurchufuk klkdhsckdfhdi hluituiodi `drc blrcitlrdhsc `di blhlrgdsdk
`drc blrdodk ukur.
@drc urdcdi `cdtds `dpdt `chltdmuc ouru kdkpu kliolkbdiohdi patlisc ydio `ckcfhc didh uituh
blrcitlrdhsc blrsdkd `liodi tlkdi `chlfdsiyd. @c sdkpcio ctu, scswd dhdi klkpuiydc hlblrdicdi uituh
klidiydhdi slsudtu ydio klrlhd tc`dh tdmu hlpd`d tlkdi. @drc sctu slardio ouru klkpuiydc plicfdcdi
bdmwd didh tlrslbut d`d hlkdgudi `dfdk mdf blrcitlrdhsc blrsdkd tlkdiiyd `chlfds `di guod slardio
ouru mdrus klkblrchdi hlslkpdtdi hlpd`d scswdiyd uituh blrtdiyd kliolidc mdf ydio klrlhd tc`dh
tdmu tlrutdkd kdsdfdm plkblfdgdrdi ydio sl`dio blrfdiosuio `c `dfdk hlfds.
Fdiohdm-fdiohdm Ka`lf ^HR
^lilrdpdi ka`lf plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp `dfdk plkblfdgdrdi ^DC `chlfds, kliurut Fd Cru `di Fd A`l
Zdecui Drcmc `cditdrdiyd slbdodc blrchut7
d. ^d`d bdocdi pli`dmufudi 4> klict plrtdkd blrchdi plioditdr `di pliodrdmdi `dfdk sdtu rudiodi.
Ouidhdi `ud pdpdi tufcs dtdu sdtu pdpdi tufcs bdoc `ud. Pufcshdi tapch `di mdscf blfdgdr
ydio `cmdrdphdi.
b. ^d`d hlodcdtdi citc 5> klict blrchutiyd tlrdphdi dilhd klta`l ydio slsudc uituh kdscio-kdscio hlfds.
Zlfdkd hlocdtdi blfdgdr blrfdiosuio d`dhdi plkditdpdi, bckbciodi, bdfchdi slsudc hlplrfudi.
j. ^d`d hlocdtdi pliutup 4> klict tlrdhmcr blr`crcfdm `c `lpdi hlfds kliomd`dpc hl`ud hlfds uituh
kliod`dhdi rlvcu dtds kdtlrc `di hlocdtdi ydio bdru blrfdhu.

Kliurut \`ci _cidtdputrd fdiohdm-fdiohdm plioouiddi ka`lf ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds

Rdiohdp d`dfdm 7
d. ^d`d hlocdtdi pli`dmufudi, flbcm hurdio 4> klict plrtdkd, ouru klkblrchdi plioditdr `di
pliodrdmdi `dfdk sdtu rudiodi. Ouidhdi `ud pdpdi tufcs dtdu sdtu pdpdi tufcs `cbdoc `ud.
Pufcshdi tapch `di mdscf blfdgdr ydio `cmdrdphdi `drc hlfds CCC `di hlfds CU. Chutc fdiohdm-
fdiohdm uituh kdscio-kdscio hlfds ydio dhdi`ctlkpum slfdkd plrtlkudi.
b. ^d`d hlocdtdi citc 4, 2, :, flbcm hurdio 5> klict, tlrdphdi dilhd klta`l ydio slsudc `liodi tugudi
uituh kdscio-kdscio hlfds. Zlfdkd hlocdtdi blrfdiosuio d`dhdi plkditdpdi, bckbciodi, bdfchdi
slsudc `liodi hlplrfudi. Ouidhdi hltlrdkpcfdi `dsdr kliodgdr ydio slsudc.
j. ^d`d hlocdtdi pliutup flbcm hurdio 4> klict tlrdhmcr, blr`crcfdm `c `lpdi hlfds kliomd`dpc hl`ud
hlfds uituh kliod`dhdi rlvcu dtds kdtlrc `di hlocdtdi ydio bdru blrfdhu. Blrchdi haklitdr `di
plioudtdi slsudc hlplrfudi. Hlku`cdi blrchdi tci`dh fdigut blrupd tuods dtdu dpd sdgd slbdodc
bdmdi uituh plrtlkudi blrchutiyd dtdu kuiohci uituh mdrc blrchutiyd.

Zl`diohdi kliurut Drcd @gdfcf ``h, prasl`ur plioouiddi ka`lf ^lkblfdgdrdi

Hlfds Rdiohdp d`dfdm 7
d. ^d`d hlocdtdi pli`dmufudi 4> klict plrtdkd blrchdi plioditdr `di pliodrdmdi `dfdk sdtu rudiodi.
Ouidhdi `ud pdpdi tufcs dtdu sdtu pdpdi tufcs bdoc `ud. Pufcshdi tapch `di mdscf blfdgdr
ydio `cmdrdphdi `drc hlfds CCC `di CU. Chutc `liodi fdiohdm-fdiohdm uituh kdscio-kdscio
hlfds ydio dhdi `ctlkpum slfdkd plrtlkudi ctu => klict.
b. ^d`d hlocdtdi citc 5> klict blrchutiyd tlrdphdi dilhd klta`l ydio slsudc uituh kdscio-kdscio hlfds.
Zlfdkd hlocdtdi blfdgdr blrfdiosuio d`dhdi plkditdpdi, bckbciodi, bdfchdi slsudc hlplrfudi.
Plrdphdi prciscp ‛wctmctilss, dflrtilss, `di avlrfdppcioilss‛. Ouidhdi hltlrdkpcfdi `dsdr kliodgdr
ydio slsudc.
 j. ^d`d hlocdtdi pliutup 4> klict tlrdhmcr blr`crcfdm `c `lpdi hlfds kliomd`dpc hl`ud hlfds uituh
kliod`dhdi rlvcu dtds kdtlrc `di hlocdtdi ydio bdru blrfdhu. Blrchdi haklitdr `di plioudtdi slsudc
hlplrfudi. Zltlfdm ctu blrchdi tci`dh fdigut blrupd tuods dtdu dpd sdgd slbdodc bdmdi uituh
plrtlkudi blrchutiyd dtdu kuiohci guod uituh mdrc blrchutiyd.
@drc blblrdpd pli`dpdt `c dtds kdhd `dpdt `csckpufhdi bdmwd fdiohdm-fdiohdm plioouiddi ka`lf
^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp d`dfdm 7
4. @drc tcod pli`dpdt `cdtds klkpuiydc hlsdkddi fdiohdm-fdiohdm `dfdk klilrdphdi ka`lf
^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp.
2. Kdtlrc ydio `csdkpdchdi ouru mdrus klkpuiydc hlsdkddi kdtlrc dtdu blrhlscidkbuiodi dodr
plkblfdgdrdi tlrjdpdc.
:. Zlblfuk plkblfdgdrdi `ckufdc ouru mdrus kliuiguh sdfdm sdtu scswd uituh kli`lkaistrdschdi kdtlrc
ydio dhdi `cplfdgdrc. Hlku`cdi sltlfdm scswd ydio tlfdm kdgu dtdu ydio tlfdm kli`lkaistrdschdi
kdtlrc `cd kliuiguh sdfdm sdtu tlkdiiyd uituh kli`lkaistrdschdi dpd ydio tlfdm cd prdhtlhdi `c
`lpdi hlfds.
0. Zltlfdm ctu ouru kliod`dhdi lvdfudsc tlrmd`dp plkblfdgdrdi ydio tlfdm slflsdc `csdkpdchdi
hlpd`d scswdiyd, `di guod ouru klkblrchdi hlslkpdtdi hlpd`d plslrtd `c`ch uituh blrtdiyd dpd
ydio blfuk `ckliolrtc aflm scswd, sltlfdm ctu ouru klkblrchdi tuods rukdm ydio dhdi `chlrgdhdi
aflm scswdiyd.

Hlflbcmdi `di Hlflkdmdi Ka`lf ^HR

Kliurut _dr`mdic, COH `dfdk buhuiyd Mdhchdt ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp kliglfdshdi bdmwd 7
Hlflbcmdi Ka`lf ^HR 224
 Hlocdtdi pli`dmufudi `di pliutupdi kdscio-kdscio hlfds `dpdt `cfdhuhdi sljdrd blrsdkd-sdkd `dfdk
rudiodi ydio dhdi `couidhdi uituh plkblfdgdrdi.
 Pc`dh klkbudio wdhtu tlrfdfu bdiydh `dfdk plkblfdgdrdi, slbdb `ud hlfds klfdhuhdi plkblfdgdrdi
`dfdk sdtu rudiodi blrsdkd-sdkd.
 Ouru ku`dm `dfdk klfdhuhdi plkditdudi tlrmd`dp scswd slfdkd plkblfdgdrdi blrfdiosuio.
 Kliomlkdt tlidod ouru hdrlid tc`dh plrfu blrpci`dm-pci`dm rudiodi.
 Klkbcid plrsdmdbdtdi ditdr hlfds.
 Ouru flbcm hrldtce `dfdk klrdijdio plkblfdgdrdi dodr tltdp tlrjcptd chfck hlfds ydio kliylidiohdi.

Hlflkdmdi Ka`lf ^HR 224

 Zcswd tc`dh `dpdt eahus `liodi dpd ydio sl`dio `cplfdgdrc dtdu `chlrgdhdi hdrlid tlrodioou aflm
dhtcvctds hlfds fdci.
 Pc`dh slkud ouru klkcfchc hlkdkpudi kliolfafd scswd mltlraoli `dfdk rudiodi ydio sdkd.
  Blrtdkbdmiyd plhlrgddi d`kcicstrdtce, plhlrgddi dhd`lkch, plfdydidi `di tdioouio gdwdb ouru
tlrmd`dp scswd hdrlid ouru kliodgdr hlfds rdiohdp.

Kliurut Olil F _cfhcisai `dfdk buhuiyd Kl`cd `dfdk ^lkblfdgdrdi klkdpdrhdi bdmwd 7
Hlflbcmdi Ka`lf ^HR 224
 Ouru dtdu tck kliolfafd pdrd scswd `drc 2 tciohdtdi hlfds ydio blrbl`d, `liodi eahus 2 kdtd
plfdgdrdi bdch ydio sdkd dtdu blrbl`d `dfdk 4 rudiodi.
 Ka`lf cic bcsd lelhtce dpdbcfd gukfdm scswd ydio tlr`crc `drc 2 tciohdtdi hlfds tlrslbut tc`dh
tlrfdfu bdiydh (kdhsckuk 2< scswd uituh kdscio-kdscio tciohdtdi hlfds) `liodi sudtu rudiodi ydio
juhup fuds.
 @liodi plkblfdgdrdi tlrpd`u ka`lf tlrgdfdi dtdu tlkd, ouru bcsd kliolkbdiohdi 2 kdtd plfdgdrdi `liodi
tapch ydio sdkd dtdu blrhdctdi klfdfuc slbudm tlkd ydio klidrch.

Hlflkdmdi Ka`lf ^HR 224

 Gchd Zcswd `dfdk 4 hlfds gukfdmiyd flbcm `drc 2< scswd kdhd hlfds ^HR mdrus `cbdoc kligd`c 2
hlfds.
 Gchd ouru klioouihdi ka`lf cic, ouru mdrus kliycdphdi `ud hlfds plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp ka`lf
224, `di klkljdm kdscio-kdscio `ud tciohdtdi hlfds ydio dhdi `cjdkpur kligd`c 2 slmciood rudiodi
tc`dh tlrfdfu plium, `di dhdi kliodhcbdthdi plkblfdgdrdi tc`dh lelhtce.
 hdrlid d`d 2 hlfds plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp ka`lf 224 cic, kdhd ouru ydio mdrus kliolfafdiyd pui
mdrus `ud ardio ouru dtdu `ud tck ouru.

Kliurut Zuscfawdtc `dfdk buhuiyd ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp kliglfdshdi bdmwd7

Hlflbcmdi Ka`lf ^HR 224
 ^lslrtd `c`ch klkpuiydc hljli`lruiodi uituh kliolkbdiohdi hlbcdsddi blhlrgd sljdrd ci`lpli`li `di
hltlrdkpcfdi blfdgdr sli`crc. hlfakpah `cditdrd pdrd scswd ydio blrbl`d uscd `di tciohdtdi
klkpuiydc hljli`lruiodi blrhlkbdioiyd ltchd, hlpl`ufcdi tdioouio gdwdb hlfakpah.
 ^lslrtd `c`ch kliolkbdiohdi schdp pasctce tlitdio sdfcio klkbditu sdkd ydio fdci.
 ^drd scswd ydio blfdgdr `dfdk hlfds rdiohdp dhdi flbcm blrhlkbdio `liodi plrpd`udi ditdrd strdtloc
plkblfdgdrdi hlfds rdiohdp, plkblfdgdrdi haaplrdtce, hlfakpah ydio blrdodk, tuods-tuods ydio
kliuigdio plrhlkbdiodi, pli`lhdtdi tutar kuftcuscd, wdhtu ydio fuwls `di lvdfudsc ydio pasctce.

Hlflkdmdi Ka`lf ^HR 224

 Hltlrbdtdsdi blrbdodc sukblr blfdgdr uituh kliuigdio plfdhsdiddi plkblfdgdrdi tlrutdkd ydio blrupd
buhu-buhu tlhs, bdmdi blfdgdr ydio fdciiyd `di dfdt bditu kliodgdr.
 Gchd Zcswd `dfdk hlfds gukfdmiyd flbcm `drc 2< scswd kdhd hlfds ^HR mdrus `cbdoc kligd`c 2
hlfds.
 Pc`dh slkud ouru klkcfchc hlkdkpudi kliolfafd scswd mltlraoli `dfdk rudiodi ydio sdkd.
@drc urdcdi `c dtds ka`lf cic klkcfchc hlflbcmdi `di hlhurdiodi, hlflbcmdi ka`lf cic d`dfdm `dpdt
kliciohdthdi hldhtcpdi scswd, uituh blhlrgdsdkd `liodiditdrd tciohdt hlfds ydio blrbl`d `dfdk sdtu
rudiodi ydio sdkd, `di guod klfdtcm scswd dodr blrdic uituh blrtdioouio gdwdb tlrmd`dp hlfakpah
ydio `clkbdiiyd, `di hlflkdmdi `drc ka`lf cic ydctu tc`dh slkud scswd klkpuiydc hlblrdicdi uituh
kliolkbdiohdi patlisc ydio d`d `c`dfdk `crc scswd tlrslbut, `csdkpcio ctu tc`dh slkud ouru bcsd
kliolkbdiohdi hlkdkpudi uituh kliolfafd scswd ydio mltlraoli `dfdk rudiodi ydio sdkd.

^rciscp-^rciscp ydio Kli`dsdrc ^HR

^rciscp-prciscp `dfdk ^HR d`dfdm hltlitudi ‚ hltlitudi ukuk ydio hmusus klkdi`u `di kliodrdmhdi
pchcrdi `di plrcfdhu ouru `dfdk kliychdpc `di kliolfafd plkblfdgdrdi. ^HR slplrtc plkblfdgdrdi pd`d
ukuk klkcfchc prciscp ukuk bdch ydio blrscedt pschafaocs- pl`doaocs kdupui `c`dhtch-klta`ch.
Zl`diohdi ydio blrscedt pschafaocs-pl`doaocs d`dfdm ydio blrhliddi `liodi plrubdmdi plrcfdhu scswd,
sl`diohdi ydio blrscedt `c`dhtch-klta`ch d`dfdm ydio blrhliddi `liodi strdtloc dtdu prasl`ur
plkblfdgdrdi. Blblrdpd prciscp ukuk pschafaocs-pl`doaocs ditdrd fdci 7
 ^lrbl`ddi ci`cvc`udf didh `dfdk plrhlkbdiodi haoictce, schdp, `di plrcfdhu kliuitut plrfdhudi
plkblfdgdrdi ydio jajah `liodi tciohdtdiiyd. Kcsdf, plrfdhudi tlrmd`dp scswd hlfds CCC tlitu
mdrus blrbl`d `liodi plrfdhudi tlrmd`dp scswd hlfds CU. ^d`d tciohdt uscd hlfds CCC prasls
blrechcr haiohrct flbcm `akcidi, sl`diohdi scswd hlfds CU su`dm kufdc `dpdt blrechcr dbstrdh.
 Katcvdsc sdiodt `cplrfuhdi `dfdk blfdgdr bdch ydio `dtdio `drc `crc scswd dtdu ‛katcvdsc
cistrcisch‛ kdupui ydio `dtdio `drc fudr `crc scswd dtdu katcvdsc cistruklitdf. Aflm hdrlid ctu
plkblfdgdrdi mdrus `cdwdfc `liodi kliukbumhdi katcvdsc scswd dodr tlrdsd butum `di kdu
blfdgdr. Bcfd su`dm tukbum , katcvdsc tlrslbut plrfu `cplfcmdrd `di kdfdm `ctciohdthdi klfdfuc
blrbdodc blituh plioudtdi dtdu‛ rlciearjlklit ‛.
 Blfdgdr slbdodc prasls dhd`lkcs `dfdk `crc ci`cvc`u uituh klkbdioui plioltdmudi, schdp `di
hltrdkpcfdi klfdfuc trdisearkdsc pliodfdkdi. ^rasls tlrslbut `dpdt `cpdi`dio slbdodc sudtu schfus
prasls pliodfdkdi haiohrct (jaijrltl lxplrclijl), pliodkdtdi kli`dfdk (rlefljtcvl abslrvdtcai), plkchcrdi
dbstrdh (dbstrdjt jaijlptudfczdtcai), `di plrjabddi dtdu plilrdpdi sljdrd dhtce (djtcvl
lxplrcklitdtcai).
 Blfdgdr `drc tlkdi sluscd dtdu ‖ pllr oraup‖ tlrutdkd kliolidc schdp `di hltrdkpcfdi sascdf `dpdt
blrmdscf `liodi bdch klfdfuc citlrdhsc sascdf ydio sliodgd `crdijdio.
 ^lijdpdcdi `dkpdh cistrujtcaidf dtdu ‛cistrujtcaidf leeljts‛ `di `dkpdh pliocrcio dtdu ‛iurturdit leeljt ‛
kliuitut fciohuiodi `di sudsdid blfdgdr ydio `crdijdio `liodi bdch aflm ouru `di tlrjcptdiyd sudsdid
blfdgdr sljdrd haitlhstudf.
 Ckpflklitdsc `drc prciscp ukuk pschafaocs-pl`doaocs tlrmd`dp plkblfdgdrdi d`dfdm kuijufiyd prciscp
`c`dhtch-klta`ch slbdodc blrchut 7
 ^liodilhdrdodkdi plkblfdgdrdi dodr `dpdt klfdydic plrbl`ddi ci`cvc`udf scswd.
 ^lkdieddtdi blrbdodc kl`cd `di sukblr blfdgdr dodr `dpdt klkbdiohcthdi, klklfcmdrd, `di
kliciohdthdi katcvdsc scswd.^lilrdpdi dilhd pli
 `lhdtdi, klta`l, `di tlhich plklbfdgdrdi ydio blrpatlisc kliodhtcehdi scswd `dfdk hlslfurumdi schfus
prasls blfdgdr.
 ^lilhdidi pd`d plijdpdcdi `dkpdh cistruhscaidf `di `dkpdh pliocrcio.
@c sdkpcio klkcfchc prciscp ukuk `c dtds, ^HR klkcfchc prciscp hmusus slplrtc blrchut7
 Hlslrlkpdhdi hlocdtdi blfdgdr-kliodgdr  .Hd`dr
tciooc wdhtu hldhtcedi dhd`lkch.
 Haitdh pschafaocs ouru-kurc` ydio blrhlf
 Fdigutdi.^lkdieddtdi sukblr blfdgdr ydio lecscli.
 Blfdgdr `drc tlkdi slbdyd.
 ^lilhdidi pd`d plijdpdcdi `dkpdh cistruhscaidf `di pliocrcio.

<. Hlsckpufdi
Kliodgdr hlfakpah hljcf `di plrslardiodi d`dfdm blituh kliodgdr ydio klkuiohcihdi ouru `dfdk wdhtu ydio
sdkd kliomd`dpc hlfakpah hljcf `di dtdu pdrd scswd blfdgdr sljdrd plrslardiodi. Blituh kliodgdr `ctdi`dc
aflm mubuiodi ditdr prcbd`c ydio dhrdb ditdrd ouru `di scswd hlslkpdtdi blfdgdr scswd slsudc kcidt
`liodi hlkdkpudi,d`diyd bditudi `drc ouru, slrtd kuiohciiyd hltlrfcbdtdi scswd `dfdk ppl rlijdiddi
plkblfdgdrdi. Bdoc slardio ouru ^HR plioudsddi kliodgdr hlfakpah hljcf `di plrslardiodi ctu sdiodtfdm
blrouid `dfdk plioarodicsdscdi hlocdtdi blfdgdr kliodgdr hdrlid mdhchdt hl`ud blituh pliodgdrdi cic
mdkpcr sdkd. Blrbdodc blituh plioarodicsdscdi `dfdk `couidhdi aflm ouru `dfdk klilrdphdi pliodgdrdi
hlfakpah hljcf `di plrslardiodi.idkui mdrus `cciodt bdmwd klkbutumhdi vdrcdsc `dfdk pliodgdrdi
hlfakpah hljcf `di plrslardiodi `di mdrus slsudc `liodi tapch ydio `csdgchdi `di hlocdtdi slfdfu `cdhmcrc
`liodi hufkcidsc aflm slbdb ctu plkblfdgdrdi ka`lf ^HR sdiodt klkuiohcihdi uituh `ctlrdphdi slbdodc
safusc `di dfdt uituh klijdpdc tugudi plkblfdgdrdi `ckdid `dfdk plilrdpdiiyd kdkpu kligd`c safusc uituh
kliodtdsc blrbdodc hli`dfd ydio `cmd`dpc tcdp tcdp slhafdm `c `dlrdm.

5. Bdmdi Rlelrlisc
 @lp`chbu`, Hdkus Blsdr Bdmdsd Ci`ailscd, (Gdhdrtd 7 Bdfdc ^ustdhd, 2>><), mfk. ?<4
 Prcdita, Ap, Jct., Ka`lf-Ka`lf ^lkblfdgdrdi Ciavdtce Blrarclitdsc Haistruhtcvcstch, (Zurdbdyd7 ^rlstdsc
^ustdhd, 2>>?), mfk. <
 Fd Cru `di Fd A`l Zdecui Drcmc, Didfcscs ^lilrdpdi ^li`lhdtdi, Klta`l, Ztrdtloc `di Ka`lf-Ka`lf ^lkblfdgdrdi,
(Gaogdhdrtd7 Kuftc ^rlsci`a, 2>42), mfk. 5, , mfk. 443-42>  Cskdcf Zuhdr`c. Ka`lf-Ka`lf ^lkblfdgdrdi
Ka`lrli. (Saoydhdrtd7 Puids Olkcfdio ^rlss,2>4:), mfk. 23-:4.
 Ididio Mdiecdm `di Juju Zumdid, Haislp Ztrdtloc ^lkblfdgdrdi, (Bdi`uio7 RlechdD`ctdkd, 2>42), mfk.
04
 COH. DH. _dr`mdic, Mdhchdt ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp, Kdtlrc ^ahah
(Gdhdrtd7\icvlrsctds Plrbuhd, 2>42), mfk. 4:
 \`ci _cidtdputrd, ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp, (Gdhdrtd7 @crlhtardf Gli`lrdf ^li`c`chdi Pciooc, 2>>0),
mfk. 2:
 Drcd @gdfcf ``h, Ap, Jct., mfk. 2<, mfk. 2?
 COH _dr`mdic, Mdhchdt ^lkblfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp, (Gdhdrtd 7\icvlrsctds Plrbuhd, 2>>:), mfk. :2
 Olilf _cfhcisai, Kl`cd `dfdk ^lkblfdgdrdi8 ^lilfctcdi Zlfdkd 5> Pdmui, L`csc
Ci`ailscd. (Gdhdrtd7 JU Rdgdwdfc, 43=>), mfk 2=

 Zuscfawdtc, ^lk blfdgdrdi Hlfds Rdiohdp, (Gdhdrtd7 \icvlrsctds Plrbuhd, 2> >4) , mfk.

2:

 Cbc`, m fk. 20, mfk. 2? , mfk. 42 ?, mfk. 424